name | Lenny Bruce |
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birth name | Leonard Alfred Schneider |
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birth date | October 13, 1925 |
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birth place | Mineola, New York, U.S. |
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death date | August 03, 1966 |
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death place | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
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medium | Stand-up, film, television, books |
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nationality | American |
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active | 1947–1966 |
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genre | Satire, political satire, black comedy, improvisational comedy |
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subject | American culture, American politics, race relations, religion, human sexuality, obscenity, pop culture |
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influences | Dick Gregory, Mort Sahl |
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influenced | Richard Pryor, George Carlin, Bill Cosby, David Cross, Jerry Seinfeld, Paul Krassner, Lewis Black, Jon Stewart, Peter Cook, Abbie Hoffman, Nick Di Paolo, Sam Kinison, Eddie Izzard, Howard Stern, Bill Hicks, Rich Vos, Jerry Sadowitz, Cardell Willis, Denis Leary, Louis C.K., Andrew Dice Clay, Rick Shapiro, Tommy Chong |
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spouse | Honey Harlow (m. 1951–1957) 1 child |
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notable work | ''The Lenny Bruce Originals'' ''The Carnegie Hall Concert'' ''Let The Buyer Beware'' ''How to Talk Dirty and Influence People'' |
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footnotes | }} |
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Leonard Alfred Schneider (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), better known by the stage name Lenny Bruce, was a Jewish-American comedian, social critic and satirist. His 1964 conviction in an obscenity trial was followed by a posthumous pardon, the first in New York state history.
Early life
Lenny Bruce was born
Leonard Alfred Schneider in
Mineola,
New York, grew up in nearby
Bellmore, and attended
Wellington C. Mepham High School. His parents divorced when he was five years old, and Lenny moved in with various relatives over the next decade. His mother, Sally Marr (née Sadie Kitchenberg), was a stage performer who had an enormous influence on Bruce's career. After spending time working on a farm, Bruce joined the
United States Navy at the age of 17 in 1942, and saw active duty in
Europe. In May 1945 he reported to his ship's medical officer that he was experiencing homosexual urges. This led to his
Dishonorable Discharge in July 1945. However, he had not admitted to or been found guilty of any breach of naval regulations and successfully applied to have his discharge changed to
"Under Honorable Conditions ... by reason of unsuitability for the naval service".
After a short stint in California spent living with his father, Bruce settled in New York City looking to make it as a comedian. However, he was in possession of little to differentiate himself from the thousands of other showbiz hopefuls that populated the city. One locale where these hopefuls congregated was Hanson's, the diner where he first met the comedian Joe Ancis, who had a profound influence upon Bruce's approach to comedy. What Bruce did in his acts later on was a direct reflection of his meticulous schooling by Ancis.
In 1947, soon after changing his last name to Bruce, he earned $12 and a free spaghetti dinner for his first stand-up performance in Brooklyn, New York. He later was a guest — introduced by his mother, who called herself "Sally Bruce" — on the Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts show, doing a "Bavarian mimic" of American movie stars (e.g., Humphrey Bogart).
Career
Bruce's early comedy career included writing the screenplays for ''
Dance Hall Racket'' in 1953, which featured Bruce, his wife,
Honey Harlow, and mother, Sally Marr, in roles; ''Dream Follies'' in 1954, a low-budget
burlesque romp; and a children's film, ''The Rocket Man'', in 1954. He also released four albums of original material on Berkeley-based
Fantasy Records, with rants, comic routines, and satirical interviews on the themes that made him famous:
jazz,
moral philosophy,
politics,
patriotism,
religion,
law,
race,
abortion,
drugs, the
Ku Klux Klan, and
Jewishness. These albums were later compiled and re-released as ''The Lenny Bruce Originals.'' Two later records were produced and sold by Bruce himself, including a 10-inch album of the 1961 San Francisco performances that started his legal troubles. Starting in the late 1950s, other unissued Bruce material was released by
Alan Douglas,
Frank Zappa and
Phil Spector, as well as Fantasy. Bruce developed the complexity and tone of his material in
Enrico Banducci's
North Beach nightclub, "The
hungry i," where
Mort Sahl had earlier made a name for himself.
His growing fame led to appearances on the nationally televised ''Steve Allen Show,'' where he made his debut with an unscripted comment on the recent marriage of Elizabeth Taylor to Eddie Fisher, wondering, "will Elizabeth Taylor become bat mitzvah?" He also began receiving mainstream press, both favorable and derogatory. Syndicated Broadway columnist Hy Gardner called Bruce a "fad" and "a one-time-around freak attraction", while ''Variety'' declared him "undisciplined and unfunny".
On February 3, 1961, in the midst of a severe blizzard, he gave a famous performance at Carnegie Hall in New York. It was recorded and later released as a three-disc set, titled ''The Carnegie Hall Concert.'' In the liner notes, Albert Goldman described it as follows:
{{blockquote|This was the moment that an obscure yet rapidly rising young comedian named Lenny Bruce chose to give one of the greatest performances of his career. ... The performance contained in this album is that of a child of the jazz age. Lenny worshipped the gods of Spontaneity, Candor and Free Association. He fancied himself an oral jazzman. His ideal was to walk out there like Charlie Parker, take that mike in his hand like a horn and blow, blow, blow everything that came into his head just as it came into his head with nothing censored, nothing translated, nothing mediated, until he was pure mind, pure head sending out brainwaves like radio waves into the heads of every man and woman seated in that vast hall. Sending, sending, sending, he would finally reach a point of clairvoyance where he was no longer a performer but rather a medium transmitting messages that just came to him from out there — from recall, fantasy, prophecy.
A point at which, like the practitioners of automatic writing, his tongue would outrun his mind and he would be saying things he didn't plan to say, things that surprised, delighted him, cracked him up — as if he were a spectator at his own performance!}}
Personal life
Bruce met his future wife,
Honey Harlow, a
stripper from
Baltimore, Maryland, in 1951. They were married that same year, and Bruce was determined to have her end her work as a stripper.
In 1953, Bruce and Harlow eventually left New York for the West Coast, where they got work as a double act at the Cup and Saucer in Los Angeles, California. Bruce then went on to join the bill at the club Strip City. Harlow found employment at the Colony Club, which was widely known to be the best burlesque club in Los Angeles at the time.
In late 1954, Bruce left Strip City and found work within the San Fernando Valley at a variety of strip clubs. As the master of ceremonies, his job was to introduce the strippers while performing his own ever-evolving material. The clubs of the Valley provided the perfect environment for Bruce to create new routines: according to Bruce's primary biographer, Albert Goldman, it was "precisely at the moment when he sank to the bottom of the barrel and started working the places that were the lowest of the low" that he suddenly broke free of "all the restraints and inhibitions and disabilities that formerly had kept him just mediocre and began to blow with a spontaneous freedom and resourcefulness that resembled the style and inspiration of his new friends and admirers, the jazz musicians of the modernist school."
Legal troubles
This desire to end his wife's stripper days resulted in Bruce pursuing schemes designed to make as much money as possible, the most notable of which was the Brother Mathias Foundation scam, which resulted in Bruce being arrested in
Miami, Florida later that year for impersonating a
priest. He had been soliciting donations for a
leper colony in
British Guiana (now
Guyana) under the auspices of the "Brother Mathias Foundation", which he had legally chartered - the name was his own invention, but possibly referred to the actual Brother Matthias who had befriended
Babe Ruth at the Baltimore orphanage to which Ruth had been confined as a child. Bruce had stolen several priests' clergy shirts and a clerical collar while posing as a laundry man. He was found not guilty because of the legality of the New York state-chartered foundation, the actual existence of the Guiana
leper colony, and the inability of the local clergy to expose him as an impostor. Later, in his semifictional autobiography ''
How to Talk Dirty and Influence People'', Bruce revealed that he had made about $8,000 in three weeks, sending $2,500 to the leper colony and keeping the rest.
On October 4, 1961, Bruce was arrested for obscenity at the Jazz Workshop in San Francisco; he had used the word ''cocksucker'' and riffed that "''to'' is a preposition, ''come'' is a verb", that the sexual context of ''come'' is so common that it bears no weight, and that if someone hearing it becomes upset, he "probably can't come". Although the jury acquitted him, other law enforcement agencies began monitoring his appearances, resulting in frequent arrests under charges of obscenity.
Bruce was arrested again in 1961, in Philadelphia, for drug possession the same year, and again in Los Angeles, California, two years later. The Los Angeles arrest took place in then-unincorporated West Hollywood, and the arresting officer was a young deputy named Sherman Block, who would later become County Sheriff. The specification this time was that the comedian had used the word ''schmuck'', an insulting Yiddish term that is an obscene term for penis.
In April 1964, he appeared twice at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village, with undercover police detectives in the audience. On both occasions, he was arrested after leaving the stage, the complaints again pertaining to his use of various obscenities.
A three-judge panel presided over his widely publicized six-month trial, prosecuted by Asst. Manhattan D.A. Richard Kuh, with Bruce and club owner Howard Solomon both found guilty of obscenity on November 4, 1964. The conviction was announced despite positive testimony and petitions of support from - among other artists, writers and educators - Woody Allen, Bob Dylan, Jules Feiffer, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, William Styron, and James Baldwin, and Manhattan journalist and television personality Dorothy Kilgallen and sociologist Herbert Gans. Bruce was sentenced, on December 21, 1964, to four months in a workhouse; he was set free on bail during the appeals process and died before the appeal was decided. Solomon later saw his conviction overturned; Bruce, who died before the decision, never had his conviction stricken. Bruce later received a full posthumous gubernatorial pardon.
Last years
Despite his prominence as a comedian, Bruce appeared on network television only six times in his life. In his later club performances Bruce was known for relating the details of his encounters with the police directly in his comedy routine. These performances often included rants about his court battles over obscenity charges, tirades against fascism and complaints that he was being denied his right to freedom of speech.
He was banned outright from several U.S. cities, and in 1962 was banned from performing in Sydney, Australia. At his first show there, Bruce took the stage, declared "What a fucking wonderful audience" and was promptly arrested.
Increasing drug use also affected his health. By 1966 he had been blacklisted by nearly every nightclub in the United States, as owners feared prosecution for obscenity. Bruce did have a famous performance at the Berkeley Community Theatre in December 1965. It was recorded and became his last live album, titled "The Berkeley Concert"; his performance here has been described as lucid, clear and calm, and one of his best. His last performance took place on June 25, 1966, at The Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco, on a bill with Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention. The performance was not remembered fondly by Bill Graham, who described Bruce as "whacked out on amphetamines"; Graham thought that Bruce finished his set emotionally disturbed. Zappa asked Bruce to sign his draft card, but the suspicious Bruce refused.
At the request of Hugh Hefner and with the aid of Paul Krassner, Bruce wrote an autobiography. Serialized in ''Playboy'' in 1964 and 1965, this material was later published as the book ''How to Talk Dirty and Influence People''. Hefner had long assisted Bruce's career, featuring him in the television debut of ''Playboy's Penthouse'' in October 1959.
Death and posthumous pardon
On August 3, 1966, Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his
Hollywood Hills home at 8825 N. Hollywood Blvd. The official photo, taken at the scene, showed Bruce lying naked on the floor, a syringe and burned bottle cap nearby, along with various other
narcotics paraphernalia. This photograph may have been staged by the authorities, to further discredit the controversial comedian. Record producer
Phil Spector, a friend of Bruce's, bought the negatives of the photographs to keep them from the press. The official cause of death was "acute
morphine poisoning caused by an accidental
overdose."
His remains were interred in Eden Memorial Park Cemetery in Mission Hills, California, but an unconventional memorial on August 21 was controversial enough to keep his name in the spotlight. The service saw over 500 people pay their respects, led by Spector. Cemetery officials had tried to block the ceremony after advertisements for the event encouraged attendees to bring box lunches and noisemakers. Dick Schaap eulogized Bruce in ''Playboy'', with the memorable last line: "One last four-letter word for Lenny: Dead. At forty. ''That's'' obscene."
Bruce is survived by his daughter, Kitty Bruce, who lives in Pennsylvania.
At the time of his death, his girlfriend was comedienne Lotus Weinstock.
On December 23, 2003, 37 years after his death, Bruce was granted a posthumous pardon for his obscenity conviction by New York Governor George Pataki.
Legacy
Bruce was the subject of the 1974 biographical film ''
Lenny'' directed by
Bob Fosse and starring
Dustin Hoffman (in an
Academy Award-nominated Best Actor role), and based on the
Broadway stage play of the same name written by
Julian Barry and starring
Cliff Gorman in his 1972
Tony Award winning role.
The documentary ''Lenny Bruce: Swear to Tell the Truth'', directed by Robert B. Weide and narrated by Robert De Niro, was released in 1998.
In 2004, Comedy Central listed Bruce at number three on its list of the 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All-Time, placing above Woody Allen and below George Carlin.
Books by or about Bruce
Bruce, Lenny. ''Stamp Help Out!'' (Self-Published pamphlet, 1962)
Bruce, Lenny. ''How to Talk Dirty and Influence People'' (Playboy Publishing, 1967)
By others:
Barry, Julian. ''Lenny'' (play) (Grove Press, Inc. 1971)
Bruce, Honey. ''Honey: The Life and Loves of Lenny's Shady Lady'' (Playboy Press, 1976, with Dana Benenson)
Bruce, Kitty. ''The (almost) Unpublished Lenny Bruce'' (1984, Running Press) (includes a graphically spruced up reproduction of 'Stamp Help Out!')
Cohen, John, ed., compiler. ''The Essential Lenny Bruce'' (Ballantine Books, 1967)
Collins, Ronald and
David Skover, ''The Trials of Lenny Bruce: The Fall & Rise of an American Icon'' (Sourcebooks, 2002)
DeLillo, Don. ''Underworld'', (Simon and Schuster Inc., 1997)
Denton, Bradley. ''The Calvin Coolidge Home For Dead Comedians'', an award-winning collection of science fiction stories in which the title story has Lenny Bruce as one of the two protagonists.
Goldman, Albert, with Lawrence Schiller. ''Ladies and Gentlemen—Lenny Bruce!!'' (Random House, 1974)
Josepher, Brian. ''What the Psychic Saw'' (Sterlinghouse Publisher, 2005)
Kofsky, Frank. ''Lenny Bruce: The Comedian as Social Critic & Secular Moralist'' (Monad Press, 1974)
Kringas, Damian. ''Lenny Bruce: 13 Days In Sydney'' (Independence Jones Guerilla Press, Sydney, 2010) A study of Bruce's ill-fated September 1962 tour down under.
Smith, Valerie Kohler. ''Lenny'' (novelization based on the Barry-scripted/Fosse-directed film) (Grove Press, Inc., 1974)
Thomas, William Karl. ''Lenny Bruce: The Making of a Prophet'' (first printing, Archon Books, 1989; second printing, Media Maestro, 2002; Japanese edition, DHC Corp. Tokyo, 2001)
Filmography
Films
Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|
1966 |
''The Lenny Bruce Performance Film'' |
Himself |
1974 |
''Lenny (film)Lenny''|| | Biography starring Dustin Hoffman as Lenny Bruce |
Hoffman was Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor,
|
Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role,
|
Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
|
|
|
2011 |
''Looking for Lenny''| | Documentary featuring interviews with Mort Sahl, Phyllis Diller, Lewis Black, Richard Lewis, Sandra Bernhard, Jonathan Winters, Robert Klein, Shelley Berman and others |
North American Premiere Toronto Jewish Film Festival May 2011, Screened at Paris Beat Generation Days April 2011
|
|
|
Partial Discography
Year !! Title !! Notes
|
1959 |
''Interviews of our times'' |
Works by Bruce; and Henry Jacobs and Woody Leifer.
|
1959 |
''The sick humor of Lenny Bruce'' |
1959 |
''Togetherness (Elect me, I am not a nut)'' |
1960 |
''American'' |
1961 |
''Carnegie Hall concert'' |
1961 |
''Live at the Curran Theater'' |
1964 |
''To is a preposition, come is a verb'' |
1965 |
''Berkeley concert'' |
1966 |
''Lenny Bruce is out again'' |
Audio/video
"Come and Gone/Thank you, Mr. Masked Man!", My KPFA - A Historical Footnote (1961 Jazz Workshop performance and two 1963 performances)
Footnotes
References
External links
The Official Lenny Bruce Website
"Famous Trials: The Lenny Bruce Trial, 1964", University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law. Includes Linder, Douglas, "The Lenny Bruce Trial: An Account", 2003. WebCitation archive.
Azlant, Edward. "Lenny Bruce Again", ''Shecky Magazine'', August 22, 2006
Gilmore, John. "Lenny Bruce and the Bunny", excerpt from ''Laid Bare: A Memoir of Wrecked Lives and the Hollywood Death Trip'' (Amok Books, 1997). ISBN 978-1878923080
Harnisch, Larry. "Voices", ''Los Angeles Times'', April 13, 2007. (Reminiscences by saxophonist Dave Pell)
Kaufman, Anthony. Archive.org archive of "Robert Weide's 'Lenny Bruce': 12 Years in-the-Negotiations" (interview with ''Swear to Tell the Truth'' producer), Indiewire.com, April 16, 2008
Hentoff, Nat. "Lenny Bruce: The crucifixion of a true believer", ''Gadfly'' March/April 2001
Smith, Daniel V. "The Complete Lenny Bruce Chronology" (fan site)
Early Appearance on the Arthur Godfrey Show, 1949 (mp3) (site not loading, September 7, 2010)
"Lenny Bruce: The Making of a Prophet" Memoir and pictures from Bruce's principal collaborator, Media Maestro 2001.
Category:1925 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:Accidental deaths in California
Category:American comedians
Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
Category:American Jews
Category:American memoirists
Category:American satirists
Category:American social commentators
Category:American stand-up comedians
Category:American military personnel of World War II
Category:Beat Generation
Category:Drug-related deaths in California
Category:Free speech activists
Category:Jewish comedians
Category:Obscenity controversies
Category:People from Greenwich Village, New York
Category:People from North Hempstead, New York
Category:Sexual revolution
Category:United States Navy sailors
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