Look up stability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Stability may refer to:

Mathematics[link]

• Stability theory, the study of the stability of solutions to differential equations and dynamical systems
  • Lyapunov stability
  • Structural stability
• Stability (probability), a property of probability distributions
• Stability (learning theory), a property of machine learning algorithms
• Numerical stability, a property of numerical algorithms which describes how errors in the input data propagate through the algorithm
• Stability radius, a property of continuous polynomial functions
• Stable theory, concerned with the notion of stability in model theory
• Stability, a property of points in geometric invariant theory

Engineering[link]

• In atmospheric fluid dynamics, atmospheric stability, a measure of the turbulence in the ambient atmosphere
• BIBO stability (Bounded Input, Bounded Output stability), in signal processing and control theory, part of electrical engineering
• Directional stability, the tendency for a body moving with respect to a medium to point in the direction of motion
• Flight dynamics including longitudinal static stability
• Nyquist stability criterion, defining the limits of stability for pole-zero analysis in control systems
• Relaxed stability, the property of inherently unstable aircraft
• Ship stability in naval architecture includes

• Limit of Positive Stability
• Stability conditions (watercraft) of waterborne vessels.

• Slope stability
• Stability Model of software design.

Natural sciences[link]

• Band of stability, in physics, the scatter distribution of isotopes which do not decay
• Chemical stability, occurring when a substance is in a dynamic chemical equilibrium with its environment

• Thermal stability of a chemical compound
• stability of a chemical complex

• Convective instability, a meteorological condition
• Ecological stability, measure of the probability of a population returning quickly to a previous state, or not going extinct
• Plasma stability, a measure of how likely a perturbation in a plasma is to be damped out

Exercise and sports medicine[link]

• Core stability of the abdominal muscles
• Joint stability in the musculoskeletal system

Social sciences[link]

• Economic stability
• Hegemonic stability theory
• Mertens-stable equilibrium, called "stability" in game theory

Entertainment[link]

• The Stability EP, a 2002 three song EP by Death Cab for Cutie
• "Stability", a song by Debbie Harry from the album Debravation
• "Stability", a short story by Philip K. Dick

See also[link]

• Balance (disambiguation)
• Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
• Equilibrium (disambiguation)
• Fault-tolerant system
• Homeostasis
• Instability
• Stable (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (January 2011)

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Carl Cox
Carl Cox, 2005
Background information
Birth name	Carl Cox
Born	(1962-07-29) 29 July 1962 (age 49)
Origin	Barbados[1]
Genres	Techno, house
Occupations	Producer, DJ
Labels	Intec Digital
Associated acts	DJ Relentless
Website	http://www.carlcox.com/

Carl Cox (born 29 July 1962, Barbados)^[1] is a British techno and house music DJ and producer.

Biography[link]

This section requires expansion.

Cox grew up in Oldham, Lancashire, before attending Glastonbury High Boys secondary modern school on Glastonbury Road in Morden.^{[citation needed]} Cox began his career as a hardcore and rave DJ in the mid 1980s^[2]. One of the first gigs he played was in legendary promoters John Binton and Terry Onion's Squeeze my buttered Onions! club in Hackney, London^[3] Unconfirmed reports suggest he was coerced into swallowing an onion on stage, one of Terry's famous requests he gave to his acts^[4]. He was named the "Three Deck Wizard" after playing on three turntables simultaneously at the Second Summer of Love in 1988.^{[citation needed]} He has performed at clubs such as The Eclipse, Edge, Shelly's, Sterns Nightclub, Heaven, Sir Henry's in Cork, Ireland and Angels and The Haçienda, as well as raves for Fantazia, Dreamscape, and Amnesia House. He now spearheads two record labels, Intec Records and 23rd Century Records. He also has his own stage every year at Ultra Music Festival called Carl Cox and Friends.

He also ran Ultimate Base at the now defunct Velvet Underground on Charing Cross Road in the mid to late 1990s. Of his many DJ highlights, he also managed to cram in the Millennium (1999 to 2000) New Year's Eve twice by flying and cheating the timezones. He has had shows on Kiss FM and was a monthly live, global resident for BBC Radio One's Essential Mix in 1998–99, as well as over a decades worth of Ibiza live mixes broadcast from Club Space.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 1996: At The End Of The Cliche, Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: Phuture 2000, Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 2005: Second Sign, Play It Again Sam
• 2011: All Roads Lead To The Dancefloor, Intec Digital

Singles[link]

• 1991: "I Want You (Forever)", Perfecto Records – UK No.23
• 1992: "Does It Feel Good To You", Perfecto Records – UK No.35
• 1993: "The Planet of Love", Perfecto Records – UK No.44
• 1995: "Two Paintings And A Drum", Edel UK Records – UK No.24
• 1996: "Sensual Sophis-ti-cat" / The Player", Worldwide Ultimatum Records – UK No.25
• 1996: "Tribal Jedi", Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1998: "The Latin Theme", Edel UK Records – UK No.52
• 1998: "Phuture 2000", Worldwide Ultimatum Records – UK No.40
• 1999: "Dr. Funk", Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: "The Latin Theme", Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 2002: "Club Traxx Vol.1", Trust the DJ
• 2003: "Club Traxx Vol.2", Trust the DJ
• 2003: "Dirty Bass", 23rd Century Records^[5]
• 2011: "Chemistry" ft. Shelley Segal, Intec Digital^[6]

Compilations[link]

• 1994: Nonstopmix 1994, Liquid Rec.
• 1994: Fantazia III – Made in Heaven Remix, Fantazia
• 1994: Fantazia The DJ Collection Carl Cox, Fantazia
• 1995: F.A.C.T., React
• 1997: F.A.C.T. 2, Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1998: DJF 250, Sony Music Entertainment
• 1998: Non Stop 98/01, FFRR Records
• 1998: The Sound Of Ultimate B.A.S.E., Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: Non Stop 2000, FFRR Records
• 1999: F.A.C.T. Australia, X-Over Recordings
• 2000: Mixed Live Crobar Nightclub, Chicago, Moonshine Music
• 2002: Global, Play It Again Sam
• 2002: Mixed Live 2nd Session Area 2, Detroit, Moonshine Music
• 2003: F.A.C.T. Australia II, Warner Music Group
• 2003: U60311 Compilation Techno Division Vol. 3, V2 Records
• 2004: Back To Mine, DMC Publishing
• 2004: Pure Intec, Intec Records
• 2005: Live at space, featuring Allan Banford
• 2005: The Latin Theme,^[7]
• 2006: Intec 50 EP, Intec Records
• 2007: Global, Play It Again Sam
• 2008: Ultimate Carl Cox, Ministry of Sound Australia
• 2010: Global Underground 38 – Black Rock Desert

Remixes[link]

• 1991: Supreme Love Gods – "Cherry White (Carl Cox Remix)", One Little Indian
• 1991: art of Noise – "Shades Of Paranoimia (Carl Cox Remix)", China Records
• 1992: Eternal – "Eternal (Carl Cox Remix)", Underground Level Recordings
• 1992: Robert Owens – "Gotta Work (Carl's Renaissance Remix)", Freetown Inc.
• 1992: Patti Day – "Hot Stuff (Carl Cox Remix)", Starway Records
• 1992: DJ Phantasy – "Jepron (Carl Cox Remix)", Liquid Wax Recordings
• 1992: Sunscreem – "Perfect Motion (Carl Cox's Rhythm's A Drug Remix)", Sony BMG Music Entertainment
• 1993: Visa – "Let Me See Ya Move (Carl Cox's Militant March Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1993: Smooth But Hazzardous – "Made You Dance (Carl Cox Remix)", Sound Entity Records
• 1994: Laurent Garnier – "Astral Dreams (Carl Cox's MMR Remix)", F-Communications
• 1994: Trevor Rockcliffe Presents Glow – "Break The Law (Carl's Reconstructed Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1994: Quench – "Hope (Carl Cox Remix)", Infectious Records
• 1994: FKW – "Jingo (Carl Cox Remix)", PWL
• 1994: O.T.T. – "Raw (Carl Cox Remix)", Industrial Strength Records
• 1994: Aurora Borealis – "Raz (Carl's MMR Remix)", F-Communications
• 1994: English Muffin – "The Blood Of An English Muffin (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1994: Lunatic Asylum – "The Meltdown (Carl Cox & John Selway's Circular Cycle Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1995: Jam & Spoon – "Angel (Ladadi O-Heyo) (Carl Cox Remix)", Epic Records
• 1995: The Stone Roses – "Begging You (Cox's Ultimatum Remix)", Geffen Records
• 1995: Yello – "L'Hotel (Carl Cox's Hands On Yello Remix)", Urban
• 1995: Dr. Fernando "Stomach Substance (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1995: Infrequent Oscillation – "Burning Phibes (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1995: Technohead – "Get Stoned (Carl Cox Remix)", Mokum Records
• 1995: AWeX – "It's Our Future (Carl Cox's Ultimate Remix)", Plastic City UK
• 1995: Slab – "Rampant Prankster (Carl Cox's Jumper Remix)", Hydrogen Dukebox
• 1995: Steve Mason & Tony Crooks – "Shallow Grave (Carl Cox's After Hours Remix)", Rain Forest Records
• 1995: Josh Abrahams – "March Time (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1996: System 7 – "Hangar 84 (Cox's W.W. Ultimatum Remix)", Butterfly Records
• 1996: Electroliners – "Loose Caboose (Carl Cox Remix)", XL Recordings
• 1996: Barefoot Boys – "Need No Man (Cox's Harder Remix), Stealth Records
• 1996: The Advent – "Mad Dog (Carl Cox Remix)", Internal
• 1996: JX – "There's Nothing I Won't Do (Carl Cox's Full House Remix)", FFRR Records
• 1996: Consolidated – "This Is Fascism (Carl Cox's Burning Gold Remix)", MC Projects
• 1996: Vernon – "Vernon's Wonderland (Carl Cox's Full Remix)", Eye Q
• 1996: Poltergeist – "Vicious Circles (Carl Cox's MMR Remix)", Manifesto
• 1997: DJ SS – "DJs Anthem (Carl Cox Remix)", Formation Records
• 1997: Tenth Chapter – "Prologue (Carl Cox & Paul van Dyk Remix)", Jackpot
• 1999: Needle Damage – "That Zipper Track (Carl Cox Remix)", Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: Grooverider – "Where's Jack The Ripper (Carl Cox's Techno Radio Edit)", Higher Ground Records
• 2000: Tony Moran Featuring Cindy Mizelle – "Shine On (Carl Cox's Sweat Dub)", Contagious Records
• 2001: Slam – "Positive Education (Carl Cox's Intec Remix)", VC Recordings
• 2001: Trevor Rockcliffe & Blake Baxter – "Visions Of You (Carl Cox Remix)", Intec Records
• 2001: Ramirez – "Volcan De Passion (Carl Cox Remix)", Terapia
• 2002: Cormano – "Mangamana vs. Revenge (Carl Cox's Turntable Remix)" 4 Play Records, Inc.
• 2003: Tomaz vs Filterheadz – "Sunshine (Carl Cox Remix)", Intec Records
• 2003: Bad Cabbage – "You're Rude (Get Fucked) (Carl Cox's Not So Rude Remix)", Mutant Disc
• 2004: Eric Powell^{[disambiguation needed ]} – "Don't Deny It (Carl Cox Remix)", 23rd Century Records
• 2004: Johan Cyber – "Natural Funk (Carl Cox Remix)", 23rd Century Records
• 2004: Cohen vs Deluxe – "Just Kick! (Carl Cox Remix)", Intec Records
• 2007: Sander Van Doorn – "Riff (Carl Cox's Global Remix)", Doorn Records
• 2010: Moby – "Walk With Me (Carl Cox Remix)", thelittleidiot

References[link]

External links[link]

• CarlCox.com – Official website
• Discogs.com – Discography
• Coxy's big break – the move to Frankston
• Carl Cox at Heaven
• Carl Cox live at Space Ibiza (video)
• Carl Cox talks about social media and how he uses technology (Video interview)
• Music with Carl Cox

Joyce Meyer
Meyer teaching at the Hillsong Conference in Kiev on October 4, 2007
Born	Pauline Joyce Hutchison (1943-06-04) June 4, 1943 (age 69) St. Louis, Missouri U.S.
Occupation	Bible teacher, author, speaker
Nationality	American Citizen
Spouse(s)	Dave Meyer
Influences Tommy Barnett John C. Maxwell
www.joycemeyer.org

Joyce Meyer (born Pauline Joyce Hutchison; June 4, 1943) is a Charismatic Christian author and speaker. Meyer and her husband Dave have four grown children, and live outside St. Louis, Missouri. Her ministry is headquartered in the St. Louis suburb of Fenton, Missouri.

Early life[link]

Meyer was born Pauline Joyce Hutchison in south St. Louis in 1943. Her father went into the army to fight in World War II soon after she was born. She has said in interviews that he began sexually abusing her upon his return, and discusses this experience in her meetings.^[1]

A graduate of O'Fallon Technical High School in St. Louis, she married a part-time car salesman shortly after her senior year of high school. The marriage lasted for five years. She maintains that her husband frequently cheated on her and persuaded her to steal payroll checks from her employer. They used the money to go on a vacation to California. She states that she returned the money years later.^[1] After her divorce, Meyer frequented local bars before meeting Dave Meyer, an engineering draftsman. They were married on January 7, 1967.

Meyer also reports that she was praying intensely while driving to work one morning in 1976 when she said she heard God call her name. She had been born-again at age nine, but her unhappiness drove her deeper into her faith. She says that she came home later that day from a beauty appointment "full of liquid love" and was "drunk with the Spirit of God" that night while at the local bowling alley.^[1]

I didn't have any knowledge. I didn't go to church. And I had a lot of problems, and I needed somebody to kind of help me along. And I think sometimes even people who want to serve God, if they have got so many problems that they don't think right and they don't act right and they don't behave right, they almost need somebody to take them by the hand and help lead them through the early years.^[2]

Meyer was briefly a member of Our Savior's Lutheran Church in St. Louis, a congregation of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod.^[1][3] She began leading an early-morning Bible class at a local cafeteria and became active in Life Christian Center, a charismatic church in Fenton. Within a few years, Meyer was the church's associate pastor. The church became one of the leading charismatic churches in the area, largely because of her popularity as a Bible teacher.^[1] She also began airing a daily 15-minute radio broadcast on a St. Louis radio station.

In 1985, Meyer resigned as associate pastor and founded her own ministry, initially called "Life in the Word". She began airing her radio show on six other stations from Chicago to Kansas City.

In 1993, her husband Dave suggested that they start a television ministry.^[1] Initially airing on superstation WGN-TV in Chicago and BET, her program, now called Enjoying Everyday Life, is still on the air today.

In 2004 St. Louis Christian television station KNLC, operated by the Rev. Larry Rice of New Life Evangelistic Center, dropped Meyer's programming. According to Rice, a longstanding Meyer supporter, Meyer's "excessive lifestyle" and her teachings often going "beyond Scripture" were the impetus for canceling the program.^[4]

In 2005, Time magazine's "25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America" ranked Meyer as 17th.^[5]

Ministry[link]

Meyer speaks humorously, sharing with her audience her own shortcomings and taking playful jabs at stereotypical church behavior. A particular crowd favorite is the "robot" routine, in which she goes into a stiff-armed imitation of a robot chanting "What about me? What about me?"^[6]

According to Joyce Meyer Ministries, Meyer earned her doctoral degree from Life Christian University, an unaccredited institution in Tampa, Florida.^[7] Meyer has been given an Honorary Doctorate of Divinity by Oral Roberts University, an accredited institution in Tulsa, Oklahoma.^[7]

Salary and finances[link]

Joyce Meyer used to travel in this Canadair Challenger 600S; seen here in Sydney, Australia, when she was a 'special guest' at the Hillsong Conference in July 2005. It has since been replaced by a Gulfstream IV

Meyer, who owns several homes and travels in a private jet (currently a Gulfstream IV),^[8][9] has been criticized by some of her peers for living an excessive lifestyle. She responded that she doesn't have to defend her spending habits because "there’s no need for us to apologize for being blessed."^[8] Meyer commented, "You can be a businessman here in St. Louis, and people think the more you have, the more wonderful it is...but if you’re a preacher, then all of a sudden it becomes a problem."^[8]

On November 11, 2003, the St. Louis Post Dispatch published a four part series."^[8] exposing Meyer’s "$10 million corporate jet, her husband’s $107,000 silver-gray Mercedes sedan, her then $2 million home and houses worth another $2 million for her four children", her $20 million headquarters, furnished with "$5.7 million worth of furniture, artwork, glassware, and the latest equipment and machinery, including a malachite round table, a marble-topped antique commode, a custom office bookcase, a $7,000 Stations of the Cross in Dresden porcelain, an eagle sculpture on a pedestal, another eagle made of silver, and numerous paintings", among many other expensive items — all paid for by "her ministry". The article prompted Wall Watchers^[10] (a Christian nonprofit watchdog group) to call on the Internal Revenue Service to investigate Meyer and her family.

Following the adverse publicity about her lifestyle and Ministry Watch's request for an IRS probe, Meyer announced in 2004 plans to take a salary reduction from the $900,000 per year she had been receiving from Joyce Meyer Ministries (in addition to the $450,000 her husband received) ^[11] and instead personally keep more of the royalties from her outside book sales which Meyer had previously donated back to Joyce Meyer Ministries. She now retains royalties on books sold outside the ministry through retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, Amazon.com, and bookstores, while continuing to donate to her ministry royalties from books sold through her conferences, catalogues, website, and television program.^[12] "The net effect of all of this," notes Ministry Watch,^[10] "was most likely a sizable increase in the personal compensation of Joyce Meyer and reduced revenues for JMM." In an article in the St. Louis Business Journal, Meyer's public relations director, Mark Sutherland, confirmed that her new income would be "way above" her previous levels.^[13] Joyce Meyer Ministries says it has made a commitment to maintain transparency in financial dealings,^[14] publish their annual reports,^[15] have a Board majority who are not Meyer relatives^[16] and submit to a voluntary annual audit.^[14][17] Currently this ministry is receiving a "C" rating (81-90) in financial transparency from Ministry Watch.^[18]

Senate investigation[link]

On November 6, 2007, United States senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa announced an investigation of Meyer’s ministry by the United States Senate Committee on Finance.^[19] Grassley asked for the ministry to divulge financial information^[20][21] to the committee to determine if Meyer made any personal profit from financial donations, asking for a detailed accounting for such things as cosmetic surgery and foreign bank accounts and citing such expenses as the $23,000 commode mentioned earlier. He also requested that Meyer's ministry make the information available by December 6, 2007. In her November 29 response to Grassley, Meyer notes that the commode is a chest of drawers. Meyer writes that it was part of a large lot of items totaling $262,000 that were needed to furnish the ministry's 150,000-square-foot (14,000 m²) headquarters purchased in 2001. She said the commode's price tag was an "errant value" assigned by the selling agent and apologized for "not paying close attention to specific 'assigned values' placed on the pieces."^[20] The investigation also aimed to scrutinize five other televangelists: Benny Hinn, Kenneth Copeland, Eddie L. Long, Paula White, and Creflo Dollar.^[19]

Joyce Meyer Ministries responded with a newsletter to its e-mail list subscribers on November 9, 2007. The organization referred to its annual financial reports, asserting that, in 2006, the ministry spent 82 percent of its total expenses "for outreach and program services toward reaching people with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, as attested by independent accounting firm Stanfield & O'Dell, LLP." The message also quoted an October 10, 2007, letter from the Internal Revenue Service which stated, "We determined that you [Joyce Meyer Ministries] continue to qualify as an organization exempt from federal income tax under IRC section 501(c)(3)." The same information was also posted to the ministry website.

Meyer and Hinn were the only two ministries to comply with the Senate's requests for financial records, and both of them made commitments to future financial transparency. Neither party were found to have done any wrongdoing.^[22]

ECFA accreditation[link]

In 2009, Joyce Meyer Ministries received accreditation from the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA). In an announcement on March 12, 2009, the ECFA said that Joyce Meyer Ministries and Oral Roberts University had met their requirements of "'responsible stewardship', which involves ministries' financial accountability, transparency, board governance and fund-raising practices."^[23]

Works[link]

• Battlefield of the Mind: Winning the Battle in Your Mind. 1993. ISBN 0-446-69109-7. 
• Me and My Big Mouth: Your Answer is Right Under Your Nose. 2002. ISBN 0-446-69107-0. 
• How to Hear from God: Learn to Know His Voice and Make Right Decisions. 2003. ISBN ISBN 0-446-53256-8. 
• The Secret Power of Speaking God's Word. 2004. ISBN 0-446-57736-7. 
• In Pursuit of Peace: 21 Ways to Conquer Anxiety, Fear, and Discontentment. 2004. ISBN 0-446-53195-2. 
• Straight Talk: Overcoming Emotional Battles with the Power of God's Word. 2005. ISBN 0-446-57800-2. 
• Approval Addiction: Overcoming Your Need to Please Everyone. 2005. ISBN 0-446-57772-3. 
• Look Great Feel Great: Joyce shares twelve practical keys that will help you look and feel great. 2006. ISBN 0-446-57946-7. 
• The Everyday Life Bible: The Power of God's Word for Everyday Living. 2006. ISBN 0-446-57827-4. 
• The Confident Woman: Start Today Living Boldly and Without Fear. 2007. ISBN 0-446-53198-7. 
• Woman to Woman: Candid Conversations from Me to You. 2007. ISBN 0-446-58180-1. 
• I Dare You: Embrace Life With Passion. 2007. ISBN 0-446-53197-9. 
• The Power of Simple Prayer: How to Talk with God about Everything. 2007. ISBN 0-446-53196-0. 
• Top 10 Qualities of a Great Leader. 2007. ISBN 1-57794-913-7.  (by Joyce Meyer and Phil Pringle)
• Conflict Free Living. 2008. ISBN 1-59979-062-9. 
• Start Your New Life Today: An Exciting New Beginning with God. 2008. ISBN 0-446-50965-5. 
• The Secret To True Happiness: Enjoy Today, Embrace Tomorrow. 2008. ISBN 0-446-53199-5. 
• Never Give Up!: Relentless Determination to Overcome Life's Challenges. 2009. ISBN 0-446-58035-X. 
• Eat the Cookie--Buy the Shoes: Giving Yourself Permission to Lighten Up. 2010. ISBN 0-446-53864-7. 
• Power Thoughts: 12 Strategies to Win the Battle. 2010. ISBN 0-446-58036-8. 
• Beauty for Ashes. 
• The Penny. 

See also[link]

• Prosperity Gospel
• Word of Faith

References[link]

Notes

External links[link]

• Official site
• Joyce Meyer at the Internet Movie Database
• Everyday Life Broadcast with Joyce Meyer online

Belgium

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Belgium

Constitution Monarchy King Albert II Prince Philippe Federal Parliament Senate Chamber of Representatives Cabinet Federal Government Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo Federal Judiciary Highest Courts: Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Council of State Court of Assize Appeal level courts: Court of Appeal Court of Labour First Instance level courts: Court of First Instance Labour Court Commercial Court Small claims and small crimes courts: Police Court Justice of the peace Elections 2009 European 2009 regional 2010 federal 2006 municipal Subdivisions Communities and regions Provinces Related subjects Politics of the European Union Foreign relations Political parties

Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view talk edit

The Van Rompuy I Government was the federal government of Belgium from 30 December 2008 until 15 November 2009.^[1] Herman Van Rompuy was nominated as the first President of the European Council and resigned shortly after as Premier. It took office when the Flemish Christian Democrat Herman Van Rompuy (Christian Democratic and Flemish, CD&V) was sworn in as Prime Minister after the Leterme I Government fell on 22 December 2008.

On 18 December 2008, Yves Leterme offered his government's resignation to King Albert after a scandal erupted surrounding the investigation of the sale of the failing Fortis bank to BNP Paribas.^[2] Leterme, Jo Vandeurzen, and Didier Reynders were accused of violating the separation of powers by trying to influence the Court of Appeals and of exerting improper influence by the First Chairman of the Court of Cassation.^[3] Three days later the resignation was accepted by the king.

To be official, the Van Rompuy I government needed a vote of confidence from the Chamber of Representatives. It received the vote of confidence on 2 January 2009.^[4]

The government was succeeded on November 24, 2009 by the Leterme II Government.

Composition[link]

The Van Rompuy I Government comprises 15 ministers and seven secretaries of state. Its initial composition is as follows:^[5]

Government reshuffle[link]

On July 17, 2009, as a consequence of the regional elections, the government was reshuffled:

• Karel de Gucht (VLD), who was appointed European Commissioner was succeeded by Yves Leterme (CD&V) as minister of Foreign Affairs
• Guido De Padt (VLD) was replaced as minister of the interior by Annemie Turtelboom (VLD); De Padt was appointed government commissioner for the internal audit of the federal government.
• Guy Vanhengel (VLD) entered the government as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Budget
• Melchior Wathelet jr. stayed on as state secretary for the budget but received the competences Asylum and immigration which were previously held by Minister Turtelboom.
• Marie Arena (PS) was replaced as minister of Pensions and Large Cities by Michel Daerden
• Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS) was replaced as state secretary for Disabled Persons by Jean-Marc Delizée (PS). Delizée in turn was replaced as state secretary for the Fight against Poverty by Philippe Courard (PS). Courard also received the competences of social integration from Arena.

See also[link]

• 2007–2011 Belgian political crisis

References[link]

v t e Belgian governments 1830–present Provisional Government of Belgium · de Gerlache · Lebeau I · de Muelenaere · Rogier I · de Theux de Meylandt I · Lebeau II · Nothomb · Van de Weyer · de Theux de Meylandt II · Rogier II · de Brouckère · de Decker · Rogier III · Frère-Orban · d'Anethan · de Theux de Meylandt-Malou · Frère-Orban-Van Humbeeck · Malou-Jacobs-Woeste · Beernaert · de Burlet · de Smet de Naeyer I · Vandenpeereboom · de Smet de Naeyer II · de Trooz · Schollaert · de Broqueville I · Cooreman · Delacroix I · Delacroix II · Carton de Wiart · Theunis I · Van de Vyvere · Poullet · Jaspar I · Jaspar II · Renkin · de Broqueville II · Theunis II · Van Zeeland I · Van Zeeland II · Janson · Spaak I · Pierlot I · Pierlot II · Pierlot III · Pierlot IV (in London) · Pierlot V · Pierlot VI · Van Acker I · Van Acker II · Spaak II · Van Acker III · Huysmans I · Spaak III · Spaak IV · G. Eyskens I · Duvieusart I · Pholien I · Van Houtte I · Van Acker IV · G. Eyskens II · G. Eyskens III · G. Eyskens IV · Lefèvre I · Harmel I · Vanden Boeynants I · G. Eyskens V · G. Eyskens VI · Leburton I · Leburton II · Tindemans I · Tindemans II · Vanden Boeynants II · Martens I · Martens II · Martens III · Martens IV · M. Eyskens I · Martens V · Martens VI · Martens VII · Martens VIII · Martens IX · Dehaene I · Dehaene II · Verhofstadt I · Verhofstadt II· Verhofstadt III · Leterme I · Van Rompuy I · Leterme II · Di Rupo I

Nigel Farage MEP
Leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party
Incumbent
Assumed office 5 November 2010
Preceded by	Jeffrey Titford
In office 27 September 2006 – 27 November 2009
Preceded by	Roger Knapman
Succeeded by	Lord Pearson of Rannoch
Member of the European Parliament for South East England
Incumbent
Assumed office 15 July 1999
Personal details
Born	(1964-04-03) 3 April 1964 (age 48) Kent, England, United Kingdom
Nationality	British
Political party	UK Independence Party
Spouse(s)	Gráinne Hayes (1988-1997, divorced) Kirsten Mehr (1999-present)
Children	4
Alma mater	Dulwich College
Religion	Church of England
Website	Nigel Farage MEP

Nigel Paul Farage ( /ˈfærɑːʒ/, FARR-ahzh;^[1] born 3 April 1964, Farnborough, Kent), is a British politician and is the Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP),^[2] a position he also held from September 2006 to November 2009. He is a Member of the European Parliament for South East England and co-chairs the Eurosceptic Europe of Freedom and Democracy group.

Farage is a founding member of the UKIP, having left the Conservative Party in 1992 after they signed the Maastricht Treaty. Having unsuccessfully campaigned in European and Westminster parliamentary elections for UKIP since 1994, he gained a seat as an MEP for South East England in the 1999 European Parliament Election — the first year the regional list system was used — and was re-elected in 2004 and 2009. Farage describes himself as a libertarian and rejects the notion that he is a conservative.

In September 2006, Farage became the UKIP Leader and led the party through the 2009 European Parliament Election in which it received the second highest share of the popular vote, defeating Labour and the Liberal Democrats with over two million votes. However he stepped down in November 2009 to concentrate on contesting the Speaker John Bercow's seat of Buckingham in the 2010 general election.

At the 2010 General Election, Farage failed to unseat John Bercow and received only the third highest share of the vote in the constituency. Shortly after the polls opened on 6 May 2010, Nigel Farage was injured in an aircraft crash in Northamptonshire. The two-seated PZL-104 Wilga 35A had been towing a pro-UKIP banner when it flipped over and crashed shortly after takeoff. Both Farage and the pilot were hospitalised with non-life-threatening injuries.^[3]

In November 2010, Farage successfully stood in the 2010 UKIP leadership contest,^[4] following the resignation of its leader, Lord Pearson of Rannoch. Farage was also ranked 41st (out of 100) in The Daily Telegraph's Top 100 most influential right-wingers poll in October 2009, citing his media savvy and his success with UKIP in the European Elections.^[5] Farage was ranked 58th in the 2010 list compiled by Iain Dale and Brian Brivati for the Daily Telegraph.

Background[link]

Farage was educated at Dulwich College before joining a commodity brokerage firm in London. He ran his own brokerage business from the early 1990s until 2002. In his early 20s Farage was diagnosed with testicular cancer but made a full recovery.^[6]

Farage has been married twice. He married Gráinne Hayes in 1988, with whom he had two children: Samuel (1989) and Thomas (1991). In 1999 he married Kirsten Mehr, a German national, by whom he has two more children, Victoria (born 2000) and Isabelle (born 2005).^[7]

Farage has also penned his own memoirs, entitled "Fighting Bull." It outlines the founding of UKIP and his personal and political life so far.

Political career[link]

Conservative Party[link]

Active in the Conservative Party from his school days, Farage left the party in 1992 when John Major's government signed the Treaty on European Union at Maastricht.

UKIP and the European Parliament[link]

Farage became a founding member of UKIP in 1993.

He was elected to the European Parliament in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009. Farage is presently the leader of the thirteen-member UKIP contingent in the European Parliament, and co-leader of the multinational eurosceptic group, Europe of Freedom and Democracy.

UKIP party leadership[link]

On 12 September 2006, Farage was elected leader of UKIP with 45% of the vote, 20% ahead of his nearest rival.^[8] He pledged to bring discipline to the party and to maximise UKIP's representation in local, parliamentary and other elections.^{[citation needed]} In a PM programme interview on BBC Radio 4 that day he pledged to end the public perception of UKIP as a single-issue party and to work with allied politicians in the Better Off Out campaign, committing himself not to stand against the MPs who have signed up to that campaign (ten in all at this moment).

At his maiden speech to the UKIP conference on 8 October 2006, he told delegates that the party was "at the centre-ground of British public opinion" and the "real voice of opposition". Farage said: "We've got three social democratic parties in Britain — Labour, Lib Dem and Conservative are virtually indistinguishable from each other on nearly all the main issues" and "you can't put a cigarette paper between them and that is why there are nine million people who don't vote now in general elections that did back in 1992."^[9]

At 10pm on 19 October 2006, Farage took part in a three-hour live interview and phone-in with James Whale on national radio station talkSPORT. Four days later, Whale announced on his show his intention to stand as UKIP's candidate in the 2008 London Mayoral Election. Farage said that Whale "not only has guts, but an understanding of what real people think". However Whale later decided not to stand and UKIP was represented by Gerard Batten.^[10] He stood again for UKIP leadership in 2010 after his successor Lord Pearson stood down.^[4] On the 5th November 2010 it was announced Farage had won the leadership contest.^[11]

Westminster elections[link]

Farage had unsuccessfully contested UK parliamentary elections for UKIP five times, both before and after his election as an MEP in 1999. Under the 2002 European Union decision to forbid MEPs from holding a dual mandate, if he was ever elected to the House of Commons, he would have to resign his seat as an MEP.

When he contested the Bromley & Chislehurst constituency in a May 2006 by-election, organised after the sitting MP representing it, eurosceptic Conservative Eric Forth, died, Farage came third, winning 8% of the vote, beating the Labour Party candidate. This was the second-best by-election result recorded by UKIP out of 25 results, and the first time since the Liverpool Walton by-election in 1991 that a party in government had been pushed into fourth place in a parliamentary by-election on mainland Britain.

2010 UK General election[link]

On 4 September 2009 Farage resigned as leader of UKIP to concentrate on his campaign to become Member of Parliament for Buckingham at Westminster in the 2010 general election.^[12] He later told Times journalist Camilla Long that UKIP internal fights took up too much time.^[13]

He stood against Buckingham MP John Bercow, the newly elected Speaker of the House of Commons, despite a convention that the speaker, as a political neutral, is not normally challenged in his or her bid for re-election by any of the major parties.^[14]

On 6 May, on the morning the polls opened in the election, just before eight o'clock Farage was involved in a light aircraft crash, suffering injuries described as non-life-threatening. A spokesperson told the BBC that "it was unlikely Mr Farage would be discharged from hospital today [6 May]^[15] Although his injuries were originally described as minor, his sternum and ribs were broken, and his lung punctured.^[16] The Air Accident Investigation Branch (AAIB) report said that the aeroplane was towing a banner, which caught in the tailplane, forcing the nose down.^[17]

Farage came third with 8,401 votes. Bercow was re-elected, and in second place with 10,331 votes was John Stevens, a former Conservative MEP who campaigned as an independent accompanied by "Flipper the Dolphin" (a reference to MPs flipping second homes).^[18]

On 1 December 2010, the pilot of the aircraft involved in the accident was charged with threatening to kill Farage. He was also charged with threatening to kill an AAIB official involved in the investigation into the accident.^[19] In April 2011, Justin Adams was found guilty of making death threats. The judge said the defendant was "clearly extremely disturbed" at the time the offences happened adding "He is a man who does need help. If I can find a way of giving him help I will."^[20]

Alternative Vote referendum, May 2011[link]

Farage declared himself personally in favour of the Alternative Vote system of May 2011, saying first-past-the-post is a "nightmare" for UKIP. However, the party's stance has to be decided by its central policy making committee.^[21]

May 2012 London Mayor & Local elections[link]

In a "bizarre cock-up," UKIP forgot to put their party name on their candidate's ballot paper for the London mayoral election, 2012^[22], Laurence Webb appearing as "A fresh choice for London." Farage admitted the mistake describing it as an internal error.^[22]
Interviewed by the following Sunday by Andrew Neil and asked about "the game plan", Farage welcomed the "average 13% vote" across the country, and stated that the party was preparing for County council in 2013, European elections in 2014 and a general election in 2015.^[23] The party was no longer just a protest vote, it would have a full manifesto with policies including selective schools, help to small businesses by "getting rid of excessive labour practices" and an energy policy not based on wind turbines.^[23] UKIP was here to stay ..frankly the Tory Eurosceptics were in the wrong party and would be better off joining UKIP. Asked what would happen to UKIP if the Tories made a Manifesto commitment to a European referendum, Farage said they had already failed to honour a "cast iron" commitment for a referendum on the Lisbon treaty.^[23]

Challenging Farange's viewpoint, Neil said UKIP aspired to come top of the European elections but whilst UKIP wanted to join the big time, they were still seen as "unprofessional, amateur and even unacceptable" after their press officer called Baroness Warsi "a bitch".^[23] Farage regretted "the wrong choice of words" but further described Warsi as "the lowest grade chairman the Tory party has ever had."^[23] Neil then mocked the so called internal error which had made Farage "a joke".^[23] "The blunt truth is" UKIP "didn't win any more seats, the performance in London was terrible and they were still a one man band."^[23] Farage conceded London was a failure but they had won council seats elsewhere. He invited Tories who couldn't stand Cameron to help him.^[23]

Controversies and whistleblowing[link]

Copyright infringement[link]

In 1999 the BBC spent four months filming a documentary about his European elections campaign but didn't show it. Farage, then head of UKIP's South East office, asked for a video and got friends to make illegal copies which were sold for £5 through the UKIP magazine. Surrey Trading Standards investigated and Farage has admitted the offence.^[24]

Expenses disclosure[link]

In May 2009, The Guardian reported that Farage had said in a speech to the Foreign Press Association that over ten years as a member of the European Parliament he received £2 million of taxpayers' money in staff, travel, and other expenses on top of his £64,000 a year salary.^[25]

The former Europe Minister, Denis MacShane, said that this showed that Farage was "happy to line his pockets with gold". Farage called this a "misrepresentation",^[26] pointing out that the money had been used to promote UKIP's message and staff salaries, not his own salary, but he welcomed the focus on the issue of MEP expenses, claiming that "[o]ver a five year term each and every one of Britain's 78 MEPs gets about £1 million. It is used to employ administrative staff, run their offices and to travel back and forth between their home, Brussels and Strasbourg."^[27]

Jacques Barrot[link]

On 18 November 2004, Farage announced in the European Parliament that Jacques Barrot, the French Commissioner designate, had been barred from elected office in France for 2 years, after being convicted in 2000 of embezzling £2 million from government funds and diverting it into the coffers of his party. He claimed that French President Jacques Chirac had granted Barrot amnesty. Although initial BBC reports claimed that, under French law, it was illegal even to mention the conviction,^[28] the prohibition in question only applies to French officials in the course of their duties.^[29] The president of the Parliament, Josep Borrell, enjoined him to retract his comments under threat of "legal consequences".^[30] However, the following day it was confirmed that Barrot had received an 8 month suspended jail sentence in the case, and that this had been quickly expunged by the amnesty decided by Chirac and his parliamentary majority. The Commission's president, Jose Manuel Barroso admitted that he had not known of Barrot's criminal record when appointing him as a Commission vice-president.^{[citation needed]} The Socialist and Liberal groups in the European Parliament then joined UKIP in demanding the resignation of Barrot for failing to disclose the conviction during his confirmation hearings.

José Manuel Barroso[link]

During the spring of 2005, Farage requested that the European Commission disclose where the individual Commissioners had spent their holidays. The Commission did not provide the information requested, on the basis that the Commissioners had a right of privacy. The German newspaper Die Welt reported that the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso had spent a week on the yacht of the Greek shipping billionaire Spiro Latsis. It emerged soon afterwards that this had occurred a month before the Commission under Barroso's predecessor Romano Prodi approved 10.3 million euro of Greek state aid for Latsis' shipping company.^[31] It also became known that Peter Mandelson, then a member of the Commission, had accepted a trip to Jamaica from an unrevealed source.

Farage persuaded around 75 MEPs from across the political divide to back a motion of no confidence in Barroso, which would be sufficient to compel Barroso to appear before the European Parliament to be questioned on the issue.^[32] The motion was successfully tabled on 12 May 2005, and Barroso appeared before Parliament^[33] at a debate on 26 May 2005. The motion was heavily defeated. A Conservative MEP, Roger Helmer, was expelled from his group, the European People's Party - European Democrats (EPP-ED) in the middle of the debate by that group's leader Hans-Gert Poettering as a result of his support for Farage's motion.

Joseph Daul[link]

In January 2007, the French farmers' leader Joseph Daul was elected the new leader of the European People's Party–European Democrats (EPP-ED), the European Parliamentary grouping which then included the British Conservatives. The UK Independence Party almost immediately revealed that Daul had been under judicial investigation in France since 2004 as part of an inquiry into the alleged misuse of public funds worth €16 million (£10.6 million) by French farming unions."^[34] It was not suggested that Daul had personally benefited, but was accused of "complicity and concealment of the abuse of public funds." Daul accused Farage of publicising the investigation for political reasons and threatened to sue Farage, but did not do so though the court dropped all charges against him.

Prince Charles[link]

Prince Charles gave a speech to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008, in which he called for EU leadership in the war against climate change. During the standing ovation that followed, Farage was the only MEP to remain seated and went on to describe the Prince's advisers as "naïve and foolish at best."^[35] Farage continued: "How can somebody like Prince Charles be allowed to come to the European Parliament at this time to announce he thinks it should have more powers? It would have been better for the country he wants to rule one day if he had stayed home and tried to persuade Gordon Brown to give the people the promised referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon." The leader of the UK Labour Party's MEPs, Gary Titley, accused Farage of anti-Royalism. Titley said: "I was embarrassed and disgusted when the Leader of the UK Independence Party, Nigel Farage, remained firmly seated during the lengthy standing ovation Prince Charles received. I had not realised Mr Farage's blind adherence to right wing politics involved disloyalty and discourtesy to the Royal Family. He should be thoroughly ashamed of himself and should apologise to the British people he represents."^[35]

Herman Van Rompuy[link]

After the speech of Herman Van Rompuy on 24 February 2010 in the European parliament, Farage—to protests from other MEPs—addressed the first long-term President of the European Council saying that he has the "charisma of a damp rag and the appearance of low grade bank clerk".^[36] Farage questioned the legitimacy of Van Rompuy's appointment asking "Who are you? I'd never heard of you, nobody in Europe had ever heard of you", he also asserted that Van Rompuy's "intention is to be the quiet assassin of European democracy and of European nation states."^[36] In the same speech he also referred to Belgium, the home of Van Rompuy, as "pretty much a non-country".^[37] Van Rompuy commented afterwards, "There was one contribution that I can only hold in contempt, but I'm not going to comment further."^[36] After refusing to apologise for behaviour that was, in the words of the President of the European Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, "inappropriate, unparliamentary and insulting to the dignity of the House", Farage was reprimanded and had his right to ten days' allowance (expenses) rescinded.^{[38] [39]}

The President of the European Parliament, Jerzy Buzek, said after his meeting with Farage:

I defend absolutely Mr Farage's right to disagree about the policy or institutions of the Union, but not to personally insult our guests in the European Parliament or the country from which they may come. [. . .] I myself fought for free speech as the absolute cornerstone of a democratic society. But with freedom comes responsibility - in this case, to respect the dignity of others and of our institutions. I am disappointed by Mr Farage's behaviour, which sits ill with the great parliamentary tradition of his own country. I cannot accept this sort of behaviour in the European Parliament. I invited him to apologise, but he declined to do so. I have therefore - as an expression of the seriousness of the matter - rescinded his right to ten days' daily allowance as a Member.^[39]

Questioned by Camilla Long, Farage declared of his speech "it wasn't abusive, it was right."^[13]

European economic governance[link]

He spoke of the EU being "German-dominated" in a speech at the European-Parliament on 18 November 2011.^[40]

Views on the euro[link]

From taking office as a UKIP MEP in 1999, Farage has often voiced opposition to the "euro project". His argument is that "a one size fits all interest rate" cannot work for countries with structurally different economies, often using the example of Greece and Germany to emphasise contrast. He predicted the need for 'bailouts' before European Commission and European Central Bank officials admitted that these steps would be necessary. Specifically, Farage predicted that Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain would all require such assistance. To date, Spain is the only predicted country that has not asked for a 'bailout'. Although Spain and Italy have both had indirect assistance from the ECB, whereby secondary government bonds are bought by the central bank, they are prohibited from purchasing new bonds. Farage warns: "You can ignore the markets if you want to, but in time the markets will not ignore you". Farage also reinforces Germany's argument that Italy "should never have joined the euro".

Farage predicts that if the situation continues it will lead to violence due to the people's inability to "determine their own futures through the ballot box" as it will become the only "logical" tool to enable them to escape from their "economic prison" i.e. the Eurozone. He proclaims "I can only hope and pray that the euro project is destroyed by the markets before that really happens."

Farage strongly opposes the use of 'bailouts' and claims that "buying your own debt with tax payers money" will not solve the problem and that, "if we do, the next debt crisis won't be a country", "it will be the European Central Bank itself".^[41][42]

Electoral performance[link]

Nigel Farage has contested several elections under the United Kingdom Independence Party banner:

• Itchen, Test and Avon, European Parliament Election 1994 - 12,423 votes, representing 5.2% of total votes cast
• Eastleigh by-election, 1994 - 952, 1.4%
• Salisbury, 1997 general election - 3,332, 5.7%
• European Parliament election, 1999 - elected member for South East England from party list
• Bexhill and Battle, 2001 general election - 3,474, 7.8%
• European Parliament election, 2004 - elected member for South East England from party list
• South Thanet, 2005 general election - 2,079, 5.0%
• Bromley and Chislehurst by-election, 2006 - 2,307, 8.0%
• European Parliament election, 2009 - elected member for South East England from party list.
• Buckingham, 2010 general election - 8,410, 17.4%

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• 2002 Amnesty law
• Penal Code, articles L133-9, L133-10, L133-11

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nigel Farage

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nigel Farage

• Nigel Farage MEP Official website
• Nigel Farage on Twitter
• Nigel Farage Profile at European Parliament website
• UKIP MEPs Official website of the UK Independence Party in the European Parliament
• Europe of Freedom and Democracy Political group in the European Parliament