Jats

Thursday, 13 December 2012

Jat reservation documentry by PTC news part 1

Jats and Jutes - The Lost Aryan Race Connection

Documentry on jat reservation by ptc news part -2

Attack by 17 Jat on Point 4540, Kargil War 1999

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Agra Fort
Agra Fort, is a monument, (Hindi: आगरा का किला, Urdu: آگرہ قلعہ) is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. After Panipat, Mughals captured the fort and a vast treasure - which included a diamond that was later named as the Koh-i-Noor diamond - was seized. Babur stayed in the fort in the palace of Ibrahim. He built a baoli (step well) in it. Humayun was crowned here in 1530. Humayun was defeated in Bilgram in 1540. Sher Shah held the fort for five years. The Mughals defeated the Hindu King Hemu finally at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.

It was originally a brick fort, held by the Hindu Sikarwar Rajputs. It was mentioned for the first time in 1080 AD when a Ghaznavide force captured it. Sikandar Lodi (1488–1517) was the first Sultan of Delhi who shifted to Agra and lived in the fort. He governed the country from here and Agra assumed the importance of the second capital. He died in the fort in 1517 and his son, Ibrahim Lodi, held it for nine years until he was defeated and killed at Panipat in 1526. Several palaces, wells and a mosque were built by him in the fort during his period.

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Aligarh
Aligarh (pronounced /Ali-garh/ ( listen)) is the district headquarter of the district with the same name, that is Aligarh district, in the Northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is among the very few metropolitan cities in India which is famous worldwide. Its fame stems from its twin legacy of ‘education’ and ‘locks work’. It’s educational legacy comes from the fact that it houses one of the most renowned and oldest existing seat of learning in India, that is, Aligarh Muslim University, giving the city titles like ‘University Town’ and ‘Mecca of Education’. The other twin legacy of the town is ‘lock works’; the town being the center of lock manufacturing in India for decades. No matter Aligarh has been popularized throughout India and abroad with terms like ‘Aligarh ka tala’ which translated into English means ‘Aligarh Locks’ and the city itself is referred to as ‘City of locks’ in popular culture. vernacular.
Though it is famous worldwide and located very close to capital city of New Delhi, being approximately 90 miles (140 km) south-east of it, still Aligarh city displays ‘old world charm’ of a small Indian city. The city also houses and acts as administrative headquarters of Aligarh District and Aligarh Division

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Amritsar
Amritsar ( pronunciation (help·info); Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ IPA: [əmːɾɪt̪səɾ], historically also known as ਰਾਮਦਾਸਪੁਰ Rāmdāspur and colloquially as ਅੰਬਰਸਰ, Ambarsar) is a city in the north-western part of India. It is the spiritual center for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab.
It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the "Golden Temple" in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians (NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament.
The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan.

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Bahia
Bahia (local pronunciation: [baˈi.ɐ]) is one of the 26 states of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast. It is the fourth most populous Brazilian state after São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, and the fifth-largest in size. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador, or more properly, São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos, and is located at the junction of the Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of All Saints, first seen by European sailors in 1501. The name "bahia" is an archaic spelling of the Portuguese word baía, meaning "bay".
The state's geographical regions comprise the Atlantic Forest. The Recôncavo region radiating from the Bay (the largest in Brazil), the site of sugar and tobacco cultivation. And the Planalto, which includes the fabled sertão region of Bahia's far interior. Bahia is bordered, in counterclockwise fashion, by Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco and Piauí to the north, Goiás and Tocantins to the west, and Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to the south. The State of Bahia is crossed from north to south by a mountain chain which is marked, in the map, as Chapada Diamantina. This same chain receives other names, like Serra do Espinhaço, in Minas Gerais, and Borborema, in Pernambuco and Paraíba.

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Ballabhgarh
Ballabhgarh (or Ballabgarh ) is a town and a tehsil (subdistrict) in Faridabad District of Haryana, India, and is part of the National Capital Region.Jat Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was the last king of the princely state, he was executed died for taking part in the 1857 war of independence in 1858. The state was founded by Balram Singh, in 1739, who also built the Nahar Singh Mahal palace in the same year. The small kingdom of Ballabhgarh was only 20 miles (32 km) from Delhi, and today lies on the National Highway 2, a major portion of historical Grand Trunk Road.
The name Ballabgarh is a corruption of Balramgarh, 'the fort of Balram,' Balram Singh (Rao Balram), a Jat chief who held the surrounding country under Suraj Mal of Bharatpur, and built the fort and palace, Nahar Singh Mahal in 1739. In 1775 the estate was transferred by the Delhi emperor to Ajit Singh, whose son Bahadur Singh was recognized in 1803 as chief and built the town.
The founders of the princely state of Ballabgarh had come from village Janauli, which is more than 2000 years old. The Tewatia Jat Sardar Gopal Singh left Janauli in 1705 (in Palwal) and got settled at Sihi, a village of Tewatia Jats in Ballabgarh at a distance of about 5 km from Ballabhgarh. The Mughal ruler Aurangzeb had died. Gopal Singh started establishing power in Delhi and Mathura areas. With the help of villagers of ‘Lagon’ he attacked Rajput Chaudhary of that area and did a treaty with Mugal officer Murtija Khan of Faridabad and became Chaudhary of Faridabad pargana in 1710. He wanted to expand his army and collect huge wealth but died soon. His successor was Charan Das. Charan Das was also ambitious and when saw weakening of the Mughal rule, he stopped paying malgujari (octroi). The army of Mughals arrested Charan Das.

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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.

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Dhaulpur
Dholpur (also Dhaulpur Rajasthani: धौलपुर) is a city in eastern-most parts of the Rajasthan state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of Dholpur District and was formerly seat of the Dholpur princely state, before Independence.
Dhaulpur became a separate district in 1982 comprising four tehsils of Bharatpur: Dholpur, Rajakhera, Bari and Baseri. It is bordered by Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the south, Karauli district to the west and Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh to the east.
Dholpur, according to the Epics, was initially known as Dhawalgiri, later on Dhaulagir, and now as Dholpur. Before the battle of Mahabharat this whole area was under the Yadavs whose different branches were spread over the entire area extending from the south of the river Chambal. The key to the ancient history of Dholpur is the ruins of strength the fort which is on the bank of river Chambal.
During the second phase of ancient history, he asked Indra to allow him to sleep peacefully and if anyone should wake him up, Muchukund’s angry gaze would burn him to ashes. Mahabharat reveals that during one of the battles with the demons Krishna came to the spot where Muchukund was sleeping. He put his pitamber on the sleeping Muchukund. The demon thinking him to be Krishna woke him up, and thus the demon was burnt to ashes, and thus the life of Krishna was saved. The event took place, in a spot very near to the Muchukund Ji’s temple, where the ruins of old palaces still exist. The appearance of these, however does not seem to be that old.

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Dheri
Dheri is a town and union council of Mardan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°1'0N 72°57'0E with an altitude of 514 metres (1689 feet).
Dheri Union council is a strong hold of JUI(F)and ANP.It Consists of the following villages. Zareef khan dheri, Madad Khan Bandda, Mohalla Daavikhel, Cheel, charchur, Lepanray, Kotkay, jhangi-deer etc. The Chiefs of Dheri were Madad Khan of Katlang and Kamal Shah Daavi. There are three main Pashtun tribes living in Dheri. 1) Gharghasht 2) Dalazak 3) Wardag. Ghurghusht tribe is further divided into Kakar, Daavi ( also called Daavi khel), Jalal Khel and Cheenawal. The population of Ghurghusht is more than Dalazak and Wardag tribes.Wardak tribe lives in Lekpani village. There are other tribes too living in Dheri union council namely Sahibzadgan, Miangan, Tarkan, sayydan,Lowaran and Kasab Ghar. The prominent figures of Dheri: 1) Principal Qazi Aslam Khan Daavi JUI(F) Leader 2) Chairman Sarwar shah khan Daavi(Ex-President PPPP PF-28). 3) Advocate Riaz Khan Daavi. 4) Jamal Khan Haji saib.( Brother of Late MPA Iqbal khan) 5) Ghulam Faqir haji Saib. 6) Nasim khan Haji. 7) Fayaz Ali Shah( Assistant Commissioner Mardan). 8) Muntazir khan (PML(N)) 9) Shah hussain. 10)Ummat shah Daavikhel 11) Muslim Shah kotkay 12) Pegham Shah Daavikhel

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Dholpur
Dholpur (also Dhaulpur Rajasthani: धौलपुर) is a city in eastern-most parts of the Rajasthan state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of Dholpur District and was formerly seat of the Dholpur princely state, before Independence.
Dhaulpur became a separate district in 1982 comprising four tehsils of Bharatpur: Dholpur, Rajakhera, Bari and Baseri. It is bordered by Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the south, Karauli district to the west and Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh to the east.
Dholpur, according to the Epics, was initially known as Dhawalgiri, later on Dhaulagir, and now as Dholpur. Before the battle of Mahabharat this whole area was under the Yadavs whose different branches were spread over the entire area extending from the south of the river Chambal. The key to the ancient history of Dholpur is the ruins of strength the fort which is on the bank of river Chambal.
During the second phase of ancient history, he asked Indra to allow him to sleep peacefully and if anyone should wake him up, Muchukund’s angry gaze would burn him to ashes. Mahabharat reveals that during one of the battles with the demons Krishna came to the spot where Muchukund was sleeping. He put his pitamber on the sleeping Muchukund. The demon thinking him to be Krishna woke him up, and thus the demon was burnt to ashes, and thus the life of Krishna was saved. The event took place, in a spot very near to the Muchukund Ji’s temple, where the ruins of old palaces still exist. The appearance of these, however does not seem to be that old.

wn.com/Dholpur
Dhule
Dhule (Marathi: धुळे), also known as Dhulia, is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Dhule district in northwestern part of Maharashtra state, India. It is one of the very few well-planned cities of India before Indian Independence.
Dhule is located at 20°54′N 74°47′E / 20.9°N 74.78°E / 20.9; 74.78. It has an average elevation of 250 metres (787 feet).Dhule lies in the Khandesh region, which forms the northwest corner of Deccan Plateau. Dhule district is bounded by Gujarat State on west, by Madhya Pradesh on north and on east and south by Jalgoan and Nasik respectively. It is also situated in valley of the Tapi river along the banks of Panzara River (पांझरा). Devi Ekveera (Goddess Ekveera) temple is a well known temple, situated at the banks of Panzara river.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Dhule had a population of 341,473. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dhule has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80% and, female literacy is 69%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Dosanjh
Dosanjh is a surname as well as Jat clan with origins in Punjab, India. Dosanjh is typically associated with the Jat people of South Asia.

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Faridkot, India
Faridkot (Punjabi: ਫ਼ਰੀਦਕੋਟ) is a small city and a municipal council in Faridkot district in the state of Punjab, India.It's a division with headquarter at Faridkot consists of three Districts Faridkot, Bathinda and Mansa. There are 8 Sub Divisions, 8 Tehsils and 9 Sub-Tehsils within these Districts.Total area of the District is 1475.70 km².
Prior to independence large part of the district was under the princely rule of Maharaja of Faridkot and later it became part of the Patiala & East Punjab States Union (PEPSU ) in 1948. Faridkot was carved out as a separate district on 7 August 1972 out of the areas of Bathinda District (Faridkot Tehsil) and Firozpur District (Moga and Muktsar Tehsils). However in November 1995, the Faridkot District was trifurcated when two of its sub divisions viz Muktsar and Moga were given the status of independent districts.
It has been named after the great Sufi Saint Baba Sheik Fariduddin Ganjshakar, whose verses are mentioned in Guru Granth Sahib the holy book of Sikh religion.In 13th century,this town was founded by Raja Mokalsi, the grandson of Rai Munj, a Bhatti Chief of Bhatnair now renamed as Hanumangarh, Rajasthan and named Mokalhar after his name.

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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km²) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.

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Gurjara-Pratihara
The Gurjara Pratihara (Sanskrit: गुर्जर प्रतिहार, Gurjara Pratihâra), often simply called Pratihara Empire, was an imperial Indian dynasty that ruled much of Northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries. At its peak of prosperity and power (c. 836–910), the Gurajara-Pratihara Empire rivaled or even exceeded the Gupta Empire in the extent of its territory.
Kannauj was the capital of imperial Gurjara Pratiharas. The Gurjara Pratihara rulers in the tenth century was entitled as Maharajadhiraja of Āryāvarta (i.e. Lords of Northern India).
The word "Pratihara" means protector or "who takes over the enemy/opponent" and was used by the Gurjara-Pratihara rulers as self-designation.It is derived mainly from buddhist term "Pratiharya" wich is quoted in many buddhist sutra, as title awarded to them for defending the vedic realm of Aryavarta . The Pratihara rulers claim descent from the Hindu mythological character Lakshmana, who had performed the duty of a gaurdian ("pratihara") for his elder brother Rama. They were thus Suryavansh dynasty according to traditional Indology.

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Haryana
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.

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Indus river
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind‎; Arabic: السند Al-Sind‎; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km² (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km³ (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.

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Jambe
Jambe is a settlement in Kenya's Coast Province.

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Jawanda
Jawanda is a Jat surname traditionally found in India particularly in Punjab (India). Most Jawandas are Punjabis of the Sikh faith in India.
The Jats/Jatts (Hindi: जाट,Punjabi: ਜੱਟ, Urdu: جاٹ) of Northern India and Pakistan. In India, they inhabit the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. In Pakistan, they are found in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh.Jatts are genetically closely related to Rajputs, Gujjars people, The Jats, like most South Asians, are mostly farmers; they are the dominant land owner caste, particularly in Panjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. However they are also found in many other professions. A large number of Jats serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Sikh Regiment and the Grenadiers, among others. Jats also serve in the Pakistan Army particularly in the Punjab Regiment.
There are numerous theories about the origin of the Jats. Jats are commonly considered to be of Scythian (Saka), Indo-European, Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan stock in view of the similar physical features and common practices. A recent study of the people of Indian Punjab, where about 40% or more of the population are Jats, suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley.

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Jhangra
Jhangra is a small town and one of the 51 union councils of Abbottabad District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south west of the district.
The Union Council of Jhangra is administratively subdivided into the following areas:Kalo mera,Chamba, Noshera, Jhangra, Kashka, Pungran, Ratidheri,havelian village etc.
Coordinates: 34°1′0″N 73°8′0″E / 34.016667°N 73.133333°E / 34.016667; 73.133333

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Khiva
Khiva (Uzbek: Xiva / Хива; Persian: خیوه / Khiveh‎; Russian: Хива; alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chorezm, and Persian: خوارزم‎) is a city of approximately 50,000 people located in Xorazm Province, Uzbekistan. It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva. Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List (1991).
In the early part of its history, the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock and spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian. Subsequently the Iranic ruling class was replaced by Turks in the 10th century A.D, and the region gradually tuned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers.
The city of Khiva was first recorded by Muslim travellers in the 10th century, although archaeologists assert that the city has existed since the 6th century. By the early 17th century, Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva, ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans, a Genghisid dynasty.

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا [xaiˈbər pəxtunˈxwɑ]; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا [ˈxɛːbər pəxˈtuːnxwaː]), locally called Pukhtunkhwa, and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns; other smaller ethnic groups include most notably the Hindkowanss, Gujjar's and Chitralis. The principal languages are Pashto (locally referred to as Pukhto) The provincial capital is Peshawar.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the Iranian plateau and comprises the junction where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching South Asia. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.

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Kuchesar
Kuchesar is a village in the Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh, at a distance of 80 km from Delhi, off the NH 24. It was the seat of Zamindari, or small princely estate, during British Raj.
The Jat rulers of Kuchesar, who hailed from Mandoti in Haryana, built their mud-fort sometime in the mid-18th century. The mud-fort of Kuchesar tells of the chequered history of the Jats who vied with the Sikhs, Marathas, Rohillas & Rajputs, as well as with French adventurers and the British East India Company, to fill the vacuum created by the decline of the Mughal empire.
Part of the Kuchesar Fort is now a heritage hotel, after its restoration by Neemrana Hotels.
The ruling family of Kuchesar belonged to the Dalal clan of the Jat caste. Mr. Crook in his book “The Tribes and Castes of the north western provinces and Avadh” writes about the origin of the Dalal clan of Jats. He recounts that in the village of Sillauti, located in the Rohtak district of Haryana, there lived in a long-bygone era a man by name Dhanna Rai, who belonged to the Jat caste. He married a woman of the Badgujar Rajput caste. They had three sons, by name Deswal, Dalle and Maan. The descendants of the three brothers formed three major lineages (gotras) and came to be known as Deswal, Dalal and Maan Jats respectively.

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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.

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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.

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Mattu
Mattu is a village in the Udupi district of Karnataka state in India that lies on the shore of the Arabian sea.The village is also known by name of Matti. This village can be reached from town of Udupi by taking a right turn at Katapady on the way to Mangalore.
The village is famous for a particular variety of brinjal (eggplant) that is grown only in this village. The brinjal grown here is light green in colour and is spherical, unlike the usual purple-coloured variety. The first brinjal harvested is offered to Lord Krishna at Krishna Matha, Udupi. The seeds for growing this type of brinjal is said to be given by Shri Vadiraja swamiji.
This village is also famous for a bridge named as Annekatta which connects this tiny village to Katapady. On one side of this bridge lies Mattu village while on other side lies a bus stop because bus is the only public transport available for the people of this village other than auto rickshaw.This village lies in the midst of Arabian sea in the west and a small river in the east side.

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Mughal empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی‎ Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ),‎ or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).

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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی‎ Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ),‎ or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).

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Narowal
Narowal (Urdu/Punjabi: نارووال) is a city in the northeast of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of Narowal District and tehsil. It is situated on the banks of Ravi River about 4–5 km from the Indian border.
There are several theories as to the origin of the name. The most famous of them is that it was named after a Sikh landlord, Naro Singh, who was the owner of the land before the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. The city is situated on the banks of River Ravi, about 4-5 Km from Indian Border and about 50 km away from the Indian occupied Kashmir. It is famous for the production of rice and cereals and for the local dish Dahi Barray.^{[citation needed]}
About 500 years ago in the era of Sikandar Lodhi in the year 1488, Hindus belonging to the Aror tribe of District Multan embraced Islam in the hands of Habibullah Shah, a saint of the area. Nar Singh of the said tribe met Shah Shamash Tabraiz as per direction of the said saint. Nar Singh wanted to build a new city and requested Shah Shamash Tabraiz to pray for the completion of his desire. Shah Shamash Tabraiz sent his own son along with said Nar Singh towards Narowal. The tribe of said Nar Singh stationed permanently in the vicinity of Narowal. Later on the city gradually came to be known as Narowal. During British rule, Narowal was a town of the Raya Tehsil of Sialkot District; after independence from Britain in 1947 Narowal became tehsil headquarters. In 1991 the district of Sialkot was bifurcated, and Narowal became the capital of the newly formed Narowal District.

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Natt
The Natt are a Jat gotra (clan) found in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
The tribe is descended from Jograh, a Suryavanshi Rajput, who is said to have come from Ayudhia, in North India. They claim common descent with the Wahla and Kang tribes of Jat, Kang and Wahla being brothers of Natt.
Like the Kang and Wahla clans of the Jats, the large majority of Natts trace their roots to the Ghazni region in present day Afghanistan.
In India, Natts are mainly found in Gurdaspur, Ludhiana (Kakowal) and Sangrur districts. Natts can also be found in Kurukshetra and Jind districts of Haryana. In Pakistan, The Natts are found mainly in Narowal and Gujranwala districts.
The Natt of India are Sikh, while those of Pakistan are Muslim.
One of the most successful Pakistani Western style movie Maula Jatt in based on the story revolving the clashes between a Maula Jat (being Hero from Jat caste) and Nuri Natt (the Villain from Nat caste).

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Pakistan
Pakistan (ⁱ/ˈpækɨstæn/ or ⁱ/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.

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Punjab, India
Punjab (ⁱ/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/) (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ Hindi: पंजाब) is a state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west, it is also bounded to the north by Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is Chandigarh, which is a Union Territory and also the capital of neighbouring state of Haryana. Major cities of Punjab includes Ludhiana, Amritsar, Patiala, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Mohali.
After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh as well as the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.
The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers. In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta həndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers. The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia."^{[citation needed]} Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent for people from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan and Vice-versa.

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Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab (Shahmukhī: پنجاب, Persian: پنجاب‎, panj-āb, "five waters": Punjab.ogg (help·info)), also spelled Panjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 62% of the country's total population. Forming most of the Punjab region, the province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. The main languages are Punjabi and Saraiki and the dialects of Mewati and Potowari. The name Punjab derives from the Persian words Panj (پنج) (Five), and Āb (آب) (Water), i.e. (the) Five Waters - referring to five tributaries of the Indus River from which is also the origin of the name of "India" - these being Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, that flow through the larger Punjab.

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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.

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Red Fort
Coordinates: 28°39′21″N 77°14′25″E / 28.65583°N 77.24028°E / 28.65583; 77.24028
The Red Fort (Hindi: लाल क़िला, Urdu: لال قلعہ, usually transcribed into English as Lal Qil'ah or Lal Qila) is a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi (in present day Delhi, India) that served as the residence of the Mughal Emperors. It also served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857, when Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled by the British Indian government. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. It covers a total area of about 254.67 acres. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, started construction of the red fort in 1638 and work was completed in 1648 (10 years). The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family . The layout of the Red Fort was organised to retain and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort. The fortress palace was an important focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the zenith of Mughal creativity which prevailed during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. This Fort has had many developments added on after its construction by Emperor Shahjahan. The significant phases of development were under Aurangzeb and later Mughal rulers. Important physical changes were carried out in the overall settings of the site after the Indian Mutiny in 1857. After Independence, the site experienced a few changes in terms of addition/alteration to the structures. During the British period the Fort was mainly used as a cantonment and even after Independence, a significant part of the Fort remained under the control of the Indian Army until the year 2003. The Red Fort is an attraction for tourists from around the world.

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Rohtak
Rohtak Pronunciation (help·info) City is a Municipal Corporation in Rohtak district that styles itself as the "Heart of Haryana". It is located 70 km Northwest of New Delhi and 210 km South of the state capital Chandigarh at the NH 10. Rohtak forms a part of National Capital Region II and is a satellite city of New Delhi.
Rohtak has several major educational institutions and is sometimes known as Education City.^{[dubious – discuss]}
Rohtak is said to be a corruption of Rohtashgarh, a name still applied to the ruined sites of two older sites, one lying immediately north of the present town and other about 5 km towards the east.^{[citation needed]} Traditionally, it is named after Raja Rohtash, in whose days the city is said to have been built.^{[citation needed]} It is also claimed that the town derives its name from the Roherra (Tacoma undulate) tree called Rohitaka in Sanskrit.^{[citation needed]} It is said that before the town came into existence it was the site of a forest of Rohitaka trees and hence the city's name became Rohtak.
As per another theory the city came into existence around 500 BC. It was mentioned as Rohitaka Kūla, Rohitaka Giri or Rohitakapura in Vedic Text and as per tradition the city is said to be founded by Rohit, the son of Harishcandra^{[citation needed]}

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Sihota
Sighetu Marmației (Romanian pronunciation: [ˌsiɡetu marˈmat͡si.ej], also spelled Sighetul Marmației; German: Marmaroschsiget or Siget; Hungarian: Máramarossziget; Slovak: Sihoť; Ukrainian: Сигіт; Yiddish: סיגעט -Siget), formerly Sighet, is a city (municipality) in Maramureş County near the Iza River, in north-western Romania.
Neighboring communities include: Sarasău, Săpânţa, Câmpulung la Tisa, Ocna Şugatag, Giuleşti, Vadu Izei, Rona de Jos and Bocicoiu Mare communities in Romania, Bila Cerkva community and the Solotvyno township in Ukraine (Zakarpattia Oblast). The city administers five villages: Iapa (Kabolapatak), Lazu Baciului (Bácsiláz), Șugău (Sugó), Valea Cufundoasă (Mélypatak) and Valea Hotarului (Határvölgy).
The city's name derives from the Hungarian for "island in Máramaros".
The city has 35,347 inhabitants.
According to the 1910 census, the city had 21,370 inhabitants; these consisted of 17,542 (82.1%) Hungarian speakers, 2,002 (9.4%) Romanian, 1,257 (5.9%) German, and 32 Ruthenian speakers. The number of Jews was 7981; they were included in the Hungarian and German language groups. There were 5850 Greek Catholics and 4901 Roman Catholics.

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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.

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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km²), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.

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West Punjab
West Punjab was a province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of 160,622 km², including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province was composed of four divisions (Lahore, Sargodha, Multan and Rawalpindi). The province was bordered by the Indian states of East Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir to the east, the princely state of Bahawalpur to the south, the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh to the southwest, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the northwest, and Azad Kashmir to the northeast.
The independence of Pakistan in 1947 led to the divisions of the Punjab Province of British India into two new provinces. The largely Sikh and Hindu East Punjab became part of the new nation of India while the largely Muslim West Punjab became part of the new nation of Pakistan. The name of the province was shortened to Punjab in 1950. West Punjab was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1955 under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. When that province was dissolved, the area of the former province of West Punjab was combined with the former state of Bahawalpur to form a new Punjab Province.

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Ahluwalia
Ahluwalia (Punjabi: ਆਹਲੂਵਾਲੀਆ (Gurmukhi) named after Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He started the Ahluwalia caste.The powerful caste among sikhs.The use of Ahluwalia as a last name has been adopted by his followers.
Ahluwalia is a progressive and highly respected community of Punjab. They trace their origin to the royal family of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. The term Ahluwalia came into use after the rise of a resident of the Ahlu or Ahluwal village (located 11 miles S.E. of Lahore. A misldar (commander of the Misl) of the Sikh Empire of Punjab he was the first Ahluwalia. Hence his descendants and followers came to be known as Ahluwalia in urban areas. This community contributed a lot for setting up of Khalsa raj in Punjab.

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Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhiu 'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Persian/Urdu: ابلمظفر محىالدين محمداورنگزيب, Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ्फर मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1618 – 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1707), is more popularly known as Aurangzeb, or by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World"), he was the sixth Mughal Emperor, whose reign lasted for 49 years, from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was also among the wealthiest of the previous Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in the year 1690), during his lifetime victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, he ruled over more than 150 million subjects, constituting nearly one fourth of the world's population.
Aurangzeb was born the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bāno Begam) in Dahod on the way to Ujjain. Aurangzeb was born when Shah Jahan was a governor of Gujarat suba. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under Nur Jahan at there grandfather Jahangir's Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and then Aurangzeb returned to Agra fort to live with his parents and Since then Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance were fixed to 500, while he spent his allowance in religious education and the study of history, he accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.

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Ayesha Jalal
Ayesha Jalal (Urdu: عائشہ جلال) is a Pakistani-American sociologist and historian. She is the Mary Richardson Professor of History at Tufts University and a 1998 MacArthur Fellow. The bulk of her work deals with the creation of Muslim identities in modern South Asia.
Ayesha Jalal was born in Lahore in Pakistan to Hamid Jalal, a senior Pakistani civil servant, a niece of the renowned Urdu fiction writer Saadat Hasan Manto . She came to New York at the age of 16 when her father was posted at the United Nations. She is married to Indian historian Sugata Bose who teaches at Harvard.
She obtained her BA, majoring in History and Political Science, from Wellesley College, USA, and her doctorate in history from Trinity College at University of Cambridge, where she wrote her Ph.D. dissertation: 'Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan'.
Ayesha Jalal has been Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge (1980–84), Leverhulme Fellow at the Center of South Asian Studies, Cambridge (1984–87), Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC (1985–86) and Academy Scholar at the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies(1988–90). She has taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Tufts University, Columbia University, Harvard University and Lahore University of Management Sciences.

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Babbar (clan)
Babbar is an Mair Rajput/Khatri surname originating in the Ajmer-Merwara region in Rajasthan of the Indian subcontinent. It is part of the broad Kshatriya varna (caste). They are traditionally members of the military or ran in an administrative capacity. The Kshatriya were assigned to protecting the Hindu dharma. Over the course of time, Babbars migrated to places across Punjab from their original homeland in Ajmer-Merwara and Rajputana.
Babbars came to be known as Mair Rajputs from within amongst the Punjabi Hindu Rajputs and originate from the Rajput clans of Rajasthan in Ajmer and migrated to the Punjab later in their history. Many Babbars became land holders and took up agriculture and hence became closely associated with Jats.
Today, Babbars live in numerous regions within India, but are mostly concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh. Babbars are usually Hindu Rajputs but some are also Sikh Rajputs, as the religions are generally very close in the Punjab region.
Babbar is a Hindu "Mair Rajput of Punjab" Gotra; Rose in 1914 wrote: "Babbar: This name is also the name of a Jat tribe of Dera Ghazi Khan. In Bahawalpur, this Jat tribe gave the following genealogy: Raja Karan had a son named Kamdo who had a son named Pargo who had a son named Janjuhan who had a son named Khakh. Khakh had four sons: Babbar, Gabbar, Rabbar, and Jhaggar (Rose 31). Many Rajputs who took to agriculture eventually came to call themselves Jats. Because both Jats and Rajputs controlled much of the land, it is difficult to draw a definitive line between the two. This is why the Jat connection is significant. The Babbar who are Mair Rajputs in 1901 claimed a Rajput heritage, saying that "babbar" means "lion" (Rose 440)".,

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Babur
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic. He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد‎, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (بابر).
According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning "tiger", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia. This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara ("iron") via a modified version *čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with -ür replacing -r due to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babr → babür).^{[citation needed]}

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Barbara D. Metcalf
Barbara Daly Metcalf is the Alice Freeman Palmer Professor of History at the University of Michigan and Professor Emeritus History at the University of California, Davis. She is a specialist in the history of South Asia, especially the colonial period, and the history of the Muslim population of India and Pakistan. Before coming to Michigan, she served as the Dean, Division of Social Sciences, College of Letters and Science, and Professor of History at the University of California, Davis.
Metcalf received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1974.
Metcalf was called on to write to the Administrative Review Boards held at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps. The Boards were authorized to recommend whether Guantanamo captives should continue to be held in extrajudicial detention. One of the justifications offered for the continued detention of over three dozen of the Guantanamo captives was that they had participated in the activities of a Pakistani chapter of Islamic missionary group named Tablighi Jamaat.

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Bawa
Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (died December 8, 1986) was a saintly Tamil-speaking teacher and Sufi mystic from the island of Sri Lanka who first came to the United States on October 11, 1971 and established the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship in Philadelphia. From Philadelphia, with its approximately 1,000 followers, branches of the Fellowship have spread throughout the United States and Canada, as well Australia and the UK. Societies of followers were already in Jaffna and Colombo, Sri Lanka before his arrival in the USA.
According to the older Sri Lankan students, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen emerged from the jungles of that country in the early 1940s and met pilgrims who were visiting shrines in the north. Reports of dreams or mystical meetings that preceded a 'physical' meeting by these early students were not uncommon. According to an account from the 1940s, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen had spent time in 'Kataragama', a jungle shrine in the south of the island, and in 'Jailani', a cliff shrine dedicated to 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani of Baghdad. His association with that Shaikh indicates his connection to the Qadiri order of Sufism. Many of his followers who lived around the northern town of Jaffna were Hindus and addressed him as swami or guru. His role was often as healer of both medical and spiritual illnesses, including curing demonic possession.

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Bedi clan
Khatri is a caste from the northern Indian subcontinent. Khatris in India are mostly from the Punjab region, but they later migrated to regions like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu, Uttarkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Balochistan, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Khatris played an important role in India's transregional trade under the Mughal Empire. With the Mughal patronage, they adopted administrative and military roles outside the Punjab region as well. Scott Cameron Levi describes Khatris among the "most important merchant communities of early modern India."
All the Sikh Gurus were Khatris. The current Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, is also a Khatri.
The word "Khatri" is believed by some to be the Punjabi adaptation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya, used to describe the warriors in the traditional Hindu varna system. However, a number of sources deny the connection of Khatri caste with ancient Kshatriya Hindu military order. According to one theory, the word "Khatri" originates from the word Khsatri mentioned in Manu Smriti to denote a mixed caste of low-ritual status, born of the union of Kshatriya mothers and Shudra fathers. Dasrath Sharma also described Khatris as a mixed pratiloma caste of low ritual status, but he suggested that Khatris could be a mixed caste born of Kshatriya fathers and Brahmin mothers.

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Bhutta
Bhutta (Urdu: بھٹہ) is a Jatt and Rajput tribe found in Punjab, Pakistan. The Bhutta are of Rajput origin are descended from a branch of the Suryavanshi Rajput family. Like "Soomra" Jats of Punjab became Soomro in Sindh, likewise "Bhutta" became Bhutto when tribe moved towards south of Indus valley. There is an old Bhutta Village in Karachi and Bhutta Road (old Garden Road) in Sukkur which commemorate the tribe. There is also an Arain clan called Bhutta Arain, but they are distinct from the Jat Bhuttas.
According to census report 1881. The Bhutta are said by Mr. O'Brian to have traditions connecting them with Hindustan and they claim to be descended from Solar Rajput (Suraj Bansi), but since the rise to opulence and importance of Pirzada Murad Bakhsh Bhutta of Multan many of them have taken to calling themselves Pirzadahs. One account is they emigrants from Bhutan - a story I fear too obviously suggested by the name. They also often practice other crafts such as making pottery or weaving instead of or in addition to agriculture. They are said to have held Uchh (in Bhawalpur) before the Saiyads came there. They are according to our figures chiefly found on the lower Indus, Chenab and Jehlum in Shahpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Jhang most of them have returned themselves as Rajputs. The Bhutta shown scattered over the Eastern Plains are perhaps members of the small Bhutna or Bhutra clan of Malwa Jats.

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Brahmin
Brahmin (also called Brahman; from Sanskrit brāhmaṇa ब्राह्मण) is a name used to designate a member of one of the four varnas (castes) in the traditional Hindu societys of Nepal and India.
Brahman, Brahmin and Brahma have different meanings. Brahman refers to the Supreme Self. Brahmin or Brahmana refers to an individual, while the word Brahma refers to the creative aspect of the universal consciousness. The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brāhmana. In the Smriti view there are four "varnas", or classes: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Atreya smriti 141-142 enjoins that
One is a Shudra by birth
samskarad dvija ucyate
By observing Sanskara one becomes a Dvija
vedapathi bhaved viprah
By studying the Vedas one becomes a Vipra
brahma janati brahmanah

Traditionally Brahmin was the name given to persons who had attained the highest spiritual knowledge (brahmavidya) and who adhered to different branches (shakhas) of Vedas. This was described to be a difficult path of discipline of body, mind, and intellect. Irrespective of their birth or class,^{[citation needed]} people who were dedicated to such an austere life were recognized as Brahmins.^{[citation needed]} An example of this definition of Brahmin, that a person becomes a Brahmin, rather than being born as one, is the story of the sage Vishwamitra, who was a warrior, who became a Brahmin after attaining brahmavidya, and composed the Gayatri mantra. ^{[defunct example from period before dharmashastras So,}^{[citation needed]} The belief that people born into the Brahmin caste, automatically become Brahmins, is a concept that emerged later in ancient India.^{[citation needed]}

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Charan Singh
Chaudhary Charan Singh (Caudharī Caraṇ Siṅh; 23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was the fifth Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980.
Born into a Jat family in 1902, Charan Singh entered politics as part of the Independence Movement. After independence he became particularly notable in the 1950s for opposing and winning a battle against Nehru's socialistic and collectivist land use policies, for the sake of the Indian Farmer, which endeared him to the agrarian communities throughout the nation, particularly in his native Uttar Pradesh.
The leader of the Bharatiya Lok Dal, a major constituent of the Janata coalition, he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister in 1977 by Jayaprakash Narayan's choice of Morarji Desai. He settled at the time for the largely honorary post of Deputy Prime Minister of India.During 1977 Lok Sabha Elections, there was not a single party, hence it was problem, which symbol has to be adopted (many parties joined the front to contest the elections after emergency was over). Hence, a request was made to Chaudhary Charan Singh (Lok Dal) and he agreed to release his party-Lok Dal's symbol "HALDHAR'. This symbol was locked in that elections, but a promise was made to Chaudhary Charan Singh that he would be Prime Minister if the front won that election, but this promise was never kept by other party leaders, hence,Chaudhary Charan Singh had a knot in his heart, resulting in a revolt; when the time came he became Prime Minister. However, the internal stresses of the coalition's government caused him to leave the government with the former Lok Dal, after being promised by Indira Gandhi the support of the Congress Party on the floor of the House in any efforts to form a government. He was sworn in as Prime Minister with the support of just 64 MPs.

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Chhatar Singh
Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana (reign 1757-1804 CE) was the ruler of Gohad Jat state in Madhya Pradesh, India. He became the ruler of Gohad after the fall of Bhim Singh Rana. Rana Bhim Singh had no son. Afterwards, for a short period, Girdhar Pratap Singh became his successor in 1755. Girdhar Pratap Singh could not rule Gohad for long as he died in 1757. His successor was Rana Chhatar Singh (1757-1804). He was from Bamraulia gotra of Jats. He ruled Gohad state till 1804.
He is considered to be the greatest ruler of Gohad. During his rule he occupied many neighbouring forts. His rule is considered to be the golden period of Rana rulers by historians. He was brave, tactful, visionary and strong administrator. The Marathas were strong enemies of Gohad rulers but Mahadji Sindhia always desired to have friendship with Chhatar Singh.
Chhatar Singh planned to recapture the Gwalior fort. He sent his trusted satrap Brajraj Singh to attack Gwalior fort. There was a war between Brajraj Singh and Maratha army under the leadership of Raghunath Rao on the banks of the Swarn Rekha River. Brajraj Singh was killed in the war but Chhatar Singh succeeded in recapturing the Gwalior fort on 4 August 1780 after defeating Marathas. After winning over the Gwalior fort he performed Yajna and gifted 4000 cows. He took number of steps of welfare of people. He constructed Chhatri of Bhim Singh in his memory near Bhim-tal on the Gwalior fort.

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Chopra
Chopra (Devanāgarī: चोपड़ा, IAST: chopṛa) is a Punjabi Khatri family name.
Chopra is a Punjabi Khatri clan and belongs to the Bara-Ghar (12 House) Khatri section.
The earliest reference to this family name dates back to around 400 AD. One of the important characters of a famous Punjabi legend 'Raja Rasalu' is minister Mahita Chopra. Most scholars agree that Raja Rasalu is a historical figure that ruled from Sialkot and lived sometime between 400 to 500 AD. If this is true, then the Chopra family name developed by that time.
Other references are more recent. The father and son pair of the Diwan Sawan Mal and Mul Raj Chopra were successive governors of Multan under Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the early 1800s.

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Christopher Bayly
Sir Christopher Alan Bayly, FBA, FRSL (born in Tunbridge Wells, England, in 1945) is a British historian specializing in British Imperial, Indian, and Global History. Having obtained his BA, MA, and DPhil (1970) degrees from the University of Oxford, the latter under the supervision of John Andrew Gallagher, he is currently the Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History at the University of Cambridge and a trustee of the British Museum. In 1990 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy and in 2004 was awarded the prestigious Wolfson History Prize for his distinguished contributions to the discipline. He was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours List of 2007 for his services to History. Upon being informed of the award he stated: "I regard this not only as a great personal honour but, as an historian of India, as recognition of the growing importance of the history of the non-western world."
In 2007, he succeeded Professor Sir John Baker as President of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. More recently, Bayly also became the Director of Cambridge's Centre of South Asian Studies. He is co-editor of The New Cambridge History of India and sits on the editorial board of various academic journals.

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Farooqi
Farooqui (Arabic: فاروقي ‎) (also spelt as Farooki,Faroqui, Farooqi, Faruki, Farouki or Faruqi), is a distinctt name or surname or last name.
The name purportedly signifies ancestry from Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattāb (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب‎), the second Caliph of Islam. Caliph Umar was also titled 'Umar al-Farooq' (the Redeemer).
Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Adham, who was the great grandson of Umar ibn al-Khattāb, travelled up to modern day Afghanistan in around the 9th century AD
One of his great grandsons, Farooq Shah Kabuli, was the ruler of Kabul and Ghazni. Farooq Shah's son died fighting Hulagu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. The family got uprooted and most moved to the area which is now the modern day Punjab. There, one of the great grandsons Baba Farid made a name as a Sufi Saint and also travelled to Dehli Farooqui's(Ghazi) in India (Meeruth,Doraha,Jhalod,Depalpur,Mungavli). Khawja abu-alfateh Daood Farooqui Qadiri, grandfather of Mai Safoora, who migrated from Levant area to Afghanistan as merchant and later settled in riyasat of Jhang which was under the control of Nawab muzafar khan, governor of riyasat appointed by Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Farooqui clan also moved in under the Ottoman rule during the late 16th century and eventually lost their name under the title of Ghazi. They employed Sipahi under the casted families including Sayyid, Mughal, Qureshi, Shaikh, Pathan, Parmar, Ghori, Rathore, Kokwana, Bhelim, Khokhar and Soomra.
The name "Farooqi" or "Farooqui" reappeared from time to time as the Nizam family grew too large, as Farooqui was more or less of a title of reference (to Umar ibn al-Khattāb) rather than a Family name until the mid 19th century. They're official residence was Chowmahalla Palace. It later grew to Falaknuma Palace, Bashir Bagh Palace, etc., under the Jah title.

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Gurjar
The Gurjar (Sanskrit: गुर्जर Gurjara,Gujari : गुर्जर, گُرجر, Shauraseni : Gujjar) are an ethnic group in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Alternative spellings include Gurjara, Gujar, Gurjjara and Gūrjara. The spelling Gurjara or Gurjar is preferable to the rest.
While the origin of the Gurjars is uncertain, the Gurjar clan appeared in ancient North India about the time of the Huna invasions of the region. In the 6th to 12th Century, they were primarily classed as Kshatriya and Brahmin, and many of them later converted to Islam during the Muslim rule in South Asia. Today, the Gurjars are classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category in some states in India.Hindu Gurjars today are assimilated into several varnas.
The origin of the Gurjars is uncertain. Many Gurjars claim descent from Suryavanshi Kshatriyas (Sun Dynasty) and connect themselves with the Hindu deity Rama. Historically, the Gurjars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god (God Surya).Their copper-plate grants bear an emblem of the Sun and on their seals too, this symbol is depicted. Also the Gurjar title of honor is Mihir which means Sun. Ancient Sanskrit Poet Rajasekhara in his plays styled Gurjar rulers as Raghu-kula-tilaka (Ornament of the race of Raghu), Raghu-gramani (the leader of the Raghus)and so forth.

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Hoshiar Singh
Brigadier Hoshiar Singh, PVC (May 5, 1937 - December 6, 1998) was born in Sisana village, Sonipat district, Haryana to Choudhary Hira Singh. He served in the Indian Army with dedication, retiring as a Colonel. He was awarded India's highest military honor, the Param Vir Chakra. He died on 6 December 1998 of natural causes.
Hoshiar Singh married Dhanno when he was still studying in the 7th standard.^{[citation needed]} They had three sons.^{[citation needed]} After his schooling and one year's study at the Jat College, Rohtak, he joined the Army.^{[citation needed]}
He was commissioned in The Grenadiers Regiment of the Indian Army on 30 June 1963.^{[citation needed]}
His first posting was in NEFA.^{[citation needed]} In the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, he saw some action in the Rajasthan sector.^{[citation needed]}
During the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, the 3rd Grenadiers was given the task of establishing a bridgehead across the Basantar River in the Shakargarh Sector from 15 - 17 December 1971. The river was covered with deep minefields on both sides and protected by well-fortified defence by the Pakistani army. Major Hoshiar Singh, commander 'C' Company, was ordered to capture the Pakistani locality of Jarpal. The Pakistani Army reacted and put in sharp counterattacks. Major Hoshiar Singh went from trench to trench, motivating his command and encouraging his men to stand fast and fight as a result his company repulsed all the attacks inflicting heavy casualties on the Pakistani army. Though seriously wounded, Major Hoshiar Singh refused to be evacuated till ceasefire. Throughout this operation, Major Hoshiar Singh displayed most conspicuous gallantry, indomitable fighting spirit and leadership in the highest traditions of the Army. He was awarded the Param Vir Chakra for his bravery and leadership. He was also Mentioned-in-Despatches.

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Huna people
Huna is the name under which the Xionite tribes who invaded northern India during the first half of the 5th century were known.
The Central Asian Xionites consisted of four hordes in four cardinal directions. Northern Huna were the Black Huns, Southern Huna were the Red Huns, Eastern Huna were the Celestial Huns, and Western Huna were the White Huns or Hephthalites. This article mainly concerns the Alchon and their Indo-Hephthalite ruling-elite. They seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group, who established themselves in then Bharatvarsha and present day India by the first half of the fifth century. They sometimes call themselves "Hono" on their coins, but it seems that they are similar to the Huns who invaded the Western world.
They appeared in Northwestern India and parts of eastern Iran. During their invasion, the Hunas managed to capture the Sassanian king Peroz I, and exchanged him for a ransom. They used the coins of the ransom to counter mark and copy them, thereby initiating a coinage inspired from Sassanian designs.

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Indo-Aryan peoples
Indo-Aryan is an ethno-linguistic term referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages. Today, there are over one billion native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, most of them native to South Asia, where they form the majority.

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Jassal
Jassal(Punjabi:ਜਸੱਲ,Hindi:जसल) is the clan ofKhatri & Kshatriyas Tank in India. The surname can be found in both Hindu and Sikh Religion.
Jassals/Jaswal are mainly found in Northern Part of India.
Sikhs Hindus

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Kapoor
Kapoor or Kapur and sometimes but rarely Capoor (Punjabi: ਕਪੂਰ‌, Hindi: कपूर‌) is the name of a gotra of Punjabi descent belonging to the Khatri (Kshatriya or warrior) Varna.

They are part of the "Dhai Ghar", meaning two and a half houses^{[citation needed]}. Kapurs, Malhotra (also called Mehras or Mehrotras), Khanna and Seth (also called Kakkar) marry their children with each other. Kapoor can not marry a Kapoor but can only marry Malhotra, Khanna or Seth^{[citation needed]}. This leaves three "Ghars" to marry out of which they are not supposed to marry any of their mother's side relatives with mother's paternal last name (it could be Khanna, Malhotra or Seth). Which makes it "Dhai Ghar Marriage that is why the word "Dhai Ghar".
The Zamindars of Burdwan in Bengal belong to the Kapoor clan, and held the title of Maharajah. Maharajah Bahadur Tedj Chand Ray adopted Chinilal Kapur. His descendants continued as the Maharajas of Burdwan. The family continued as rulers of Burdwan until zamindari was abolished by the government of India in 1955/56. The area remaining however under direct administration of the British via the Indian Civil Service officers on the Bengal State. They also were never members of the Chamber or Council of Princes such as the Maharaja of Patiala or Kapurtala. Thus the title Maharaja was only honorific as was the case in much of India. During the three centuries that they held the estate of Burdwan, the Kapoor family extended their patronage to various scholars and artists, including:

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Khatri
Khatri is a caste from the northern Indian subcontinent. Khatris in India are mostly from the Punjab region, but they later migrated to regions like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu, Uttarkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Balochistan, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Khatris played an important role in India's transregional trade under the Mughal Empire. With the Mughal patronage, they adopted administrative and military roles outside the Punjab region as well. Scott Cameron Levi describes Khatris among the "most important merchant communities of early modern India."
All the Sikh Gurus were Khatris. The current Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, is also a Khatri.
The word "Khatri" is believed by some to be the Punjabi adaptation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya, used to describe the warriors in the traditional Hindu varna system. However, a number of sources deny the connection of Khatri caste with ancient Kshatriya Hindu military order. According to one theory, the word "Khatri" originates from the word Khsatri mentioned in Manu Smriti to denote a mixed caste of low-ritual status, born of the union of Kshatriya mothers and Shudra fathers. Dasrath Sharma also described Khatris as a mixed pratiloma caste of low ritual status, but he suggested that Khatris could be a mixed caste born of Kshatriya fathers and Brahmin mothers.

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Khokhar
The Khokhar or Khokar are a people of Punjab region of Pakistan and north-western India. According to H. A. Rose, they are the gotra (clan) of the Arain, Chura, Jat, Nai, and Rajput communities. According to Denzil Ibbetson, they are also a gotra of the Khatri and Tarkhan tribes. The Khokhars were designated as an agricultural tribe.
H. A. Rose finds early references to the Khokhars in the Taj-ul-Ma'asir, the Tabaqat-i-Nasir and the Ain-i-Akbari, with the earliest certain record being in the first of these, written in 1205 AD. These ancient texts recount a rebellion against the Muslim governor of Sangwan that occurred during the rule of Muhammad of Ghor. There had been incorrect rumours that the Sultan had died and these led to uprisings, among which was that of the Khokhars. They joined in rebellion with Rai Sal, the ruler of the Salt Range, but were heavily defeated. Rose makes it clear that there is uncertainty regarding whether Rai Sal was himself a Khokhar.
Rose believes that the origin of the Khokhar lay probably in a Hindu community but that they are "obscure" and some of their traditions of origin do not stand scrutiny. The tribal folklore claims a connection to the Awan community through a son of Qutb Shah, but Rose dismisses it as "this pedigree probably merely records the fact that the Awans and Khokhars owe their conversion to Islam to the saint Qutb Shah or his disciples, or that they both accepted his teachings." Rose is unconvinced by the Awan traditional lore regarding Qutb Shah which states that he ruled Herat and came to India to fight with several of his sons, including one called Khokhar, when Mahmud of Ghazni was invading an area which nowadays forms part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Rose believes that the names of the descendants of Qutb Shah who came to settle in India are clearly not of Arabic origin and therefore the connection between those people and their alleged ancestor are unlikely.

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Kirat Singh
Kirat Singh Rana or Rana Kirat Singh (c. 1763–1835) was the last Jat ruler of Gohad state (1803-1805) in Madhya Pradesh, India. He was the first Jat Rana ruler of Dholpur (princely state) (1805 - 1835). He was from Bamraulia gotra of Jats.
After the death of Rana Chhatar Singh in 1785 the entire Gohad area suffered from anarchy, killing and other disruptive crimes for the next 18 years. The Jat rebels could be controlled neither by Marathas nor by the British. The revolutionary Jats unanimously declared Kirat Singh son of Samant Tarachand of village Neerpur in 1803. Samant Tarachand was a cousin of Rana Chhatar Singh. The coronation ceremony of Kirat Singh took place at ‘Bagathara fortress’, situated at a distance of 12 miles from Gohad, as Gohad and Gwalior were in possession of Sindhias.
In the Second Anglo-Maratha War at Laswari on 1 November 1803, Lord Lake defeated Sindhia and tarnished his reputation. In this war the Jats helped the British. The British army officers had great affection for Jats. Later, the British entered a treaty with Jats and with their help defeated Marathas and won back Gwalior and Gohad from them. The British kept Gwalior with them and handed over Gohad to Jats in 1804.

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Kundu
The Kundu (कुंडू) is a gotra (clan) of Jats found in India.
In Northern West Bengal most of the Kundu people are associated with agriculture.Dilip Singh Ahlawat has mention it as one of the ruling Jat clans in Central Asia. A city named Kundila is mentioned in Mahabharata, the inhabitants of this were known as Kundu. They are also mentioned as descendants of rishi Kondilya.
The Mahabharata Tribe - Kundivisa (कुण्डी विष) - A tribe with professional soldiers who fought on both sides in Great War, they constituted a wing in Yudhisthira's army in Mahabharata (VI.46.49).
The Mahabharata Tribe - Kundivisa (कुण्डी विष) may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kundu (कुंडू)
Mahabharata Shalya Parva mentions names of combatants armed with diverse weapons and clad in diverse kinds of robes and ornaments, All of them came to the ceremony for investing Kartikeya with the status of generalissimo. Shalya Parva in Sanskrit mentions in shloka 53 Kundu along with Kapahis as under:
Panini mentions Kaunduparatha, as a part of Trigarta, Jullundur kingdom. The Kulun, Mentioned by Panini, are the Kahlon Jats, Kuluta, Kālān, Krishna of the Puranas, Resident of Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. The Kuninda, however, are the Kundus. The Coins of Their King Amogha Bhuti, (King of Kunindas) have been found at Tappamev District Hoshiarpur, Punjab. According to Vayu Purana the Kundus were living on the banks of the Sita river in Central Asia. It is identified as the Tarim river. J.C. Vidyalankar says it is the Yarkand river or Jarafshan, still called Sito, by the Chinese. A city, Kundus on the Pamirs, is named after them (116- Through the Pamirs. p. 209) Sabha Parva Mentions a people called Kundaman, along with the Hans, Sibi and Paur.

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List of Jats
The Jat people are a historical Indo-Aryan community native to North India and the Punjab province of Pakistan. The Jats have been known to claim membership in the 36 royal races, but this is contested. The following is a list of notable Jats.

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Lohana
The Lohana, also referred to as Luvana, are an Indian caste, largely classified as merchants and are categorized as Vaishya or Bania caste although they self-identify as Kshatriya of Suryavanshi descant, claiming their lineage from Lava, son of Rama. They are said to belong to Rathor clan of Kshatriyas The community originated in the Sindh and Punjab before migrating to Kutch and Gujarat.
The Lohana claim descent from the Lava son of Rama, and thus status as Suryavanshi Kshatriya and are said to be a branch of Rathor clan of Kshatriyas or Rajputs.
One potential source for the name Lohana is that these Rathors changed their name after a miracle from their kuladevata saved them from massacre by taking shelter in an iron fort [iron=loh]. After this they changed their names to Loh-rana, from which the name Lohana comes. They started to put Loh also before the towns and kingdoms founded by them, as such Lohargadh, the old name of Lahore. Another source is that the name is derived from Lavnam, one of the 18 grades of Kshatriya, ultimately derived from Lava himself Lohanas have ruled ancient Kingdoms and Lohana took part in Battle of the Ten Kings as Alinas.. The Lohanas have descended from the ancient Rajput Lords who inhabited and ruled the country before the Muslim era. Richard Burton, British author of 3 monographs about Sindh^[who?]^[vague] writes Lohanas were brave people and says they were spread over today's Baluchistan, Afghanistan and eastern fringes of Central Asia.^{[citation needed]}

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M. N. Srinivas
Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas (Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು ನರಸಿಂಹಚಾರ್ ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಸ್) (1916–1999) was an Indian sociologist. He is mostly known for his work on caste and caste systems, social stratification, Sanskritisation and Westernisation in southern India and the concept of 'Dominant Caste'.
Srinivas earned his doctorate in sociology from the University of Bombay and went on to the University of Oxford for further studies. Although he had already written a book on family and marriage in Mysore and completed his Ph.D. at University of Bombay before he went to the University of Oxford in the late forties for further studies, his training there was to play a significant role in the development of his ideas. Srinivas served in various institutions of repute like University of Delhi, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Institute for Social and Economic Change Bangalore and National Institute of Advanced Studies Bangalore.. Srinivas died in 1999 at the age of 83.
Srinivas’ contribution to the disciplines of sociology and social anthropology and to public life in India was unique. It was his capacity to break out of the strong mould in which (the mostly North American university oriented) area studies had been shaped after the end of the Second World War on the one hand, and to experiment with the disciplinary grounding of social anthropology and sociology on the other, which marked his originality as a social scientist.

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Maharaja Kehri Singh
Maharaja Kehri Singh was the ruling Maharaja of princely state of Bharatpur (1769–1771 CE). He ascended to throne on the death of Maharaja Ratan Singh. Maharaja Nawal Singh succeeded him in 1771.

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Maharaja Ratan Singh
Ratan Singh (Hindi: महाराजा रतन सिंह) was the ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Bharatpur from 1768 to 1769. He ascended to the throne on the death of Maharaja Jawahar Singh. Jawahar Singh had no son, hence he was succeeded by his brother, Ratan Singh. Ratan Singh was ultimately killed by a juggler at Mathura. His son Maharaja Kehri Singh succeeded him in 1769.

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Maharaja Suraj Mal
Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763) (Devanagari:महाराजा सूरज मल) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. He has been described by a contemporary historian as "the Plato of the Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Ulysses", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.
Surajmal was born on February 1707 in Bharatpur, India. He was eldest son of Jat Emperor of Bharatpur, Maharaja Badan Singh, and his wife Rani Devki of Jat family from Kama.
He had 14 Queens, out of which 6 have been authentically told to us by Fransoo. He enumerates them as below :
From his four wives, he left five sons: Jawar Singh, Ratan Singh, Nawal Singh, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh. The first two were born of a lady, popularly reputed to have been a Rajputni, possibly of Gaurua clan, the third was son of a Malin mother, the last two, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh were born of his own Jat tribe.But the mother of none of these enjoyed the particular affection of the King, who loved most dearly his masculine and barren wife, the famous queen Maharani Kishori. Jawahar Singh was fortunate enough to be adopted by this lady, whose influence and affection shielded the rebellious youth from the worst effects on the wrath of his father.For various political reasons, Suraj Mal also had 24 mistresses each from a different cast, so as to gain popularity within a cast.

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Maratha
The Maratha (IPA: [ˈməraʈa];, archaically transliterated as Marhatta or Mahratta) are an Indian caste, found predominantly in the state of Maharashtra. The term Marāthā has three related usages: within the Marathi speaking region it describes the dominant Maratha caste; outside Maharashtra it can refer to the entire regional population of Marathi-speaking people; historically, it describes the Maratha Empire founded by Shivaji in the seventeenth century and continued by his successors, which included many castes.
They primarily reside in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Goa. Those in Goa and neighbouring Karwar are known specifically as Konkan Marathas as an affiliation to their regional and linguistic alignment. The Dhangar Ahirs of Indore call themselves as Marathas.
The word Maratha is used for Kshatriya caste belonging to Maharashtra. The Marathas .
The modern Marathi language developed from the Prakrit known as Mahārāshtri;^{[citation needed]} the words Maratha and Marathi may be a derivative of the Prakrit word Marhatta found in Jain Maharashtri literature, itself from Sanskrit Maharāṣhṭra. The etymology of the words "Maharashtra" is uncertain; the various theories include:

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Mirasi
The Mirasi (Hindi: मीरासी, Urdu: میراثی) are a Muslim or Sikh caste, found in Northern India and Pakistan. They are also known as Pakhwaji, Kalawart and Qawwal. The Mirasi community are the genealogists of a number of communities in Northern India and Pakistan. Most Mirasis are Muslim, but Rababi and Dhadi sub-groups are entirely Sikh. Their preferred self-designation in Pakistan is now Qureshi.
Included within the name Mirasi are a number of sub-groups, each with their own history and origin myths. Some Mirasi groups are Muslim converts from the Hindu Dom caste, while others claim to have originally belonged to the Hindu Charan community. They are said to have converted to Islam at the hands of Amir Khusro, the 11th Century Sufi poet. The word mirasi is derived from the Arabic word miras, which means inheritance or sometimes heritage. They are the heredity genealogists of many communities in North India, and as such the keepers of the heritage or Mirasi. The North Indian Mirasi are divided into five main sub-groups, the Abbal, Posla, Bet, Kattu and Kalet. In customs, they are similar to the Muslim Raibhat, another community of genealogists. Also related to the Mirasi are the Kingharia, another community that once employed as musicians and entertainers.

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Muhammad bin Qasim
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم‎) (c. 31 December 695–18 July 715) was a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. He was born & raised in the city of Taif (in modern day Saudi Arabia). Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab laid the foundations of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.
A member of the Thaqeef tribe, which is still settled in and around the city of Taif ( a city in modern day Saudi Arabia) to this very day, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was Qasim bin Yusuf^{[citation needed]} who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his education. Umayyad governor Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governance. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to Sindh. Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was Muhammad bin Yusuf, governor of Yemen.^{[citation needed]} Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion.^{[citation needed]}

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Muzaffar Alam
Muzaffar Alam (born 3 February 1947) is the George V. Bobrinskoy Professor in South Asian Languages and Civilization at the University of Chicago.
Muzaffar Alam is a historian trained at Jamia Millia Islamia (New Delhi), Aligarh Muslim University and Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi), where he obtained his doctorate in history in 1977. Before joining the SALC at the University of Chicago in 2001, he taught at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and has held visiting positions in the Collège de France (Paris), Leiden University, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the EHESS (Paris).
Professor Alam has taught courses on the history of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, and he has also worked closely with students on advanced Urdu and Persian literary and historical texts. His working languages include English, Persian, French, and Urdu.

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Nagavanshi
The Nagavanshi (Sanskrit: नाग वंशी) dynasty is one of the ancient Kshatriya dynasties of India. The Vedas do not mention Kshatriyas of either Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi, Nagavanshi, Agnivanshi or such Vanshas or lineages. The Puranas, of debatable dating, constructed such genealogies. The Puranas were supposedly written from the Gupta Period onwards (See: Puranas). Bhavishyapuran mentions 12 heavenly serpents like Takshak, Vasuki, Sheshnag, Anantnag etc. and Swastik as the weapon of Takshak. Swastik is a sacred symbol for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. On Hindu temples and homes, statues of the Buddha and Mahavir swastik symbol is quite common. Divine serpent Sheshnag is considered as the bed of lord Vishnu. While lord Shiva is always shown with a serpent around neck. All those things clearly indicate relationship between Nagavanshi dynasties and present Indian society.
A copper plate inscription from the Gupta Period relates to the Nagas being elevated to Kshatriya-hood ⁽²⁶⁾. The copper plates of this period relate to the Nagas being defeated by the Guptas; and subsequently being married into them. One example is that of the King Chandragupta II who married Queen Kuber Naga. The Nagas were mentioned as a non-aryan snake worshipping tribe of ancient India ⁽²⁷⁾. However, puranic legends constructed the genealogy of the Nagavanshis as a sub-clan of Suryavansha also known as Sooryavamsham .

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Oberoi
Oberoi (also spelled as Uberoi, Oberai and Obhrai) is a Khatri / clan .
Oberoi is a prominent Khatri surname found in India's Punjab state. They are a north Indian community that originated in the Potohar Plateau of Punjab. This region is historically connected with the composition of the Vedas and classics like the Mahabharata and Ashtadhyayi. Most Oberois live in Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab. This region is known as the Doaba.
When Pakistan and India gained independence, most of the Oberois migrated to India from what became Pakistan. Today Oberois live in all regions of India, but are concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.
"Oberoi" belongs to Khatri caste. As administrators and rulers, Kshatriyas were assigned with protecting the Dharma and serving humanity. Oberoi is a highly honored surname in the Khatri caste. They were warriors in times of war.
The Oberois played a great role in the formation of the Khalsa. Although most Oberois are Sikhs, a minority of Oberois are Punjabi Muslims and Hindus.oberoi's are also a sardar.

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Osmani
Usmani or Osmani or Othmani or Uthmani (Arabic: عثمانی‎) is a large community (Biradari in Urdu), found mainly in South Asia. The word Usmani or Osmani ( one and the same thing) is a surname adopted mainly by two castes in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.
The Shaikh Usmani are a Urdu speaking community, and many are found among the Sindhis of Pakistan.They are of Arab origin. The word usmani derived from Hazrat Usman Gahni (R.A), the third caliph of Islam. One of the sub-continent's well known personalities Hazrat Maulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani (Sheikh ul Islam) belongs to this origin. They claim that they came in India with sufi fakir Hazrat Khawaza Moinuedin Chisti .
They claim to have Turk ancestry and are found mainly in North-West India and Pakistan.They include the descendants of Karlugh Turks who came with Taimur in 1398-1399.They live in Hazara region and Kashmir regions of Pakistan.They are Hindko speaking.The turks who came with Khilji and Slave dynasties also use "usmani" as surname.

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Pashtun people
Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه Pax̌tānə; also spelled Pushtuns, Pakhtuns or Pukhtuns), also known as ethnic Afghans (Persian: افغان‎) or Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān), are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pashtuns are typically characterised by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. Their origins are unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Paktha (Pactyans) between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who inhabited the region between the Hindu Kush and Indus River and may be the early ancestors of Pashtuns. Since the 3rd century AD and onward, they have been referred to by the ethnonym "Afghan".
Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is spread amongst various countries of South, Central and Western Asia, centred around their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic kingdoms as the ruling dynasty in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Other Pashtuns fought the Persian Empire and the Mughal Empire before obtaining an independent state in the early-18th century, which began with a successful revolution by the Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Pashtuns played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires.

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Quraishi
Quraishi (also rendered as Qureshi, Qoraishi, Koraishi, Kuraishi, Kureshi, Kureshy or Kureishi), (Arabic: قریشی‎) is a family name that originates from Arabs in Saudi Arabia, particularly from the city of Mecca. Habib Quraishi was probably the most infamous one of all time.
According to traditional legends, Arab lineages allegedly originate from three groups:
The Quraish was a branch of Kinanah tribe, which descended from Elias bin Mudar, who descended from Adnan. After the introduction of Islam, the Quraish gained supremacy and produced the three dynasties of the Ummayads, Abbasids and Fatimides, which ruled as Caliphs.
The majority of the Quraishi are Sunni Muslims.
The Quraish family diaspora is spread all around the world. Due to Arab influence into foreign lands, the Quraish family was able to establish itself in these lands. The Quraish family exists in many parts of South Asia, particularly in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The descendants of Arabs who arrived with Muhammad Bin Qasim and Hazrat Shah Jalal settled in South Asia. This is discussed in T. Barfield's "The central Asian Arabs of Afghanistan: pastoral nomadism in transition."

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Raja Mahendra Pratap
Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh (December 1, 1886–April 29, 1979) was a freedom fighter, journalist, writer and revolutionary social reformist of India. He was popularly known as the Aryan Peshwa. He was born in Thenua gotra Jat Hindu princely family of state of Mursan in Hathras District of Uttar Pradesh on 1 December 1886. He was the third son of Raja Ghanshyam Singh. At the age of three, Raja Harnarayan Singh of Hathras adopted him as his son. He was married to a Jat Sikh family of Jind princely state of Haryana (then in Punjab) in 1902 while studying in college. She died in 1925.
In 1895 Raja Mahendra Pratap took admission in the Government High School, Aligarh but soon he switched over to the Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School. Here, he received his education under British Headmasters and Muslim teachers all from Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College Aligarh founded by Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan. With this background he shaped into a true representative of secular society. To bring India at par with European Countries, Raja Mahendra Pratap established a free indigenous technical institute, ‘Prem Mahavidyalaya’ in his palace at Vrindavan on May 24, 1909.

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Raja Nahar Singh
Raja Nahar Singh (राजा नाहर सिंह in Hindi) (1823–1858) was a King of the princely state of Ballabhgarh in Faridabad District of Haryana, India. His forefathers were Jats who had built a fort in Faridabad around 1739. He was involved in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
The founders of the princely state of Ballabgarh had come from village Janauli(Alawalpur), which is more than 2000 years old. The Tewatia Jat Sardar Gopal Singh left Janauli in 1705 (in Palwal) and got settled at Sihi, a village of Tewatia Jats in Ballabgarh at a distance of about 5 km from Ballabhgarh. The Mughal ruler Aurangzeb had died. Gopal Singh started establishing power in Delhi and Mathura areas. With the help of Gujars of village ‘Lagon’ he attacked Rajput Chaudhary of that area and did a treaty with Mugal officer Murtija Khan of Faridabad and became Chaudhary of Faridabad pargana in 1710. He wanted to expand his army and collect huge wealth but died soon. His successor was Charan Das. Charan Das was also ambitious and when saw weakening of the Mughal rule, he stopped paying malgujari. The army of Mughals arrested Charan Das.

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Rajasthani people
Rajasthani people (Rajasthani: राजस्थानी समाज, Rajasthani Samaj; or राजस्थानी लोक, Rajasthani lok) are the native inhabitants of Rajasthan ("the land of colours") region of India. They form an ethnic group which is a result of assimilation of Scytho-Dravidian, Aryo-Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Greeks, Indo-Iranians and Austro-Asiatic ancestries. Although Rajasthanis are of several sub ethnic groups, the whole Rajasthani community is known as marwaris ("people from Marwar region of Rajasthan") throughout the Indian subcontinent. Their language Rajasthani is a part of the western group of Indo-Aryan languages. Well known Rajasthanis include Lakshmi Mittal, Birla Family, etc.
The first mention of word Rajasthan comes from the works of George Thomas (Military Memories) and James Tod (Annals). Rajasthan literally means a Land of Kingdoms. However, western Rajasthan with eastern Gujarat were part of "Gurjaratra" or Gurjarabhumi, land of Gurjars. The local dialects of the time use the expression Rājwār, the place or land of kings, later named by the British to Rajputana, land of Rajputs.

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Rajput
A Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, “son of a king”) is a member of one of the patrilineal clans of western, central, northern India and some parts of Pakistan. They claim to be descendants of ruling Hindu warrior classes of North India.^{[dubious – discuss]} Rajputs rose to prominence during the 6th to 12th centuries. Until the 20th century Rajputs ruled in the "overwhelming majority" of the princely states of Rajasthan and Surashtra, where the largest number of princely states were found.
The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much of the subcontinent, particularly in north, west and central India. Populations are found in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Surashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra.
Rajput is from the Sanskrit word Raja-Putra (son of a king). The word is found in ancient texts, including the Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata.^{[citation needed]} It was used by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini in the 4th century BCE.^{[citation needed]} The word Kshatriya ("warrior") was used for the Vedic community of warriors and rulers. To differentiate royal warriors from other Kshatriyas the word Rajputra was used.^{[citation needed]} Rajputra eventually was shortened to Rajput; gradually it became a caste.^{[citation needed]} Rajputs claim descent from various mythological patrilineages, being Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi, Agnivanshi and Nagavanshi.^{[citation needed]}

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Ranjit Singh
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 20 June 1839) was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.
Ranjit Singh belonged to a Sikh clan of Northern India. He was born in Gujranwala, now in modern-day Pakistan. According to some historians, into a Jatt Sikh family and some that he was born into a Sansi Sikh family who were Sukerchakia misldars. As a child he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls.
Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the Commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in the west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. After his father's death he was raised under the protection of Sada Kaur of the Kanheya Misl. Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 18. After several campaigns, he conquered the other misls and created the Sikh Empire.
Pashtun King Amir Ahmad Shah Abdali 1747–1772 of Afghanistan Durrani Known as Kings of Kings first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore during that expedition. The following year (1749), the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the Afghan Pashtun forces of the DurraniEmpire.

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Rawal
The Rawal is a last name for a Rajput clan in Gujarat, and also a sub-sect of "Arora" sects in Punjabis, including Sikhs.
Bappa Rawal, a legendary figure in Rajputana history, warlike temperament commended him to the attention of Maan Mori, a local chieftain who belonged to the Parmara clan of Rajputs; Maan Mori is in some accounts said to have been Bappa Rawal's own maternal uncle. Bappa Rawal led the combined Hindu forces against invaders from west, mostly early Muslim invasions on India and successfully defeated them as the chief of Maan Mori's army. Be that what it may, Bappa Rawal soon took over the territory of his patron / uncle and established himself as ruler of Mewar, an event usually dated to A.D.734.
All subsequent rulers of Mewar trace their lineage to Bappa Rawal. The senior lineage of rulers descended from him were known as Guhilots (also Guhelots or Guhilas), a patronymic derived from the name of their purported distant forbear, the aforementioned Guha.
Prince Khoman led another expedition a few years later in A.D. 812 uniting Rajputs and throwing the armies of Harun-al-Rashid from India and Sind. He was involved in series of battles and led armies to victory after victory culminating in A.D. 812 when the invaders were finally thrown out. This led to a time of peace until 100 years later, when Md Gazni came into the picture. Prince Khoman was the bravest son of Mewar, revered even today. 'Khoman-Gani' or Khamaghani, a common term used in Rajasthan, when Rajputs greet each other.

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Sahota

Sahota are a clan of Jatts found in Punjab, India and Punjab, Pakistan.
According to their traditions, their ancestor was a mythical fairy by the name of Punj Phulan Rani, who lived on a flower. She gave birth to a baby boy, and a tiger came and gave the young baby his blessings, saying he would not be defeated by anyone. The young boy became known as Sahota, and the tiger was adopted as their totem.
They are also known as an Akbari tribe, and in Hoshiarpur were masters of their own principality. Hoshiarpur remains a stronghold of the tribe.
In Pakistan, they are found among both the Punjabi speaking Jats of Central Punjab, as well as the Seraiki speaking tribes of southern Punjab, where they own several villages near the town of Rajanpur.
In India, they are found mainly in Hoshiarpur District, Garhdiwala being the main village of the tribe.
The sahotas are Muslim and Christian in Pakistan, and predominantly Sikh in India.

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Saini people
Saini ( pronunciation (help·info)) is an caste of North India who were historically warriors and landowners. Sainis claim to be descendants of a king, Shurasena, as well as of Krishna and Porus, and to be related to the ancient Shoorsaini clan, noted in Puranic literature. This is disputed and the 1901 census noted that people using the Shoorsaini name were by then found only in Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and Delhi. Sainis also claim themselves to be Rajputs of Yaduvanshi descent.
As both a statutory agricultural tribe and a designated Martial Class during British era, Sainis had been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service since then until recent times. However, since the independence of India, Sainis have diversified into different trades and professions other than military and agriculture. Sainis are now also seen in increasing numbers as businessmen, lawyers, professors, civil servants, engineers, doctors and research scientists, etc.

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Samore
Samory Touré (also known as Samore toure or Almamy Samore Lafiya Toure, c. 1830 - 1900) was the founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state that resisted French rule in West Africa from 1882 until his capture in 1898.
Born c. 1830 in Manyambaladugu (in what is now southeastern Guinea), the son of Dyula traders, Samore grew up in West Africa being transformed by growing contacts with the Europeans. European trade made some African trading states rich, while growing access to firearms changed traditional West African patterns of warfare. Early in his life, Ture converted to Islam.
In 1848, Samore's mother was captured in the course of war by Séré-Burlay, of the Cissé clan. After arranging his mother's freedom, Samore engaged himself to the service of the Cissés where he learned the handling of arms. According to tradition, he remained "seven years, seven months, seven days" before fleeing with his mother.
He then joined the Bérété army, the enemies of the Cissé, for two years before rejoining his people, the Kamara. Named Kélétigui ("war chief") at Dyala in 1861, Samori took an oath to protect his people against both the Bérété and the Cissé. He created a professional army and placed close relations, notably his brothers and his childhood friends, in positions of command.

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Sikandar Lodhi
Sikandar Lodi (died November 21, 1517), born Nizam Khan, was the second ruler of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty, who reigned over Sultanate of Delhi from 1489 to 1517.
Sikandar Lodi was the son of Sultan Bahlul Khan Lodi and Bibi Ambha, the daughter of a Hindu goldsmith of Sirhind.
He became Sultan upon the death of his father on July 17, 1489. His rise to power was troublesome, with his older brother, Barbak Shah, the viceroy of Jaunpur, also staking a claim to the throne despite their father's nomination of Sikandar. However, he was able to claim the throne through delegation and was able to avoid massive bloodshed. In fact, he allowed his brother to keep governing Jaunpur, while also settling differences with an uncle, Alam Khan, who was also suspected of usurping the throne. Sikandar proved to be a capable ruler who was kind to his Muslim subjects, but was extremely harsh to his Hindu subjects. He expanded Lodi territory into the regions of Gwalior and Bihar. He made a treaty with Alauddin Hussain Shah and his kingdom of Bengal. He was able to bring his native Afghan nobles under his control, and encouraged trade across his holdings. In 1503, he commissioned the building of the present-day city of Agra.

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Sindhi people
Sindhis (Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi-speaking ethnic group of people native to the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Some of the places in Sindh have been inhabited as early as the 3rd millennium BC. A large number of Indus valley sites have been found in Sindh. Sindh was ruled by Hindu, Buddhist and Zoroastrian kingdoms till 712, when it became a part of the Umayyad Caliphate. While Sindhis were originally Hindus or Buddhists.
Sindhi culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Raja Dahir, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.
Following the partition of India in 1947, most Hindus, Sikhs and Jains migrated to India and other parts of the world, though as of 1998, Hindus still constituted about 6% of the total Sindhi population in Pakistan. Sindhis in different parts of the world formed their own social gatherings or sammelans and associations.
The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC.

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Suraj Mal
Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763) (Devanagari:महाराजा सूरज मल) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. He has been described by a contemporary historian as "the Plato of the Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Ulysses", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.
Surajmal was born on February 1707 in Bharatpur, India. He was eldest son of Jat Emperor of Bharatpur, Maharaja Badan Singh, and his wife Rani Devki of Jat family from Kama.
He had 14 Queens, out of which 6 have been authentically told to us by Fransoo. He enumerates them as below :
From his four wives, he left five sons: Jawar Singh, Ratan Singh, Nawal Singh, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh. The first two were born of a lady, popularly reputed to have been a Rajputni, possibly of Gaurua clan, the third was son of a Malin mother, the last two, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh were born of his own Jat tribe.But the mother of none of these enjoyed the particular affection of the King, who loved most dearly his masculine and barren wife, the famous queen Maharani Kishori. Jawahar Singh was fortunate enough to be adopted by this lady, whose influence and affection shielded the rebellious youth from the worst effects on the wrath of his father.For various political reasons, Suraj Mal also had 24 mistresses each from a different cast, so as to gain popularity within a cast.

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Surajmal Jat
Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763) (Devanagari:महाराजा सूरज मल) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. He has been described by a contemporary historian as "the Plato of the Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Ulysses", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.
Surajmal was born on February 1707 in Bharatpur, India. He was eldest son of Jat Emperor of Bharatpur, Maharaja Badan Singh, and his wife Rani Devki of Jat family from Kama.
He had 14 Queens, out of which 6 have been authentically told to us by Fransoo. He enumerates them as below :
From his four wives, he left five sons: Jawar Singh, Ratan Singh, Nawal Singh, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh. The first two were born of a lady, popularly reputed to have been a Rajputni, possibly of Gaurua clan, the third was son of a Malin mother, the last two, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh were born of his own Jat tribe.But the mother of none of these enjoyed the particular affection of the King, who loved most dearly his masculine and barren wife, the famous queen Maharani Kishori. Jawahar Singh was fortunate enough to be adopted by this lady, whose influence and affection shielded the rebellious youth from the worst effects on the wrath of his father.For various political reasons, Suraj Mal also had 24 mistresses each from a different cast, so as to gain popularity within a cast.

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Tiwana
Tiwana (Punjabi: ਟਿਵਾਣਾ, ٹوانہ) is a Punjabi Jatt and Rajput clan that hails from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The Tiwanas of East Punjab are Sikh, while the Tiwanas of West Punjab are Muslims. Tiwanas are descendants of Panwar Rajputs.
Malik Umar Hayat Khan is the most famous scion of the Tiwana clan and was born into an influential and aristocratic Rajput family. His son Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana also remained a prominent pre-partition political figure of the Punjab.

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William Crooke
William Crooke (1848–1923) was an English^{[clarification needed]}orientalist and "the central figure in Anglo-Indian folklore" according to Richard Mercer Dorson. He was a member of a family that had been settled in Ireland for many years, with his father being a doctor in Macroom. County Cork. He was educated at Erasmus Smith's Tipperary Grammar School, before winning a scholarship to Trinity College, Dublin and joining the Indian Civil Service.
While an administrator in India, he found abundant material for his researches in the ancient civilizations of India. He was also an accomplished hunter. Although a gifted administrator, according to Horace Rose he was "too outspoken a critic of the mechanically efficient 'Secretariat' system" to find favour with his superiors and he was allowed to retire early after 25 years of service in 1895.
Aside from his devotion to official duties, Crooke found ample time to write much on the people of India and their religions, beliefs and customs. In 1910, he was chosen to be the President of the Anthropological Section of the British Association; and having been for many years a member of the Council of the Folklore Society, he was elected President of that body in 1911. Re-elected as President of the Society in the following year, he then became the editor of its journal, Folk-lore, in 1915. He continued in this last position till his death at a nursing home in Cheltenham on 25 October 1923.

wn.com/William_Crooke

Jats - Weed

www.noorteband.ee...

published: 01 Nov 2012

author: Noorteband

Ancient Jat's--Scythians !

Jats in India and pakistan are the decendents of SCYTHIANS that invaded India a century be...

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author: sihagjat

Jats - From the ashes

Bändkämp 2012...

published: 21 Jul 2012

author: 3ADIDA

Independence of Jats

The audio-visual talks about how the Jats consolidated their power during the late sevente...

published: 04 May 2012

author: Iken Edu

Jat reservation documentry by PTC news part 1

please Go through the Documentry made by PTC News on Jat reservation and Conditions of jat...

published: 07 Jul 2012

author: jatarakshan

Jats and Jutes - The Lost Aryan Race Connection

A factual presentation of a connection between the Jutes tribe of Jutland (Germany and Den...

published: 23 Jun 2011

author: noblesoul88

Documentry on jat reservation by ptc news part -2

please Go through the Documentry made by PTC News on Jat reservation and Conditions of jat...

published: 08 Jul 2012

author: jatarakshan

Jats - From The Ashes

Noortebänd 2012 poolfinaal klubis Casablanca...

published: 15 Nov 2012

author: Noorteband

Main Haryane ka Jat

मैं हरयाने का जाट. Song by Gurdas Mann. Gurdas Mann, a Sikh Jat, sang this song to honour ...

published: 18 Aug 2012

author: Harsh Dahiya

Jats - From The Ashes

okey...

published: 21 Jul 2012

author: Makuzor

Attack by 17 Jat on Point 4540, Kargil War 1999

Attack by 17 Jat of Indian Army on Point 4540, Operation Vijay, Kargil War 1999. This vide...

published: 18 Aug 2012

author: Harsh Dahiya

Jats - Weed R2 - MiniLive

...

published: 10 Dec 2012

author: TheRaadio2

See how jats took control of railway track at up

...

published: 02 Oct 2012

author: jatarakshan

Violent Jat Reservation versus Haryana Police

An agitated Jat mob obsessively violated the Railway tracks in Hisar after the police star...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: news20four

JAT

Client: PROFILE, Beograd Production: IM Production Director: Mirko Sajkov Director of phot...

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SSEU371 History Slideshows

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moon rising...

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Untitled

published: 02 May 2011

author: Jatindeep Singh

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photo: AP / Bullit Marquez

Soldiers unload another victim of typhoon Bopha as retrieval operations continue at the hardest hit New Bataan township, Compostela Valley in southern Philippines Sunday Dec. 9, 2012. The number of missing in the wake of a typhoon that devastated parts of the southern Philippines has jumped to nearly 900 after families and fishing companies reported losing contact with more than 300 fishermen in the South China Sea and Pacific Ocean, officials said Sunday.

Typhoon ‘Pablo’ toll: 714 confirmed dead, 890 missing

The Daily Tribune

11 Dec 2012

The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)

photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady

U.S. Army Staff Sgt. James Bates, a security force squad leader with the Farah Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), provides security at a landing zone as his team prepares to disembark a CH-47 Chinook helicopter Sept. 26, 2012, in Pur Chaman district, Farah province, Afghanistan. The Farah PRT was composed of Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen whose mission was to provide security, support local governments and monitor reconstruction efforts throughout the province.

Are U.S. Wars and Politics Primitive?

WorldNews.com

10 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta. This non-technological and stateless group, which mainly depends on hunting and gathering, had suffered several inexplicable deaths ... Therefore, they organized an atinga, or revenge group ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace....(size: 5.8Kb)

photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon

South Korean man uses his smartphone to take a television screen reporting a news about North Korea's rocket launch at Seoul Railway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2012.

Defiant North Korea launches long-range rocket

The Hindu

12 Dec 2012

North Korea defied international warnings and fired a long-range rocket on Wednesday, the second launch under its new leader and a clear sign Pyongyang is pushing forward with its quest to develop the technology needed to deliver a nuclear warhead ... But South Korea and Japan said they couldn’t immediately confirm that ... officials could determine whether a North Korean satellite was circling the Earth ... Kim said ... Keywords....(size: 2.7Kb)

photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office

Russian President Vladimir Putin gives an address to the Federal Assembly at the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, 12 December, 2012.

Vladimir Putin warns against foreign meddling

The Times of India

12 Dec 2012

MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)

photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein

File - In Herat, Afghanistan, women line up to collect bags of split chick pea, wheat, and cooking oil being distributed by the UN World Food Programme (WFP), 29 June, 2012.

'Long way to go' on justice for Afghan women - UN

BBC News

11 Dec 2012

Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)

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Facebook helps nabbing 10 suspects over alleged involvement in '500m pounds heist'

Newstrack India

13 Dec 2012

Tweet. London, Dec. 13 (ANI). Ten individuals, including a British man have been arrested by the FBI on suspicion of being involved in a 500 million-pound heist and are alleged to be associated to several international cybercrime rings ... The FBI said criminals had created a "botnet" of 11 million remote-controlled computers, The Telegraph reports ... A spokesman for the agency said ... Sumrasar Jat ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 3.1Kb)

National Police Beefing Up Security For Xmas, New Year Period

Jakarta Globe

13 Dec 2012

The National Police will beef up security in seven areas believed to be prime targets for terrorist attacks ahead of the Christmas and New Year celebrations ... “There are several regional police jurisdictions that have received special attention,” Insp. Gen ... 1 ... On Monday night, police recaptured an escaped terrorist who was part of a militant cell based in Solo, Central Java, many of whose members are known to be affiliated with the JAT ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)

Haryana: Backward commission okays reservation for Haryana Jats

The Times of India

12 Dec 2012

In his report to chief secretary PK Chaudhary, commission chairman justice KC Gupta (retd) has recommended 10% reservation for Jats, Bishnois, Jat Sikhs, Rors and Tyagis in the OBC category, in addition to the already existing 27% reservation for other castes in this category....(size: 2.2Kb)

Cabinet grants in-principle assent for Jat reservation

Indian Express

12 Dec 2012

In A cabinet decision, the Haryana government on Wednesday gave in-principle nod to the Haryana Backward Classes Commission recommendations of giving a special backward caste status to Jats and four other castes in the state ... The Commission has recommended that five castes Jats, Jat Sikhs, Tyagi, Rohrs and Bishnoi should be covered under a category called special backward castes....(size: 1.8Kb)

Minimum wage rise to $30 gets nod from Exco

Hong Kong Standard

12 Dec 2012

About 220,000 minimum wage earners will have their hourly pay raised by HK$2 to HK$30 next May 1 at the earliest ... ADVERTISEMENT ... Minimum Wage Commission chairman Jat Sew-tong denied the decision had political considerations ... There are doubts that the level was set by the government, but that is inaccurate," Jat said ... Jat also said the commission had considered all data and could not guarantee that no company would close down as a result....(size: 2.9Kb)

Tales to talk about in the classroom

Deccan Herald

12 Dec 2012

In ‘A Very Tall Story’, an arrogant Bania is tricked into paying a non-existent debt by a friendly Jat. Had he not been so haughty, the Bania might have seen through the Jat’s deception and saved himself the princely amount of five hundred rupees ... are cleverer than the Bania, foreseeing the Jat’s intentions well in time!....(size: 4.0Kb)

Army recruitments

The Hindu

12 Dec 2012

11). While the government claims that the Army is truly secular, it has regiments based on castes and groups — Rajput, Kumaun, Sikh, Naga, Gorkha, Maratha and Jat — even today ... Arvind Sen,. New Delhi. Keywords....(size: 1.0Kb)

Showered by India with love, Veena Malik loses

Indian Express

12 Dec 2012

Pakistani actress Veena Malik today said that she was losing sleep owing to her packed schedule that includes back-to-back Bollywood movies and her debut Punjabi film ... Malik will be featuring in her debut Punjabi film "Jats in Golmaal", in which actor Arya Babbar plays the lead role ... contd. PAGE. 12 . Single Page Format ....(size: 1.6Kb)

Veena Malik losing sleep over her packed schedule

Deccan Herald

12 Dec 2012

Pakistani actress Veena Malik today said that she was losing sleep owing to her packed schedule that includes back-to-back Bollywood movies and her debut Punjabi film. "I don't get time to sleep as my tight schedule is keeping me really busy ... Malik will be featuring in her debut Punjabi film "Jats in Golmaal", in which actor Arya Babbar plays the lead role ... "I am a great cricket fan myself ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)

Voicing social issues

The Hindu

12 Dec 2012

Renowned documentary filmmakers K.P. Jayasankar and Anjali Monteiro were surprised when the Nigerian prisoner whom they met while filming YCP 1997 said, “We live in small prison and you live in large prison.”. When the censor certificate was made mandatory for documentaries, they understood the wisdom of the prisoner ... The films are about the Fakirani Jats of the Rann of Kutch, a community marginalised on many levels....(size: 5.0Kb)

FTC Shuts Down Another Credit Card Interest Rate Reduction Scheme (Federal Trade Commission)

noodls

12 Dec 2012

(Source. Federal Trade Commission). For Release.12/12/2012 Case is Sixth Advance-Fee Telemarketing Complaint Filed in Just Over a Month. For the sixth time in just over a month, the Federal Trade Commission shut down a scheme, pending trial, that allegedly tricked consumers into paying hundreds of dollars based on bogus promises of lower credit card interest rates ... According to the FTC's complaint, ... Also ... and abroad ... CV-12-2521-PHX-JAT)....(size: 7.5Kb)

Haryana: Demand for Jat quota opposed

The Times of India

11 Dec 2012

The Jat community has dominance in Rohtak district police while the force in Faridabad and Mahendergarh districts has considerable number of Jats. According to RTI information accessed by Karnal-based Janhit Social Welfare Society, 61% cops in Rohtak district are from Jat community. Faridabad has 35% and Mahendergarh has got 29% Jats in the police force ... Jats and Haryana Police ... Jat ... Jat ... Jat....(size: 2.2Kb)

Agitators killed during quota stir to be bestowed martyr status: Jat organizations

The Times of India

11 Dec 2012

Jat organizations have declared to bestow the status of martyr in case anybody loses life during their forthcoming agitation in support of their demand for reservations. In an apparent threat to take the government head on, the Jats ......(size: 1.2Kb)

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Jat
Regions with significant populations
300px
Chaudhary Charan Singh, the first Jat Prime Minister of India, accompanied by his wife, on his way to address the nation at the Red Fort, Delhi, Independence Day, 15 August 1979.
India and Pakistan
Languages
Punjabi • Hindi • Rajasthani • Urdu • Haryanvi • Gujarati
Religion
Hinduism • Islam • Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
other Indo-Aryan peoples

The Jat people^{[pronunciation?]} are a community of traditionally non-elite tillers and herders in Northern India and Pakistan.^[a]^[b]^[c] Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh, Jats migrated north into the Punjab region in late medieval times, and subsequently into the Delhi Territory, northeastern Rajputana, and the western Gangetic Plain in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[4] Of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu faiths, they are now found mostly in the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab and the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Traditionally involved in peasantry, the Jats took up arms against the Mughal Empire during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.^[5] The community played an important role in the development of the martial Khalsa panthan of Sikhism.^[6] The Hindu Jat kingdom reached its zenith under Suraj Mal of Bharatpur (1707–1763).^[7] By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including Punjab,^[8] Western Uttar Pradesh,^[9], Rajasthan,^[10] Haryana and Delhi.^[11] Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status.^[12]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica: "In the early 21st century the Jat constituted about 20 percent of the population of Punjab, nearly 10 percent of the population of Balochistan, Rajasthan, and Delhi, and from 2 to 5 percent of the populations of Sindh, Northwest Frontier, and Uttar Pradesh. The four million Jat of Pakistan are mainly Muslim; the nearly six million Jat of India are mostly divided into two large castes of about equal strength: one Sikh, concentrated in Punjab, the other Hindu."^[13]

History [link]

A Jutt (Jat) Muslim camel-driver from Sind, 1872

Jat Sikh of the "Sindhoo" clan, Lahore, 1872.

Jats in the Delhi Territory in 1868.

Jat girl from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1868.

Ethnographic photograph of Jat zemindars (land owners) in Rajasthan, playing pachisi, 1874

The durbar of the teenage Hindu Jat ruler of Bharatpur, a princely state in Rajasthan, early 1860s.

The Jats are a paradigmatic example of community- and identity-formation in early modern South Asia.^[4] "Jat" is an elastic label applied to a wide-ranging, traditionally non-elite,^[d] community which had its origins in pastoralism in the lower Indus valley of Sind.^[4] At the time of Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sind in the 8th century, Arab writers described agglomerations of Jats in the arid, the wet, and the mountainous regions of the conquered land.^[15] The new Islamic rulers, though professing a theologically egalitarian religion, did not alter either the non-elite status of Jats or the discriminatory practices against them that had been put in place in the long period of Hindu rule in Sind.^[16] Between the eleventh and the sixteenth centuries, Jat herders migrated, up along the river valleys,^[17] into the Punjab,^[4] which had not been brought under the plough in the first millennium.^[18] Many took up tilling in regions such as the Central and East Punjab, where the Persian wheel had been recently introduced or where the land was less arid;^[4] others, especially in the West Punjab, continued herding.^[4]^[19] By early Mughal times, in the Punjab, the term "Jat" had become loosely synonymous with "peasant,"^[20] and some Jats had come to own land and exert local influence.^[4]

According to historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot,^[21]

The Jats also provide an important insight into how religious identities evolved during the precolonial era. Before they settled in the Punjab and other northern regions, the pastoralist Jats had little exposure to any of the mainstream religions. Only after they became more integrated into the agrarian world did the Jats adopt the dominant religion of the people in whose midst they dwelt.^[21]

With passage of time, in the western Punjab, the Jats became primarily Muslim, in the eastern Punjab, Sikh, and in the areas between Delhi Territory and Agra, primarily Hindu, their divisions by faith reflecting the geographical strengths of these religions.^[21] During the decline of Mughal rule in the early 18th century, the Indian subcontinent's hinterland dwellers, many of whom were armed and nomadic, increasingly interacted with settled townspeople and agriculturists.^[22] Many new rulers of the 18th century came from such martial and nomadic backgrounds.^[22] The effect of this interaction on India's social organization lasted well into the colonial period. During much of this time, non-elite tillers and pastoralists, such as the Jats or Ahirs, were part of a social spectrum that blended only indistinctly into the elite landowning classes at one end, and the menial or ritually polluting classes at the other.^[22] Earlier, during the heyday of Mughal rule, Jats had benefited from Mughal munificence. According to Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf:

Upstart warriors, Marathas, Jats, and the like, as coherent social groups with military and governing ideals, were themselves a product of the Mughal context, which recognized them and provided them with military and governing experience. Their successes were a part of the Mughal success.^[23]

As the Mughal empire now faltered, there were a series of rural rebellions in North India.^[24] Although these had sometimes been characterized as "peasant rebellions," scholars, such as Muzaffar Alam, have pointed out that small local landholders, or zemindars, often led these uprisings.^[24] The Sikh and Jat rebellions were led by such small local zemindars, who had close association and family connections with each other and with the peasants under them, and who were often armed.^[25]

These communities of rising peasant-warriors were not well-established Indian castes,^[26] but rather quite new, without fixed status categories, and with the ability to absorb older peasant castes, sundry warlords, and nomadic groups on the fringes of settled agriculture.^[25]^[27] The Mughal Empire, even at the zenith of its power, functioned by devolving authority and never had direct control over its rural grandees.^[25] It was these zemindars who gained most from these rebellions, in both cases, increasing the land under their control.^[25] The more triumphant even attaining the ranks of minor princes, such as the Jat ruler Badan Singh of the princely state of Bharatpur.^[25] The non-Sikh Jats came to predominate south and east of Delhi after 1710.^[28] According to historian Christopher Bayly

Men characterised by early eighteenth century Mughal records as plunderers and bandits preying on the imperial lines of communications had by the end of the century spawned a range of petty states linked by marriage alliance and religious practice.

The Jats had moved into the Gangetic Plain in two large migrations, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries respectively.^[28] They were not a caste in the usual Hindu sense, for example, in which Bhumihars of the eastern Gangetic plain were; rather they were an umbrella group of peasant-warriors.^[28] According to Christopher Bayly:

This was a society where Brahmins were few and male Jats married into the whole range of lower agricultural and entrepreneurial castes. A kind of tribal nationalism animated them rather than a nice calculation of caste differences expressed within the context of Brahminical Hindu state.^[28]

By the mid-eighteenth century, the ruler of the recently established Jat kingdom of Bharatpur, Raja Surajmal, felt sanguine enough about durability to build a garden palace at nearby Dig (Deeg).^[29] Although, the palace, Gopal Bhavan, was named for Lord Krishna, its domes, arches, and garden were evocative of Mughal architecture, a reflection ultimately of how much these new rulers—aspiring dynasts all—were products of the Mughal epoch.^[29] In a another nod to the Mughal legacy, in the 1750s, Surajmal removed his own Jat brethren from positions of power and replaced them with a contingent of Mughal revenue officials from Delhi who proceeded to implement the Mughal scheme of collecting land-rent.^[28] According to historian, Eric Stokes,

When the power of the Bharatpur raja was riding high, fighting clans of Jats encroached into the Karnal/Panipat, Mathura, Agra, and Aligarh districts, usually at the expense of Rajput groups. But such a political umbrella was too fragile and short-lived for substantial displacement to be effected.^[30]

Jat states of the 18th century [link]

According to Alexander Cunningham and William Crooke, the city of Gohad was founded in 1505 by the Jats of Bamraulia village, who had been forced to leave Bamraulia by a satrap of Firuz Shah Tughluq.^{[citation needed]} Gohad developed into an important Jat state, and was later captured by the Marathas. The Jat people of Gohad signed a treaty with the British and helped them capture Gwalior and Gohad from the Marathas. The British kept Gwalior and handed control of Gohad to Jat people in 1804. Gohad was handed over to the Marathas under a revised treaty dated 22 November 1805 between the Marathas and the British. As a compensation for Gohad, the Jat ruler Rana Kirat Singh was given Dhaulpur, Badi and Rajakheda; Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805.

In the 10th century, the Jat people took control of Dholpur, which had earlier been ruled by the Rajputs and the Yadavs. Dholpur was taken by Sikandar Lodhi in 1501, who transferred it to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, the Dholpur fort fell to Babur and continued to be ruled by the Mughals until 1707. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur, and his family retained it until 1761. After that, Dholpur was taken successively by the Jat ruler Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon, but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. In 1806, Dholpur again came under the Jat rulers, when it was handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad. Dholpur thus became a princely state, a vassal of the British during the Raj.^{[citation needed]}

Ballabhgarh was another important princely state established by the Jat people of the Tewatia clan, who had come from Janauli village. Balram Singh, the brother-in-law of Maharaja Suraj Mal was the first powerful ruler of Ballabhgarh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was another notable king of this princely state.^{[citation needed]}

File:Raja Mahendra Pratap.jpg

Raja Mahendra Pratap

Other Jat states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included Kuchesar (ruled by the Dalal Jat clan of Mandoti, Haryana), and the Mursan state (the present-day Hathras district in Uttar Pradesh) ruled by the Thenua Jats.^{[citation needed]} A recent ruler of this state was Raja Mahendra Pratap (1886–1979), who was popularly known as Aryan Peshwa.^[31]^[32]^[33]

The Jat people also briefly ruled at Gwalior and Agra. Following the decline of Mughal Empire, the fort was usurped by Gohad dynasty by a Jat Rana King.^[34] The Jat rulers Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana and Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana occupied the Gwalior Fort thrice:

1740 to 1756 by Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana^[35]
1761 to 1767 by Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana^[36]^[37]^[38]
1780 to 1783 by Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana^[39]

Maharaja Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761 and it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774.^[40] After Maharaja Suraj Mal, Maharaja Jawahar Singh, Maharaja Ratan Singh and Maharaja Kehri Singh (minor) under resident ship of Maharaja Nawal Singh ruled over Agra Fort.^{[citation needed]}

Sikh States [link]

Maharaja Bhupinder singh sidhu of patila.

Patiala and Nabha were two important Sikh^[41]^[42] states in Punjab, ruled by the Jat-Sikh ^[43] people of the Siddhu clan.^[44] The Jind state in present-day Haryana was founded by the descendants of Phul Jat of Siddhu ancestry.^[44] These states were formed with the military assistance of the sixth Sikh guru, known as Guru Har Gobind.^[41]

The rulers of Faridkot were Brar Jat Sikhs.^[45] The princely state of Kalsia was ruled by Sandhu Jat Sikhs.^[46]

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) of the Sandhawalia^[44] Jat clan (other historians assert a Sansi Caste lineage to Maharaja Ranjit Singh^[47]) of Punjab became the Sikh emperor of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. He united the Sikh factions into one state, and conquered vast tracts of territory on all sides of his kingdom. From the capture of Lahore in 1799, he rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab. To secure his empire, he invaded North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (which was then part of Afghanistan), and defeated the Pathan militias and tribes. Ranjit Singh took the title of "Maharaja" on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the city of Amritsar. In the year 1818, Ranjit Singh successfully invaded Kashmir.

Demographics [link]

Today, the largest population centre is located in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, the Punjab region, Uttrakhand and Rajasthan; there are smaller distributions across the world, due to the large immigrant diaspora. In the immigrant diaspora major populations centres include the UK, US, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, Indonesia, Russia, Belgium and Australia.^{[citation needed]}

Census under the British Raj [link]

The census in 1931 in India recorded population on the basis of ethnicity. In 1925, the population of Jats was around nine million in South Asia, of which 47% were Hindu, 33% Muslim and 20% Sikh.^[48]

According to earlier censuses, the Jat people accounted for approximately 25% of the entire Sindhi-Punjabi speaking area, making it the "largest single socially distinctive group" in the region.^[49]

The region-wise breakdown of the total Jat people population in 1931 (including Jat Hindus, Jat Sikhs and Jat Muslims) is given in the following table. The Jat people, approximately 73%, were located mainly in the Punjab region.^[50]^[51]

Name of region	Jat population 1931	Approx Percentage
Punjab (British India)	6,068,302	73 %
Rajputana	1,043,153	12 %
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh	810,114	9.2 %
Kashmir and Jammu	148,993	2 %
Balochistan	93,726	1.2 %
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	76,327	1 %
Bombay Presidency	54,362	0.7 %
Delhi	53,271	0.6 %
Central Provinces and Berar	28,135	0.3 %
Ajmer-Merwara	29,992	0.3 %
Total	8,406,375	100 %

Post-independence estimates [link]

Dhillon states that by taking population statistical analysis into consideration the Jat population growth of both India and Pakistan since 1925, Quanungo's figure of nine million could be translated into a minimum population statistic (1988) of 30 million.^[52]

From 1931 to 1988 the estimated increase in the Jat people population of the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan respectively is 3.5% Hindu, 3.5% Sikh and 4.0% Muslim.^[53] Sukhbir Singh estimates that the population of Hindu Jats, numbered at 2,210,945 in the 1931 census, rose to about 7,738,308 by 1988, whereas Muslim Jats, numbered at 3,287,875 in 1931, would have risen to about 13,151,500 in 1988. The total population of Jats was given as 8,406,375 in 1931, and estimated to have been about 31,066,253 in 1988.

Republic of India [link]

Some specific clans of Jat people are classified as Other Backward Castes in some states, e.g.Jats of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi,^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] Muslim Jats in Gujarat^[58] and Mirdha Jat people (except Jat Muslims) in Madhya Pradesh.^[59]

Land reforms, particularly the abolition of Jagirdari and Zamindari systems, Panchayati Raj and Green Revolution, to which Jat people have been major contributors, have contributed to the economic betterment of the Jat people.^{[original research?]}

The Jat people are one of the most prosperous groups in India on a per-capita basis. (Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states). Haryana has the largest number of rural crorepatis in India,^[60]

In the 20th century and more recently, Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana.^[61] and Punjab.^[62]

Some Jat people have become notable political leaders, including the sixth Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh.

Adult franchise has created enormous social and political awakening among Jat people. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of North India. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.^[63]

Pakistan [link]

A large number of the Jat Muslim people live in Pakistan^[50] and have dominant roles in public life in the Pakistani Punjab and Pakistan in general.^[48]^[52] In addition to the Punjab, Jat communities are also found in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, in Sindh, particularly the Indus delta and among Seraiki-speaking communities in southern Pakistani Punjab, the Kachhi region of Balochistan and the Dera Ismail Khan District of the North West Frontier Province.

North American diaspora communities [link]

The Association of Jats of America (AJATA) is an organisation which serves as a forum and lobby for Jat people in North America.^[64] The North American Jat Charities (NAJC) is one of the main charities for Jat people in that area.^[65]

Culture and society [link]

The life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Central Asian colonists of South Asia.^[48]^[66] Jat people became tillers of soil.^[48] They are fiercely independent in character and value their self respect more than anything, which is why they offered heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly.^[48] In the government of their villages, they appear much more democratic. They have less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected headmen.^[48]

Military [link]

14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862-1919).jpg

A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment, where they have also been highly decorated. The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army, it is one of the longest serving and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.^[67] The regiment won 19 battle honours between 1839 and 1947^[68] and post independence 5 battle honours, eight Mahavir Chakra, eight Kirti Chakra, 32 Shaurya Chakra, 39 Vir Chakra and 170 Sena Medals.^[67] Major Hoshiar Singh of Rohtak won the Param Vir Chakra during Indo-Pak war of 1971. Rohtak district in Haryana.

The Jat people were designated by British officials as a "martial race", a designation created by officials of British India . The British recruited heavily from these martial races for service in the colonial army.^[69]

Religion [link]

In 1925, the population of the Jat people was around nine million in British India, made up of followers of three major religions Hinduism (47%), Islam (33%) and Sikhism (20%).^[48] During the early 1900s, four million Jats of present-day Pakistan were mainly Muslims by faith and the nearly six million Jats of present-day India were mostly divided into two large groups: Hindus concentrated in Haryana and Rajasthan and Sikhs, concentrated in Punjab.

Most Sikh Jats were converted from Hindu Jats^[70]^[71] so they would join forces with the Khalsa to fight against the Mughal monarchy.

Varna status [link]

The Hindu varna system is unclear on Jat status within the caste system. Some sources state that Jats are regarded as Kshatriyas^[72] or "degraded Kshatriyas" who, as they did not observe Brahmanic rites and rituals, had fallen to the status of Shudra.^[73] Another author reports that the varna status of the Jats improved over time, with the Jats starting in the untouchable/chandala varna during the eighth century, changing to shudra status by the 11th century, and with some Jats striving for zamindar status after the Jat rebellion of the 17th century.^[74]

Social customs [link]

Main article: Social customs of Jat people

Language [link]

Jat people usually speak Punjabi, Urdu, Gojri, Dogri, Sindhi, Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Malvi). Hindu Jats from Haryana and Rajasthan mostly speak Haryanvi and Rajasthani specially their dialects Bangaru or Jatu (literary meaning the language of Jats) and Bagri language. Sikh and Muslim Jat people from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi, Saraiki, Pothohari, and Jhangochi).^{[original research?]}

Clan system [link]

See also: Jat clan system and Gotras of Jats

The Jat people have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineage clans, Panchayat system or Khap. A clan was based on one small gotra or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law.^[75]

In addition to the conventional Sarva Khap Panchayat, there are regional Jat Mahasabhas affiliated to the All India Jat Mahasabha to organize and safeguard the interests of the community, which held its meeting at regional and national levels to take stock of their activities and devise practical ways and means for the amelioration of the community.^[76]

Some of the Jat clan names overlap with other groups.^[77] Jat clans have been compiled by several historians, such as Ompal Singh Tugania,^[78] Bhaleram Beniwal.^[79]^[80] and Mahendra Singh Arya.^[81] These lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras.

Footnotes [link]

^ "Glossary: Jat: title of north India's major non-elite 'peasant' caste."^[1]
^ "... in the middle decades of the (nineteenth) century, there were two contrasting trends in India's agrarian regions. Previously marginal areas took off as zones of newly profitable 'peasant' agriculture, disadvantaging non-elite tilling groups, who were known by such titles as Jat in western NWP and Gounder in Coimatore."^[2]
^ "In the later nineteenth century, this thinking led colonial officials to try to protect Sikh Jats and other non-elite 'peasants' whom they now favoured as military recruits by advocating legislation under the so-called land alienation."^[3]
^ According to Susan Bayly, "... (North India) contained large numbers of non-elite tillers. In the Punjab and the western Gangetic Plains, convention defined the Rajput's non-elite counterpart as a Jat. Like many similar titles used elsewhere, this was not so much a caste name as a broad designation for the man of substance in rural terrain. ... To be called Jat has in some regions implied a background of pastoralism, though it has more commonly been a designation of non-servile cultivating people."^[14]

Citations [link]

^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA385. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA201. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA212. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7.
^ Karine Schomer and W. H. McLeod, ed. (1987). The Sants: studies in a devotional tradition of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. pp. 242. ISBN 978-81-208-0277-3.
^ The Gazetteer of India: History and culture. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. 1973. p. 348. OCLC 186583361.
^ Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas (1962). Caste in modern India: and other essays. Asia Pub. House. p. 90. OCLC 185987598.
^ Sheel Chand Nuna (1 January 1989). Spatial fragmentation of political behaviour in India: a geographical perspective on parliamentary elections. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-81-7022-285-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=hjjriYh_hykC&pg=PA61. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1984). The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. University of Chicago Press. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-226-73137-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&pg=PA86. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ Encyclopedia of medical anthropology. Springer. 2004. p. 778. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6.
^ Sunil K. Khanna (2009). Fetal/fatal knowledge: new reproductive technologies and family-building strategies in India. Cengage Learning. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-495-09525-5.
^ Britannica, Encyclopedia. "Jat (caste)". Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27th January, 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301575/Jat. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA37. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ Mayaram, Shail (2003), Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins, Columbia University Press, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-231-12730-1, http://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA19, retrieved 12 November 2011
^ Jackson, Peter (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, p. 15, ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA15, retrieved 13 November 2011 Quote: "... Nor can the liberation that the Muslim conquerors offered to those who sought to escape from the caste system be taken for granted. ... a caliphal governor of Sind in the late 830s is said to have ... (continued the previous Hindu requirement that) ... the Jats, when walking out of doors in future, to be accompanied by a dog. The fact that the dog is an unclean animal to both Hindu and Muslim made it easy for the Muslim conquerors to retain the status quo regarding a low-caste tribe. In other words, the new regime in the eighth and ninth centuries did not abrogate discriminatory regulations dating from a period of Hindu sovereignty; rather, it maintained them. (page 15)"
^ Grewal, J. S. (1998), The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, p. 5, ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0, http://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA5, retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: "... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)"
^ Ludden, David E. (1999), An agrarian history of South Asia, Cambridge University Press, p. 117, ISBN 978-0-521-36424-9, http://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA117, retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: "The flatlands in the upper Punjab doabs do not seem to have been heavily farmed in the first millennium. ... Early-medieval dry farming developed in Sindh, around Multan, and in Rajasthan, ... From here, Jat farmers seem to have moved into the upper Punjab doabs and into the western Ganga basin in the first half of the second millennium. (page 117)"
^ Ansari, Sarah F. D. (1992). Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-40530-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=j8wrDHqwEFIC&pg=PA27. Retrieved 30 October 2011. Quote: "Between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, groups of nomadic pastoralists known as Jats, having worked their way northwards from Sind, settled in the Panjab as peasant agriculturalists and, largely on account of the introduction of the Persian wheel, transformed much of western Panjab into a rich producer of food crops. (page 27)"
^ Mayaram, Shail (2003), Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins, Columbia University Press, p. 33, ISBN 978-0-231-12730-1, http://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA33, retrieved 12 November 2011
^ ^a ^b ^c Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA270. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bayly, Susan (2001), Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, Cambridge University Press, p. 41, ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6, http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC, retrieved 1 August 2011
^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A concise history of modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA23. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b Asher, Catherine; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA271. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Asher, Catherine; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA272. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A concise history of modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA24. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ Bayly, C. A. (1988). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. CUP Archive. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-31054-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bayly, C. A. (1988). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. CUP Archive. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-31054-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A concise history of modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA35. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ Stokes, Eric (1980). The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-29770-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ Life and Times of Raja Mahendra Pratap, Ed by Dr Vier Singh, Delhi 2005, ISBN 81-88629-32-4, p.44
^ Dr Vir Singh: My Life Story 1886-1979: Raja Mahendra Pratap Vol. 1, 1886-1941. 2004
^ Thakur Deshraj:Jat Itihas, p. 563-568
^ Thorton p. 68-69
^ Dr Natthan Singh (2004) : Jat-Itihas, p. 359
^ An Historical Sketch of the Native States of India’, by Col. G B Malleson. Facsimile reprint published by The Academic Press, Gurgaon, 1984.
^ V.S.Krishnan:Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteer, Gwalior
^ ‘Gohad ke jaton ka Itihas’, Dr. Ajay Kumar Agnihotri, Nav Sahitya Bhawan. (New Delhi, Delhi. 1985), p. 29
^ Dr Natthan Singh (2004) : Jat-Itihas, p. 360
^ Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982, Pages 197–200
^ ^a ^b Singh, Bhagat (1993). A History of Sikh Misals. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 130. http://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ.
^ Patiala Heritage Society. "Reference to Sikh State". Patialaheritage.in. http://patialaheritage.in/in/history.html. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
^ "Reference to Sikh States". Patiala.nic.in. http://patiala.nic.in/html/history.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c History of the Jatt Clans - H.S. Duleh.
^ Indian states: a biographical ... - Google Books
^ The Golden Book of India: A ... - Google Books
^ Sir Lepel Griffin, Punjab Chiefs, Vol. 1, p 219 "...and from Sansi the Sindhanwalias and the Sansis have a common descent. The Sansis were the theivish and degraded tribe [sic] and the house of Sindhanwalia naturally feeling ashamed of its Sansi name invented a romantic story to account for it. But the relationship between the nobles and the beggars, does not seem the less certain and if history of Maharaja Ranjit Singh^{[disambiguation needed ]} is attentively considered it will appear that much his policy and many of his actions had the true Sansi complexion"
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kalika Ranjan Qanungo: History of the Jats, Delhi 2003. Edited and annotated by Vir Singh
^ The People of Asia by Gordon T. Bowles. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 1977, p. 158.
^ ^a ^b Pawar, Hukum Singh (1993). The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/81-85253-22-8|81-85253-22-8]]. http://books.google.com/books?id=JRNuAAAAMAAJ.
^ Census of India 1931, Vol. I, Pt. 2; Delhi: 1933. Encl. Brit. Vol. 12, 1968 Jats, p. 969
^ ^a ^b Dhillon, B. S. (1994). History and study of the Jats. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1-895603-02-1.
^ Sukhbir Singh q. in "Suraj Sujan", August, September and October Issues, 1990, Maharaja Suraj Mal Sansthan
^ Sheila puts Delhi Jats on OBC list
^ Jats want OBC status in Haryana
^ So why are the Gujjars hungry for the ST pie?
^ Political process in Uttar Pradesh: identity, economic reforms, and governance By Sudha Pai, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Political Studies
^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Gujarat". National Commission for Backward Classes. http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/gujarat.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Madhya Pradesh". National Commission for Backward Classes. http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/mp.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
^ "Poor rural India? It's a richer place". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/18/business/rural.php.
^ Book by Ghansyam Shah on cast and politics , Google book store
^ History of Punjab politics: Jats do it!
^ K L Sharma:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Vir Singh, page 14
^ "Association of Jats of America". AJATA. http://www.ajata.org/. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
^ "About". North American Jat Charities. http://www.najatcharities.org/about.html.
^ Jindal, Mangal sen (1992). History of Origin of Some Clans in India. Sarup & Sons. pp. 17, 36. ISBN 81-85431-08-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=XCtuAAAAMAAJ.
^ ^a ^b Army's Jat Regiment Best Marching Contingent in Republic Day 2007 Parade | India Defence
^ BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(4)
^ H A Rose, Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP
^ The transformation of Sikh society - Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
^ Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
^ Miller, D.B. (1975). From hierarchy to stratification: changing patterns of social inequality in .... Oxford University Press. p. 64. http://books.google.com/books?ei=zTWdS7mmDIOUlAS-9fGtCQ&cd=7&id=K98EAAAAMAAJ&dq=jat+kshatriya&q=Jat+kshatriya#search_anchor.
^ Khanna, Sunil K. "Jat". In Ember, Melvin. M1 Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology. p. 777. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=W_nVHIDgbogC&pg=PA777&lpg=PA777&dq=jatts+are+shudras&source=bl&ots=2B_tLhsqd0&sig=Wq_NllPsYbt5R0j1ESxY5f2V1mI&hl=en&ei=Q0swSs2uHpOCkQW5t4T_Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#PPA777.
^ Krishnaraj, Uma Chakravarti ; series editor, Maithreyi (2003). Gendering caste through a feminist lens (1. repr. ed.). Calcutta: Stree. ISBN 978-81-85604-54-1. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nLMDxv_L-U8C&lpg=PA23&dq=jats%20are%20shudra%20caste&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q=JATS&f=false.
^ Maheswari Prasad:The Jats - Their role & contribution to the socio-economic life and polity of North & North-West India, Vol.I Ed. Vir Singh, ISBN 81-88629-17-0, p.27
^ B.K. Nagla, "Jats of Haryana: A sociplogical Analysis", The Jats, Vol. II, Ed. Vir Singh, p.308
^ J. A. Marshall, Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24.
^ Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat samudāy ke pramukh Ādhār bindu, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2004
^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihāsa, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005.
^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāt Yodhaon ke Balidān, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005
^ Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998

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External links [link]

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Jat people at the Open Directory Project

v t e Ethnic groups, social groups and tribes of the Punjab

Agrawal	Airan Bansal Dharan Garg Goenka Goyal Gupta Jindal Kansal Mudgal Mangal Mittal Nangal Singhal Singla

Arains	Arain Choudhry Ghurki Mian Mehar Ramay Bhutta Dhankhar

Aroras	List of Arora subgroups

Brahmins	Punjabi Brahmins Saraswat Brahmins Bali Chhibber Das Datt Lau Mohan Mohyal Pathak Sharma

Scheduled Castes	Punjabi Dalits Chamar Chura Mazhabi Nanda Ravidassia Mirasi Baazigar

Ahirs	Aheers Yaduvanshi Ahirs Ahirs Harals Ghosi Bhurtiya Aharwar Nirban Ranghar Dagar Dahiya

Gurjars	Gurjar Parihar Kasana Chechi Bagri Harsana Hun Chavda Tomar Bhati Nanda Chauhan Parmar Solanki Mavi Nekadi Nagari Baisla More

Jats	Bains Bajwa Basra Batth Beniwal Birring Bhatti Dhankhar Tiwana Bhullar Chahal Chatha Cheema Dhaka Dhillon Dhaliwal Dhindsa Ghuman Gill Gondal Goraya Grewal Heer Jassal Khokhar Maan Patlan Ponwar Randhawa Sandhu Saharan Sidhu Sodhi Sohal Virdi Virk Sanghera Tiwana Wahla Sahi Nanda Balhara.

Labana	Datla Ghotra Labana Lohana Narowal Nanda

Julaha	Bhagat Kabirpanthi Megh Nanda Ramdasia

Khatris	Babbar Bedi Bhasin Bindra Chopra Dhawan Duggal Ghai Jassal Khukhrain Kapoor Khanna Kohli Malhotra Malik Nanda Nayar Oberoi Puri Roshan Sabharwal Sahni Sehgal Sekhri Sethi Sodhi Suri Talwar Tandon Thapar Tuli Vohra

Rajputs	Babbar Baghela Bais Bhakral Bhatti Candel Chattar Chib Chauhan Doad Dhulia Deora Gohil Jamwal Janjua Mair Manhas Manj Mekan Naroo Naruka Nauls Noon Panwar Prasad Pundir Puni Ranawat Rawat Ranial Rathore Saharan Saini Sulehria Sial Shaktawat Solangi Sohlan Sisodia Tuar Thakial Varya Verma

Ravidassia	Bangar Bhutta Dugh Jassal

Saini	Salaria Banait Chandan Chandel Chera Chere Dheri Gahunia Taunque

Tarkhan	Bhatti Dhaman Janjua Matharu Nanda Jhangra Ramgharia

Shaikhs	Abbasi Farooqi Osmani Piracha Quraishi Rawal

Sial	Bharwana Bhawana

Sayyid	Gardezi Hashemi

Kumhar	Gohil Jambe Khiva Khokhar Sohal

Clans of the Jat people

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Contents

History [link]

Jat states of the 18th century [link]

Sikh States [link]

Demographics [link]

Census under the British Raj [link]

Post-independence estimates [link]

Republic of India [link]

Pakistan [link]

North American diaspora communities [link]

Culture and society [link]

Military [link]

Religion [link]

Varna status [link]

Social customs [link]

Language [link]

Clan system [link]

See also [link]

Footnotes [link]

Citations [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Jat_people

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Джат (этнос)

http://fr.wn.com/Jats

http://nl.wn.com/Jat (volk)

http://pt.wn.com/Povo jat

http://it.wn.com/Jat (popolo)

http://hi.wn.com/जाट

http://pl.wn.com/Dżatowie

http://cs.wn.com/Džátové

http://es.wn.com/Jat