An Anti-Social Behaviour Order or ASBO ( /ˈæzboʊ/) is a civil order made against a person who has been shown, on the balance of evidence, to have engaged in anti-social behaviour. The orders, introduced in the United Kingdom by Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1998,^[1] were designed to correct minor incidents that would not ordinarily warrant criminal prosecution.^[2] The orders restrict behaviour in some way, by prohibiting a return to a certain area or shop, or by restricting public behaviour such as swearing or drinking alcohol. Many see the ASBO as connected with young delinquents.^[3] In July 2010, new Home Secretary Theresa May announced her intention to reform anti-social behaviour measures for England and Wales with the abolition of ASBOs in due course in favour of alternative 'community-based' social control policies.^[4]

United Kingdom[link]

In the United Kingdom, an ASBO may be issued in response to "conduct which caused or was likely to cause harm, harassment, alarm or distress, to one or more persons not of the same household as him or herself and where an ASBO is seen as necessary to protect relevant persons from further anti-social acts by the Defendant."^[5] In England and Wales they are issued by Magistrates' Courts, and in Scotland by the Sheriff Courts.

A police notice on the street in Richmond

The British government introduced ASBOs by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. In the UK, a CRASBO is a "criminally related" ASBO. One local authority has published photos of those given ASBOs on an Internet site.^[6] Anti-social behaviour includes a range of problems such as:^[7][8]

• abandoning cars
• arson
• begging
• defecating/urinating in public
• Drug dealing/consumption of controlled recreational drugs
• dogging (theatrical public sex)
• drunken behaviour
• fare evasion
• intimidation
• littering/fly tipping/dog fouling
• loitering
• noise pollution
• racism
• spitting
• stealing/mugging/shoplifting
• urban exploration
• vandalism/criminal damage

History[link]

ASBOs were first introduced in England, Scotland and Wales by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Later legislation strengthened its application: in England and Wales this has largely been via the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003, in Northern Ireland through an Order in Council and in Scotland with the Antisocial and sexual Behaviour etc. (Scotland) Act 2004.^[9] Scotland, however, has an existing tribunal charged with dealing with children and young persons who offend, the Children's Hearings System.

In a press release of 28 October 2004, Tony Blair and David Blunkett announced further measures to extend the use and definition of ASBOs.^[10] The remit would include:

• Extension of the Witness Protection Programme in anti-social behaviour cases.
• More^[quantify] courts dealing with cases.
• More offences including dog-fouling, litter, graffiti, and night-time noise liable for Fixed Penalty Notices.
• Giving parish councils the power to issue fixed penalty notices for infringements.

The press release concluded by remarking:

In the past year around 100,000 cases of anti social behaviour have been dealt with. 2,633 ASBOs and 418 dispersal orders have been issued in the same period.

On 25 October 2005, Transport for London announced its intent to apply for a new law giving them the authority to issue orders against repeat fare dodgers, and increased fines.^[11] The first ever ASBO was given to offender Kat Richards for repeated drunk and disorderly behaviour. As of 31 March 2004, 2,455 ASBOs had been issued in England and Wales. On 30 March 2006, the Home Office announced that 7,356 Anti-Social Behaviour Orders had been given out since 1999 in England and Wales.^[12]

What warrants an ASBO[link]

Standard of proof[link]

Applications for ASBOs are heard by magistrates sitting in their civil capacity. Although the proceedings are civil, the court must apply a heightened civil standard of proof. This standard is virtually indistinguishable from the criminal standard.^[13] The applicant must satisfy the court "so that it is sure" that the defendant has acted in an anti-social manner. The test for the court to be "satisfied so that it is sure" is the same direction that a judge gives to a jury in a criminal case heard in the Crown Court, and is also known as satisfying the court "beyond reasonable doubt".^[14]

Pursuant to section 1(1) Civil Evidence Act 1995, an applicant (and a defendant) has the right to rely on witness statements without calling the makers of those statements – known as hearsay. If a party proposes to rely upon a hearsay statement, then the other party is entitled to ask the court for permission to call that witness for cross-examination.^[15]

If the court refuses to grant such an application, then the defendant will be unable to challenge the makers of the hearsay statements.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, it is open for them^{[when defined as?]} to submit that the court should place little or no weight^{[clarification needed]} upon material that has not been tested by way of cross examination.

Section 4(1) Civil Evidence Act 1995 states that:

...in estimating the weight (if any) to be given to hearsay evidence in civil proceedings the court shall have regard to any circumstances from which any inference can reasonably be drawn as to the reliability or otherwise of the evidence.^[16]

The High Court has emphasised that the use of the words "if any" shows that some hearsay evidence may be given no weight at all.^[17] For an ASBO to be made, the applicant must prove beyond all reasonable doubt that the respondent has behaved in an anti-social^{[clarification needed]} manner. The applicant can rely on hearsay evidence. However, the Court of Appeal has stated that it does not expect a court to find that the criminal standard has been reached by relying solely on hearsay evidence. The Civil Evidence Act 1995 itself makes clear that courts should consider what weight,^{[clarification needed]} if any at all, attaches to hearsay material. In Cleary, the Court of Appeal again restated that courts should consider attaching no weight at all to such material, in accordance with the words of the statute.^{[18][verification needed]}

It is for the court to decide what weight to give the hearsay evidence. The Court of Appeal has stated that the high standard of proof is difficult to meet if the entirety of the case, or the majority of it, is based upon hearsay evidence.^[19] The proper approach will be for a court to consider to what extent the hearsay evidence is, amongst other things, supported by other evidence, the cogency and similarity of supporting instances of hearsay evidence and the cogency and reliability of contradictory evidence supplied by a defendant.^{[clarification needed]}

Where, for example, ten anonymous witnesses who are unrelated to each other each provide a witness statement as to the defendant's anti-social behaviour where each statement refers independently to the same particular events and where this is supported by a witness statement from a non-anonymous witness, such as a housing officer, who confirms that residents have made complaints about a particular person over a period of time then the court may be justified in according the statements a fair^{[clarification needed]} degree of weight.

Typical ASBOs[link]

An Anti-Social Behaviour Order is an Order of the Court which tells an individual over 10 years old how they must behave.

An Order can contain only negative prohibitions. It cannot contain a positive obligation.^[20] To obtain an ASBO, a two-stage test must be satisfied by the applicant authority (see s.1(1) Crime and Disorder Act 1998). The first is that the defendant has committed acts causing or likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress within six months of the date of issue of the summons. The second is that an order is necessary to protect persons from further anti-social behaviour.

The applicant has to satisfy the court that the individual has acted in an anti-social manner. That is to say, in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household as himself.^[21] A court may order an ASBO only if such an order is 'necessary'.^[22] Further, each prohibited act will usually be an act preparatory to a criminal offence rather than the offence itself, but not always: Rabess v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2007] EWHC 208 (Admin). In addition, each prohibition itself must be necessary. It may be inappropriate for a condition to be not to spray graffiti – the final act as opposed to prohibiting the carrying of a paint-spray can in a particular area, marked on a map. This would only be necessary if the court was sure that the respondent continually created graffiti with spray-cans in a specific area.

An order must be tailor-made for the individual defendant. The ASBO represents "a form of personalised criminal law".^[23] It must be relevant to their particular anti-social behaviour. Orders must not be drafted too widely or imprecisely. Each prohibition must be necessary.^[24]

An ASBO is very similar to a civil injunction even though the differences are important. First, the injunction is supposed to protect the world at large, in a given geographical area, rather than an individual. Second, breach of an ASBO is a criminal offence to be tried in a criminal court applying the criminal standard of beyond all reasonable doubt.^[25] A power of committal to prison is available for breach of a civil injunction but a court is unlikely to exercise that power. A person subject to an anti-social behaviour order where it does not follow a criminal conviction has an automatic right of appeal against both the making of the order and its terms to a higher court. There is also the availability of an appeal to the High Court by way of "case stated". There is no appeal against the variation of orders,^[26] and variation has been used to add extra conditions and to extend the duration of ASBOs.

An application for an ASBO is considered by the courts in its civil jurisdiction and is a civil order. However, breach of an ASBO is a criminal offence and conviction may result in up to five years' imprisonment (two for a minor). Legislation yet to be brought into force will compel Magistrates to make a Parenting Order where a person under the age of 16 breaches their ASBO.^{[27] [28][29]}

Other examples:

• Vandalism^[30][31]
• Theft^[32]
• Abusive behaviour^[33]
• Harassment^[32]
• Flyposting^[34]
• Organising illegal raves^[35]
• Begging^[36]
• Suicide attempts^[37]

Less common ASBOs[link]

Less common and more conventional uses of ASBOs, as listed by a report to the Home Office to illustrate the difficulties with ASBOs, include:

• Two teenage boys from east Manchester forbidden to wear one golf glove, as it was a symbol of membership of a particular gang.^[8]
• A 13-year-old forbidden to use the word "grass" as a term of abuse in order to threaten people.^[8]
• A 15-year-old forbidden to play football in his street.^[8]
• An 18-year-old male was banned from congregating with more than three youths, and subsequently arrested when he entered a very popular youth club. The subject scheduled for that day in the club was how to deal with anti-social behaviour.^[8]
• The first farmer to be given an ASBO was instructed to keep his geese and pigs from damaging his neighbour's property.^[8]
• The oldest recipient of an ASBO, an 87-year-old man who was sarcastic to his neighbours.^[8]
• A two-year-old boy was accused of kicking a football at windows over a fence 7 feet (2 m) high and verbally abusing residents when asked to stop. This, however, turned out to be a police error.^[38]
• A woman was forbidden to make excessive noise during sex anywhere in England.^[39]

Criticism of ASBOs[link]

From their inception, ASBOs have been controversial. They have been criticised as being "without strong and principled justification",^[40] a distraction from the failure of the government's law and order policies,^[41] a "recipe for institutionalised vigilantism",^[42] and an "emblem of punitive populism".^[43] Andrew Rutherford has commented that the "ASBO provides a particularly striking example of the criminalisation of social policy."^[44] A MORI opinion poll published on 9 June 2005 found that 82% of the British public were in favour of ASBOs; however, only 39% believed they were effective in their current form.^[45] A 2012 survey by Angus Reid Public Opinion showed that only eight per cent of Britons believe ASBOs have been successful in curbing anti-social behaviour in the UK.^[46]

Andrew Ashworth is a notable critic of the ASBO's effect of criminalising behaviour that is otherwise lawful. Other parties have voiced concerns about the open-ended nature of ASBO penalties – that is, there is little restriction on what a court may impose as the terms of the ASBO, and little restriction on what can be designated as antisocial behaviour. Critics have reported that only around 3% of ASBO applications have been turned down.^[47] In July 2007 the Local Government Ombudsman published a report criticising Manchester City Council for serving an ASBO based purely on uncorroborated reports of nuisance by a neighbour, and the Council agreed to pay £2000 in compensation.^[48]

A 2005 memorandum submitted by the National Association of Probation Officers (NAPO) asserted that "there is ample evidence of the issuing of ASBOs by the courts being inconsistent and almost a geographical lottery. There is great concern that people are being jailed following the breach of an ASBO where the original offence was itself non-imprisonable. There is also evidence that ASBOs have been used where people have mental health problems where treatment would be more appropriate. In NAPO's view the time is right for a fundamental review of the use and appropriateness of Anti-social Behaviour Orders by the Home Office."^[8]

In 2002 Home Office data stated that in the cases where information was available, there was a high proportion where some mitigating factor appeared to have contributed to their behaviour. Almost a fifth had a drug abuse problem and a sixth a problem with alcohol. Overall 44% had a substance abuse problem or learning disability and a further 16% included persons with psychological and behaviour problems in the family.^[49] Similar results are found in Scotland. A casefile review showed that 55% of those given ASBOs had substance abuse, mental health or learning disability problems. ("The Use of ASBOs In Scotland", H. Pawson, School of The Built Environment, Herriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 2007.)

A survey of Youth Offending Teams by the British Institute for Brain Injured Children in 2005 showed that 38% of ASBOs went to young people with significant mental disorders. Problems included clinical depression/suicidal tendencies, autism, psychosis, personality disorders, learning disabilities, and ADHD. By contrast, the same survey of ASBO teams gave only a 5% reported incidence of mental impairment. This massive difference suggests that most ASBO teams do not take into account mental health problems even though the Home Office safeguards for vulnerable people in the ASBO process require it.

ASBO effectiveness has also been questioned. In a House of Commons reply it was stated that 53.7% of ASBOs were breached in England in 2005; 69.4% in 2006; 70.3% in 2007.^[50] In large cities rates can be higher: the breach rate in Manchester reached 90.2% in 2007. This level of breaching raises an interesting issue. The first test to justify the issuing of an ASBO is that ASB has been proved to the criminal standard. The second test is that the order is necessary to prevent future acts of ASB and provide protection to the victim. However the criminal standard is not applied to the second test. Indeed Lord Steyn (House of Lords in R (on the application of McCann) v. Manchester Crown Court, [2003] 1 AC 787,812, para 37) said

The inquiry under section 1(1)(b), namely that such an order is necessary to protect persons from further anti-social acts by him, does not involve a standard of proof: it is an exercise of judgment or evaluation.

With English national breach rates of 70%, higher in some cities, and an approximately 98% success rate in granting ASBO applications, such 'judgments' in practice must frequently be faulty.

According to government evaluations (e.g. Housing Research Summary No. 230; DfCLG) in the 'ASB Intensive Family Support' (Sin Bin) projects introduced to supplement ASBOs, 80% of the families targeted had serious mental/physical health and learning disability problems; One in five families had children affected with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 60% of the families were recognised as victims of ASB. Project managers described many families as 'easily scapegoated' in neighbour disputes. HRS 230 calls for a review of ASBO policy and investigation procedures to make the whole process fairer.^[51]

A later study of 53 projects by the National Centre For Social Research noted that 42% of children with mental health problems were reported to have ADHD or hyperactivity, and 29% depression or stress. Amongst adults, 69% had depression.^[52]

A later comprehensive review of Family Intervention Projects over a decade found little objective evidence for significant, sustained reduction in ASB in the families, and concluded that underlying mental health and disability problems remained largely unaddressed.^[53]

In the UK, there has been criticism that an ASBO is sometimes viewed as a badge of honour by youth.^{[citation needed]}

Nacro, the biggest criminal justice-related charity in England and Wales, has published two reports: the first claiming that ASBOs were a failure due to being costly and slow to obtain;^[54] and the second criticising their use by the courts, saying that they are being used too hastily, before alternatives have been tried.^[55]

In May 2012, the goverment proposed replacing the ASBO with a "criminal behaviour order" (nicknamed "crimbo" in the media), and a "crime prevention injuction".^[56]

See also[link]

• Acceptable behaviour contract
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Broken windows theory
• Chav/Ned
• Control order
• Football hooliganism
• Lawburrows
• Lettre de cachet
• Moral panic
• Nanny state
• Peace bond (Canada)
• Police state
• Restraining order (USA)
• Social justice
• Youth justice in England and Wales

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Collins, Scott; Cattermole, Rebecca (2006), Anti-social behaviour and disorder: powers and remedies, London: Sweet & Maxwell, ISBN 978-0-421-95000-9 
• Sikand, Maya (2006), ASBOs: A Practitioner's Guide to Defending Anti-social Behaviour Orders, London: Legal Action Group, ISBN 978-1-903307-41-0 
• HMSO.gov.uk – Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (introduced ASBOs), Office of Public Sector Information
• HMSO.gov.uk – Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003, Office of Public Sector Information

Russell Joseph Howard^{[citation needed]} (born 23 March 1980)^[2] is an English comedian and presenter best known for his TV show Russell Howard's Good News and his appearances on the topical panel TV show Mock The Week. He won "Best Compère" at the 2006 Chortle Awards and was nominated for an if.comedy award for his 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe show.

Personal life[link]

Howard has two younger siblings, twins, Kerry, an actress, and Daniel,^[3] a systems analyst who suffers from epilepsy,^[4] a fact which Howard often references during his act. Indeed, in April 2010, Howard ran the Virgin London Marathon for the first time with both his brother and sister, to raise money for the National Society for Epilepsy. He completed the 26 mile course in 4 hours and 15 minutes, beating his target time of 5 hours. Sponsorship has raised over £7,000 to date.^[5]

Howard supports Liverpool Football Club and says that he is "deadly serious" about football.^[6] "I still go down the pub and play football with my mates", he commented in 2010.^[6]

In terms of political views, Howard appeared at Friends of the Earth's LIVEstock comedy and music event at the Hammersmith Apollo in support of the green campaign group's Food Chain Campaign for planet-friendly farming, on 12 November 2009.

For Sport Relief 2010 he took part in the BT Sport Relief Million Pound Bike Ride, with David Walliams, Jimmy Carr, Fearne Cotton, Miranda Hart, Patrick Kielty, and Davina McCall. They cycled from John O'Groats in Scotland to Land's End in 4 days trying to raise 1 million pounds.^[7]

Career[link]

TV and radio work[link]

In 2004 he was commissioned by BBC Radio 1 to write, sing and perform on the comedy series The Milk Run. Howard has also appeared on the shows Banter (hosted by Andrew Collins) and Political Animal for BBC Radio 4.^[8]

Until 2010, Howard was a regular panelist on Mock the Week. He has also appeared on 8 Out Of 10 Cats, Would I Lie To You?, Live At The Apollo, The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008, Law of the Playground and Never Mind the Buzzcocks (Series 18, Episode 2 and Series 20, Episode 4).^[9]

He was one of several comedians picked as the best comedy talent from the 2005 Edinburgh Festival Fringe that recorded 10–15-minute spots for the 'Edinburgh and Beyond show' which was aired on Paramount Comedy 1 in the autumn of 2006.^[10] The show was filmed at The Bloomsbury Theatre. From 2009, he took over as compère of this show from Al Murray.^[11]

From November 2006 to July 2008, Russell co-hosted The Russell Howard Show^[12] on BBC 6 Music with fellow comedian Jon Richardson in a Sunday morning slot previously hosted by Russell Brand. The show continued to air, without Howard, until March 2010. He has since explained that his main reason for leaving the show was that he finds radio "really restrictive" and "I gorge off the audience as a performer, but you can't gauge a reaction on the radio."^[13][14]

Russell was commissioned to make a comedy show called Russell Howard's Good News, aimed at under-25s, for BBC Three. The first episode aired on 22 October 2009 and the show ran for seven episodes as well as a "Best Of" show and a Christmas Special. It went on to become BBC Three's highest ever rating entertainment series.^[15][16] In the show, he gave his take on the week's major news stories, as well as giving attention to some of the more light-hearted stories of the week. Two more series of the show were commissioned, with the second series starting on March 25, 2010.^[17] A fourth series began on 24 March 2011 on BBC Three.

While recording an episode of Good News which aired on 17th November 2011, he broke his wrist when a stunt went wrong, being that Russell tried to do push ups on a collapsible stool which inevitably collapsed. He then revealed on the following show some of the texts sent by his friends and family following the accident.

He made his United States television début on the August 3, 2011 episode of Conan.

Live comedy[link]

A show from his 2007 Adventures tour was released on DVD on 17 November 2008,^[18] under the title "Russell Howard Live". The show on the DVD was recorded at The Bloomsbury Theatre.^[19]

Howard started touring his show Dingledodies in September 2008 and played various dates through to December. Due to overwhelming demand he further extended the tour twice into 2009. It sold in excess of 125,000 tickets,^[20] including three sell-out shows at the Hammersmith Apollo as well as several large arenas such as Wembley Arena and Manchester's MEN Arena. The DVD of this tour was released on 9 November 2009^[21] and features a recording of the show from the Brighton Dome.^[20]

He was named "Best Theatre Show" at the 2009 Chortle Comedy Awards.^[22]

Howard performed 10 UK dates between 11 and 20 December 2009 for his "Big Rooms and Belly Laughs" tour.^[23]

In 2011 the far right English Defence League threatened to picket outside one of his live gigs in retaliation at material poking fun at them in one of his TV performances.^[24]

He performed his latest arena tour in 2011, titled Right Here Right Now. The tour sold out in days and was extended twice, with new dates in December 2011 announced on 3 May 2011.

It was reported in The Independent that Howard earned £4 million in 2009 alone,^[25] which he denies.^[26]

Credits[link]

Television[link]

• Never Mind the Buzzcocks BBC 2 (2006)
• Mock The Week BBC 2 (2006–2010)
• Never Mind the Buzzcocks BBC 2 (2007)
• Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive BBC Three (2007)
• Would I Lie To You? BBC 1 (2007)
• Live at the Apollo BBC 1 (2007)
• Law of the Playground Channel 4 (2008)
• The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008 Channel 4 (2008)
• 8 out of 10 Cats Channel 4 (2008)
• Live at the Apollo BBC 1 (2009)
• Russell Howard's Good News BBC Three (2009–)
• Conan (2011)
• Children in Need 2011 (2011)

Radio[link]

• The Milk Run BBC Radio 1 (2004)
• Political Animal BBC Radio 4 (2004)
• Banter BBC Radio 4 (2005)
• The Russell Howard Show BBC 6 Music (2006–2008)

Writing[link]

• The Milk Run BBC Radio 1 (2004)

Stand-Up DVDs[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Russell Howard Official Website

Martin Luther Nesbitt, Jr. is the Minority Leader of the North Carolina Senate. He represents the 49th district (Buncombe County). A Democrat and an attorney from Asheville, North Carolina, Nesbitt was elected to eleven terms in the state House before moving to the state senate in 2004.

Political career[link]

Nesbitt was first appointed to the House in 1979 to fill out the remainder of the term of his mother, Mary Cordell Nesbitt, who held the House seat until her death. Groomed by one of North Carolina's most famous and influential politicians, Liston Ramsey, Nesbitt rose to become an appropriations chairman and top budget writer in the 1990s. Former Speaker of the House Jim Black (who was later incarcerated), found disfavor with Nesbitt after Nesbitt challenged his power in the early 2000s.

In February 2004, Martin Nesbitt was appointed to the North Carolina Senate by Governor Mike Easley to fill the vacant seat left by the resignation of Steve Metcalf. After moving to the Senate, Nesbitt rose to become chairman of the powerful Judiciary I Civil Committee.

Nesbitt was unanimously elected majority leader on November 17, 2009, replacing Tony Rand.^[1][2] Prior to his election, he received an endorsement from Senate President Pro Tempore Marc Basnight, a powerful nod in North Carolina politics.^[3] After Democrats lost their Senate majority in the 2010 elections, Nesbitt was unanimously elected minority leader for the next legislature.^[4]

[edit] Committees^[5]

• Appropriations/Base Budget
• Commerce
• Finance
• Judiciary I
• Mental Health & Youth Services
• Redistricting
• Rules and Operations of the Senate
• State and Local Government

Education and personal life[link]

Nesbitt earned his bachelor's degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1970 and his law degree from UNC in 1973.^[6] He is married with two grown children.

References[link]

1. ^ Asheville Citizen-Times
2. ^ News & Observer: Nesbitt: Warrior to majority leader
3. ^ News & Observer: Nesbitt gets Basnight nod
4. ^ News & Observer: Senate Dems choose Nesbitt
5. ^ http://www.ncleg.net/DocumentSites/SenateDocuments/2011-2012%20Session/Senate%20Committee%20Assignments%20by%20Member%202011.pdf
6. ^ http://www.freedomspeaks.com/official/52728/north-carolina-(nc)-state-senator-martin-luther-nesbitt-jr-%5Bnc-senate%5D

External links[link]

• Official site

v t e Current statewide political officials of North Carolina U.S. Senators Richard Burr Kay Hagan State government Beverly Perdue, Governor Walter Dalton, Lieutenant Governor Elaine Marshall, Secretary of State Roy Cooper, Attorney General Steve Troxler, Commissioner of Agriculture Wayne Goodwin, Commissioner of Insurance Cherie Berry, Commissioner of Labor June Atkinson, Superintendent of Public Instruction Janet Cowell, State Treasurer Beth Wood, State Auditor Senate Walter Dalton, President Phil Berger, President Pro Tempore Harry Brown, Majority Leader Martin Nesbitt, Minority Leader House Thom Tillis, Speaker Paul Stam, Majority Leader Joe Hackney, Minority Leader Supreme Court (elected) Sarah Parker Chief Justice Mark Martin Robert H. Edmunds, Jr. Paul Martin Newby Patricia Timmons-Goodson Robin E. Hudson Barbara Jackson AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY

This article about a North Carolina politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e