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Alan Turing
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Aarhus University
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Alan Turing Memorial
The Alan Turing Memorial, situated in the Sackville Park in Manchester, England, is in memory of a father of modern computing. Turing committed suicide in 1954 after being prosecuted by the police because of his (then illegal) homosexuality. As such he is as much a gay icon as an icon of computing, and it's no coincidence that this memorial is situated near Canal Street, Manchester's famous gay village.
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Bell Labs
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T; Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the research and development organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T;).
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Bogotá
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Cheshire
Cheshire ( ); also known, archaically, as the County of Chester) is a ceremonial county and former principality in North West England. The traditional county town is the city of Chester, although Cheshire's largest town is Warrington. Other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Widnes, Runcorn, Macclesfield, Winsford, Northwich, and Wilmslow. The county is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales to the west.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Denmark
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Englewood Cliffs
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Guildford
Guildford () is the county town of Surrey. England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the administrative headquarters of the South East England region. It is situated 27 miles (43 km) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road linking the capital to Portsmouth.
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Hastings
Hastings is a town and Borough on the South coast of England, in East Sussex. It includes originally separate settlements, as well as the inevitable growth of the town through the building of new estates.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), often abbreviated Indy (), is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. The United States Census estimated the city's population, excluding the included towns, at 807,584 in 2009. It is Indiana's largest city and is the 14th largest city in the U.S., the third largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago and Detroit), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also the fastest growing region in the Midwest.
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Israel
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Maida Vale
Maida Vale is a residential district in West London between St John's Wood and Kilburn. It is part of the City of Westminster. The area is mostly residential, and mainly affluent, consisting of many large late-Victorian and Edwardian blocks of mansion flats. It is also home to the BBC Maida Vale Studios.
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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Norway
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Orissa
Odisha (), or Orissa, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 at Kanika Palace, Cuttack, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Odia speakers. 1 April is therefore celebrated as Utkal Divas (Odisha Day).
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Paddington
Paddington is an area of the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Formerly a metropolitan borough, it was integrated with Westminster and Greater London in 1965.It is known around the world for Paddington bear. Three important landmarks of the district are Paddington station, designed by the celebrated engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel and opened in 1847; St Mary's Hospital and Paddington Green police station (the most important high-security police station in the United Kingdom).
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
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Richmond, London
{{Infobox UK place
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Sackville Park
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Sherborne
Sherborne is a market town in northwest Dorset, England. It is on the River Yeo and A30 road, on the edge of the Blackmore Vale east of Yeovil.
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Sherborne School
Sherborne School is a British independent school for boys, located in the town of Sherborne in north-west Dorset, England. It is one of the original member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.
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Southampton
Southampton () is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The local authority is Southampton City Council, which is a unitary authority.
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St Leonards-on-Sea
St Leonards-on-Sea (or for short, St Leonards) is part of Hastings, East Sussex, England, lying immediately to the west of the centre. The original part of the settlement was laid out in the early 19th century as a new town: a place of elegant houses designed for the well-off; it also included a central public garden, a hotel, an archery, assembly rooms and a church. Today's St Leonards has extended well beyond that original design, although the original town still exists within it.
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Surrey Research Park
The Surrey Research Park is located in Guildford, Surrey, UK close to the A3 road and the Royal Surrey County Hospital. The park is owned and run by the University of Surrey.
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Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
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Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
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West End theatre
West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London's 'Theatreland,' the West End. Along with New York's Broadway theatre, West End theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London.
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Whitworth Gardens
Whitworth Gardens (also known as Sackville Park, and more recently Sackville Gardens) in Manchester, England, is bounded by The Manchester College Shena Simon Campus on one side and Whitworth Street, Sackville Street and the Rochdale Canal and Canal Street on the others. The land was purchased by Manchester Corporation in 1900 and laid out with walks, lawns and flower beds. It was planned as a complement to the new building, the Municipal College of Technology.
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Wilmslow
Wilmslow is a town in Cheshire, England. It lies to the south of the city of Manchester between Alderley Edge and Handforth. At the 2001 Census, the population of the town was 30,326.
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Århus
http://wn.com/Århus
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100 Greatest Britons
100 Greatest Britons was broadcast in 2002 by the BBC. The programme was the result of a vote conducted to determine whom the United Kingdom public considers the greatest British people in history. The series, Great Britons, included individual programmes on the top ten, with viewers having further opportunities to vote after each programme. It concluded with a debate. All of the top 10 were deceased by the year of broadcast.
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Abraham Wald
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Alan Garner
Alan Garner OBE (born in Congleton, Cheshire, 17 October 1934) is an English writer whose work is firmly rooted in Cheshire.
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Alan Ross Anderson
Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
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Alan Turing
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Albert Einstein
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Alexander Bain
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Alfred Chandler
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Alfred Tarski
http://wn.com/Alfred_Tarski -
Alick Glennie
Alick Edwards Glennie (1925-2003) was a British computer scientist, most famous for having developed Autocode, which many people regard as the first ever computer compiler. Glennie worked with Alan Turing on several projects, including the Manchester Mark 1. He also played the first ever game of computer chess, although it was played against a program not capable of being run on the computers of the day: the chess program was devised by Alan Turing, and operated with pen and paper by Turing. The match took several weeks to complete. Alick came out the victor.
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Alonzo Church
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Andrew Hodges
Andrew Hodges (born in London, 1949) is a mathematician, an author and a pioneer of the gay liberation movement of the 1970s.
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Anthony Cave Brown
Anthony Cave Brown (March 21, 1929, Bath, Somerset, England – July 14, 2006, Warrenton, Virginia, USA) was an English-American journalist, espionage non-fiction writer, and historian.
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Aristotle
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Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
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Averroes
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Avicenna
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B. Jack Copeland
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Baruch Spinoza
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Bertrand Russell
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Brian Oakley
Brian Wynne Oakley, CBE was a British civil servant and industrialist who took a leading role in the area of information technology, especially the 1980s Alvey Programme.
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Brian Randell
Brian Randell (born 1936) is a British computer scientist, and Emeritus Professor at the School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, U.K. He specializes in research in software fault tolerance and dependability, and is a noted authority on the early prior to 1950 history of computers.
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C. D. Broad
C. D. Broad (full name Charlie Dunbar Broad; 30 December 1887 - 11 March 1971) was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of arguments in such works as The Mind and Its Place in Nature, published in 1925, Scientific Thought, published in 1930, and ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'', published in 1933.
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Cambridge Five
The Cambridge Five was a ring of spies, recruited by Russian talent spotter Arnold Deutsch in the UK who passed information to the Soviet Union during World War II and at least into the early 1950s. It has been suggested they may also have passed Soviet disinformation to the Nazis. Four members of the ring have been identified: Kim Philby (cryptonym: Stanley), Donald Duart Maclean (cryptonym: Homer), Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks) and Anthony Blunt (cryptonym: Johnson); together they are known as the Cambridge Four. Several people have been suspected of being the "fifth man" but John Cairncross (cryptonym: Liszt) was identified by Oleg Gordievsky. Others have been accused of being members.
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Charles Babbage
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Christof Teuscher
Christof Teuscher, PhD, is an author and editor who works at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
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Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: , ; c. 279–c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
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Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert (; January 23, 1862 –
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David Leavitt
David Leavitt (born June 23, 1961) is an American novelist.
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Dilly Knox
'''Alfred Dillwyn 'Dilly' Knox''' (23 July 1884 – 27 February 1943) was a classics scholar at King's College, Cambridge, and a British codebreaker. He was a member of the World War I Room 40 codebreaking unit, and later at Bletchley Park he worked on the cryptanalysis of Enigma ciphers until his death in 1943.
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Donald Duart Maclean
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Duns Scotus
Blessed John (Johannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1265 – 8 November 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
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Edmund F. Robertson
Edmund Frederick Robertson FRSE B.Sc M.Sc Ph.D., born on 1 June 1943, is a Professor emeritus of pure mathematics at the University of St Andrews.
http://wn.com/Edmund_F_Robertson -
Edmund Husserl
http://wn.com/Edmund_Husserl -
Eduardo Paolozzi
Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, KBE, FRA (7 March 1924 – 22 April 2005), was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a major figure in the international art world working without compromise on his own interpretation and vision of the world around us all. Paolozzi investigated how we can fit into the modern world to resemble our fragmented civilization through imagination and fantasy. By the dramatic juxtaposition of ideas in his work, he let us see the confusion as well as the inspiration.
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Ernst Schröder
http://wn.com/Ernst_Schröder -
G. E. Moore
:"G.E. Moore" redirects here. For the cofounder of Intel, see Gordon Moore.
http://wn.com/G_E_Moore -
Georg Cantor
http://wn.com/Georg_Cantor -
George Boole
http://wn.com/George_Boole -
George Boolos
http://wn.com/George_Boolos -
Gerhard Gentzen
Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundation of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Gentzen -
Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900, Brighton – 6 October 1976, Oxford), was a British philosopher, and a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers that shared Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine". Some of his ideas in the philosophy of mind have been referred to as "behaviourist" (not to be confused with the psychological behaviourism of B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson). Ryle's best known book is The Concept of Mind (1949), in which he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist'." Ryle, having engaged in detailed study of the key works of Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Husserl, and Heidegger, himself suggested instead that the book "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."
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Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of exceptional philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named in his honor. As part of this axiomatization effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
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Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1983, currently for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 until 2010. Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007, after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party. Immediately before this, he had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Labour Government from 1997 to 2007. His tenure ended in May 2010, when he resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party.
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Gordon Welchman
http://wn.com/Gordon_Welchman -
Gottlob Frege
http://wn.com/Gottlob_Frege -
Harold Keen
http://wn.com/Harold_Keen -
Haskell Curry
http://wn.com/Haskell_Curry -
Henri Bergson
http://wn.com/Henri_Bergson -
Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
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Hodges, Andrew
http://wn.com/Hodges_Andrew -
Hugh Whitemore
Hugh Whitemore (born 1936) is an English playwright and screenwriter.
http://wn.com/Hugh_Whitemore -
I.J. Good
http://wn.com/IJ_Good -
Isaac Newton
http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton -
J. L. Austin
http://wn.com/J_L_Austin -
Jack Copeland
B. Jack Copeland (born 1950) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
http://wn.com/Jack_Copeland -
James Madison
http://wn.com/James_Madison -
John Graham-Cumming
John Graham-Cumming is a British programmer best known for the open source POPFile email filtering program. He was one of the founding speakers at the annual MIT Spam Conference (with Paul Graham). He is the co-founder of Electric Cloud, a company specialized in high-performance software build tools, and of Causata.
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John R. Womersley
John Ronald Womersley (20 June 1907 – 7 March 1958) was a British mathematician who made important contributions to textiles, computing and arterial mechanics . He studied mathematics at Imperial College of Science and Technology and subsequently worked at the Shirley Institute (British Cotton Industry Research Institute) Manchester. During World War II he was head of the Ministry of Supply Advisory Service on Statistical Methods. At the end of the war he was appointed superintendent of the Mathematics Division of the National Physical Laboratory. He coined the name Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) for the early electronic computer developed there and recruited Alan Turing to work on it . Nowadays he is principally remembered for his contribution to arterial fluid dynamics and the eponymous Womersley number, a dimensionless parameter expression the relation of the frequency of pulsatile flow to viscosity.
http://wn.com/John_R_Womersley -
John Searle
John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932 in Denver, Colorado) is an American philosopher and currently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Searle began his college education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and subsequently became a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University where he earned an undergraduate degree and a doctorate in philosophy and ethics. Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy, he began teaching at Berkeley in 1959, where, among his many distinctions, he was the first tenured professor to join the Free Speech Movement. He received the Jean Nicod Prize in 2000, and the National Humanities Medal in 2004.
http://wn.com/John_Searle -
John von Neumann
http://wn.com/John_von_Neumann -
John W. Mills
John William Mills (PPRBS ARCA FRSA) is an English sculptor.
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Jon Barwise
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Jon_Barwise -
Karl Popper
http://wn.com/Karl_Popper -
Konrad Zuse
http://wn.com/Konrad_Zuse -
Kurt Gödel
http://wn.com/Kurt_Gödel -
Leonardo of Pisa
http://wn.com/Leonardo_of_Pisa -
Leopold Löwenheim
http://wn.com/Leopold_Löwenheim -
Ludwig Wittgenstein
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein -
Lyn Irvine
http://wn.com/Lyn_Irvine -
Martin Heidegger
http://wn.com/Martin_Heidegger -
Marvin Minsky
Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy.
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Max Newman
Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman (7 February 1897 – 22 February 1984) was a British mathematician and codebreaker.
http://wn.com/Max_Newman -
Neal Stephenson
Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known for his works of speculative fiction, which have been variously categorized as science fiction, historical fiction, cyberpunk, and postcyberpunk. He has also written with his uncle, George Jewsbury ("J. Frederick George"), under the collective pseudonym of Stephen Bury.
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Ned Block
Ned Block (born 1942) is an American philosopher working in the field of the philosophy of mind who has made important contributions to matters of consciousness and cognitive science. He obtained his Ph.D. from Harvard University under Hilary Putnam and was a professor of philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for many years, and now teaches at New York University (NYU).
http://wn.com/Ned_Block -
Paul Bernays
http://wn.com/Paul_Bernays -
Paul Ceruzzi
http://wn.com/Paul_Ceruzzi -
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach -
Peter Hilton
Peter John Hilton (born April 7, 1923) is a British-born mathematician, noted for his contributions to homotopy theory.
http://wn.com/Peter_Hilton -
R. B. Braithwaite
http://wn.com/R_B_Braithwaite -
Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
http://wn.com/Raymond_Smullyan -
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes -
Richard Rorty
http://wn.com/Richard_Rorty -
Robin Gandy
Robin Oliver Gandy (22 September 1919 – 20 November 1995) was a British mathematician and logician.
http://wn.com/Robin_Gandy -
Rolf Hochhuth
Rolf Hochhuth (born 1 April 1931, in Eschwege) is a German author and playwright. He is best known for his 1963 drama The Deputy and remains a controversial figure for his plays and other public comments, such as his 2005 defense of Holocaust denier David Irving.
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Ronald Lewin
http://wn.com/Ronald_Lewin -
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
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S. Barry Cooper
S. Barry Cooper (born 1943) is a British mathematician and computability theorist. He is currently Professor of Mathematical Logic at the University of Leeds. His book Computability Theory (Chapman & Hall/CRC) has made this basic but technical research area accessible to a new generation of students. He is a leading mover of the return to basic questions of the kind considered by Alan Turing, and of interdisciplinary developments related to computability. He is currently President of the Association Computability in Europe, and is Chair of the
http://wn.com/S_Barry_Cooper -
Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts (see "Unpublished Manuscripts and Online Lectures" below). Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
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Sidney E Frank
http://wn.com/Sidney_E_Frank -
Sidney Frank
http://wn.com/Sidney_Frank -
Stephen Cole Kleene
http://wn.com/Stephen_Cole_Kleene -
Stephen Fry
Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is an English actor, writer, journalist, comedian, television presenter, film director and a director of Norwich City Football Club. He first came to attention in the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue presentation "The Cellar Tapes", which also included Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. With Hugh Laurie, as the comedy double act Fry and Laurie, he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry and Laurie, and the duo also played the title roles in Jeeves and Wooster.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Fry -
Stephen Kettle
Stephen Kettle (born 12 July 1966, in Castle Bromwich, Warwickshire, England) is a British sculptor who works exclusively with slate.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Kettle -
Steve Jobs
Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American business magnate and inventor. He is well known for being the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs -
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard -
Thomas Nagel
Thomas Nagel (born July 4, 1937 in Belgrade, in present-day Serbia) is an American philosopher, currently University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. His main areas of philosophical interest are philosophy of mind, political philosophy and ethics. He is well-known for his critique of reductionist accounts of the mind in his essay "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?" (1974), and for his contributions to deontological and liberal moral and political theory in The Possibility of Altruism (1970) and subsequent writings.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Nagel -
Thoralf Skolem
http://wn.com/Thoralf_Skolem -
Tommy Flowers
Thomas (Tommy) Harold Flowers, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was an English engineer. During World War II, Flowers designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to help solve encrypted German messages.
http://wn.com/Tommy_Flowers -
Vasubandhu
http://wn.com/Vasubandhu -
Von Neumann
http://wn.com/Von_Neumann -
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James -
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
Winston Churchill
http://wn.com/Winston_Churchill
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ALAN TURING
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Published: 17 Feb 2011
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
A brief video biography of the achievements of Alan Turing.
http://wn.com/ALAN_TURING
Breaking the Code: Biography of Alan Turing (Derek Jacobi, BBC, 1996)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:47
- Published: 28 Oct 2011
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
A biography of the English mathematician Alan Turing, who was one of the inventors of the digital computer and one of the key figures in the breaking of the Enigma code, used by the Germans to send secret orders to their U-boats in World War II. Turing was also a homosexual in Britain at a time when this was illegal, besides being a security risk. Adapted for Television Hugh Whitemore wrote a shortened version of the play for television. This was filmed in late 1995, as a production of THE DRAMA HOUSE and WGBH BOSTON for BBC NORTH.The first transmission, to my knowledge, was on 17 September 1996 in Canada, by Showcase Television. It was shown in the United States as a Masterpiece Theater production on 2 February 1997. The first British transmission was on BBC1, 5 February 1997. Filmed for television in a naturalistic suburban setting, rather than on a timeless, expressionist stage set, Breaking the Code inevitably sacrificed many of the elements that made it grip theatre audiences. No stagecraft magic of Derek Jacobi's real-time changes of age: instead the teenage Turing was played by a young actor. The adapted script also lost some of the more special moments of the play. For instance, on the stage, Turing reveals the logical secret of the Bombe on his last holiday on Corfu, but with the irony that it is revealed to someone who does not understand a word. On the television screen, his explanation is given to an Intelligence officer 'John Smith', all irony lost. Hugh <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Breaking_the_Code_Biography_of_Alan_Turing_Derek_Jacobi,_BBC,_1996
The Death of Alan Turing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Published: 31 Jan 2007
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
Rare documentary excerpt traces the decline and subsequent death of the mathematical genius and one of the founders of the modern computer. Turing was also one of the leading codebreakers at Bletchley Park during World War Two, and played a leading role in the breaking of the German Enigma codes.
http://wn.com/The_Death_of_Alan_Turing
Alan Turing Film Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 19 Jan 2011
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
CODEBREAKER tells the story of one of the most important scientists who ever lived. Alan Turing set in motion the computer age and his World War II codebreaking helped save two million lives. Instead of accolades and praise, Turing faced public disgrace because he was gay. This drama-documentary broadcast in the United Kingdom in late 2011. CODEBREAKER is now being distributed around the world. Learn more at www.turingfilm.com
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_Film_Teaser
Alan Turing Google Doodle - How to solve it
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 22 Jun 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Alan Turing was born on 23th June of 1912. He was an English logician, computer scientist and mathematican. Alan Turing invented the Turing machine. This machine played a big part in the coming up of the modern computer. On 23th June of 2012 Google honors his 100th birthday with an awesome Google Doodle. Unfortunately Alan Turing died at the age of 43 years. He died in cause of a cyanide poisoning. I like this Google Doodle. It was a great fun, to make this How To Video :D More about Alan Turing on www.simonrueger.de (german) Short Version of the Doodle: www.youtube.com Music by Josh Woodward -- But I Did www.joshwoodward.com (Creative Commons Attribution license)
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_Google_Doodle_How_to_solve_it
Lecture 12.3: The Amazing Alan Turing - Richard Buckland (extension lecture) UNSW 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:45
- Published: 18 Apr 2008
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
We had a gap at the end of Lecture 12 so Richard gives an unplanned and impromptu talk about some of the contributions of the amazing thinker Alan Turing. So much to say, so little time, such fast talking. We chat about 3 different major contributions he made to the world - his decryption work during WWII and the Engima Machine; his abstract model of a computer (the Turing Machine) and what things can be effectively "computed"; and finally, briefly only, his thoughts about what it is to be human and the difference between humans and computers - the Turing Test. Alan Turing is a key figure in the development of computing, indeed if I had to pick just one thinker who was the most amazing he'd get my vote. Richard promises to talk about the Turing Test in more depth in the next extension lecture. Also comes up: Epimenides paradox, non computable functions, the halting problem, U-559, Colin Grazier GC, Anthony Fasson, GC,Tommy Brown, Blade Runner, CAPTCHAs. Errata: My memory was about as reliable as usual - I said Tommy stayed outside in a boat but i've since read that all three swam across and went into the U-559. Humbling bravery. I've also since realised that Colin Grazier was from Tamworth in the UK, not the Tamworth in Australia as I had always thought (why are so many English places named after Australian towns?) Finally, something which actually I did know but still managed to get wrong - the important material salvaged was not a cypher machine but quantities of data <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Lecture_123_The_Amazing_Alan_Turing_Richard_Buckland_extension_lecture_UNSW_2008
Codebreaker -- Alan Turing's life and legacy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Published: 19 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Alan Turing is most widely known for his critical involvement in the codebreaking at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. But Alan Turing was not just a codebreaker. Watch this short film and learn how Alan Turing broke codes in both his work and society. Codebreaker is an exhibition developed by the Science Museum to celebrate the centenary of the birth of this pioneering British figure. Find out more on our website sciencemuseum.org.uk Join the conversation: Twitter - twitter.com / @sciencemuseum #codebreaker Facebook - www.facebook.com Film produced by Nick Street Music by James Bulley With thanks The Science Museum conservation team Blythe House, the Science Museum's storage facility Outside Line, for the use of their office
http://wn.com/Codebreaker_-_Alan_Turing's_life_and_legacy
How to solve the ALAN TURING Google Doodle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 22 Jun 2012
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Alan Turing was born 100 years ago. Google celebrates "the father of computer science and artificial intelligence" with an interactive "intelligence test doodle". It's a kind of "Turing machine". I have to think some minutes before I checked how it works. Here are the results of the 6 tasks. When you did it correct one more Google logo char is filled with color. Very nice doodle - but it takes some time :-) Please give it a * Thumb UP * if you like. More about the tragic live of Alan Turing: www.turing.org.uk More about the Turing-Doodle: www.tagseoblog.de (german) Music: "Cut Trance" by Kevin MacLeod
http://wn.com/How_to_solve_the_ALAN_TURING_Google_Doodle
Alan Turing Film Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 18 Feb 2012
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
CODEBREAKER tells the story of one of the most important scientists who ever lived. Alan Turing set in motion the computer age and his World War II codebreaking helped save two million lives. Instead of accolades and praise, Turing faced public disgrace because he was gay. This drama-documentary broadcast in the United Kingdom in late 2011. CODEBREAKER is now being distributed around the world. Learn more at www.turingfilm.com
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_Film_Trailer
Remembering Alan Turing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Published: 23 Jun 2010
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
A hard lesson from history. We can't let it happen again. Please donate to the Ali Forney Center for homeless LGBT youth: www.aliforneycenter.org Video transcript: emptv.com Follow me: twitter.com facebook.com myspace.com
http://wn.com/Remembering_Alan_Turing
The Mathematics of Alan Turing - Professor Angus MacIntyre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:38
- Published: 28 Aug 2011
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
"Undecidable and Decidable Problems in Mathematics: A survey and some reflections, for the centenary of Turing's birth" What are the limits of proof, and what follows? -- A timely look at the life and mathematical work of Alan Turing. As we approach the centenary of his birth, this lecture offers a chance to learn more about perhaps Britain's most famous modern mathematician. Thetranscript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the on the Gresham College website: www.gresham.ac.uk Gresham College has been giving free public lectures since 1597. This tradition continues today with all of our five or so public lectures a week being made available for free download from our website. www.gresham.ac.uk
http://wn.com/The_Mathematics_of_Alan_Turing_Professor_Angus_MacIntyre
Alan Turing: Great Minds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 17 Jul 2012
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Hank introduces us to that great mathematical mind, Alan Turing, who, as an openly gay man in the early 20th century faced brutal prejudice that eventually led to his suicide, despite being a genius war hero who helped the Allies defeat the Nazis. Like SciShow on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow SciShow on Twitter: www.twitter.com References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: dft.ba
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_Great_Minds
Alan Turing - My Favourite Scientist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Published: 17 May 2011
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Master codebreaker and father of computer science - Alan Turing was a genius touched by tragedy. More favourite scientists at www.favscientist.com Thanks to James Grime for extra pics of the Enigma machine.
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_My_Favourite_Scientist
Google Doodle for 100th Birthday of Alan Turing , an English Computer Scientist.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Published: 22 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
Alan Turing was an English Computer Scientist who invented Turning Machine, a device that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. On 23rd June, 2012 Google showed an excellent interactive animated Doodle representing the simulation of some kind of Turning Machine. Similar to Turing Machine, the Doodle is showing Tape Strip with various symbols like 0, 1 and Blank. And, it is having some kind of logic (eg "If the tape symbol value is "blank" set the value as "1″ or the value as "0″). And the user can change these logic so that the values match with the code (eg 01011) displayed at the top right corner. Once the user is setting the logic to match with the expected value, he can click the Green arrow button to start the verifying process. If all the symbols are matching, then it will be showing the "=" symbol with Green color or it will be showing "Not Equal' in Red color. And, initially the Letters in the Word "Google" will be greyed out. Once the matching happens, the letters will be getting displayed in usual color one by one. The code for the Word "Google" is 01011 00011 00011 01011 01001 10000. It looks like some kind of Binary coding . (It is the ITA2 (International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2) code developed based on Baudot -- Murray code.) Read more details at rtoz.org
http://wn.com/Google_Doodle_for_100th_Birthday_of_Alan_Turing_,_an_English_Computer_Scientist
Alan Turing - Celebrating the life of a genius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Published: 21 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Saturday 23 June 2012 marks the centenary of the birth of Alan Turing - mathematical genius, hero of the WWII code breakers of Bletchley Park, and father of modern computing. Alan Turing was a mathematician, cryptographer and pioneer of computer science who possessed one of the greatest brains of the 20th century. His life was one of secret triumphs shadowed by public tragedy. Presented by Dr James Grime, Enigma Project Officer at the University's Millenium Mathematics Project
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_Celebrating_the_life_of_a_genius
Alan Turing Google Doodle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Published: 22 Jun 2012
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
Google honors the English computer scientist Alan Turing with an interactive Turing machine Doodle worldwide on June 23, 2012. Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 - 7 June 1954) was a mathematician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. With the Turing machine he provided a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation and established a basis for the theoretical computer science. More about Alan Turing and the Google Doodle : www.oceparx.de
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing_Google_Doodle
Jaron Lanier: The Death of Alan Turing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Published: 16 Jun 2012
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Programmer Jaron Lanier muses on the tragic death of computer pioneer Alan Turing. Directed / Produced by Elizabeth Rodd and Jonathan Fowler
http://wn.com/Jaron_Lanier_The_Death_of_Alan_Turing
IEEE Computer: Alan Turing at Bletchley Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:51
- Published: 24 May 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Computer's multimedia editor Charles Severance visits Bletchley Park to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Alan Turing's birth. Turing's ground-breaking work in the 1940s continues to have an impact on computer science as we know it. The Turing test, Turing machine, Turing completeness, and Church-Turing computability bear his name in acknowledgment of his early breakthroughs and influence. In the video, we see the German Enigma machine used to encrypt messages, and the BOMBE mechanical computing system that was designed by Alan Turing to crack the Enigma code. We also see the first electronic tube/valve-based computer called the Colossus that was built to break the more sophisticated Lorenz SZ42 encryption used for Hitler's strategic messages during World War II. We see and hear both the BOMBE and Colossus running as if they were in production doing code-breaking during the war. For a podcast of the associated column, please see www.youtube.com This video is from the Computing Conversations column in IEEE Computer's June 2012 issue: opac.ieeecomputersociety.org Visit Computer: www.computer.org/computer
http://wn.com/IEEE_Computer_Alan_Turing_at_Bletchley_Park
A Song for Alan Turing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Published: 16 Oct 2011
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
A song dedicated to the Father of Computing Science, Alan Mathison Turing. Written by Stephen J. Pride.
http://wn.com/A_Song_for_Alan_Turing
BBC documentary history of computers part 1.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Published: 30 Jul 2010
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
How I Made $729k Buying & Selling Websites tinyurl.com The BBC broadcasted in 1991 the serie 'The dream machine'. This scene is about the tragic story of Alan Turing, the "father" of the modern computer. During the Second World War he devised a number of techniques for breaking German telegraph codes. After the war Alan Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. This series of the BBC was broadcasted in 1991.
http://wn.com/BBC_documentary_history_of_computers_part_1
Song for Alan Turing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Published: 02 Apr 2007
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Song for Alan Turing
http://wn.com/Song_for_Alan_Turing
Alan Turing, Father of Computer Science - Eduardo Galeano
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 23 Jun 2009
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
Complete video at: fora.tv Eduardo Galeano recounts the life and death of Alan Turing, the father of the modern computer. After pleading guilty to the "crime and sickness" of homosexuality, Touring was forced to undergo medical "cures" which prompted his tragic suicide. ----- In this history of human adventure, one of Latin America's most distinguished writers illuminates movements of ideas and society across centuries by recalling the lives of artists, writers, gods and visionaries-- from the Garden of Eden to 21st-century New York. - Los Angeles Public Library Eduardo Galeano is the author of the Memory of Fire Trilogy, Open Veins of Latin America, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, and many other works. Born in Montevideo, in 1940, Galeano lived in exile in Argentina and Spain for many years before returning to Uruguay. His work has inspired popular and classical music composers from all over the world. He was the recipient of the first Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom. He has just been awarded "The Outstanding Citizen of the South," a new prize awarded by the Common Market of the South.
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing,_Father_of_Computer_Science_Eduardo_Galeano
Google Doodle for Alan Turing - try to solve the riddle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 22 Jun 2012
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
June 23, 2012 Google honors Alan Turing´s 100th birthday with a special interactive Doodle Push the green button to start and try to solve the riddle Turing is considered to be the father of computer science and also of artificial intelligence He was one of the scientist who were able to find settings for the German Enigma machine in World War II Google honors Alan Turing with this special Doodle. Everyone can try to solve this riddle When it is solved, the Google logo will be shown, and then a short review of the solution will follow. Music: "Cm85-ThankYou(PianoAndGTR)" by Javolenus (feat. audiotechnica) ccmixter.org is licensed under a Creative Commons license: creativecommons.org More information in German: seoptiker.de
http://wn.com/Google_Doodle_for_Alan_Turing_try_to_solve_the_riddle
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Warner Bros. drops Alan Turing biopic ‘The Imitation Game’ after Leonardo DiCaprio leaves project
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Alan Turing: A modern computing legacy
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"Turing" redirects here. For other uses, see Turing (disambiguation).
| Alan Turing | |
|---|---|
| 200px Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the Royal Society. |
|
| Born | Alan Mathison Turing (1912-06-23)23 June 1912 Maida Vale, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 7 June 1954(1954-06-07) (aged 41) Wilmslow, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom |
| Residence | United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | Mathematics, Cryptanalysis, Computer science |
| Institutions | University of Cambridge Government Code and Cypher School National Physical Laboratory University of Manchester |
| Alma mater | King's College, Cambridge Princeton University |
| Doctoral advisor | Alonzo Church |
| Doctoral students | Robin Gandy |
| Known for | Halting problem Turing machine Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Automatic Computing Engine Turing Award Turing Test Turing patterns |
| Notable awards | Officer of the Order of the British Empire Fellow of the Royal Society |
Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (
/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer.[1][2] Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.[3]
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, where he assisted in the development of the Manchester computers[4] and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis,[5] and he predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.
Turing's homosexuality resulted in a criminal prosecution in 1952, when homosexual acts were still illegal in the United Kingdom. He accepted treatment with female hormones (chemical castration) as an alternative to prison. He died in 1954, just over two weeks before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined it was suicide; his mother and some others believed his death was accidental. On 10 September 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for the way in which Turing was treated after the war.[6]
Contents |
Childhood and youth[link]
Turing was conceived at Chhatrapur, Orissa, then part of British India.[7][8] His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a member of the Indian Civil Service. He and his wife Ethel Sara Stoney (1881–1976), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways, wanted their children to be brought up in England, so they returned to Maida Vale,[9] London, where Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth,[10] later the Colonnade Hotel.[7][11] He had an elder brother, John. His father's civil service commission was still active, and during Turing's childhood years his parents travelled between Hastings, England[12] and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple. Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius he was later to display prominently.[13]
His parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a day school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Sea, at the age of six. The headmistress recognised his talent early on, as did many of his subsequent educators. In 1926, at the age of 14, he went on to Sherborne School, a famous independent school in the market town of Sherborne in Dorset. His first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike in Britain, but so determined was he to attend his first day that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied more than 60 miles (97 km) from Southampton to school, stopping overnight at an inn.[14]
Turing's natural inclination toward mathematics and science did not earn him respect with some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming educated. If he is to be solely a Scientific Specialist, he is wasting his time at a public school".[15] Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having even studied elementary calculus. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein's work; not only did he grasp it, but he extrapolated Einstein's questioning of Newton's laws of motion from a text in which this was never made explicit.[16]
At Sherborne Turing formed a friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Morcom. This friendship, cut short by Morcom's death in February 1930 from complications of bovine tuberculosis (contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously), would provide inspiration for Turing's future achievements.[17] [18] Turing's religious faith was shattered by Morcom's death and he became an atheist. He adopted the conviction that all phenomena, including the workings of the human brain, must be materialistic,[19] but he still believed in the survival of the spirit after death.[20]
University and work on computability[link]
After Sherborne, Turing went to study at King's College, Cambridge. He was an undergraduate there from 1931 to 1934, graduating with first-class honours in Mathematics. In 1935, at the young age of 22, he was elected a fellow at King's on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the central limit theorem,[21] despite the fact that he had failed to find out that it had already been proved in 1922 by Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg.[22]
In 1928, German mathematician David Hilbert had called attention to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem). In his momentous paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" (submitted on 28 May 1936 and delivered 12 November),[23] Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with what became known as Turing machines, formal and simple hypothetical devices. He proved that some such machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the Entscheidungsproblem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically, whether a given Turing machine will ever halt.
While his proof was published shortly after Alonzo Church's equivalent proof in respect of his lambda calculus, Turing was unaware of Church's work at the time that he developed it.[24] Turing's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's. It was also novel in its notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, is provably capable of computing anything that is computable. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. In his memoirs Turing wrote that he was disappointed about the reception of this 1936 paper, which also introduced the notion of definable numbers, and that only two people had reacted – these being Heinrich Scholz and Richard Bevan Braithwaite.[citation needed]
From September 1936 to July 1938 he spent most of his time at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, studying under Alonzo Church. In addition to his purely mathematical work, he studied cryptology and also built three of four stages of an electro-mechanical binary multiplier.[25] In June 1938 he obtained his PhD from Princeton University; his dissertation (Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals[26]) introduced the concept of ordinal logic and the notion of relative computing, where Turing machines are augmented with so-called oracles, allowing a study of problems that cannot be solved by a Turing machine.
Back in Cambridge, he attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein about the foundations of mathematics.[27] The two argued and disagreed, with Turing defending formalism and Wittgenstein arguing that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths but rather invents them.[28] He also started to work part-time with the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS).
Cryptanalysis[link]
During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German ciphers at Bletchley Park. The historian and wartime codebreaker Asa Briggs has said:
You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius.[29]
From September 1938, Turing had been working part-time with the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS), the British code breaking organisation. He concentrated on Cryptanalysis of the Enigma, with Dilly Knox, a senior GCCS codebreaker.[30] Soon after the July 1939 Warsaw meeting at which the Polish Cipher Bureau had provided the British and French with the details of the wiring of Enigma rotors and their method of decrypting Enigma messages, Turing and Knox started to work on a less fragile approach to the problem.[31] The Polish method relied on an insecure indicator procedure that the Germans were likely to change, which they did in May 1940. Turing's approach was more general, using crib-based decryption for which he produced the initial functional specification of the bombe.
On 4 September 1939, the day after the UK declared war on Germany, Turing reported to Bletchley Park, the wartime station of GCCS.[32] Specifying the bombe was the first of five major cryptanalytical advances that Turing made during the war. The others were: deducing the indicator procedure used by the German navy; developing a statistical procedure for making much more efficient use of the bombes dubbed Banburismus; developing a procedure for working out the cam settings of the wheels of the Lorenz SZ 40/42 (Tunny) dubbed Turingery and, towards the end of the war, the development of a portable secure voice scrambler at Hanslope Park that was codenamed Delilah.
By using statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code breaking process, Turing made an innovative contribution to the subject. He wrote two papers discussing mathematical approaches which were entitled Report on the applications of probability to cryptography[33] and Paper on statistics of repetitions[34] which were of such value to GCCS and its successor GCHQ, that they were not released to the UK National Archives until April 2012, shortly before the centenary of his birth. A GCHQ mathematician said at the time that the fact that the contents had been restricted for some 70 years demonstrated their importance.[35]
Turing had something of a reputation for eccentricity at Bletchley Park. He was known to his colleagues as 'Prof' and his Treatise on Enigma was known as 'The Prof's Book'.[36] Jack Good, a cryptanalyst who worked with him, is quoted by Ronald Lewin as having said of Turing:
in the first week of June each year he would get a bad attack of hay fever, and he would cycle to the office wearing a service gas mask to keep the pollen off. His bicycle had a fault: the chain would come off at regular intervals. Instead of having it mended he would count the number of times the pedals went round and would get off the bicycle in time to adjust the chain by hand. Another of his eccentricities is that he chained his mug to the radiator pipes to prevent it being stolen.[37]
While working at Bletchley, Turing, a talented long-distance runner, occasionally ran the 40 miles (64 km) to London when he was needed for high-level meetings,[38] and he was capable of world-class marathon standards.[39]
In 1945, Turing was awarded the OBE for his wartime services, but his work remained secret for many years.
Turing–Welchman bombe[link]
Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park,[32] Turing had specified an electromechanical machine that could help break Enigma more effectively than the Polish bomba kryptologiczna, from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician Gordon Welchman, became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.
Jack Good opined:
Turing's most important contribution, I think, was of part of the design of the bombe, the cryptanalytic machine. He had the idea that you could use, in effect, a theorem in logic which sounds to the untrained ear rather absurd; namely that from a contradiction, you can deduce everything.[40]
The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message (i.e. rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings), using a suitable crib: a fragment of probable plaintext. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had of the order of 1019 states, or 1022 for the four-rotor U-boat variant),[41] the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented electrically. The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred, and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. The first bombe was installed on 18 March 1940.[42] More than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.[43]
Hut 8 and Naval Enigma[link]
Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of German naval Enigma "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".[45] In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval indicator system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.[45][46] That same night he also conceived of the idea of Banburismus, a sequential statistical technique (what Abraham Wald later called sequential analysis) to assist in breaking naval Enigma, "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not in fact sure until some days had actually broken".[45] For this he invented a measure of weight of evidence that he called the Ban. Banburismus could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes.
In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 co-worker Joan Clarke, a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.[47]
Turing travelled to the United States in November 1942[48] and worked with U.S. Navy cryptanalysts on Naval Enigma and bombe construction in Washington, visiting their Computing Machine Laboratory at Dayton, Ohio. His reaction to the American Bombe design was far from enthusiastic:
It seems a pity for them to go out of their way to build a machine to do all this stopping if it is not necessary. I am now converted to the extent of thinking that starting from scratch on the design of a Bombe, this method is about as good as our own. The American Bombe program was to produce 336 Bombes, one for each wheel order. I used to smile inwardly at the conception of test (of commutators) can hardly be considered conclusive as they were not testing for the bounce with electronic stop finding devices.[49]
During this trip, he also assisted at Bell Labs with the development of secure speech devices.[50]
He returned to Bletchley Park in March 1943. During his absence, Hugh Alexander had officially assumed the position of head of Hut 8, although Alexander had been de facto head for some time—Turing having little interest in the day-to-day running of the section. Turing became a general consultant for cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park.
Alexander wrote as follows about his contribution:
There should be no question in anyone's mind that Turing's work was the biggest factor in Hut 8's success. In the early days he was the only cryptographer who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the Hut but he also shared with Welchman and Keen the chief credit for the invention of the Bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is absolutely indispensable but if anyone was indispensable to Hut 8 it was Turing. The pioneer's work always tends to be forgotten when experience and routine later make everything seem easy and many of us in Hut 8 felt that the magnitude of Turing's contribution was never fully realized by the outside world.[51]
Turingery[link]
In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed Turingery (or jokingly Turingismus)[52] for use against the Lorenz cipher messages produced by the Germans' new Geheimschreiber (secret writer) machine. This was a teleprinter rotor cipher attachment codenamed Tunny at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of wheel-breaking, i.e. a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels.[53] He also introduced the Tunny team to Tommy Flowers who, under the guidance of Max Newman, went on to build the Colossus computer, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the Heath Robinson), and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages.[54] Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher,[55][56] but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.[57]
Secure speech device (Delilah)[link]
Following his work at Bell Labs in the US,[58] Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system, and in the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service (later HMGCC) at Hanslope Park. There he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable secure voice communications machine codenamed Delilah.[59] It was intended for different applications, lacking capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions, and in any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though Turing demonstrated it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a Winston Churchill speech, Delilah was not adopted for use.[60] Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of SIGSALY, a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.
Early computers and the Turing test[link]
From 1945 to 1947 Turing lived in Richmond, London[61] while he worked on the design of the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a stored-program computer.[62] Von Neumann's incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to John R. Womersley, Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing’s own".[63] Although ACE was a feasible design, the secrecy surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park led to delays in starting the project and he became disillusioned. In late 1947 he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year. While he was at Cambridge, the Pilot ACE was built in his absence. It executed its first program on 10 May 1950. Although Turing's ACE was never built, a number of computers around the world owe a lot to it, for example, the English Electric DEUCE and the American Bendix G-15.
According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer Heinz Billing from the Max Planck Institute for Physics, published by Genscher, Düsseldorf (1997), there was a meeting between Alan Turing and Konrad Zuse. It took place in Göttingen in 1947. The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were Womersley, Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing. (For more details see Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz).
In 1948, he was appointed Reader in the Mathematics Department at the University of Manchester. In 1949, he became Deputy Director of the Computing Laboratory there, working on software for one of the earliest stored-program computers—the Manchester Mark 1. During this time he continued to do more abstract work, and in "Computing machinery and intelligence" (Mind, October 1950), Turing addressed the problem of artificial intelligence, and proposed an experiment which became known as the Turing test, an attempt to define a standard for a machine to be called "intelligent". The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being.[64] In the paper, Turing suggested that rather than building a program to simulate the adult mind, it would be better rather to produce a simpler one to simulate a child's mind and then to subject it to a course of education. A reversed form of the Turing test is widely used on the Internet; the CAPTCHA test is intended to determine whether the user is a human or a computer.
In 1948, Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, D. G. Champernowne, began writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist. In 1952, lacking a computer powerful enough to execute the program, Turing played a game in which he simulated the computer, taking about half an hour per move. The game was recorded.[65] The program lost to Turing's colleague Alick Glennie, although it is said that it won a game against Champernowne's wife.
His Turing test was a significant and characteristically provocative and lasting contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than half a century.[66]
He also invented the LU decomposition method in 1948, used today for solving matrix equations.[67]
Pattern formation and mathematical biology[link]
Turing worked from 1952 until his death in 1954 on mathematical biology, specifically morphogenesis. He published one paper on the subject called The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis in 1952, putting forth the Turing hypothesis of pattern formation.[68] His central interest in the field was understanding Fibonacci phyllotaxis, the existence of Fibonacci numbers in plant structures. He used reaction–diffusion equations which are central to the field of pattern formation. Later papers went unpublished until 1992 when Collected Works of A.M. Turing was published. His contribution is considered a seminal piece of work in this field.[69]
Conviction for indecency[link]
Anthony Cave Brown's book, "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, states:
Menzies had known that Turing was a practicing and aggressive homosexual; this had emerged soon after his employment at Bletchley. But since he caused no offence to his colleagues at Bletchley, and since he was perhaps the only man in Menzies's service who might have been called ‘indispensable,’ his services were retained... Early in 1944 a suspicion arose that he might have been the man responsible for molesting schoolboys at the main public library in Luton, a large industrial town not far from Bletchley. While no proceedings arose, it was decided that the need for good order and discipline required his removal — but not before he had done his finest work.[70]
In January 1952, Turing met Arnold Murray outside a cinema in Manchester. After a lunch date, Turing invited Murray to spend the weekend with him at his house, an invitation which Murray accepted although he did not show up. The pair met again in Manchester the following Monday, when Murray agreed to accompany Turing to the latter's house. A few weeks later Murray visited Turing's house again, and apparently spent the night there.[71]
After Murray helped an accomplice to break into his house, Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, Turing acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were illegal in the United Kingdom at that time,[72] and so both were charged with gross indecency under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885.[73]
Turing was given a choice between imprisonment or probation conditional on his agreement to undergo hormonal treatment designed to reduce libido. He accepted chemical castration via oestrogen hormone injections.[74]
Turing's conviction led to the removal of his security clearance, and barred him from continuing with his cryptographic consultancy for the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the UK signals intelligence agency that had evolved from GCCS in 1946. At the time, there was acute public anxiety about spies and homosexual entrapment by Soviet agents,[75] because of the recent exposure of the first two members of the Cambridge Five, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, as KGB double agents. Turing was never accused of espionage but, as with all who had worked at Bletchley Park, was prevented from discussing his war work.[76]
Death[link]
On 8 June 1954, Turing's cleaner found him dead; he had died the previous day. A post-mortem examination established that the cause of death was cyanide poisoning. When his body was discovered an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide,[77] it is speculated that this was the means by which a fatal dose was delivered. An inquest determined that he had committed suicide, and he was cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June 1954.[78] Turing's mother argued strenuously that the ingestion was accidental, caused by her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals. Biographer Andrew Hodges suggests that Turing may have killed himself in an ambiguous way quite deliberately, to give his mother some plausible deniability.[79] David Leavitt has suggested that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the 1937 film Snow White, his favourite fairy tale, pointing out that he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Witch immerses her apple in the poisonous brew."[80]
Epitaph[link]
Hyperboloids of wondrous Light
Play out God's holy pantomime[81]
Rolling for aye through Space and Time
Harbour those Waves which somehow Might
Recognition and tributes[link]
A biography published by the Royal Society shortly after Turing's death (and while his wartime work was still subject to the Official Secrets Act) recorded:[1]
Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE.
Since 1966, the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to a person for technical contributions to the computing community. It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize.[82]
Breaking the Code is a 1986 play by Hugh Whitemore about Alan Turing. The play ran in London's West End beginning in November 1986 and on Broadway from 15 November 1987 to 10 April 1988. There was also a 1996 BBC television production. In all cases, Derek Jacobi played Turing. The Broadway production was nominated for three Tony Awards including Best Actor in a Play, Best Featured Actor in a Play, and Best Direction of a Play, and for two Drama Desk Awards, for Best Actor and Best Featured Actor.
On 23 June 1998, on what would have been Turing's 86th birthday, Andrew Hodges, his biographer, unveiled an official English Heritage Blue Plaque at his birthplace and childhood home in Warrington Crescent, London, later the Colonnade Hotel.[83][84] To mark the 50th anniversary of his death, a memorial plaque was unveiled on 7 June 2004 at his former residence, Hollymeade, in Wilmslow, Cheshire.[85]
On 13 March 2000, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued a set of stamps to celebrate the greatest achievements of the 20th century, one of which carries a recognisable portrait of Turing against a background of repeated 0s and 1s, and is captioned: "1937: Alan Turing's theory of digital computing". On 1 April 2003, Turing's work at Bletchley Park was named an IEEE Milestone.[86] On 28 October 2004, a bronze statue of Alan Turing sculpted by John W. Mills was unveiled at the University of Surrey in Guildford, marking the 50th anniversary of Turing's death; it portrays him carrying his books across the campus.[87] In 2006, Boston Pride named Turing their Honorary Grand Marshal.[88]
Turing was one of four mathematicians examined in the 2008 BBC documentary entitled "Dangerous Knowledge".[89] The Princeton Alumni Weekly named Turing the second most significant alumnus in the history of Princeton University, second only to President James Madison. A 1.5-ton, life-size statue of Turing was unveiled on 19 June 2007 at Bletchley Park. Built from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh slate, it was sculpted by Stephen Kettle, having been commissioned by the late American billionaire Sidney Frank.[90]
Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester, the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the A6010 road (the Manchester city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". Part of this road runs alongside the City of Manchester Stadium, where Manchester City play their games. A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A statue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June 2001. It is in Sackville Park, between the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and the Canal Street gay village. The memorial statue, depicts the "father of Computer Science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. The statue was unveiled on Turing's birthday.
Turing is shown holding an apple—a symbol classically used to represent forbidden love, the object that inspired Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation, and the means of Turing's own death. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it would appear if encoded by an Enigma machine: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'.
A plinth at the statue's feet says 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation saying 'Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture.' The sculptor buried his old Amstrad computer, which was an early popular home computer, under the plinth, as a tribute to "the godfather of all modern computers".[91]
In 1999, Time Magazine named Turing as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century for his role in the creation of the modern computer, and stated: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."[2] Turing is featured in the 1999 Neal Stephenson novel "Cryptonomicon."
In 2002, Turing was ranked twenty-first on the BBC nationwide poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[92] In 2010, actor/playwright Jade Esteban Estrada portrayed Turing in the solo musical, "ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 4.". In 2011, in the Guardian's "My hero" series, writer Alan Garner chose Turing as his hero and described how they had met whilst out jogging in the early 1950s. Garner remembered Turing as "funny and witty" and said that he "talked endlessly". [93]
In February 2011, Turing's papers from the Second World War were bought for the nation with an 11th-hour bid by the National Heritage Memorial Fund, allowing them to stay at Bletchley Park.[94]
The logo of Apple computer is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide.[95] Both the designer of the logo[96] and the company deny that there is any homage to Turing in the design of the logo.[97] In Series I, Episode 13 of the British television quiz show QI presenter Stephen Fry recounted a conversation had with Steve Jobs, saying that Jobs' response was, "It isn't true, but God, we wish it were."
Government apology[link]
In August 2009, John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British Government to posthumously apologise to Alan Turing for prosecuting him as a homosexual.[98][99] The petition received thousands of signatures.[100][101] Prime Minister Gordon Brown acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing Turing's treatment as "appalling":[6][100]
Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him ... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.[100][102]
In December 2011, William Jones created an e-petition[103] requesting the British Government pardon Alan Turing for his conviction of "gross-indecency":[104]
We ask the HM Government to grant a pardon to Alan Turing for the conviction of "gross indecency". In 1952, he was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy" - chemical castration. Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just 41. Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save. This remains a shame on the UK government and UK history. A pardon can go to some way to healing this damage. It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws.
The petition gained over 21,000 signatures, but the request was declined by Lord MacNally:[105]
A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence. He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence which now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort. However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.
Tributes by universities[link]
A celebration of Turing's life and achievements arranged by the British Logic Colloquium and the British Society for the History of Mathematics was held on 5 June 2004.
- The Turing Room at the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics houses a bust of Turing by Eduardo Paolozzi, and a set (#42/50) of his Turing prints (2000).
- The University of Surrey has a statue of Turing on their main piazza.
- Istanbul Bilgi University organises an annual conference on the theory of computation called "Turing Days".[106]
- The University of Texas at Austin has an honours computer science programme named the Turing Scholars.[107]
- The University of Puerto Rico in Humacao has a computer lab named after Turing.
- Keele University's School of Computing and Mathematics has a computing laboratory named after Turing.
- In the early 1960s Stanford University named the sole lecture room of the Polya Hall Mathematics building "Alan Turing Auditorium".[108]
- One of the amphitheatres of the Computer Science department (LIFL[109]) at the University of Lille in Northern France is named in honour of Alan M. Turing (the other amphitheatre is named after Kurt Gödel).
- The Department of Computer Science at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, Los Andes University in Bogotá, Colombia, King's College, Cambridge, Bangor University in Wales and Universities of Ghent and Mons in Belgium have computer laboratories named after Turing.
- The University of Manchester, the Open University, Oxford Brookes University and Aarhus University (in Århus, Denmark) all have buildings named after Turing.
- Alan Turing Road in the Surrey Research Park is named for Alan Turing.
- Carnegie Mellon University has a granite bench, situated in the Hornbostel Mall, with the name "A. M. Turing" carved across the top, "Read" down the left leg, and "Write" down the other.
- The École Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l'Information has named its recently acquired third building "Turing".
- The University of Oregon has a bust of Turing on the side of the Deschutes Hall, the computer science building.[110]
- The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne has a road and a square named after Alan Turing (Chemin de Alan Turing and Place de Alan Turing).[111]
Centenary commemoration[link]
To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) is coordinating the Alan Turing Year, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC working with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and Bletchley Park, is chaired by S. Barry Cooper, with Alan Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as TCAC Honorary President.
Events are scheduled in many countries around the world including the USA, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, the Philippines, New Zealand, Israel, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Italy, Portugal and Germany. The keystone events will be a three-day conference in Manchester, UK in June examining Turing's mathematical and code-breaking achievements, and a Turing Centenary Conference in Cambridge organised by King's College, Cambridge and the association Computability in Europe.[112]
On February 23, 2012, the Royal Mail released a stamp featuring Turing as part its "Britons of Distinction" series.[113]
The Turing Test, an opera by Julian Wagstaff which ran at the Edinburgh fringe in 2007, will also go on a UK tour in October to mark the 100th anniversary year of Turing's birth.[114] The Turing Test is set in the near future and tells the fictional story of a brilliant young PhD student Stephanie, who is trapped in a bitter battle between two rival scientists racing to build the world's first truly intelligent computer.[115]
See also[link]
- Good–Turing frequency estimation
- LU Decomposition
- Turing degree
- Turing completeness
- Turing machine
- Turing machine examples
- Turing pattern
- Turing reduction
- Turing switch
- Turing test
- Unorganized machine
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Newman, M. H. A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1: 253. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. JSTOR 769256. edit
- ^ a b Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). "Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."
- ^ Homer, Steven and Alan L. (2001). Computability and Complexity Theory. Springer via Google Books limited view. p. 35. ISBN 0-387-95055-9. http://books.google.com/?id=r5kOgS1IB-8C&pg=PA35. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- ^ Leavitt 2007, pp. 231–233
- ^ Turing, A. M. (1952). "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B 237 (641): 37–72. DOI:10.1098/rstb.1952.0012.
- ^ a b "PM apology after Turing petition". BBC News. 11 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm.
- ^ a b Hodges 1992, p. 5
- ^ "The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook". Turing.org.uk. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "London Blue Plaques". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5jkyjSdgY. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- ^ Plaque #381 on Open Plaques.
- ^ "The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook". http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 6
- ^ Jones, G. James (11 December 2001). "Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1". System Toolbox. http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
- ^ Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1985). Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04566-9. OCLC 230812136.
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 26
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 34
- ^ Hassall, R. The Sherborne formula: the making of Alan Turing Vivat! 2012/13: 17-29.
- ^ Teuscher, Christof (ed.) (2004). Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-20020-7. OCLC 62339998 53434737 62339998.
- ^ Paul Gray, Alan Turing Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p.2
- ^ The Inspiration of Life and Death, 1928–1932 Alan Turing Scrapbook
- ^ See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 Decembre 2009 Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique
- ^ Hodges 1992, pp. 88,94
- ^ Turing, A. M. (1936). "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 2 42: 230–65. 1936–37. DOI:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230. http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf. (and Turing, A.M. (1938). "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 43: pp. 544–6. 1937. DOI:10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544. )
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 111
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 138
- ^ Turing, A. M. (1938), Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, https://webspace.princeton.edu/users/jedwards/Turing%20Centennial%202012/Mudd%20Archive%20files/12285_AC100_Turing_1938.pdf
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 152
- ^ Hodges 1992, pp. 153–154
- ^ Briggs, Asa, (TV programme broadcast 21 November 2011)Britain's Greatest Codebreaker (UK Channel 4)
- ^ Jack Copeland, "Colossus and the Dawning of the Computer Age", p. 352 in Action This Day, 2001
- ^ Copeland 2004, p. 217
- ^ a b Copeland, 2006 p. 378
- ^ Turing, Alan (c. 1941), Report on the applications of probability to cryptography, The National Archives of the UK: HW 25/37
- ^ Turing, Alan (c. 1941), Paper on statistics of repetitions, The National Archives of the UK: HW 25/38
- ^ Vallance, Chris (19 April 2012). "Alan Turing papers on code breaking released by GCHQ". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17771962. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 208
- ^ Lewin 1978, p. 57
- ^ Brown, Anthony Cave (1975), Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day, The Lyons Press, ISBN 978-1-59921-383-5
- ^ John Graham-Cumming (10 March 2010). "An Olympic honour for Alan Turing". http://www.guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/10/alan-turing-2012-olympics.
- ^ "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", Episode 4 in the UKTV History Channel documentary series "Heroes of World War II"
- ^ Professor Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct"
- ^ Oakley 2006, p. 40/03B
- ^ Copeland, Jack; Diane Proudfoot (May 2004). "Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer". http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
- ^ "Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing". http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ a b c Mahon 1945, p. 14
- ^ Leavitt 2007, pp. 184–186
- ^ Leavitt 2007, pp. 176–178
- ^ Hodges 1992, pp. 242–245
- ^ "BOMBE PROJECT HISTORY, MAY 44". http://www.daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/bombe_history2/. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ Hodges 1992, pp. 245–253
- ^ Alexander circa 1945, p. 42
- ^ Copeland 2006, p. 380
- ^ Copeland 2006, p. 381
- ^ Copeland 2006, p. 72
- ^ Gannon 2007, p. 230
- ^ Hilton 2006, pp. 197–199
- ^ Copeland 2006, pp. 382,383
- ^ Hodges 1992, pp. 245–250
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 273
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 346
- ^ Plaque #1619 on Open Plaques.
- ^ Copeland 2006, p. 108
- ^ Randell, B (1980), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: Colossus, http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf, retrieved 27 January 2012 citing Womersley, J. R. (13 February 1946), "'ACE' Machine Project", Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex
- ^ Harnad, Stevan (2008) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence. In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Springer
- ^ Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test" Chessgames.com
- ^ Saygin, A.P., Cicekli, I., & Akman, V. (2000) Turing Test: 50 years later. Minds and Machines, Vol. 10, pp 463–518.
- ^ "SPICE 1 2 3 and beyond ... Intusoft Newsletter, August 2003". Intusoft.com. 16 August 2001. http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ "Control Mechanism For Biological Pattern Formation Decoded" ScienceDaily, 30 November 2006
- ^ Turing's Last, Lost work at the Wayback Machine (archived August 23, 2003)
- ^ Cave Brown, Anthony (1987), C : The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, New York: Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-02-517390-3
- ^ Leavitt 2007, p. 266
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 458
- ^ Leavitt 2007, p. 268
- ^ "Turing, Alan (1912–1954)". Glbtq.com. http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a,2.html. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Leavitt 2007, p. 269
- ^ Copeland 2006, p. 143
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 488
- ^ Hodges 1992, p. 529
- ^ Hodges 1992, pp. 488, 489
- ^ Leavitt 2007, p. 140
- ^ Turing, A.M. (1954). "AMT/D/4: image 16 Postcard to Robin Gandy". Turing Digital Archive. http://www.turingarchive.org/viewer/?id=154&title=16. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
- ^ Steven Geringer (27 July 2007). "ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000". ACM press release. http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
- ^ "Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace". http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
- ^ "About this Plaque – Alan Turing". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013143212/http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ^ Plaque #3276 on Open Plaques.
- ^ IEEE History Center (2003). "Milestones:Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939-1945". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Code-breaking_at_Bletchley_Park_during_World_War_II,_1939-1945. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ "The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing". http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- ^ Boston Pride: Honorary Grand Marshal at the Wayback Machine (archived June 19, 2006)
- ^ "Dangerous Knowledge". BBC Four. 11 June 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/dangerous-knowledge.shtml. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
- ^ Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing, Bletchley Park press release, 20 June 2007
- ^ see "Computer buried in tribute to genius". Manchester Evening News. 15 June 2001. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/27/27595_computer_buried_in_tribute_to_genius.html. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "100 great British heroes". BBC News. 21 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm.
- ^ Garner, Alan (12 November 2011), "My Hero: Alan Turing", Saturday Guardian Review: 5, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/nov/11/alan-turing-my-hero-alan-garner, retrieved 23 November 2011
- ^ Josh Halliday (25 February 2011). "Turing papers to stay in UK after 11th-hour auction bid at". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/feb/25/turing-papers-auction-bid-bletchley. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ "Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising". The Independent (UK). 4 January 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- ^ "Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo". creativebits. http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- ^ Leavitt 2007, p. 280
- ^ Thousands call for Turing apology. BBC News. 31 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ^ Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing. CNN. 01 September 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- ^ a b c Davies, Caroline (11 September 2009). "PM's apology to codebreaker Alan Turing: we were inhumane". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/pm-apology-to-alan-turing.
- ^ The petition was only open to UK citizens.
- ^ Full text of the Prime Minister's apology.
- ^ "Grant a pardon to Alan Turing". 6 December 2011. https://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526.
- ^ "Petition to pardon computer pioneer Alan Turing started". BBC News. 6 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279.
- ^ "Widespread Celebrations But No Pardon For Turing". 6 February 2012. http://www.i-programmer.info/news/82-heritage/3735-widespread-celebrations-but-no-pardon-for-turing.html.
- ^ "Turing Days @ İstanbul Bilgi University". http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin at the Wayback Machine (archived September 20, 2007)
- ^ "Polya Hall, Stanford University". http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2679-Stanford-Comp-Dedication.pdf. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ^ "Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille". http://www.lifl.fr/. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ "Turing at the University of Oregon". http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/files/oregon.html. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ "Turing at the EPFL". http://plan.epfl.ch/?zoom=20&recenter_y=5863918.36573&recenter_x=730628.82407&layerNodes=fonds,batiments,labels,information,parkings_publics,arrets_metro. Retrieved 06 January 2012.
- ^ "The Northerner: Alan Turing, computer pioneer, has centenary marked by a year of celebrations". M.guardian.co.uk. 23 February 2011. http://m.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/feb/23/northerner-alan-turing-centenary-celebrations?cat=uk&type=article. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Gary Cutlack (2 January 2012). "Codebreaker Alan Turing gets stamp of approval". Gizmodo. http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2012/01/alan-turing-to-feature-in-britons-of-distinction-stamp-series/. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "The Turing Test — An Opera by Julian Wagstaff". Julianwagstaff.com. 2007-08-15. http://www.julianwagstaff.com/ttt/index.html. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ Sophie Curtis (6 February 2012). "Turing Test opera to embark on UK tour". Techworld. http://news.techworld.com/security/3335253/turing-test-opera-embark-on-uk-tour/. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
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- Mahon, A.P. (1945). The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945. UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2. http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- Oakley, Brian, ed. (2006), The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939 — August 1945 (2.6 ed.), Wynne Press
- O'Connell, H; Fitzgerald, M (2003), "Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome?", Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine (Irish Institute of Psychological Medicine) 20: 28–31, ISSN 0790-9667
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alan Mathison Turing", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Turing.html .
- Petzold, Charles (2008). "The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-22905-7
- Smith, Roger (1997). Fontana History of the Human Sciences. London: Fontana.
- Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason. London: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0463-3
- Turing, Sara Stoney (1959). Alan M Turing. W Heffer. Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of St John's College, Cambridge). The six-page foreword by Lyn Irvine includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted.
- Whitemore, Hugh; Hodges, Andrew (1988). Breaking the code. S. French. This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, Derek Jacobi played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and WGBH, Boston. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, Oxford, ASIN: B000B7TM0Q
- Williams, Michael R. (1985) A History of Computing Technology, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-8186-7739-2
- Yates, David M. (1997). Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995. London: London Science Museum. ISBN 0-901805-94-7. OCLC 40624091 123794619 40624091.
Further reading[link]
- Alan Turing at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Jack Copeland, ed. "The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others". The Rutherford Journal. http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html.
- Hodges, Andrew (27 August 2007). "Alan Turing". In Edward N. Zalta. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 ed.). Stanford University. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
- Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). "Computer Scientist: Alan Turing". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html.
- Gleick, James, The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood, New York: Pantheon, 2011, ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7
- Leavitt, David, The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer, W. W. Norton, 2006
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alan Turing |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alan Turing |
- Alan Turing RKBExplorer
- Alan Turing Year
- CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference
- Visual Turing
- Turing Machine calculators at Wolfram Alpha
- Alan Turing site maintained by Andrew Hodges including a short biography
- AlanTuring.net – Turing Archive for the History of Computing by Jack Copeland
- The Turing Archive – contains scans of some unpublished documents and material from the Kings College, Cambridge archive
- Jones, G. James (11 December 2001). "Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1". System Toolbox (The Binary Freedom Project). http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3.
- Sherborne School Archives – holds papers relating to Alan Turing's time at Sherborne School
- Alan Turing plaques recorded on openplaques.org
Papers[link]
- An extensive list of Turing's papers, reports and lectures, plus translated versions and collections BibNetWiki
- List of publications from Microsoft Academic Search.
- Turing, Alan (October 1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind LIX (236): 433–460, DOI:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433, ISSN 0026-4423, http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html, retrieved 2008-08-18
- Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at Los Alamos National Laboratory; topics include the relationship between Alan Turing and John von Neumann
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Turing, Alan Mathison |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Computer scientist, mathematician, and cryptographer |
| Date of birth | (1912-06-23)23 June 1912 |
| Place of birth | Paddington, London, England |
| Date of death | 7 June 1954(1954-06-07) |
| Place of death | Manchester, England |
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| Angus MacIntyre | |
|---|---|
 Angus Macintyre in 2009 |
|
| Institutions | Queen Mary, University of London |
| Doctoral advisor | Dana Scott |
Angus John Macintyre is a British mathematician known for his contributions to Model theory and logic. He is professor of mathematics at the Queen Mary, University of London.
He completed his PhD under the supervision of Dana Scott in 1968 with a thesis entitled "Classifying Pairs of Real-Closed Fields". He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1993, and in 2003 he was awarded the Pólya Prize by the London Mathematical Society. From 2009 to 2011, he served as the president of the London Mathematical Society.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Macintyre, Angus |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about a United Kingdom mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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A centenarian is a person who lives to or beyond the age of 100 years. Because current average global life expectancies are less than 100, the term is invariably associated with longevity. A supercentenarian is a person who has lived to the age of 110 or more, something only achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians. Even rarer is a person who has lived to age 115; as of April 2012[update], there are only 27 people in recorded history who have indisputably reached this age.[1][2][3] In 2009, the United Nations estimated that there were 455,000 living centenarians worldwide.[4]
Contents |
Current incidence[link]
The United States currently has the greatest number of centenarians of any nation, estimated at 70,490 on September 1, 2010.[5] This corresponds to a national incidence of one centenarian per 4,400 people.[6]
Japan has the second-largest number of centenarians, with an estimated 47,756 as of September 2011.[7] Japan started its surveys in 1963, at which time the number of Japanese centenarians was found to be 153. This number surpassed the 10,000 mark in 1998, 20,000 in 2003, and 40,000 in 2009. According to a UN Demographic survey, Japan is expected to have 272,000 centenarians by 2050.[8] However, some sources suggest that the number could be closer to 1 million.[9] Many experts attribute Japan's high life expectancy to the Japanese diet, which is particularly low in refined simple carbohydrates, and to hygienic practices. In addition, the number of centenarians in relation to the total population was, in September 2010, 114% higher in Shimane Prefecture than the ratio for the whole of Japan. This ratio was also 92% higher in Okinawa Prefecture.[10][11] In addition to diet, there are four other factors that have been found to increase the life expectancy for Okinawans, as noted later in the "research into centenarians" section of this article.[12] The incidence of centenarians in Japan was one per 3,522 people in 2008,[13] although Okinawa again exceeded this average, with one per 1,838 people in 2006.
Centenarian controversy in Japan[link]
The number of Japanese centenarians was called into question in 2010, following a series of reports showing that hundreds of thousands of elderly people had gone "missing" in the country. The deaths of many centenarians had not been reported, casting doubt on the country's reputation for having a large population of centenarians.[14][15][16][17]
In July 2010, a centenarian listed as the oldest living male in Tokyo, registered to be aged 111, was found to have died some 30 years before; his body was found mummified in its bed,[18] resulting in a police investigation into centenarians listed over the age of 105. Soon after the discovery, the Japanese police further found that at least 200 other Japanese centenarians were missing, with the total likely to rise amid a nationwide search that began in early August 2010.[19] In one case, the remains of a mother thought to be 104 had been stuffed into her son's backpack for nearly a decade.[20]
There are growing concerns that Japan's welfare system can be exploited by unscrupulous family members keen to continue receiving benefits after the pensioners die.[19] In one case, a man received around 9.5 million yen in pension payments despite his wife having died six years previously.[19]
Centenarian populations[link]
The total number of centenarians in the world remains uncertain. It has been estimated by the Population Division of the United Nations as 23,000 in 1950, 110,000 in 1990, 150,000 in 1995, 209,000 in 2000 and 324,000 in 2005.[21] There were an estimated 455,000 centenarians in the world in 2009.[4] However, these estimates do not take into account the recent downward adjustments of national estimates made by several countries, such as the United States.[22] The following table lists estimated centenarian populations by country, including both the latest and the earliest known estimates, where available.
| Country | Latest estimate (year) | Earliest estimate (year) |
|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 3,487 (2010 census)[23] | - |
| Australia | 4,252 (30 June 2011)[24] | 203 (30 June 1971) |
| Belgium | 1,559 (1 January 2010)[25] | 546 (1990) |
| Brazil | 23,760 (17 September 2010)[26] | 13,865 (1991) |
| Canada | 7,569 (1 July 2011)[27] | 3,125 (2001) |
| China | Various estimates: 17,800 (2007);[28] 48,921 (1 July 2011)[29] | - |
| Czech Republic | 625 (30 Sept. 2011)[30] | - |
| France | 17,564 (1 January 2012)[31] | 7,754 (1 January 1999) |
| Germany | 8,839 (2006)[32] | 232 (1885)[33] |
| Hungary | 799 (2009)[34] | 227 (1990) |
| Italy | 6,313 (2001)[35] | - |
| Japan | 44,449 (September 2010)[36] | 155 (1960)[37] |
| Netherlands | 1,743 (2010)[38] | 10 (1900) |
| Peru | 1,682 (7 February 2011)[39] | - |
| Poland | 2,414 (25 July 2009)[40] | 500 (1970)[41] |
| South Korea | 961 (2005)[42] | - |
| Spain | 5,891 (1 January 2009)[43] | - |
| Sweden | 1,500 (2009)[44] | - |
| Switzerland | 796 (2000)[45] | 10 (1860) |
| UK | 12,640 (mid-2010)[46] | 102 (1911)[47] |
| USA | 70,490 (September 2010)[48] | 2,300 (1950)[49] |
Traditions[link]
In many countries, people receive a gift or congratulations on their 100th birthday. In the United States, centenarians traditionally receive a letter from the President, congratulating them for their longevity. NBC's The Today Show show has also named new centenarians on air since 1983. In the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms, the Queen sends greetings (formerly as a telegram) on the 100th birthday and on every birthday starting with the 105th. Centenarians born in Ireland receive a €2,540 "Centenarians' Bounty" and a letter from the President of Ireland, even if they are resident abroad.[50] Japanese centenarians receive a silver cup and a certificate from the Prime Minister of Japan upon their 100th birthday, honouring them for their longevity and prosperity in their lives. Swedish centenarians receive a telegram from the King and Queen of Sweden.[51] Centenarians born in Italy receive a letter from the President of Italy. In Japan, a "National Respect for the Aged Day" has been celebrated every September since 1966.
An aspect of blessing in many cultures is to offer a wish that the recipient lives to 100. Among Hindus, people who touch the feet of elders are often blessed with "May you live a hundred years". In Sweden, the traditional birthday song states, May he/she live for one hundred years. In Judaism, the term May you live to be 120 years old is a common blessing. In Poland, Sto lat, a wish to live a hundred years, is a traditional form of praise and good wishes, and the song "sto lat, sto lat" is sang on the occasion of the birthday celebrations--arguably, it is the most popular song in Poland and among Poles around the globe. Chinese emperors were hailed to live ten thousand years, while empresses were hailed to live a thousand years. In Italy, "A hundred of these days!" (cento di questi giorni) is an augury for birthdays, to live to celebrate 100 more birthdays.[52] Some Italians say "Cent'anni!", which means "a hundred years", in that they wish that they could all live happily for a hundred years. In Greece, wishing someone Happy Birthday ends with the expression να τα εκατοστήσεις (na ta ekatostisis), which can be loosely translated as "may you make it one hundred birthdays".
Centenarians in ancient times[link]
While the density of centenarians per capita was much less in ancient times than today, the data suggest that reaching the age of 100 was not unheard of. However, ancient demographics are biased in favor of wealthy or powerful individuals rather than the ordinary person. Grmek and Gourevitch speculate that during the Classical Greek Period, anyone who made it past the age of five years — surviving all the common childhood illness of that day — had a reasonable chance of living to a ripe old age. Life expectancy at 400 B.C. was estimated to be around 30 years of age. One demographer of ancient civilizations reported that Greek men lived to 45 years (based on a sample size of 91), while women lived to 36.2 years (based on a sample size of 55). Curiously, the gender statistics are inverted compared to today, since child-birth was a much more traumatic experience at that time than now, and it certainly skewed female statistics downward. It was common for average citizens to take great care in their hygiene (sanitation), Mediterranean diet (fish, figs, olive oil, wine, etc.), and exercise program (sports/gymnasium), although there was much more male trauma per capita than today, due to military service being virtually universal for citizens. This also biased the statistics for men downward.[53]
Diogenes Laertius (c. 250) gives one of the earliest references regarding (plausible centenarian) longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea (c. 185 – c. 120 B.C.), who, according to the doxographer, assured that the philosopher Democritus of Abdera (c. 470/460 – c. 370/360 B.C.) lived 109 years. All other accounts about Democritus given by the ancients appear to agree on the fact that the philosopher lived over 100 years. Such longevity would not be dramatically out of line with that of other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 (e.g.: Xenophanes of Colophon, c. 570/565 – c. 475/470 B.C.; Pyrrho of Ellis, c. 360 - c. 270 B.C.; Eratosthenes of Cirene c. 285 – c. 190 B.C., etc.). The case of Democritus differs from the case of, for example, Epimenides of Crete (7th, 6th centuries B.C.), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157 or 290 years, depending on the source.
The sixth dynasty Egyptian ruler Pepi II is believed by some Egyptologists to have lived to the age of 100 or more (c. 2278 BC - c. 2184 BC), as he ruled for 94 years.[54] However this is under dispute, as others claim the length of his reign was actually 64 years.[55]
The Indian Sufi poet, Kabir (1398-1518?) is believed by some to have lived to an implausible age of 120 while others believe that he lived for no more than 80 years.
Ultimately, there is no reason to believe that centenarians did not exist 2500 years ago, even if they were not commonplace.[56]
Hosius of Córdoba, the man who convinced Constantine the Great to call the First Council of Nicaea, reportedly lived to age 102.
The Chronicon of Bernold of Constance records the death in 1097 of Azzo marchio de Longobardia, pater Welfonis ducis de Baiowaria, commenting that he was iam maior centenario.[57]
Research into centenarians[link]
Main article: Research into centenarians
Research carried out in Italy suggests that healthy centenarians have high levels of vitamin A and vitamin E and that this seems to be important in guaranteeing their extreme longevity.[58] Other research contradicts this, however, and has found that these findings do not apply to centenarians from Sardinia, for whom other factors probably play a more important role.[59] A preliminary study carried out in Poland showed that, in comparison with young healthy female adults, centenarians living in Upper Silesia had significantly higher red blood cell glutathione reductase and catalase activities and higher, although insignificantly, serum levels of vitamin E.[60] Researchers in Denmark have also found that centenarians exhibit a high activity of glutathione reductase in red blood cells. In this study, those centenarians having the best cognitive and physical functional capacity tended to have the highest activity of this enzyme.[61]
Other research has found that people having parents who became centenarians have an increased number of naïve B cells. It is well known that the children of parents who have a long life are also likely to reach a healthy age, but it is not known why, although the inherited genes are probably important.[62] A variation in the gene FOXO3A is known to have a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond - moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.[63]
Men and women who are 100 or older tend to have something else in common, an extraverted personality, says Thomas T. Perls, M.D., M.P.H., the director of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University. Centenarians will often have many friends, strong ties to relatives and a healthy dose of self-esteem.[64]
Some research suggests that centenarian offspring are more likely to age in better cardiovascular health than their peers.[65]
In John W. Santrock's book "A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development", there are five factors that research has suggested that are most important to longevity in centenarians:[12] 1) heredity and family history 2) health, i.e. weight, diet, whether or not a person smokes, amount of exercise 3) education level 4) personality 5) lifestyle.[12]
Santrock's book also noted that the largest group of centenarians are women who have never been married.[12] Also, people who have been through traumatic life events, such as Holocaust survivors, learn to cope better with stress and poverty and are more likely to reach centenarian status.[12]
In Okinawa, Japan, studies have shown five factors that have contributed to the large number of centenarians in that region:[12]
- A diet that is heavy on grains, fish, and vegetables and light on meat, eggs, and dairy products.
- Low-stress lifestyles, which are proven significantly less stressful than that of the mainland inhabitants of Japan.
- A caring community, where older adults are not isolated and are taken better care of.
- High levels of activity, where locals work until an older age than the average age in other countries, and more emphasis on activities like walking and gardening to keep active.
- Spirituality, where a sense of purpose comes from involvement in spiritual matters and prayer eases the mind of stress and problems.[12]
Although these factors vary from those mentioned in the previous study, the culture of Okinawa has proven these factors to be important in its large population of centenarians.[12]
See also[link]
- Lists of centenarians
- New England Centenarian Study
- Okinawa Centenarian Study
- Oldest people
- Queensland Community Care Network, which operates the centenarians-only 100+ Club
References[link]
- ^ "Emergence of supercentenarians in low-mortality countries. North American Actuarial Journal, 2002, Vol.6, No.3, pages 54-63" (PDF). http://www.soa.org/library/journals/north-american-actuarial-journal/2002/july/naaj0207_6.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ "Supercentenarians.org". Supercentenarians.org. DOI:10.1016/S0531-5565. http://www.supercentenarians.org/publications.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ "Supercentenarians by H. Maier, J. Gampe, B. Jeune, J.-M. Robine and J.W. Vaupel. Springer 2010". Springerlink.com. http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-642-11519-6. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ a b P.27 in United Nations "World Population Ageing 2009", ST/ESA/SER.A/295, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, Oct. 2010, liv + 73 pp.
- ^ Beginning in 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau has reduced by one-third its estimates of the number of centenarians in the U.S. See "Resident Population. National Population Estimates for the 2000s. Monthly Postcensal Resident Population, by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic Origin, July to September 2010".
- ^ Data for September 2010. See "Resident Population. National Population Estimates for the 2000s. Monthly Postcensal Resident Population, by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic Origin, July to September 2010".
- ^ Telegraph: Japanese centenarians hit record high for 41st consecutive year.
- ^ "Demographics of older persons". UN. 1998-10-01. http://www.un.org/NewLinks/older/99/older.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ "Japan centenarians at record high". BBC News. 2008-09-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7612363.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Japan Times "Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000", September 15, 2010.
- ^ In 2006, official data from the Okinawa Prefectural government were slightly inflated because of a methodological flaw. See Willcox, D. Craig; Willcox, Bradley J.; He Qimei; Wang Nien-chiang and Suzuki Makoto "They Really Are That Old: A Validation Study of Centenarian Prevalence in Okinawa", The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 63, 2008, pp. 338-349.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Santrock, John. (2008). Physical Development and Biological Aging. In Mike Ryan, Michael J. Sugarman, Maureen Spada, and Emily Pecora (Eds.), A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (pp. 129-132). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- ^ AFP De plus en plus de centenaires au Japon, Agence France presse, 12 September 2008.
- ^ Fackler, Martin (September 10, 2010). "Japan's Elderly Count Was Off by 234,000". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/11/world/asia/11japan.html.
- ^ "BBC News - More than 230,000 Japanese centenarians 'missing'". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-09-10. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11258071. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Font size Print E-mail Share 2 Comments (2010-09-10). "More Than 230,000 Centenarians Missing in Japan". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/10/world/main6853038.shtml. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ "234,000 centenarians listed in registries missing | The Japan Times Online". Search.japantimes.co.jp. 2010-09-11. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100911a1.html. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Tokyo's 'oldest man' dead for 30 years. The Daily Telegraph, 29 July 2010.
- ^ a b c Nearly 200 of Japan's oldest citizens 'missing'. AFP, August 11, 2010.
- ^ Japanese man kept dead mother in backpack, 20 Aug 2010, Telegraph
- ^ United Nations "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision".
- ^ The UN estimate for Japan (76,000 in 2009) is nearly twice the official Japanese figure (40,399).
- ^ [1], Indec 2010 Cuadro P 5. Total del país. Población total por país de nacimiento, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010
- ^ ABS Article1Jun 2011 "3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2011". Australian Bureau of Statistics, 10 Dec. 2010, which gives an estimate of 3 598 centenarians on 30 June 2010.slightly less than the earlier estimate (3,700) provided by ABS “3201.0 - Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories, Jun 2010”. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 21 Dec. 2010.
- ^ Structure de la population selon l'âge et le sexe : centenaires, Direction générale Statistique et Information économique (DGSIE).
- ^ ABS IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).
- ^ "Population estimates by sex and age group as of July 1, 2011, Canada". Statcan.gc.ca. 2011-09-28. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/110928/t110928a4-eng.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-21. (6,530 on 1 July 2010: "Population estimates by sex and age group as of July 1, 2010, Canada". Statcan.gc.ca. 2011-07-05. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100929/t100929b4-eng.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-21. )
- ^ Lee, Sharon "17.8 thousand centenarians in China" Rednet.cn, 30 Dec. 2007
- ^ China Daily "China has over 48,000 centenarians", 8 Nov. 2011; People's Daily Overseas Edition "China boasts nearly 50,000 centenarians", 8 Nov. 2011; Xinhuanet "China has over 48,000 centenarians: survey", 8 Nov. 2011
- ^ Prague Daily Monitor "Number of centenarians rising in Czech Republic", 14 Oct. 2011 (against 404 in Nov. 2006: Horaova, Pavla "Number of Centenarians Rising as Population Ageing Continues". Radio Praha, 15 Nov. 2006).
- ^ Insee "Pyramide des âges au 1er janvier 2012", Jan. 2012 (data) (against 16,791 on 1 Jan. 2011: Insee « Pyramide des âges au 1er janvier 2011 » or « Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2011, France entière », Jan. 2011.
- ^ "EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE » The number of centenarians in Europe" (in (Italian)). Eng.newwelfare.org. 2009-10-10. http://eng.newwelfare.org/2009/10/10/the-number-of-centenarians-in-europe/3/. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ [ Displaying Abstract ] (2010-10-25). "CENTENARIANS IN GERMANY. - Article - NYTimes.com". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40615F73D5413738DDDA80894DD405B8784F0D3. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ [2]
- ^ Marziali, Maria Teresa "MERI - Mapping Existing Research and Identifying Knowledge Gaps Concerning the Situation of Older Women in Europe. Italy", Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources. Key Action 6: The ageing population and disabilities, July 2004, 29 pp.
- ^ Japan Times "Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000". The Japan Times, September 15, 2010.
- ^ Kannisto, Väinö "Development of Oldest-Old Mortality, 1950–1990: Evidence from 28 Developed Countries". Monographs on Population Aging, No.1, Odense University Press, Odense, Denmark, 1994, 108 pp. Updated by V. Castanova, 1-Feb-1999. Table5.
- ^ Garssen, Joop and Harmsen, Carel "More Male Centenarians". Statistics Netherlands (CBS), 16 September 2010.
- ^ EleccionesPeru and Elcomercio.pe 1,682 electors are over 100 years. Lima, Peru, 07 February 2011.
- ^ http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najstarsi_ludzie
- ^ http://www.money.pl/emerytury/wiadomosci/artykul/specemerytura;dla;stulatka,62,0,181054.html
- ^ www.korea.net 2006-06-21[dead link]
- ^ Indicadores demográficos - G1.2. Pirámide de población a nivel nacional, a 1 de enero de 2009.
- ^ http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/det-kryllar-av-hundraaringar
- ^ Robine, Jean-Marie et Paccaud, Fred (2004). « La démographie des nonagénaires et des centenaires en Suisse ». Cahiers québécois de démographie, vol. 33, n° 1, 2004, p. 51-81.
- ^ Office for National Statistics "Older People’s Day 2011" 29 Sept. 2011, 17 pp. Office for National Statistics "Estimates of centenarians in the UK" 29 Sept. 2011 (against 11,600 in mid-2009: Office for National Statistics Record Number of Centenarians in UK. Press release, 30 September 2010; Centenarians. Number of Centenarians Grows. National Statistics, 30 Sep. 2010; United Kingdom Mid-2002 to Mid-2009 Population Estimates of the Very Elderly (Including Centenarians)).
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ Bureau of the Census "Resident Population. National Population Estimates for the 2000s. Monthly Postcensal Resident Population, by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic Origin, July to September 2010".
- ^ Krach, Constance A. and Velkoff, Victoria A. "Centenarians in the United States". Current Population Reports, Series P23-199RV, U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.., 1999, iii + 18 pp.
- ^ "ireland.com - Breaking News - Centenarians abroad to get birthday bonus". Irishtimes.com. 2006-03-03. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2006/0328/breaking61.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Göteborgs-Posten: Fler 100-åringar ger hovet merarbete, 2009-12-29
- ^ Italian Translation. AllExperts, 21 June 2007. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ Mirko Grmek and Danielle Gourevitch, Illness in Antiquity (Fayard; 1998)
- ^ "A Short History of Egypt: Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom" (PDF). http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/98-030/hist1.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Jacques Kinnaer. "The Ancient Egypt site - Pepi II". Ancient-egypt.org. http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Postel-Vinay O (Jul-Aug 1999). "Histoire Le Cas de la Grèce Antique" (in French). La Recherche Special 322: 90. http://www.larecherche.fr/content/recherche/article?id=15880.
Note: La Recherche is the French equivalent of Scientific American in the English-speaking world. - ^ Bernoldi Chronicon 1097, MGH SS V, p. 465.
- ^ Mecocci P, Polidori MC, Troiano L, et al. (Apr 2000). "Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians". Free Radic Biol Med. 28 (8): 1243–8. DOI:10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00246-X. PMID 10889454. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891-5849(00)00246-X. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Polidori MC, Mariani E, Baggio G, et al. (Jul 2007). "Different antioxidant profiles in Italian centenarians: the Sardinian peculiarity". Eur J Clin Nutr 61 (7): 922–4. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602596. PMID 17228351.
- ^ Kłapcińska B, Derejczyk J, Wieczorowska-Tobis K, Sobczak A, Sadowska-Krepa E, Danch A (2000). "Antioxidant defense in centenarians (a preliminary study)". Acta Biochim Pol. 47 (2): 281–92. PMID 11051193. http://www.actabp.pl/pdf/2_2000/281.pdf.
- ^ Andersen HR, Jeune B, Nybo H, Nielsen JB, Andersen-Ranberg K, Grandjean P (Sep 1998). "Low activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians". Age Ageing 27 (5): 643–8. DOI:10.1093/ageing/27.5.643. PMID 12675104. http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12675104. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Blood tests 'could be used to predict lifespan' Daily Telegraph, UK. Published June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
- ^ Living longer thanks to the 'longevity gene' Physorg.com. Published February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ [|Tweed, Katherine] (September 2009). "Healthy Living to 100 and Beyond". AOL Health. http://www.aolhealth.com/condition-center/heart-disease/surviving-a-heart-attack. Retrieved September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Adams ER, Nolan VG, Andersen SL, Perls TT, Terry DF (Nov 2008). "Centenarian offspring: start healthier and stay healthier". J Am Geriatr Soc 56 (11): 2089–92. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01949.x. PMC 2892731. PMID 18811609. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2892731.
Further reading[link]
- Koch, Tina; Kralik, Debbie; Power, Charmaine (2005). 100 Years Old: 24 Australian Centenarians Tell Their Stories. Camberwell, Vic: Viking. ISBN 0-670-02872-X.
External links[link]
- The Okinawa Centenarian Study
- New England Centenarian Study
- Living to 100 and Beyond: Search for Predictors of Exceptional Human Longevity[dead link]
- Mortality of Centenarians
- U.S. politicians who lived the longest
- Noted Nonagenarians and Centenarians
- Centenarian research & celebration
- Living Beyond 100 - International Longevity Center UK
- Table of numbers of centenarians for select nations, 1960 and 1990
- Centenarians’ Road
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| Jaron Lanier | |
|---|---|
 Lanier performing at the Garden of Memory Solstice Concert in June, 2009 |
|
| Born | (1960-05-03) May 3, 1960 (age 52) New York City |
| Occupation | Computer scientist, composer, visual artist, author. |
| Employer | Microsoft Research[1] |
| Known for | Virtual reality |
| Website | |
| www.jaronlanier.com | |
Jaron Zepel Lanier (/ˈdʒɛərɨn lɨˈnɪər/, born 3 May 1960 in New York City) is an American computer scientist, best known for popularizing the term virtual reality (VR).
A pioneer in the field of VR, Lanier and Thomas G. Zimmerman left Atari in 1985 to found VPL Research, Inc., the first company to sell VR goggles and gloves. In the late 1990s, Lanier worked on applications for Internet2, and in the 2000s, he was a visiting scholar at Silicon Graphics and various universities. More recently, he has acted as an advisor to Linden Lab on their virtual world product Second Life, and as "scholar-at-large" at Microsoft Research where he has worked on the Kinect device for Xbox 360.
Lanier is also known as a composer of classical music and a collector of rare instruments; his acoustic album, Instruments of Change (1994) features Asian wind and string instruments such as the khene mouth organ, the suling flute, and the sitar-like esraj. Lanier was the director of an experimental short film, and teamed with Mario Grigorov to compose the soundtrack to the documentary film, The Third Wave (2007). As an author, Lanier has written a column for Discover magazine; his book, You Are Not a Gadget (2010), is a critique of Web 2.0.
In 2010, Lanier was nominated in the TIME 100 list of most influential people.
Contents |
Early life and education (1960–1982)[link]
Born Jaron Zepel Lanier[2] in New York City, Lanier was raised in Mesilla, New Mexico.[3][4] Lanier's mother and father were Jewish immigrants from Europe; his mother was a survivor from a Vienna concentration camp and his father's family had emigrated from Ukraine to escape the pogroms.[5] When he was nine years old, his mother was killed in a car accident. He lived in tents for an extended period with his father before embarking on a seven year project to build a geodesic dome home that he helped design.[6] At the age of 13, Lanier convinced New Mexico State University to let him enroll. At NMSU, Lanier met Marvin Minsky and Clyde Tombaugh, and took graduate-level courses; he received a grant from the National Science Foundation to study mathematical notation, which led him to learn computer programming.[7] From 1979 to 1980, the NSF-funded project at NMSU focused on "digital graphical simulations for learning". Lanier also attended art school in Manhattan during this time, but returned to New Mexico and worked as a midwife. The father of a baby he helped deliver gave him a car as a gift; Lanier drove the car to Los Angeles to visit a girl whose father happened to work in the physics department at the California Institute of Technology, where Lanier met and conversed with Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann.[8]
Atari Labs, VPL Research (1983–1990)[link]
In California, Lanier worked for Atari, where he met Thomas Zimmerman, inventor of the data glove. After Atari Inc. was split into two companies in 1984, Lanier became unemployed. The free time enabled him to concentrate on his own projects, including VPL, a “post-symbolic” visual programming language. Along with Zimmerman, Lanier founded VPL Research, focusing on commercializing virtual reality technologies; the company prospered for a while, but filed for bankruptcy in 1990.[4] In 1999, Sun Microsystems bought VPL's virtual reality and graphics-related patents.
Internet2, visiting scholar (1997–2001)[link]
From 1997 to 2001, Lanier was the Chief Scientist of Advanced Network and Services, which contained the Engineering Office of Internet2, and served as the Lead Scientist of the National Tele-immersion Initiative, a coalition of research universities studying advanced applications for Internet2. The Initiative demonstrated the first prototypes of tele-immersion in 2000 after a three-year development period. From 2001 to 2004, he was Visiting Scientist at Silicon Graphics Inc., where he developed solutions to core problems in telepresence and tele-immersion. He was also visiting scholar with the Department of Computer Science at Columbia University (1997–2001), a visiting artist with New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program, and a founding member of the International Institute for Evolution and the Brain.[9]
Philosophy, criticism of Web 2.0[link]
"One-Half of a Manifesto" (2000)[link]
In what is probably his most famous paper, "One-Half of a Manifesto" (Wired, 2000), Lanier opposes the prospect of so called "cybernetic totalism", which is "a cataclysm brought on when computers become ultra-intelligent masters of matter and life." Lanier's position is that humans may not be considered to be biological computers, i.e., they may not be compared to digital computers in any proper sense, and it is very unlikely that humans could be generally replaced by computers easily in few decades, even economically. While transistor count increases according to Moore's law, overall performance rises only very slowly. This is because our productivity in developing software increases only slightly, and software becomes more bloated and remains as error-prone as it ever was. Also, the computational complexity of computer simulation of the real world increases even more rapidly when the scale gets more precise.
At the end he warns that the biggest problem of any theory (esp. ideology) is not that it is false, "but when it claims to be the sole and utterly complete path to understanding life and reality." The impression of objective necessity paralyzes the ability of humans to walk out of or to fight the paradigm and causes the self-fulfilling destiny which spoils people.
Post-symbolic communication (2006)[link]
Some of Lanier's speculation involves what he calls "post-symbolic communication." In his April 2006 Discover magazine column, he writes about cephalopods (i.e., the various species of octopus, squid, and related molluscs), many of which are able to morph their bodies, including changing the pigmentation and texture of their skin, as well as forming complex shape imitations with their limbs. Lanier sees this behavior, especially as exchanged between two octopodes, as a direct behavioral expression of thought.[10]
"Digital Maoism" (2006)[link]
In his online essay "Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism", in Edge magazine in May 2006, Lanier criticized the sometimes-claimed omniscience of collective wisdom (including examples such as the Wikipedia article about himself), describing it as "digital Maoism".[11] He writes "If we start to believe that the Internet itself is an entity that has something to say, we're devaluing those people [creating the content] and making ourselves into idiots."[11]
His criticism aims at several targets which are at different levels of abstraction:
- any attempt to create one final authoritative bottleneck which channels the knowledge onto society is wrong, regardless whether it is a Wikipedia or any algorithmically created system producing meta information,
- sterile style of wiki writing is undesirable because:
- it removes the touch with the real author of original information, it filters the subtlety of his opinions, essential information (for example, the graphical context of original sources) is lost,
- it creates the false sense of authority behind the information,
- collective authorship tends to produce or align to mainstream or organizational beliefs,
- he worries that collectively created works may be manipulated behind the scene by anonymous groups of editors who bear no visible responsibility,
- and that this kind of activity might create future totalitarian systems as these are basically grounded on misbehaved collectives which oppress individuals.
This critique is further explored in an interview with him on The Philosopher's Zone radio program where he is critical of the denatured effect which "removes the scent of people".[12]
In December 2006 Lanier followed up his critique of the collective wisdom with an article in Edge titled "Beware the Online Collective".[13] Lanier writes:
- I wonder if some aspect of human nature evolved in the context of competing packs. We might be genetically wired to be vulnerable to the lure of the mob.
and that:
- What's to stop an online mass of anonymous but connected people from suddenly turning into a mean mob, just like masses of people have time and time again in the history of every human culture? It's amazing that details in the design of online software can bring out such varied potentials in human behavior. It's time to think about that power on a moral basis.
Lanier argues that the search for deeper information in any area sooner or later requires that you find information that has been produced by a single person, or a few devoted individuals: "You have to have a chance to sense personality in order for language to have its full meaning."[11] That is, he sees limitations in the utility of an encyclopedia produced by only partially interested third parties as a form of communication.
[edit] You Are Not a Gadget (2010)
In his book You Are Not a Gadget (2010), Lanier criticizes the hive mind of Web 2.0 (wisdom of the crowd) and describes the open source and open content expropriation of intellectual production as a form of "Digital Maoism".[14] Lanier argues that Web 2.0 developments have retarded progress and innovation and glorified the collective at the expense of the individual. He criticizes Wikipedia and Linux as examples of this problem; Wikipedia for its "mob rule" by anonymous editors, the weakness of its non-scientific content, and its bullying of experts. Lanier also argues that there are limitations to certain aspects of the open source and content movement in that they lack the ability to create anything truly new and innovative. For example, Lanier makes the observation that the open source movement didn't create the iPhone. In another example, Lanier claims that Web 2.0 makes search engines lazy, destroys the potential of innovative websites like Thinkquest, and hampers the communication of ideas like mathematics to a wider audience. Lanier further argues that the open source approach has destroyed opportunities for the middle class to finance content creation, and results in the concentration of wealth in a few individuals—"the lords of the clouds"—people who, more by virtue of luck rather than true innovation, manage to insert themselves as content concentrators at strategic times and locations in the cloud.
Music[link]
As a musician, Lanier has been active in the world of new classical music since the late 1970s. He is a pianist and a specialist in many unusual musical instruments, especially the wind and string instruments of Asia. He maintains one of the largest and most varied collections of actively played rare instruments in the world. Lanier has performed with artists as diverse as Philip Glass, Ornette Coleman, George Clinton, Vernon Reid, Terry Riley, Duncan Sheik, Pauline Oliveros, and Stanley Jordan. Recording projects include his acoustic techno duet with Sean Lennon and an album of duets with flautist Robert Dick.
Lanier also writes chamber and orchestral music. Current commissions include an opera that will premiere in Busan, South Korea, and a symphony, Symphony for Amelia, to be premiered by the Bach Festival Society Orchestra and Choir in Winter Park, Florida, in October 2010.[15] Recent commissions include “Earthquake!” a ballet that premiered at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco in April 2006; “Little Shimmers” for the TroMetrik ensemble, which premiered at ODC in San Francisco in April 2006; “Daredevil” for the ArrayMusic chamber ensemble, which premiered in Toronto in 2006; A concert-length sequence of works for orchestra and virtual worlds (including "Canons for Wroclaw," "Khaenoncerto," "The Egg," and others) celebrating the 1000th birthday of the city of Wroclaw, Poland, premiered in 2000; A triple concerto, "The Navigator Tree," commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and the American Composers Forum, premiered in 2000; and "Mirror/Storm," a symphony commissioned by the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, which premiered in 1998. Continental Harmony was a PBS special that documented the development and premiere of “The Navigator Tree”[16] won a CINE Golden Eagle Award.[17]
In 1994, he released the classical music album Instruments of Change on POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram Records.[18] The album has been described as a Western exploration of Asian musical traditions by Stephen Hill on "The Crane Flies West 2" (episode 357) of Hearts of Space.[19] Lanier is currently working on a book Technology and the Future of the Human Soul,[20] and a music album Proof of Consciousness, in collaboration with Mark Deutsch.[21]
Lanier's work with Asian instruments can be heard extensively on the soundtrack of Three Seasons (1999), which was the first film ever to win both the Audience and Grand Jury awards at the Sundance Film Festival. He and Mario Grigorov are currently scoring a new film called The Third Wave, which premiered at Sundance in 2007. He is working with Terry Riley on a collaborative opera to be titled Bastard, the First.
Lanier has also pioneered the use of Virtual Reality in musical stage performance with his band Chromatophoria, which has toured around the world as a headline act in venues such as the Montreux Jazz Festival. He plays virtual instruments and uses real instruments to guide events in virtual worlds. In October 2010, Lanier collaborated with Rollins College and John V. Sinclair's Bach Festival Choir and Orchestra[22] for his Worldwide Premiere of “Symphony for Amelia.”
Lanier contributed the afterword to Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture (The MIT Press, 2008) edited by Paul D. Miller a.k.a. DJ Spooky.
Memberships[link]
Lanier has served on numerous advisory boards, including the Board of Councilors of the University of Southern California, Medical Media Systems (a medical visualization spin-off company associated with Dartmouth College), Microdisplay Corporation, and NY3D (developers of auto stereo displays).[23]
In mid-1997, he was a founding member of the National Tele-Immersion Initiative,[24] an effort devoted to utilizing computer technology to give people who are separated by great distances the illusion that they are physically together. Lanier is a member of the Global Business Network,[25] part of the Monitor Group.
In the media[link]
He has appeared in several documentaries, including the 1992 Danish television documentary Computerbilleder - udfordring til virkeligheden,[26] the 1995 documentary Synthetic Pleasures,[26] and the 2004 television documentary Rage Against the Machines.[26] Lanier was credited as one of the miscellaneous crew for the 2002 film Minority Report.[26] Lanier stated that his role was to help make up the gadgets and scenarios.[20][27]
Awards[link]
- Carnegie Mellon University's Watson award in 2001
- Finalist for the first Edge of Computation Award in 2005.[20]
- Honorary doctorate from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 2006
- IEEE Virtual Reality Career Award in 2009.
- Named one of TIME's 100 most influential people in 2010 (nominated by Microsoft VP Dan Reed).[27]
Works[link]
Western classical music[link]
- Instruments of Change (1994),[28] POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram Records
Video games[link]
- Moondust (C64, 1983)
- Alien Garden (Atari 800, 1982, with designer Bernie DeKoven[29] )
Significant papers[link]
- "One Half of a Manifesto", Edge, 11.11.00
- "Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism", Edge, 5.30.06
- "Beware the Online Collective", Edge, 12.25.06
Books[link]
- Information Is an Alienated Experience, Basic Books, 2006. ISBN 0-465-03282-6
- You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84614-341-0
Speeches[link]
- 'Finding Humanity in the Interface: Capacity Atrophy or Augmentation?' A debate between Jaron Lanier and Will Wright from the Accelerating Change 2004 conference.
- Video of Jaron Lanier speaking at a Film Festival
- Video of Jaron Lanier's "McLuhan Ramp" Lecture
- Video of Jaron Lanier with Neal Stephenson, Neil Gershenfeld, Raymond Laflamme, and Tara Hunt, on The Agenda with Steve Paikin at the Quantum to Cosmos festival.
- Video of panel discussion with Jaron Lanier, Neal Stephenson and Lee Smolin, "Seeing Science Through Fiction" at the Quantum to Cosmos festival
- Podcast of Science in the Pub panel discussion with Jaron Lanier, Hod Lipson, Wilson da Silva and Eliezer Yudkowsky: "So We're All Gonna be Robots, Now?"
- Video of Jaron Lanier giving a talk titled: 'Staying Human in a Tech-Driven World' at Zócalo public square, on January 28, 2010
- Audio of Jaron Lanier speaking at the London School of Economics
Musical performances[link]
- The Sound of One Hand. July 28–30, 1992. SIGGRAPH '92 Electronic Theater. Live improvisational performance using several virtual musical instruments (including the "CyberSax") within a virtual reality environment. Instruments were played with a dataglove using a gestural interface.
Interviews[link]
- Interview with Jaron Lanier on Music
- Coding from Scratch (Dead link, Archive.org copy): A Conversation with Jaron Lanier, Part 1
- The Future of Virtual Reality (Dead link, Archive.org copy): A Conversation with Jaron Lanier, Part 2
- Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen (1995). Voices from the edge: Conversations with Jerry Garcia, Ram Dass, Annie Sprinkle, Matthew Fox, Jaron Lanier, & others. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. ISBN 0-89594-732-3.
- Interview by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Counterpoint program; Lanier strongly criticises both Wikipedia and singularitarianism
- A Conversation with Jaron Lanier
- "You Are Not a Gadget" author Jaron Lanier on Media Matters with Bob McChesney, Sunday, March 28, 2010, hosted by Robert W. McChesney.
References[link]
- ^ BRUSTEIN, JOSHUA (May 23, 2011). "One on One: Jaron Lanier". New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/one-on-one-jaron-lanier/. Retrieved May 24, 2011. "Jaron Lanier, a partner architect at Microsoft Research, has had a long and varied career in technology."
- ^ Lewis, Peter H. (1994-09-25). "Sound Bytes; He Added 'Virtual' to 'Reality'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-03-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5wwi97eVb. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
- ^ Burkeman, Oliver (2001-12-29). "The virtual visionary". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4326550,00.html.
- ^ a b "The virtual curmudgeon". The Economist Newspaper Limited. 2010-09-02. http://www.economist.com/node/16909935?story_id=16909935.
- ^ Savage, Emily (2010-10-20). "Renaissance man: Berkeley resident is a musician, a Web guru and the father of virtual reality". j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. http://www.webcitation.org/5x03liexG.
- ^ Kahn, Jennifer (11 July 2011). "The Visionary". New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/07/11/110711fa_fact_kahn?currentPage=all. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ Jones, Steve (2003). Encyclopedia of New Media. SAGE. pp. 280–282. ISBN 0-7619-2382-9. See also: Hamilton, Joan O'C. (1993-02-22). Business Week as quoted in "Jaron Lanier." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004.
- ^ Appleyard, Bryan (2010-01-17). "Jaron Lanier: The father of virtual reality". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. http://www.webcitation.org/5x02vMGk3.
- ^ McKenna, Barbara (2000-01-10). "Talking technology: A Q&A with the inventor of virtual reality". UC Santa Cruz, Currents. http://currents.ucsc.edu/99-00/01-10/lanier.html. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ Lanier, Jaron (April 2006). "Why not morph? What cephalopods can teach us about language". Discover. http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/cephalopod-morphing/.
- ^ a b c Lanier, Jaron (2006-05-30). "Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism". Edge. http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lanier06/lanier06_index.html.
- ^ Lanier, Jaron (2006-07-08). "Is a free market in ideas a good idea?". Philosopher's Zone, ABC National Radio. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/philosopherszone/stories/2006/1678536.htm.
- ^ Lanier, Jaron (2006-12-25). "Beware the Online Collective". Edge. http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lanier06/lanier06.2_index.html.
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (January 14, 2010). "A Rebel in Cyberspace, Fighting Collectivism". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/15/books/15book.html. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 and Lanier’s Symphony for Amelia at bachfestivalflorida.org
- ^ Continental Harmony at PBS.org
- ^ See "Sonos performances" Sonos.org
- ^ Lanier, Jaron (1994). Instruments of Change. POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram Records. ASIN B00000418Q.
- ^ "The Crane Flies West 2". Hearts of Space. episode 357. 13 May 1994.
- ^ a b c "Brief Biography of Jaron Lanier". Homepage of Jaron Lanier. http://www.jaronlanier.com/general.html. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
- ^ "Jaron Lanier's Music Reel". Homepage of Jaron Lanier. http://www.jaronlanier.com/MusicReel.html. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
- ^ Bach Festival Choir and Orchestra at http://www.bachfestivalflorida.org/
- ^ Jaron Lanier @ Keynote Speakers Inc.
- ^ "National Tele-Immersion Initiative". Advanced Network & Services, Inc.. http://www.advanced.org/teleimmersion2.html. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
- ^ "Individual GBN Members". Global Business Network. Archived from the original on 2006-03-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20060328043925/http://www.gbn.com/InvitedMembersDisplayServlet.srv. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
- ^ a b c d "Jaron Lanier". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0486820/. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
- ^ a b "Jaron Lanier". The 2010 TIME 100. 2010-04-29. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2c28804%2c1984685_1984745_1985490%2c00.html.
- ^ Jaron Lanier - Instruments of Change (ArkivMusic.com)
- ^ Solomon, Robert. "The Shadow of Super Mario Clouds". Game Design as Cultural Practice. Georgia Tech. http://lcc.gatech.edu/~cpearce3/lcc4725/blog/?p=2209. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Cave, Damien (2000-10-04). "Artificial stupidity". salon.com. http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/10/04/lanier/index.html.
- Chesher, Chris (Fall 1994). Colonizing Virtual Reality. 1. Cultronix. http://cultronix.eserver.org/chesher/.
- Garreau, Joel (2005). Radical Evolution: The promise and peril of enhancing our minds, our bodies -- and what it means to be human. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50965-0. [Lanier and his theories are prominently featured in the section Prevail]
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jaron Lanier |
- Jaron Lanier's Website
- Jaron Lanier's profile at MobyGames
- Jaron Lanier at the Internet Movie Database
- Video discussion with Lanier involving intelligence (and AI) with Eliezer Yudkowsky on Bloggingheads.tv.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lanier, Jaron |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1960-05-03 |
| Place of birth | New York City |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Revisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.
The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.
|
Church[link]
Main article: Church Fathers
Games[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Miniature wargaming | H.G. Wells[1] | |
| The modern video game industry | Nolan Bushnell | Creator of Pong and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's |
| Modern video game | Shigeru Miyamoto[2] | Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises |
| Role-playing game | Gary Gygax[3] | Creator of Dungeons & Dragons |
| Stealth game | Hideo Kojima[4] | Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games |
| Video game | Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. | Inventor of the First video game |
| Wargaming | Charles S. Roberts[5] |
Humanities[link]
Military[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerial warfare | Oswald Boelcke[6] | The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft. |
| Atomic bomb | Robert Oppenheimer[7] Leó Szilárd[8] Enrico Fermi[9] |
|
| Blitzkrieg | Heinz Guderian[10][11] | |
| The West's Hydrogen bomb | Edward Teller[12] | |
| Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" | Hyman G. Rickover[13][14][15] | |
| Fourth Generation Warfare | William S. Lind[citation needed] | |
| French sailing navy | Jean-Baptiste Colbert[16] | Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu. |
| Naval Special Warfare | Phil H. Bucklew[17] | US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One |
| Naval tactical studies | Paul Hoste[18] | Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armées Navales (1697) |
| Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte | Oswald Boelcke[19] | |
| The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb | Andrei Sakharov[20] | |
| United States Airborne | William C. Lee[21] | First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia. |
| United States Cavalry | Kazimierz Pułaski[22] | Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s). |
| United States Navy | Commodore John Barry[23] Captain John Paul Jones[24] |
Nations[link]
Natural and social sciences[link]
Sports[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| American football | Walter Camp[25] | |
| American motocross | Edison Dye[26] | Introduced motorcross to American riders. |
| American road racing | Cameron Argetsinger[27] | Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen. |
| American soccer | Steve Ross[28] | Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US. |
| Angling | Izaak Walton[29] | Author of The Compleat Angler. |
| Argentine football | Alexander Watson Hutton[30] | |
| Argentine professional golf | José Jurado[31] | |
| Argentine winter sports | Otto Meiling[32] | |
| Association football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[33] | |
| Baseball | Henry Chadwick[34][35][36][37] | |
| Basketball | James Naismith | Left many diaries and interviews that explain how and when he created basketball. |
| BMX | Scot Breithaupt[38] | |
| Brazilian football | Charles William Miller[39] | |
| Camel Lights | Jim Downing | Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in |
| Canadian rodeo | O. Raymond Knight[41] | Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902. |
| Drag racing | Wally Parks[42] | Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race. |
| Don Garlits[43] | Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety. | |
| Eddie Hill[44] | Regarded as the forefather of drag racing. | |
| Drifting | Kunimitsu Takahashi[45] | Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes which eventually became a sport. |
| East Coast skateboarding | Vinny Raffa (godfather)[46] | |
| Florida skateboarding | Bruce Walker (godfather)[47] | |
| Modern football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[48] | |
| Freestyle BMX | Bob Haro[49][50] | |
| Freestyle Motocross | Mike Metzger[51] | Godfather. |
| Funny Car | Dick Landy[52] | |
| Ice Hockey | James Creighton (ice hockey) | Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal. |
| Import drag racing | Frank Choi[53] | Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category. |
| Italian football | James Richardson Spensley[54] | Given due to his association with Genoa CFC and his contribution to the modern day variation of the game in Italy. |
| William Garbutt[55] | Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football. | |
| Japanese baseball | Horace Wilson[56] | Credited for introducing baseball in Japan. |
| Hiroshi Hiraoka[57] | Credited for establishing the first baseball team. | |
| Jogging | Jim Fixx[58] | Founding father. |
| Kart racing | Art Ingels[59] | Developed the world's first kart (1956). |
| Lacrosse | William George Beers[60][61][62][63] | Codified the sport. |
| Mixed martial arts | Bruce Lee[64] | Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do. |
| Modern bodybuilding | Eugen Sandow[65] | |
| Harold Zinkin[66] | Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines. | |
| Modern boxing | James Figg[67] | |
| James J. Corbett[citation needed] | ||
| Modern figure skating | Jackson Haines[68] | "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey |
| Modern football in Japan | Dettmar Cramer[69] | |
| Modern rodeo | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916. |
| Modern sabre fencing | Italo Santelli[71] | |
| Modern surfing | Duke Kahanamoku[72] | |
| Rodeo bareback bronc riding | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924. |
| Rugby union | A. G. Guillemard[73] | |
| William Webb Ellis[74] | "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". | |
| Scuba diving | Jacques Cousteau[75] | Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality. |
| Skateboarding | Skip Engblom (godfather)[76] | |
| Tony Hawk (godfather)[77] | ||
| Snowboarding | Jake Burton Carpenter[78] | |
| Stock car racing | Bill France, Sr.[79][80] | Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing |
| Supercross | Mike Goodwin[81] | Organized the first supercross race. |
| Televised golf | Frank Chirkinian[82][83] | Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting. |
Technology[link]
Fields[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerodynamics (modern) | Sir George Cayley [84][85] | Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries. |
| Architecture | Imhotep[86] | Built the first pyramid |
| Astronautics | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[87] |
|
| Aviation | Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[90] | Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel. |
| British watchmaking | Thomas Tompion[91] | |
| Clinical trials | James Lind[92] | Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747 |
| Computing | Charles Babbage[93] | Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime. |
| Cybernetics | Norbert Wiener[94][95] | |
| Genetics | Gregor Mendel | Founder of the Genetics[96] |
| Modern Bladesmithing | William F. Moran | Founder of the American Bladesmith Society |
| Modern Kinematics | Ferdinand Freudenstein | Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.[97] |
| Modern Knifemaking | Bob Loveless | Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild |
| Photography | Louis Daguerre[98] Nicéphore Niépce[99] William Henry Fox Talbot[100] Thomas Wedgwood[101] |
Inventions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Air conditioning | Willis Carrier | [102] |
| C (programming language) | Dennis Ritchie | |
| Chronograph | George Graham[91][103] | Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book he Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism |
| Compact Disc | Kees Immink[104] | |
| Compiler | Grace Hopper | |
| Computer | Konrad Zuse[105] | Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. |
| Alan Turing[106][107] | Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936). | |
| John von Neumann[108] | Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. | |
| John V. Atanasoff[109] | Invented the digital computer in the 1930s | |
| John W. Mauchly [110] J.Presper Eckert[111] |
Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. | |
| Computer Program | Ada Lovelace[112] | Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime. |
| Ekranoplan | Rostislav Alexeev | |
| Helicopter | Igor Sikorsky [113] | Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. |
| Internet | Vint Cerf[114][115] Bob Kahn[116] [117] |
Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[118] |
| Instant noodle | Momofuku Ando[119] | Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. |
| Japanese television | Kenjiro Takayanagi[120][121] | |
| Jet engine | Frank Whittle[122][123] | |
| Karaoke | Daisuke Inoue[124] | Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. |
| Laser | Charles Hard Townes | |
| Lightning prediction system | Alexander Stepanovich Popov | The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. |
| Marine chronometer | John Harrison[125] | |
| Microprocessor | Marcian Hoff[126] Masatoshi Shima[127] |
|
| Mobile phone | Martin Cooper[128] | He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos. |
| Pentium microprocessor | Vinod Dham[129][130] | The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[131] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[132] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[133] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". |
| Personal computer | Chuck Peddle[134] | Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET |
| Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[135] André Truong Trong Thi[136] |
||
| Programmable logic controller | Dick Morley[citation needed] | |
| Radio | Alexander Stepanovich Popov [137] Lee De Forest[138][139][140] Guglielmo Marconi[141] Jagdish Chandra Bose[142] Nikola Tesla[143] |
The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio |
| Radio (Radio broadcasting) | Reginald Fessenden[citation needed] David Sarnoff[citation needed] |
Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. |
| Radio (FM radio) | Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed] | Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) |
| Radiotelephony | Reginald Fessenden[144][145] | |
| Search Engine | Alan Emtage[146][147][148] | Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines |
| SGML | Charles Goldfarb[149] | |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell[150] | See Invention of the telephone |
| Television | Philo T. Farnsworth[151] | Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. |
| Tokamak | Lev Artsimovich | |
| Tube structure | Fazlur Khan[156] | Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. |
| World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee[157] | |
| Visual Basic | Alan Cooper[158] | |
| XML | Jon Bosak[159] |
Towns, cities and regions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| British Columbia | James Douglas[160] | Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. |
| Lan Kwai Fong | Allan Zeman[161] | Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong. |
Transport[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| 20th century American car industry | Henry Ford[162] | Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. |
| American Interstate Highway System | Dwight D. Eisenhower[163] | |
| High-performance VW industry | Gene Berg[164] | |
| Hot rod | Ed Winfield[165] | |
| Import Car Culture | RJ DeVera[166] | Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s. |
| Kustom Kulture | Von Dutch[167] | |
| Monster truck | Bob Chandler[168] | Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history |
| Mountain bike | Gary Fisher[169] | |
| Rotary engine | Felix Wankel[170][171] | |
| Route 66 | Cyrus Avery[172] | |
| Tailfin | Harley Earl[173][174][175] | |
| Traffic safety | William Phelps Eno[176] | |
| Yellow school bus | Frank W. Cyr[177] |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
- ^ "Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto, 'The Father of Modern Video Games,' Receives The Jim". Reuters. 2009-01-15. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218035+15-Jan-2009+PRN20090115.
- ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html. Retrieved 2005-01-03.
- ^ "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. March 26, 2009. http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
- ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8194
- ^ J Robert Oppenheimer
- ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
- ^ Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6. http://books.google.com/?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&dq=Lichello.
- ^ Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Chris Shimp (March 1, 2001). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
- ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5. , p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
- ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
- ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8. , p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 98. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (October 29, 2002). Blood Warriors: American Military Elites. New York: Ballantine. pp. 368. ISBN 978-0-345-44891-0.
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 96. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm
- ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612100930/http://www.screamingeagle.org/WilliamLeeChapter/williamclee.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ Yale Richmond (1995). From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-877864-30-7, ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8. http://books.google.com/?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
- ^ http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=88004
- ^ http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163
- ^ http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos
- ^ New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.
- ^ "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886-29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football."
- ^ "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history."
- ^ Mirodan, Seamus (February 14, 2004). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth."
- ^ http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html
- ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[1]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
- ^
- 'Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
- ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
- ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
- ^ http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27
- ^ Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-041-2.
- ^ Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 0-87938-582-0.
- ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519.
- ^ http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm
- ^ http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1e6j
- ^ http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=30337&FS=NHRA
- ^ http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Drifting&id=875478
- ^ http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html
- ^ http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm
- ^ http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf
- ^ http://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html
- ^ http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm
- ^ http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders
- ^ http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html
- ^ "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html
- ^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. http://www.rsssf.com/players/eng-players-in-it.html. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829
- ^ http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/16820/the_social_impact_of_japanese_baseball_pg2_pg2.html?cat=9
- ^ Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2.
- ^ "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent (London). 2004-02-12. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
- ^ STX Lacrosse
- ^ HickokSports.com - History - Lacrosse
- ^ Lacrosse History. Historical Facts About Lacrosse
- ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
- ^ Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit.com. See Wikiquotes for the text.
- ^ http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html
- ^ http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/
- ^ http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1
- ^ Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive, accessed December 15, 2011.
- ^ http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer
- ^ a b Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp.77.
- ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
- ^ http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html
- ^ http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWEplaque_700.jpg
- ^ Diving Almanac article.
- ^ http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70
- ^ http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html
- ^ http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1
- ^ "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YscEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1892,1191270
- ^ http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html
- ^ Dolch, Craig (March 4, 2011). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote."
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 5, 2011). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television,” Jim Nantz, CBS’s longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. “He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life."
- ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft."
- ^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider."
- ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
- ^ Tsiolkovskiy
- ^ Goddard
- ^ Oberth
- ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- ^ a b . http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/.
- ^ Twyman, Richard (22 September 2004). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.
- ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development.... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X. , p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, ..."
- ^ Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
- ^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
- ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/p68g683357756307/fulltext.pdf?page=1 Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
- ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6. , p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
- ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4. p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography."
- ^ The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning
- ^ http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts
- ^ Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine"
- ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004
- ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ Ada Lovelace
- ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
- ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website
- ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
- ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18 January
- ^ Louis Pouzin
- ^ "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm.
- ^ http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Aircraft Engine
- ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html
- ^ . http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm.
- ^ http://www.rpi.edu/about/hof/hoff.html
- ^ "Kosaku Inagaki’s Home Page". Kyoto University. http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
- ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
- ^ p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649.
- ^ p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745.
- ^ p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992.
- ^ Commodore History: Chuck Peddle
- ^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. April 2, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
- ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing, Wired Magazine
- ^ The "The First Electronic Church of America" website poses the question: "Russia's Popov: Did he 'invent' radio?" According to this account, Alexander Popov is the "radio man." Among other things, it notes that Popov reported sending and receiving a wireless signal across a 600 yards distance in 1895. Two years later, it says, he set up a shore station at Kronstadt and equipped the Russian navy cruiser Africa with his wireless communications apparatus to provide ship-to-shore communication., an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett. (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
- ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). Radio—The Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9. , p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
- ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5. , p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
- ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), pp. 557-560.
- ^ Ask the average person "Who invented radio?" and the average answer will be "Marconi." Ask the same question on the Internet, and the average answer will not likely be "Marconi." Instead, try one of the following on for size: Nikola Tesla, Alexander Popov, Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, Nathan Stubblefield, James Clerk Maxwell and even Thomas Edison, among others, an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[2]
- ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-3340-0. p. 160
- ^ [3] from the Eweek website
- ^ [4] History of the Internet
- ^ [5] History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?
- ^ XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I
- ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3. , p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
- ^ http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm
. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 20, 2008. "Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? - ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin""
- ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". ""
- ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system."
- ^ "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
- ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28 January 2005, Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
- ^ XML.com: "XML Father" leaves W3C for OASIS
- ^ BC Archives: Sir James Douglas
- ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_429594.html
- ^ http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/
- ^ Federal Highway Administration [6]. URL accessed July 21, 2006.
- ^ http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html
- ^ http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html
- ^ http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php
- ^ http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html
- ^ http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html
- ^ http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0
- ^ http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm
- ^ http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/
- ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4. "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22&source=bl&ots=0R7qHrSvev&sig=NllowJaW5UQa_SJB7MZgZOoVbWA&hl=en&ei=xTYaTZ2WKIa4hAeOj_W3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22father%20of%20the%20tail%20fin%22&f=false
- ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm.
- ^ http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/
- ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [7]. URL accessed August 23, 2006.
- ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 0-89789-900-8. http://books.google.com/?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30. "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
http://wn.com/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field
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8:14
Alan Turing - Celebrating the life of a genius
CambridgeUniversity
Alan Turing - Celebrating the life of a genius
Saturday 23 June 2012 marks the centenary of the birth of Alan Turing - mathematical genius, hero of the WWII code breakers of Bletchley Park, and father of modern computing. Alan Turing was a mathematician, cryptographer and pioneer of computer science who possessed one of the greatest brains of the 20th century. His life was one of secret triumphs shadowed by public tragedy. Presented by Dr James Grime, Enigma Project Officer at the University's Millenium Mathematics Project
0:56
Alan Turing Google Doodle
oceparx
Alan Turing Google Doodle
Google honors the English computer scientist Alan Turing with an interactive Turing machine Doodle worldwide on June 23, 2012. Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 - 7 June 1954) was a mathematician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. With the Turing machine he provided a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation and established a basis for the theoretical computer science. More about Alan Turing and the Google Doodle : www.oceparx.de
24:51
IEEE Computer: Alan Turing at Bletchley Park
ieeeComputerSociety
IEEE Computer: Alan Turing at Bletchley Park
Computer's multimedia editor Charles Severance visits Bletchley Park to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Alan Turing's birth. Turing's ground-breaking work in the 1940s continues to have an impact on computer science as we know it. The Turing test, Turing machine, Turing completeness, and Church-Turing computability bear his name in acknowledgment of his early breakthroughs and influence. In the video, we see the German Enigma machine used to encrypt messages, and the BOMBE mechanical computing system that was designed by Alan Turing to crack the Enigma code. We also see the first electronic tube/valve-based computer called the Colossus that was built to break the more sophisticated Lorenz SZ42 encryption used for Hitler's strategic messages during World War II. We see and hear both the BOMBE and Colossus running as if they were in production doing code-breaking during the war. For a podcast of the associated column, please see www.youtube.com This video is from the Computing Conversations column in IEEE Computer's June 2012 issue: opac.ieeecomputersociety.org Visit Computer: www.computer.org/computer
7:26
BBC documentary history of computers part 1.
smerlinbabylon
BBC documentary history of computers part 1.
How I Made $729k Buying & Selling Websites tinyurl.com The BBC broadcasted in 1991 the serie 'The dream machine'. This scene is about the tragic story of Alan Turing, the "father" of the modern computer. During the Second World War he devised a number of techniques for breaking German telegraph codes. After the war Alan Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. This series of the BBC was broadcasted in 1991.
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