''This article is about the family of birds. For the action, see swallowing ''

The swallows and martins are a group of passerine birds in the family Hirundinidae which are characterised by their adaptation to aerial feeding. ''Swallow'' is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the Barn Swallow.

This family comprises two subfamilies: Pseudochelidoninae (the river martins of the genus ''Pseudochelidon'') and Hirundininae (all other swallows and martins). Within the Hirundininae, the name "martin" tends to be used for the squarer-tailed species, and the name "swallow" for the more fork-tailed species; however, there is no scientific distinction between these two groups. The family contains around 83 species in 19 genera.

The swallows have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world and breed on all the continents except Antarctica. It is believed that this family originated in Africa as hole-nesters; Africa still has the greatest diversity of species. They also occur on a number of oceanic islands. A number of European and North American species are long-distance migrants; by contrast, the West and South African swallows are non-migratory. A few species of swallow and martin are threatened with extinction by human activities, although other species have benefited from human changes to the environment and live around humans.

Description

The swallows and martins have an evolutionary conservative body shape which is similar across the family but is unlike that of other passerines. Swallows have adapted to hunting insects on the wing by developing a slender streamlined body and long pointed wings, which allow great maneuverability and endurance, as well as frequent periods of gliding. Their body shape allows for very efficient flight, which costs 50-75% less for swallows than equivalent passerines of the same size. Swallows usually forage at around 30–40 km/h, although they are capable of reaching speeds of between 50–65 km/h when traveling.

Like the unrelated swifts and nightjars, which hunt in a similar way, they have short bills, but strong jaws and a wide gape. Their body length ranges from about and their weight from about . The wings are long, pointed, and have nine primary feathers. The tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked, somewhat indented, or square-ended. A long tail increases maneuverability, and may also function as a sexual adornment, since the tail is frequently longer in males. In Barn Swallows the tail of the male is 18% longer than the females, and females will select mates on the basis of tail length.

The legs are short, and their feet are adapted for perching rather than walking, as the front toes are partially joined at the base. Swallows are capable of walking and even running, but they do so with a shuffling, waddling gait. The leg muscles of the river martins (''Pseudochelidon'') are stronger and more robust than those of other swallows.

The most common hirundine plumage is glossy dark blue or green above and plain or streaked underparts, often white or rufous. Species which burrow or live in dry or mountainous areas are often matte brown above (e.g. Sand Martin and Crag Martin). The sexes show limited or no sexual dimorphism, with longer outer tail feathers in the adult male probably being the most common distinction.

The chicks hatch naked and with closed eyes. Fledged juveniles usually appear as duller versions of the adult.

Range, habitat and migration

The swallows and martins have a worldwide cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. One species, the Pacific Swallow, occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Mascarene Martin breeds on Reunion and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, and a number of migratory species are common vagrants to other isolated islands and even to some sub-Antarctic islands. Many species have enormous worldwide ranges, particularly the Barn Swallow, which breeds over most of the Northern Hemisphere and winters over most of the Southern Hemisphere. The family uses a wide range of habitats. They are dependent on flying insects and as these are common over waterways and lakes they will frequently feed over these, but they can be found in any open habitat including grasslands, open woodland, savanna, marshes, mangroves and scrubland, from sea level to high alpine areas. Many species inhabit human-altered landscapes including agricultural land and even urban areas. Land use changes have also caused some species to expand their range, most impressively the Welcome Swallow which began to colonise New Zealand in the 1920s, started breeding in the 1950s and is now a common landbird there.

Species breeding in temperate regions migrate during the winter when their insect prey populations collapse. Species breeding in more tropical areas are often more sedentary, although several tropical species are partial migrants or make shorter migrations. In antiquity it was thought that swallows hibernated in a state of torpor, even that they withdrew for the winter under water. Aristotle ascribed hibernation not only to swallows, but also to storks and kites. Hibernation of swallows was considered a possibility even by as acute an observer as Rev. Gilbert White, in his ''The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne'' (1789, based on decades of observations). This idea may have been supported by the habit of some species to roost in some numbers in dovecotes, nests and other forms of shelter during harsh weather, even apparently entering torpor.

Behaviour

Swallows are excellent flyers, and use these skills to feed and attract a mate. Some species, like the Mangrove Swallow, are territorial, whereas others are not and simply defend their nesting site. In general, the males select a nest site, and then attract a female using song and flight, and (dependent on the species) guard their territory. The size of the territory varies depending on the species of swallow; in colonial-nesting species it tends to be small, but it may be much larger for solitary nesters. Outside of the breeding season some species may form large flocks, and species may also roost communally. This is thought to provide protection from predators such as sparrowhawks and hobbies. These roosts can be enormous; one winter roosting site of Barn Swallows in Nigeria attracted 1.5 million individuals. Non-social species do not form flocks, but recently fledged chicks may remain with their parents for a while after the breeding season. If a human being gets too close to their territory, swallows will attack them within the perimeter of the nest.

Diet and feeding

For the most part swallows are insectivorous, taking flying insects on the wing. Across the whole family a wide range of insects are taken from most insect groups, but the composition of any one prey type in the diet varies by species and with the time of year. Individual species may be selective, they do not scoop up every insect around them, but instead select larger prey items than would be expected by random sampling. In addition the ease of capture of different insect types affects their rate of predation by swallows. They also avoid certain prey types; in particular stinging insects such as bees and wasps are generally avoided. In addition to insect prey a number of species will occasionally consume fruits and other plant matter. Species in Africa have been recorded eating the seeds of ''Acacia'' trees, and these are even fed to the young of the Greater Striped Swallow.

The swallows generally forage for prey that is on the wing, but they will on occasion snap prey off branches or on the ground. The flight may be fast and involve a rapid succession of turns and banks when actively chasing fast moving prey; less agile prey may be caught with a slower more leisurely flight that includes flying in circles and bursts of flapping mixed with gliding. Where several species of swallow feed together they will be separated into different niches based on height off the ground, some species feeding closer to the ground and others feeding at higher levels. Similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with swifts. Niche separation may also occur with the size of prey chosen.

Breeding

The more primitive species nest in existing cavities, for example in an old woodpecker nest, while other species excavate burrows in soft substrate such as sand banks. Swallows in the genera ''Hirundo'', ''Ptyonoproggne'', ''Cecropis'', ''Petrochelidon'' and ''Delichon'' build mud nests close to overhead shelter in locations that are protected from both the weather and predators. The mud-nesters are most common in the Old World, particularly Africa, whereas cavity-nesters are the rule in the New World. Mud nesting species in particular are limited in areas of high humidity, which causes the mud nests to crumble. Many cave, bank and cliff dwelling species of swallow nest in large colonies. Mud nests are constructed by both males and females, and amongst the tunnel diggers the excavation duties are shared as well. In historical times, the introduction of man-made stone structures such as barns and bridges, together with forest clearance, has led to an abundance of colony sites around the globe, significantly increasing the breeding ranges of some species. Birds living in large colonies typically have to contend with both ectoparasites and conspecific nest parasitism. Old males benefit most from coloniality, since they are able to maintain their own nests and benefit from frequent extra-pair copulations.

Pairs of mated swallows are monogamous, and pairs of non-migratory species often stay near their breeding area all year, though the nest site is defended most vigorously during the breeding season. Migratory species often return to the same breeding area each year, and may select the same nest site if they were previously successful in that location. First-year breeders generally select a nesting site close to where they were born and raised. The breeding of temperate species is seasonal, whereas that of subtropical or tropical species can either be continuous throughout the year or seasonal. Seasonal species in the subtropics or tropics are usually timed to coincide with the peaks in insect activity, which is usually the wet season, but some species like the White-throated Blue Swallow nest in the dry season to avoid flooding in their riverbank nesting habitat. All swallows will defend their nests from egg predators, although solitary species are more aggressive towards predators than colonial species. Overall the contribution of male swallows towards parental care is the highest of any passerine bird.

The eggs of swallows tend to be white, although those of some mud-nesters are speckled. The average clutch size is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics. The incubation duties are shared in some species, in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females. Amongst the species where the male helps with incubation the contribution varies amongst species, with some species like the Cliff Swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others. Amongst the Barn Swallows the male of the American subspecies helps (to a small extent) whereas the European subspecies does not. Even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs the male may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss. Incubation stints last for 5–15 minutes and are followed by bursts of feeding activity. From laying, swallow eggs take between 10–21 days to hatch, with 14–18 days being more typical.

The chicks of swallows hatch naked, generally with only a few tufts of down. The eyes are closed and do not fully open for up to 10 days. The feathers take a few days to begin to sprout, and the chicks are brooded by the parents until they are able to thermoregulate. On the whole they develop slowly compared to other passerine birds. The parents do not usually feed the chicks individual insects but instead a bolus of food comprising ten to a hundred insects. Regardless of whether the species has males that incubate or brood the chicks the males of all swallows and martins will help feed the chicks. It is difficult to judge when swallows and martins fledge, as they will be enticed out of the nest after three weeks by parents but frequently return to the nest afterwards in order to roost.

Calls

Swallows are able to produce many different calls or songs, which are used to express excitement, to communicate with others of the same species, during courtship, or as an alarm when a predator is in the area. The songs of males are related to the body condition of the bird and are presumably used by females to judge the physical condition and suitability for mating of males. Begging calls are used by the young when soliciting food from their parents. The typical song of swallows is a simple, sometimes musical twittering.

Relationship with humans

Swallows are tolerated by humans because of their beneficial role as insect-eaters, and some species have readily adapted to nesting in and around human habitation. The Barn Swallow and House Martin now rarely use natural sites. The Purple Martin is also actively encouraged by people to nest around humans and elaborate nest boxes are erected. Enough artificial nesting sites have been created that the Purple Martin now seldom nests in natural cavities in the eastern part of its range.

Because of the long human experience with these conspicuous species, many myths and legends have arisen as a consequence, particularly relating to the Barn Swallow. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder described a use of painted swallows to deliver a report of the winning horses at a race. During the nineteenth century, Jean Desbouvrie attempted to tame swallows and train them for use as messenger birds, as an alternative to war pigeons. He succeeded in curbing the migratory instinct in young birds and persuaded the government of France to conduct initial testing, but stalled further experimentation. Subsequent attempts to train homing behaviour into swallows and other passerines had difficulty establishing a statistically significant success rate, although the birds have been known to trap themselves repeatedly in order to obtain bait from traps.

Threats and conservation

Species of swallow and martin that are threatened with extinction are generally endangered due to habitat loss. This is presumed to be the reason behind the decline of the critically endangered White-eyed River Martin, a species that is only known from a few specimens collected in Thailand. The species presumably breeds in riverbanks, a much diminished habitat in SE Asia. Two insular species, the Bahama Swallow and Golden Swallow, have declined due to forest loss and also competition with introduced species such as starlings as sparrows, which compete with these swallows for nesting sites. The Golden Swallow formerly bred on the island of Jamaica, but was last seen there in 1989 and is now restricted to the island of Hispaniola.

Taxonomy and systematics

The swallows and martins are morphologically unique within the passerines, but the use of DNA-DNA hybridization studies has suggested relationships with the Old World warblers (a large wastebin taxon that has recently been split into several new families), the white-eyes and the tits. Under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy they have been placed in the infraorder Passerida.

Within the family there is a clear division between the two subfamilies, the Pseudochelidoninae which is composed of the two species of river martins, and the Hirundininae, into which the remaining 81 species are placed. The division of the Hirundininae has been the source of much discussion, with various taxonomists variously splitting them into as many as 24 genera and lumping them into just 12. There is some agreement that there are three core groups within then Hirundininae, the saw-wings of the genus ''Psalidoprocne'', the core martins and the swallows of the genus ''Hirundo'' and their allies.

Species in taxonomic order

FAMILY: HIRUNDINIDAE

Subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae (river martins)

* Genus: ''Pseudochelidon''

**African River Martin ''Pseudochelidon eurystomina''

**White-eyed River Martin ''Pseudochelidon sirintarae''

Subfamily Hirundininae (all other swallows & martins)

* Genus: ''Psalidoprocne'' (saw-wings)

**Square-tailed Saw-wing ''Psalidoprocne nitens''

**Mountain Saw-wing ''Psalidoprocne fuliginosa''

**White-headed Saw-wing ''Psalidoprocne albiceps''

**Black Saw-wing ''Psalidoprocne pristoptera''

**Fanti Saw-wing ''Psalidoprocne obscura''

* Genus: ''Pseudhirundo''

**Grey-rumped Swallow ''Pseudhirundo griseopyga''

* Genus: ''Cheramoeca''

**White-backed Swallow ''Cheramoeca leucosternus''

* Genus: ''Phedina''

**Mascarene Martin ''Phedina borbonica''

**Brazza's Martin ''Phedina brazzae''

* Genus: ''Riparia''

**Brown-throated Sand Martin ''Riparia paludicola''

**Congo Sand Martin ''Riparia congica''

**Sand Martin ''Riparia riparia''

**Pale Martin ''Riparia diluta''

**Banded Martin ''Riparia cincta''

* Genus: ''Tachycineta''

**Tree Swallow ''Tachycineta bicolor''

**Violet-green Swallow ''Tachycineta thalassina''

**Golden Swallow ''Tachycineta euchrysea''

**Bahama Swallow ''Tachycineta cyaneoviridis''

**Tumbes Swallow ''Tachycineta stolzmanni''

**Mangrove Swallow ''Tachycineta albilinea''

**White-winged Swallow ''Tachycineta albiventer''

**White-rumped Swallow ''Tachycineta leucorrhoa''

**Chilean Swallow ''Tachycineta meyeni''

* Genus: ''Progne''

**Purple Martin ''Progne subis''

**Cuban Martin ''Progne cryptoleuca''

**Caribbean Martin ''Progne dominicensis''

**Sinaloa Martin ''Progne sinaloae''

**Grey-breasted Martin ''Progne chalybea''

**Galapagos Martin ''Progne modesta''

**Peruvian Martin ''Progne murphyi''

**Southern Martin ''Progne elegans''

**Brown-chested Martin ''Progne tapera''

* Genus: ''Notiochelidon''

**Brown-bellied Swallow ''Notiochelidon murina''

**Blue-and-white Swallow ''Notiochelidon cyanoleuca''

**Pale-footed Swallow ''Notiochelidon flavipes''

**Black-capped Swallow ''Notiochelidon pileata''

* Genus: ''Haplochelidon''

**Andean Swallow ''Haplochelidon andecola''

* Genus: ''Atticora''

**White-banded Swallow ''Atticora fasciata''

**Black-collared Swallow ''Atticora melanoleuca''

* Genus: ''Neochelidon''

**White-thighed Swallow ''Neochelidon tibialis''

* Genus: ''Stelgidopteryx''

**Northern Rough-winged Swallow ''Stelgidopteryx serripennis''

**Southern Rough-winged Swallow ''Stelgidopteryx ruficollis''

* Genus: ''Alopochelidon''

**Tawny-headed Swallow ''Alopochelidon fucata''

Genus: ''Hirundo''

**Barn Swallow ''Hirundo rustica''

**Red-chested Swallow ''Hirundo lucida''

**Angolan Swallow ''Hirundo angolensis''

**Pacific Swallow ''Hirundo tahitica''

**Welcome Swallow ''Hirundo neoxena''

**White-throated Swallow ''Hirundo albigularis''

**Ethiopian Swallow ''Hirundo aethiopica''

**Wire-tailed Swallow ''Hirundo smithii''

**White-throated Blue Swallow ''Hirundo nigrita''

**Pied-winged Swallow ''Hirundo leucosoma''

**White-tailed Swallow ''Hirundo megaensis''

**Pearl-breasted Swallow ''Hirundo dimidiata''

**Montane Blue Swallow ''Hirundo atrocaerulea''

**Black-and-rufous Swallow ''Hirundo nigrorufa''

* Genus: ''Ptyonoprogne''

**Crag Martin ''Ptyonoprogne rupestris''

**Rock Martin ''Ptyonoprogne fuligula''

**Dusky Crag Martin ''Ptyonoprogne concolor''

* Genus: ''Delichon''

**House Martin ''Delichon urbicum''

**Asian House Martin ''Delichon dasypus''

**Nepal House Martin ''Delichon nipalense''

* Genus: ''Cecropis''

**Greater Striped Swallow ''Cecropis cucullata''

**Lesser Striped Swallow ''Cecropis abyssinica''

**Rufous-chested Swallow ''Cecropis semirufa''

**Mosque Swallow ''Cecropis senegalensis''

**Red-rumped Swallow ''Cecropis daurica''

**Striated Swallow ''Cecropis striolata''

**Rufous-bellied Swallow ''Cecropis badia''

* Genus: ''Petrochelidon''

**Red-throated Swallow ''Petrochelidon rufigula''

**Preuss's Swallow ''Petrochelidon preussi''

**Red Sea Swallow ''Petrochelidon perdita''

**South African Swallow ''Petrochelidon spilodera''

**Forest Swallow ''Petrochelidon fuliginosa''

**Streak-throated Swallow ''Petrochelidon fluvicola''

**Fairy Martin ''Petrochelidon ariel''

**Tree Martin ''Petrochelidon nigricans''

**Cliff Swallow ''Petrochelidon pyrrhonota''

**Cave Swallow ''Petrochelidon fulva''

**Chestnut-collared Swallow ''Petrochelidon rufocollaris''

Swallows in popular culture

According to a sailing superstition, swallows are a good omen to those at sea. This probably arose from the fact that swallows are land-based birds, so their appearance informs a sailor that he is close to shore. There are also two pokemon named Taillow and Swellow which have appeared in the anime, and also made a cameo appearance in the Simpsons Movie.

References

External links

Swallows Nest Live Feed Live feed of a Swallows nest located in the Tipperary Institute, Tipperary Ireland.

Swallow videos on the Internet Bird Collection

The evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae) is associated with the decrease of clutch size paper in Linzer Biologische Beiträge

* Category:Bird families

af:Swael ar:سنونو an:Hirundinidae az:Qaranquşlar br:Gwennili bg:Лястовицови ca:Hirundínid cv:Чĕкеç йышшисем cs:Vlaštovkovití da:Svaler de:Schwalben nv:Táshchozhii et:Pääsulased es:Hirundinidae eo:Hirundo eu:Enara fa:پرستو fr:Hirondelle ga:Fáinleog ko:제비과 hr:Lastavice io:Hirundo os:Зæрватыкк it:Hirundinidae he:סנוניתיים kk:Қарлығаш (құс) sw:Mbayuwayu ht:Irondèl ku:Dûvmeqesk mrj:Цӹгӓк ltg:Bezdeleigu saime lv:Bezdelīgu dzimta lb:Schmuebelen lt:Kregždiniai hu:Fecskefélék ms:Burung layang-layang mn:Хараацай my:ပျံလွှားငှက် nah:Āhuacātzin nl:Zwaluwen (zangvogels) cr:Kautshishtunitshesht ja:ツバメ科 nap:Rennena no:Svaler nn:Svaler oc:Hirundinidae pl:Jaskółkowate pt:Andorinha crh:Qarılğaç ro:Hirundinidae qu:Khallwa ru:Ласточковые sah:Хараҥаччы scn:Hirundinidae simple:Swallow sk:Lastovičkovité szl:Szwalbkowate sh:Lastavice fi:Pääskyt sv:Svalor tl:Layang-layang th:นกนางแอ่น tr:Kırlangıç uk:Ластівкові ur:ابابیل vi:Họ Nhạn zh:燕科

Coordinates	23°31′40″N46°54′10″N
name	Emilie Autumn
background	solo_singer
alias	Emilie Autumn Liddell
birth date	September 22, 1979 Los Angeles, California, US
instrument	Vocals, violin, harpsichord, piano, viola, viola de gamba,
genre	Classical, cabaret, electronic
occupation	Singer, musician, writer, poet, artist, model
years active	1997–
label	Traitor, Trisol Music Group, The End
associated acts	Ravensong, The Jane Brooks Project, Convent
website	emilieautumn.com
notable instruments	baroque violin "The Dove" electric violin "Elgar" modern Victorian violin "Merlin"| }}

Emilie Autumn Liddell (born in Los Angeles, California, on September 22, 1979), better known by her stage name Emilie Autumn, is an American singer-songwriter, poet, and violinist. Autumn draws influence for her music—the style of which she has alternatively labeled as "Victoriandustrial" and glam rock—from plays, novels, and history, particularly the Victorian era. Performing with her all-female backing band The Bloody Crumpets, Autumn incorporates elements of classical music, cabaret, electronica, and glam rock with theatrics, burlesque, and "flamboyant" outfits. Outspoken about bipolar disorder and her experience in a modern-day psychiatric ward, she has written an autobiographical novel, 2010's ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls''.

Growing up in Malibu, California, she began learning the violin at the age of four and left regular school five years later with the goal of becoming a world-class violinist; she practiced eight or nine hours a day and read a wide range of literature. Progressing to writing her own music, she studied under various teachers and went to Indiana University, which she left over issues regarding the relationship between classical music and the appearance of the performer. Through her own independent label Traitor Records, Autumn debuted with her classical album ''On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo'', followed by the release in 2003 of her supernaturally themed album ''Enchant''.

She appeared in singer Courtney Love's backing band on her 2004 ''America's Sweetheart'' tour and returned to the Europe. She released the 2006 album ''Opheliac'' with the German label Trisol Music Group. In 2007, she released ''Laced/Unlaced''; the re-release of ''On a Day...'' appeared as ''Laced'' with songs on the electric violin as ''Unlaced''. She later left Trisol to join New York-based The End Records in 2009 and release ''Opheliac '' in the United States, where previously it had only been available as an import. Currently she is working on an album titled ''Fight Like A Girl''.

Life and career

1979–2000: Beginnings

Emilie Autumn was born in Los Angeles, California, on September 22, 1979. Autumn grew up in Malibu, California, and according to her, "being surrounded by nature and sea had a lot to do with [her] development as a 'free spirit.'" Her mother worked as a seamstress and is a descendant from the Liddell family. A German circus performer, her father immigrated to America at the age of nine and ran away from home at age fourteen; Autumn claims that he suffered abuse from his father and a "difficult and cruel upbringing". He did not share a close relationship with his daughter. She also has a sister. While not musicians, her family enjoyed various genres of music.

At four years old, she started learning the violin, and later commented: "I remember asking for a violin, but I don't remember knowing what one was. I might have thought it was a kind of pony for all I know, but I don't remember being disappointed." Four years later, Autumn made her musical debut as a solo violinist performing with an orchestra, and won a competition. At the age of nine or ten, she left regular school with the goal of becoming a world-class violinist. On her time at the school, she remarked, "I hated it anyway, what with the status as 'weird,' 'antisocial,' and the physical threats, there seemed to be no reason to go anymore, so I just didn't." She practiced eight or nine hours a day, had lessons, read a wide range of literature, participated in orchestra practice, and was home-schooled. Growing up, she owned a large CD collection of "violin concertos, symphonies, chamber music, opera, and a little jazz" She began writing her own music and poetry at age thirteen or fourteen, though she never planned to sing any of her songs. She studied under various teachers and attended Indiana University in Bloomington, but left after two years there, because she disagreed with the prevailing views on individuality and classical music. She believed that neither the audience nor the original composer would be insulted by the clothing and appearance of the performer.

While convinced that she would only play violin, eighteen-year-old Autumn decided to sing on one of her songs as a way of demonstrating to a major music producer, who wanted to sign her on a label, how it should sound. She became unhappy with the changes done to her songs, and decided to break away from the label and create her own independent record label, Traitor Records. Through it, she debuted with her classical album ''On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo'', which she recorded in 1997 when she was seventeen years old; its title refers to the fact that the album took only a day to record. It consists of her performing works for the baroque violin accompanied by friends on the cello, harpsichord, and lute. She considered it "more of a demo despite its length", and released it as "a saleable album" after fans who enjoyed her "rock performances starting asking for a classical album so that they could hear more of the violin." She also debuted with her poetry book ''Across The Sky & Other Poems'' in 2000, later re-released in 2005 as ''Your Sugar Sits Untouched'' with a music-accompanied audiobook.

2001–04: ''Enchant'' and collaborations

As part of a recording project, Autumn traveled to Chicago, Illinois, in 2001, and decided to stay because she enjoyed the public transportation system and music scene there. She released the 2001 extended play (EP) ''Chambermaid'' while finishing ''Enchant''—she alternatively labeled the musical style on ''Chambermaid'' as "fantasy rock" and cabaret—and wrote the 2001 charity single "By the Sword" after the events of September 11, 2001. According to her, the song is about strength, not violence; the act of swearing by the sword represents "an unbreakable promise to right a wrong, to stay true." On February 26, 2003, newsletters published by Autumn and her interview with Musical Discovery point to the release date as February 26, 2003, with a free download of the complete album offered in January 2003.|group="note"}} she released her concept album ''Enchant'', which spanned multiple musical styles: "new age, pop and trip-hop chamber music". The theme of ''Enchant'' revolved around the supernatural realm and its effect on the modern-day world. Autumn labeled it as "fantasy rock", which dealt with "dreams and stories and ghosts and faeries who'll bite your head off if you dare to touch them". The faery-themed "Enchant Puzzle" appeared on the artwork of the album; her reward for the person who would solve it consisted of faery-related items. At the same time of ''Enchant''s release, Autumn had several side projects: Convent, a musical group for which she recorded all four voices; Ravensong, "a classical baroque ensemble" that she formed with friends in California; and The Jane Brooks Project, which she dedicated to the real-life, 16th-century Jane Brooks—a woman executed for witchcraft., no albums from any of her side-projects have been released. In 2003, Autumn had plans to release Ravensong's album live as "a radio broadcasted concert," so that the listeners would have "something to enjoy while we finish the studio recording." The album from The Jane Brooks Project, tentatively titled ''The Jane Brooks Songbook Volume I'' and later ''The Jane Brooks Project: Volume I'', was slated for release "early next year," according to a 2003 interview; near the end of July 2004, Autumn commented that the album "is very near complete and we are mixing at present." The only song released by Convent, "Find Me a Man", appeared on Autumn's 2007 compilation album ''A Bit o' This & That''. Much of Autumn's violin work did not get released on the album; she commented: "This had to do entirely with new producers taking over the project after our little vacation in France, and carefully discarding all of our sessions." She performed live with Love and The Chelsea on ''Late Show with David Letterman'' on March 17, 2004, and at Bowery Ballroom the next day. In September 2004, her father died from lung cancer, even though he had quit smoking twenty years earlier. Near the end of 2004, she was filmed for an appearance on an episode of HGTV's ''Crafters Coast to Coast'', showing viewers how to create faery wings and sushi-styled soap—both products she sold in her online "web design and couture fashion house", WillowTech House. On December 23, 2004, she appeared on the Chicago-based television station WGN as part of the string quartet backing up Billy Corgan and Dennis DeYoung's duet of "We Three Kings".

2005–09: ''Opheliac'', ''Laced/Unlaced'', and ''A Bit O' This & That''

thumb|lright|The title of ''Opheliac'' is a reference to Shakespeare's character Ophelia (above) from the play ''Hamlet'', whom Autumn felt a connection to, and the archetype of the "self-destructive" woman. Autumn began work on her concept album ''Opheliac'' in August 2004, and recorded it at Mad Villain Studios in Chicago. In August 2005, she created the costumes for Corgan's music video for the track "Walking Shade"; she also contributed violin and vocals for the track "DIA" from his 2005 album ''The Future Embrace''. In late 2005, Autumn also recorded vocals and violin for "The Gates of Eternity" from Attrition's 2008 album ''All Mine Enemys Whispers: The Story of Mary Ann Cotton'', a concept album focusing on the Victorian serial killer Mary Ann Cotton. Autumn later protested the release of the song, claiming that it was unfinished, "altered without her permission," and had been intended only as a possible collaboration with Martin Bowes.

In January 2006, she performed a song from the album, "Misery Loves Company", on WGN, before the album's release by the German label Trisol Music Group in September. She released the limited-edition, preview EP ''Opheliac'' through her own label, Traitor Records, in spring 2006; while the ''Opheliac'' EPs were being shipped, Autumn claimed that her offices had been robbed, causing the delay in the album release and the shipping of the EPs. According to her, ''Opheliac'' "was the documentation of a completely life-changing and life-ending experience". At one time, Autumn did have plans to film a music video for her song "Liar", which included "bloody bathtubs". Her song "Opheliac" later appeared on the 2007 albums ''13th Street: The Sound of Mystery, Vol. 3'', published by ZYX Music, and ''Fuck the Mainstream, Vol. 1'', published by Alfa Matrix on June 19. On October 9, 2006, she appeared on the Adult Swim cartoon ''Metalocalypse'' as a guest artist and on the subsequent 2007 album ''The Dethalbum''. November 2006 saw the release of the EP ''Liar/Dead Is the New Alive'', which featured remixes of songs from ''Opheliac'' and new material.

She released her instrumental album, ''Laced/Unlaced'' in March 2007; it consisted of two discs: ''Laced'', the re-release of ''On a Day...'', and ''Unlaced'', new songs for the electric violin. She decided to re-release ''On a Day'' as ''Laced'' because she "felt that it made a nice contrast to the metal shredding fiddle album, "Unlaced," and [...] loved that it was the perfect representation of "then" versus "now." She also performed live at the German musical events Wave Gotik Treffen and M'era Luna Festival in 2007. She later released ''A Bit O' This & That'': a compilation album of her covers, including songs from The Beatles and The Smiths, classical pieces, and her own songs. In 2008, she released the EP ''4 o'Clock'', which contained remixes of songs from ''Opheliac'', new songs, and a reading from her autobiographical novel ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls''. She also released another EP, ''Girls Just Wanna Have Fun &Bohemian; Rhapsody'', the same year. A year later, Autumn broke away from Trisol Music Group to join The End Records and re-release ''Opheliac'' in the United States on October 27, 2009; previously, it was only available there as an import. The re-release included extras such as pictures, bonus tracks, an excerpt from ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls'', and a video.

In addition to releasing her own material, Autumn collaborated with other musicians. She contributed backing vocals and violin to the track "Dry" by Die Warzau and made an appearance in the band's music video for "Born Again". She played violin on the song "UR A WMN NOW" from OTEP's 2009 album, ''Smash the Control Machine''. Additionally, two of her tracks appeared in film soundtracks: "Organ Grinder" from ''4 o'Clock'' on the European edition of ''Saw III'' and a remixed version of "Dead Is The New Alive" from ''Opheliac'' on the international version of ''Saw IV''.

2010–present: ''Fight Like a Girl''

In June 2010, Autumn released the acronym of her upcoming album, ''F.L.A.G.'', on Twitter, before revealing the full title as ''Fight Like a Girl''. She explained the concept behind ''Fight Like A Girl'' as self-defense without honor or rules. Planned to be "a bit more violent... bloodier [and]...a little more metal," ''Fight Like a Girl'' acts as a continuation of ''Opheliac'' and has the inmates fighting back against their abusers. On August 30, 2010, she announced that she would be undergoing jaw surgery and recovered from it.

Influences and musical style

Her music encompasses a wide range of styles. Autumn's vocal range registers from contralto to dramatic soprano, and her vocal work has been compared to Tori Amos, Kate Bush, and The Creatures. She has released two instrumental albums (''On a Day...'' and ''Laced/Unlaced''), and three which feature her vocals: ''Enchant'', ''Opheliac'', and ''A Bit o' This & That''. The 2003 album ''Enchant'' drew on "new age chamber music, trip-hop baroque, and experimental space pop". Autumn layers her voice frequently, and incorporates electronics and electronic effects into her work on ''Enchant''; she also combines strings and piano for some songs, while others feature mainly the piano or violin. The 2006 release ''Opheliac'' featured "cabaret, electronic, symphonic, new age, and good ol' rock & roll (and heavy on the theatrical bombast)."

A classically trained musician, Autumn draws influence from plays, novels, and history, particularly the Victorian era. She enjoys the works of Shakespeare, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband Robert, and Edgar Allan Poe. She incorporates sounds resembling Victorian machinery such as locomotives, which she noted was "sort of a steampunk thing". While a young Autumn cited Itzhak Perlman as an influence because of the happiness she believed he felt when he played, her main musical influence and inspiration is the English violinist Nigel Kennedy. Her favorite singer is Morrissey from The Smiths. She takes inspiration for her songs from her life experiences and mixes in "layers and layers of references, connections, other stories and metaphors". Autumn describes her music and style as "Psychotic Vaudeville Burlesque." She alternatively labels her music and style as "Victoriandustrial'", a term she coined, and glam rock because of her use of glitter onstage. According to Autumn, her music "wasn't meant to be cutesy" and is labeled as industrial mainly because of her use of drums and yelling.

For her live performances, which she calls dinner theatre because of her practice of throwing tea and tea-time snacks offstage, Autumn makes use of burlesque—"a show that was mainly using humour and sexuality to make a mockery of things that were going on socially and politically"—to counterbalance the morbid topics such as abuse and self-mutilation. She incorporates handmade costumes, fire tricks, theatrics, and a female backing band, The Bloody Crumpets: Veronica Varlow, Captain Maggot, The Blessed Contessa, Aprella, and formerly Little Lucina and the model Ulorin Vex. Her wish for the live shows is to be an "anti-repression statement" and empowerment.

Public image

Autumn has bipolar disorder, which caused her to experience drastic mood swings, insomnia, and auditory hallucinations, and takes medication for it. Some of her songs—"Manic Depression", "Swallow", and "Misery Loves Company" from ''Opheliac''—deal with living with the disorder. While she would "prefer to not have it [...] and probably be a lot happier," she believes that it gives her a different perspective on life and plans to "use it for all it’s worth so that [she is] not a victim of it." Autumn experienced abuse, which began when she was six years old, and is a survivor of rape. She keeps a ritual of drawing a heart on her cheek as a symbol of protection and reminder of her fame.

Autumn identifies as asexual. She went vegetarian at age eleven after being unable to rationalize why she should eat farm animals but not her pet; in her late-teens, she turned vegan. She believes that there is a link between the treatment of women and animals in society. She cares for two pet rats, Sir Edward and Basil, and a cat named Fish/Fishy, and endorses companies such as Manic Panic and Samson Tech.

Hospitalization and autobiographical novel

Returning from Courtney Love's 2004 tour, Autumn resumed working on her own career and became pregnant, although she had been on birth control. Terrified of pregnancy and childbirth and unwilling to pass on her bipolar disorder, she decided to have an abortion. Later, she attempted suicide, which caused her to be admitted to a psychiatric ward at a Los Angeles hospital and kept on suicide watch. On her experience there, she commented: "No one tried to break me out or contact me, and I wasn’t allowed to call anyone. Now, I watch ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', and realise it’s actually a pretty accurate portrayal of a modern-day asylum."

After being released, she had her cell block number tattooed on her right arm as a way of remembering what happened to her and penned her autobiographical novel, ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls'', which was published in 2010. Because of the book's nature as an autobiography, its release was delayed because some did not want it published. Based on her diary written in red crayon while institutionalized, the book incorporated talking rats and the diary of a fictional Victorian inmate named "Emily". Autumn explained that "one of the main messages is" that many of the patients were not insane and that the subject of mental illness remains misunderstood.

Discography

Albums

''On a Day...'' (1997, re-released in ''Laced/Unlaced'' in 2007)

''Enchant'' (2003, re-released 2007)

''Your Sugar Sits Untouched'' (2005, CD and poetry book)

''Opheliac'' (2006, re-released 2009)

''Laced/Unlaced'' (2007)

''A Bit o' This & That'' (2007)

''Fight Like A Girl (TBA)

EPs and singles

''Chambermaid'' (2001)

''By the Sword'' (2001)

''Opheliac EP'' (2006, preview EP)

''Liar/Dead Is the New Alive'' (2006)

''4 o'Clock'' (2008)

''Girls Just Wanna Have Fun & Bohemian Rhapsody'' (2008)

Guest contributions

Backing vocals and violin on the album ''America's Sweetheart'' (2003) by Courtney Love

Backing vocals and violin on the album ''The Future Embrace'' (2005) by Billy Corgan

Violin on the album ''The Dethalbum'' (2007) by Dethklok

Song "Organ Grinder" on the European edition of the ''Saw III'' soundtrack

Remix version of "Dead Is The New Alive" on the international version of the ''Saw IV'' soundtrack

Violin on the track "UR A WMN NOW" on OTEP's fourth album, ''Smash the Control Machine'' (2009)

Vocals and violin on the song "Dry" by Die Warzau

Vocals and violin on the song "The Gates of Eternity" by Attrition (band)

Bibliography

''Across The Sky & Other Poems'' (2000)

''Your Sugar Sits Untouched'' (2005)

''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls'' (2010)

Notes

References

External links

Official website

Emilie Autumn at The End Records' website

Interview with Emilie Autumn

Category:1979 births Category:American electronic musicians Category:American female singers Category:American harpsichordists Category:American poets Category:American vegans Category:American violinists Category:American artists of German descent Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American musicians of Scottish descent Category:Asexual people Category:Female rock singers Category:Living people Category:Musicians from California Category:Musicians from Chicago, Illinois Category:People with bipolar disorder

bg:Емили Отъм ca:Emilie Autumn de:Emilie Autumn es:Emilie Autumn fr:Emilie Autumn hr:Emilie Autumn it:Emilie Autumn ka:ემილი ოტემნი hu:Emilie Autumn nl:Emilie Autumn no:Emilie Autumn pl:Emilie Autumn pt:Emilie Autumn ro:Emilie Autumn ru:Отемн, Эмили sr:Emilie Autumn fi:Emilie Autumn sv:Emilie Autumn

Coordinates	23°31′40″N46°54′10″N
name	Brandon Flowers
background	solo_singer
birth name	Brandon Richard Flowers
birth date	June 21, 1981
origin	Henderson, Nevada, United States
wife	Tana Flowers
instrument	Vocals, keyboards, guitar, synthesizer, piano, bass
genre	Indie rock, alternative rock, heartland rock, New Wave, post-punk revival
years active	2002–present
label	Island, Vertigo, Marrakesh
occupation	Musician, songwriter
years active	2001–present
associated acts	The Killers
website
notable instruments	microKORG XLNord Lead 2Fender Jazz Bass }}

Brandon Richard Flowers (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician, best known as the frontman of the Las Vegas-based rock band The Killers. He has also released a solo album entitled ''Flamingo''.

Early life

Flowers, the youngest of six children, was born on June 21, 1981 in Henderson, Nevada to Terry Flowers and Jean Flowers (née Barlow). His older siblings are his brother Shane and four sisters April, Shelly, Amy and Stephanie. His family who are of partial Scottish and Lithuanian ancestry lived in Henderson until Flowers was eight, when they moved to Payson, Utah for two years before moving to Nephi, Utah at which time he was in the 6th grade. Flowers lived in Nephi until his junior year in Juab High School. He moved to Las Vegas to live with his aunt and graduated from Chaparral High School in 1999.

Career

The Killers (2001–present)

Brandon Flowers responded to an ad that Dave Keuning had placed in the paper in late 2001 whereupon they became The Killers. After several short-lived bassists and drummers, Flowers and Keuning were joined by bassist Mark Stoermer and drummer Ronnie Vannucci and the line up became official in August 2002.

On July 4, 2010, The Killers were invited to headline the "Salute to the Military" USO Concert at the White House by President Obama. They performed 'God Bless America' and favorites from their catalogue.

Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright wrote a song about Flowers called "Tulsa" for his fifth album ''Release the Stars''. Wainwright has stated in numerous interviews that it was inspired by their first meeting in a bar in Tulsa, Oklahoma. According to Wainwright, Flowers was "very flattered and somewhat bashful" about this tribute.

Flowers, himself, has performed with Coldplay, U2, Bruce Springsteen, Pet Shop Boys, Lady Gaga, Fran Healy (of Travis), Andy Summers (of The Police), New Order, Bright Eyes, etc. Sir Elton John has listed Flowers as one of his top-five heroes while editing The Independent's World Aids Day special edition.

Flamingo (2010)

''Flamingo'' was released September 14 in the US and Canada, and September 6 in the UK and Ireland. The first single from ''Flamingo'', "Crossfire", was released on June 21 (Flowers' birthday). The video for "Crossfire" was released on July 8 and includes Charlize Theron. As of July 2011, the video has more than 9 million views on YouTube. The album made the Top 10 Albums of 2010 list on UpVenue.com.

''Flamingo'' charted in the UK on September 12, 2010 at Number 1. It is Flowers' fourth consecutive album to reach #1 on the UK charts, including work by The Killers.

SPIN named Brandon Flowers one of "The 15 Best Shows of the Summer" in 2010 for his show at the Shimmer Showroom in Las Vegas. SPIN also listed him as one of "The 25 Best Fall Tours"/"Must-See Fall Tours". While on tour Flowers has had special guests including Stuart Price, Andy Summers, and Fran Healy.

Personal life

Flowers married his longtime girlfriend Tana Mundkowsky on August 2, 2005 on the island of O'ahu in Hawaii. They have three sons, Ammon (which is also the name of a Book of Mormon prophet), born July 14, 2007; Gunner, born July 28, 2009; and Henry, born March 9, 2011.

Flowers's mother, Jean Flowers, died on February 11, 2010, after a two-year battle with brain cancer. She was 64.

Flowers is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Awards

Flowers won NME Awards in 2005 for "Best Dressed" and "Sexiest Man" as well as an award for "Most Stylish" in 2011. He won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 ''GQ'' awards. He was also listed as one of "The 50 Most Stylish Musicians of the Last 50 Years" by Esquire in 2011. He was also interviewed by ''Q'' Magazine on behalf of The Killers as one of the "Artists of the Century" (November 2009 issue), a second cover photo that year.

He was nominated for Q Awards 'Best Male Artist' in 2010. He was also nominated for "Best Video" ("Crossfire") at the Shockwaves NME 2011 Awards.

Discography

Studio albums

Labels: [[Mercury Records

Labels: Island, Vertigo, Universal

Year

Title

Peak chart positions

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="33"

!width="33"

*Released: September 3, 2010

Mercury">Music recording sales certification

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="30"

!width="33"

!width="33"

*Released: September 3, 2010

*Formats: Gramophone record

UK: Gold

Irish Albums Chart>IRL: Gold

Singles

4 — —

rowspan="2"	Year	Single	Peak positions										Album
! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
rowspan="2"	2010	style="text-align:left;"	46	70	|	22	22	35	8	6	11	23	rowspan="3"	''Flamingo''
style="text-align:left;"	—	|	—	68	—	—	143	—	—	—
2011		—	|	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Tours

Flamingo Road Tour (2010)

References

External links

Brandon Flowers Official site, from Island Records

Brandon Flowers Official facebook page

Brandon Flowers (Fansite)

Brandon Flowers.com.br (Fansite)

Category:1981 births Category:American rock keyboardists Category:American Latter Day Saints Category:American male singers Category:American rock musicians Category:American rock singers Category:American musicians of Scottish descent Category:American people of Lithuanian descent Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Nevada Category:People from Henderson, Nevada Category:The Killers members

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Coordinates	23°31′40″N46°54′10″N
name	Carla Bley
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Carla Borg
birth date	May 11, 1936
origin	Oakland, California, U.S.
instrument	Piano, Organ
genre	Post bop
occupation	PianistOrganistBandleader
label	WATT/ECM/Universal Records
associated acts	Michael Mantler, Steve Swallow, Paul Bley, Nick Mason, Johnny Griffin, Gary Burton, Jimmy Giuffre, George Russell, Art Farmer
notable instruments	}}

Carla Bley, née Borg, (born May 11, 1936) is an American jazz composer, pianist, organist and band leader. An important figure in the Free Jazz movement of the 1960s, she is perhaps best known for her jazz opera ''Escalator Over The Hill'' (released as a triple LP set), as well as a book of compositions that have been performed by many other artists, including Gary Burton, Jimmy Giuffre, George Russell, Art Farmer and her ex-husband Paul Bley.

Biography

Bley was born in Oakland, California. Her father, a piano teacher and church choirmaster, encouraged her to sing and to learn to play the piano. After giving up the church to immerse herself in roller skating at the age of fourteen, she moved to New York at seventeen and became a cigarette girl at Birdland, where she met jazz pianist Paul Bley, whom she married in 1957. He encouraged her to start composing. The couple later divorced.

Her compositions were soon beginning to appear on record — for example, "Bent Eagle" on George Russell's ''Stratusphunk'' in 1960, and then "Ictus" on Jimmy Giuffre's ''Thesis'' and Paul Bley's ''Barrage'' which consisted entirely of her compositions.

In 1964 she was involved in organising the Jazz Composers Guild which brought together the most innovative musicians in New York at the time. She then had a personal and professional relationship with Michael Mantler, with whom she had a daughter, Karen, now also a musician in her own right.

With Mantler, she co-led the Jazz Composers' Orchestra and started the JCOA record label which issued a number of historic recordings by Clifford Thornton, Don Cherry and Roswell Rudd, as well as her own magnum opus ''Escalator Over The Hill'' and Mantler's ''The Jazz Composer's Orchestra'' LPs. Bley and Mantler followed with WATT Records, which has issued their recordings exclusively since the early 1970s. Bley and Mantler were pioneers in the development of independent artist-owned record labels and also started the now defunct New Music Distribution Services which specialized in small, independent labels that issued recordings of creative improvised music.

Bley has collaborated with a number of other artists, including Jack Bruce, Robert Wyatt and Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason, whose 1981 solo album ''Nick Mason's Fictitious Sports'' was a Carla Bley album in all but name. She arranged and composed music for Charlie Haden's Liberation Music Orchestra, and wrote ''A Genuine Tong Funeral'' for Gary Burton. Her arrangement of the score for Federico Fellini's ''8½'' appeared on Hal Willner's Nino Rota tribute record, ''Amarcord Nino Rota''. She has also contributed to other Hal Willner projects, including the song "Misterioso" for the tribute to Thelonious Monk entitled "That's the Way I Feel Now", which included Johnny Griffin as guest musician on tenor saxophone, and the Willner-directed tribute to Kurt Weill, entitled "Lost in the Stars", where she and her band contributed an arrangement of the title track, with Phil Woods as guest musician on alto saxophone. In the late 1980s, she also performed with Anton Fier's Golden Palominos and played on their 1985 album, ''Visions of Excess''.

Carla Bley has continued to record frequently with her own big band, which included Blood, Sweat and Tears notable Lew Soloff, and a number of smaller ensembles, notably The Lost Chords. Her current partner, the bassist Steve Swallow, has been her closest and most consistent musical associate in recent years and the two have recorded several duet albums. In 1997, a live version of ''Escalator over the Hill'' (re-orchestrated by Jeff Friedman) was performed for the first time in Cologne, Germany; in 1998 "Escalator" toured Europe, and another live performance took place in May 2006 in Essen, Germany.

In 2005 she arranged the music for and performed on Charlie Haden's latest Liberation Music Orchestra tour and recording, ''Not in Our Name''.

Awards

Bley was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1972 for music composition. In 2009, she was awarded the German Jazz Trophy "A Life for Jazz".

Discography

As leader

1974: ''Tropic Appetites''

1977: ''Dinner Music''

1978: ''European Tour 1977''

1979: ''Musique Mecanique''

1981: ''Social Studies''

1982: ''Live!''

1984: ''I Hate to Sing''

1984: ''Heavy Heart''

1987: ''Sextet''

1989: ''Fleur Carnivore''

1991: ''The Very Big Carla Bley Band''

1993: ''Big Band Theory''

1996: ''The Carla Bley Big Band Goes to Church''

1998: ''Fancy Chamber Music''

2000: ''4 x 4''

2003: ''Looking for America''

2004: ''The Lost Chords''

2007: ''The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu''

2008: ''Appearing Nightly''

2009: ''Carla's Christmas Carols''

Collaborations

With the Jazz Composer's Orchestra

1968: ''The Jazz Composer's Orchestra'' (led by Michael Mantler - also known as ''Communications'')

1968-71: ''Escalator Over the Hill'' (a chronotransduction by Carla Bley & Paul Haines)

1973: ''Relativity Suite'' (led by Don Cherry)

1975: ''The Gardens of Harlem'' (led by Clifford Thornton)

1975: ''Echoes of Prayer'' (led by Grachan Moncur III)

With Michael Mantler

1966: ''Jazz Realities'' (with Steve Lacy)

1973: ''No Answer'' (with Jack Bruce & Don Cherry - text by Samuel Beckett)

1975: ''13 & ¾''

1976: ''The Hapless Child''

1976: ''Silence''

1977: ''Movies''

1980: ''More Movies''

1982: ''Something There''

With Charlie Haden and the Liberation Music Orchestra

1969: ''Liberation Music Orchestra'' (Impulse!)

1983: ''Ballad of the Fallen'' (ECM)

1990: ''Dream Keeper'' (Blue Note)

2005: ''Not in Our Name'' (Verve)

With Nick Mason

1979: ''Nick Mason's Fictitious Sports'' (released in 1981)

With Steve Swallow

1985: ''Night-Glo''

1986-7: ''Carla''

1988: ''Duets''

1992: ''Go Together''

1992: ''Swallow''

1994: ''Songs with Legs'' (with Andy Sheppard)

1999: ''Are We There Yet?''

As sideman

1967: Gary Burton - ''A Genuine Tong Funeral''

1975: Jack Bruce - ''The Jack Bruce Band Live '75 '' (released 2003)

1975: Jack Bruce - ''Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test'' (released 1998)

1977: John Greaves - ''Kew. Rhone.''

1981: ''Amarcord Nino Rota'' (Hannibal) — various artists tribute to Nino Rota (performs "8½")

1984: ''That's the Way I Feel Now'' (A&M;) — various artists tribute to Thelonious Monk (performs "Misterioso")

1985: ''Lost in the Stars: The Music of Kurt Weill'' — various artists tribute to Kurt Weill (performs "Lost in the Stars")

1971-85: Gary Windo - ''His Master's Bones''

1985: The Golden Palominos - ''Visions of Excess''

1991: The Golden Palominos - ''Drunk with Passion''

1995: ''Jazz to the World'' — various artists (performs "Let It Snow")

Videography

1983/2003: ''Live in Montreal'' (DVD)

Compositions appear on

1960: George Russell - ''George Russell Sextet at the Five Spot'' ("Dance Class" and "Beast Blues")

1960: George Russell - ''Stratusphunk'' ("Bent Eagle")

1961: George Russell - ''George Russell Sextet in K.C.'' ("Rhymes")

1961: Jimmy Giuffre - ''Fusion'' ("Jesus Maria" and "In the Morning Out There")

1961: Jimmy Guiffre - ''Thesis'' ("Ictus")

1961: Jimmy Guiffre - ''Emphasis & Flight 1961'' (live recordings of "Jesus Maria" and "Postures")

1962: Don Ellis - ''Essence'' ("Donkey" aka "Wrong Key Donkey")

1962: Paul Bley - ''Floater'' ("Floater", "Around Again", "Syndrome", "King Korn" and "Vashkar")

1962: George Russell - ''The Outer View'' ("Zig Zag")

1964: Paul Bley - ''Turning Point'' ("Calls", "King Korn", "Ictus", and "Ida Lupino")

1964: Paul Bley - ''Barrage'' ("Batterie", "Ictus", "And Now the Queen", "Around Again", "Walking Woman", "Barrage")

1965: Jazz Composer's Orchestra - ''Communication'' ("Roast")

1965: Attila Zoller - ''The Horizon Beyond'' ("Inctus")

1965: Art Farmer - ''Sing Me Softly of the Blues'' ("Sing Me Softly of the Blues" and "Ad Inifintum")

1965: Paul Bley - ''Closer'' ("Ida Lupino", "Start", "Closer", "Sideways in Mexico", "Batterie", "And Now the Queen" and "Violin")

1965: Steve Lacy - ''Disposability'' ("Generous 1")

1967: Gary Burton - ''Duster'' ("Sing Me Softly of the Blues")

1967: Gary Burton - ''Lofty Fake Anagram'' ("Mother of the Dead Man")

1968: Steve Kuhn - ''Watch What Happens'' ("Ad Infinitum")

1969: NRBQ - ''NRBQ'' ("Ida")

1969: Phil Woods - ''At the Montreux Jazz Festival'' ("Ad Infinitum")

1969: Tony Williams - ''Emergency!'' ("Vaskar")

1972: Paul Bley - ''Open, to Love'' ("Closer", "Ida Lupino" and "Seven")

1973: Paul Bley - ''Paul Bley/NHØP'' ("Olhos de Gato")

1974: Gary Burton - ''Ring'' ("Silent Spring")

1974: Jan Garbarek - ''Witchi-Tai-To'' ("A.I.R.")

1974: Jaco Pastorius - ''Jaco'' ("Vashkar", "Donkey", "Overtoned", "Batterie" and "King Korn")

1974: Gary Burton - ''Hotel Hello'' ("Vaskar")

1975: Paul Bley - ''Alone, Again'' ("Olhos de Gato" and "And Now the Queen")

1975: Gary Burton - ''Dreams So Real'' ("Dreams So Real", "Ictus/Syndrome", "Jesus Maria", "Vox Humana", "Doctor", "Intermission Music")

1979: Morrissey – Mullen - ''Cape Wrath'' ("Dreams So Real")

1985: Paul Bley - ''Hot'' ("Syndrome" and "Around Again")

1986: Paul Bley - ''Fragments'' ("Seven" and "Closer")

1987: George Russell - ''So What'' ("Rhymes")

1989: Jimmy Guiffre - ''The Life of a Trio: Sunday'' ("Where Were We?")

1989: Orchestra Jazz Siciliana - ''Plays the Music of Carla Bley'' ("440", "The Lone Arranger", "Dreams So Real", "Baby Baby", "Joyful Noise", "Egyptian", and "Blunt Object")

1990: Leo Kottke - ''That's What'' ("Jesus Maria")

1991: Paul Bley - ''Paul Plays Carla'' ("Vashkar", "Floater", "Seven", "Around Again", "Ida Lupino", "Turns", "And Now the Queen", "Ictus", "Olhos de Gato" and "Donkey")

1991: John Surman - ''Adventure Playground'' ("Seven")

1992: Paul Bley - ''Homage to Carla'' ("Seven", "Closer", "Olhos de Gato", "And Now the Queen", "Vahskar", "Around Again", "Donkey", "King Korn", "Ictus", "Turns" and "Overtoned")

1994: John McLaughlin - ''After the Rain'' ("Sing Me Softly of the Blues")

2000: Michel Portal - ''Dockings'' ("Ida Lupino")

2000: Mark Turner - ''Ballad Session'' ("Jesus Maria")

2001: Don Preston - ''Transformation'' ("Walking Batteriewoman" and "The Donkey")

2002: Bobby Naughton - ''Zoar'' ("Vashkar")

2004: Gary Burton - ''Generations'' ("Syndrome")

2004: Whit Dickey - ''In a Heartbeat'' ("Calls")

2005: Arturo O'Farrill - ''Live in Brooklyn'' ("Utviklinsang" and "Walking Battery Woman")

2006: Howard Tate - ''Portrait of Howard'' ("The Lord Is Listenin' to Ya, Hallelujah")

2006: Dave Palmer - ''Romance'' ("Ida Lupino")

2007: Eberhard Weber - ''Stages of a Long Journey'' ("Syndrome")

2007: Jonas Kullhammar - ''Andratx'' ("Ida Lupino")

2008: Guillaume de Chassy - ''Faraway So Close'' ("Ida Lupino")

2008: Marcin Wasilewski - ''January'' ("King Korn")

2009: Emanuele Arciuli - ''Gates to Everywhere'' ("Romantic Notions 1-8")

2010: Cindy Blackman - ''Another Lifetime'' ("Vaskar", "Vaskar Reprise" and "Vaskar - The Alternate Dimension Theory")

2010: The Nels Cline Singers - ''Initiate'' ("And Now the Queen")

References

External links

Official Carla Bley Website

EJN: Carla Bley

Carla Bley in conversation with Frank J. Oteri

Watt/XtraWatt music label

Carla Bley at All About Jazz

Carla Bley interview at All About Jazz

Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:Post-bop pianists Category:Post-bop composers Category:American jazz bandleaders Category:American jazz organists Category:American jazz pianists Category:American jazz composers Category:Women composers Category:Women in jazz Category:People from Oakland, California Category:ECM artists Category:The Golden Palominos members

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