Alpha Epsilon Pi (ΑΕΠ or AEPi), the global Jewish college fraternity, has 154 active chapters in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Israel with a membership of over 9,000 undergraduates. Alpha Epsilon Pi is a Jewish fraternity, though non-discriminatory and open to all who are willing to espouse its purpose and values.^[4]

Mission statement[link]

History[link]

Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity House at Ohio University.

AEPi was founded in 1913 under the Washington Square Arch at New York University (NYU) by Charles C. Moskowitz and 10 other Jewish men: David K. Schafer, Isador M. Glazer, Herman L. Kraus, Arthur E. Leopold, Benjamin M. Meyer, Arthur M. Lipkint, Charles J. Pintel, Maurice Plager, Hyman Shulman, and Emil J. Lustgarten. These men are known as the "Immortal 11." Their first pledge was Samuel L. Epstein.^[5]

Charles C. Moskowitz had just transferred to New York University’s School of Commerce from the City College of New York. Several fraternities at the School of Commerce expressed interest in him and one gave him a bid. The name of that fraternity is unknown. When Charles asked if his close Jewish friends could join as well, he was told that the invitation was for him alone. At this point, the group of 11 men began meeting regularly in a German rathskeller. Official school recognition of AEPi was granted on November 7.^[5]

The founding members always intended for AEPi to be a national fraternity. Long before the second chapter, the NYU group was designated "Alpha Chapter." In 1917, the local fraternity Phi Tau at Cornell University became the Beta Chapter of AEPi.^[6]

In 2009, AEPi became the first fraternity to establish a chapter in Israel at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya.^[7][8]

Coat of arms[link]

To Brothers it is known as the "Cofa." The coat of arms of Alpha Epsilon Pi contains a number of symbolic objects, the true meaning of which is only revealed to brothers during their initiation into the fraternity.^[6]

Chapter organization[link]

AEPi has specific titles that are used for its officers, many correspond to Fraternal tradition.^[6]

• President - Master
• Vice President - Lieutenant Master
• Secretary - Scribe
• Treasurer - Exchequer
• Sergeant at Arms - Sentinel

National organization structure[link]

AEPi is governed in a diamond model. It consists of the AEPi Foundation, The Fiscal Control Board, the Executive Office and the Supreme Board of Governors.^[9]

The AEPi Foundation is the charitable arm of the organization. It directs the philanthropic affairs of the fraternity, supports projects of a Jewish and fraternal nature, and provides support for the individual chapters and colonies. They work very closely with the Director of Jewish Programming.^[9]

The Fiscal Control Board (FCB) is responsible for the financial well-being of the organization. It oversees the financial decisions of the apparatus, and makes recommendations to the Supreme Board of Governors. Each member of the FCB is also on the Board of Directors of the AEPi Foundation.^[9]

The Executive Office is made up of the professional staff that oversees the day to day functions of the fraternity. The staff consists of the housing coordinator, the leadership consultants, the Director of Jewish Programming, and the Executive Director.^[9]

The Supreme Board of Governors is made up of 11 positions: the Supreme Master (President), Supreme Master-Elect (President-Elect/VP), Supreme Scribe (Secretary), Supreme Exchequer (Treasurer), Supreme Sentinel (Sergeant at Arms), and four Supreme Governors (other alumni members), along with two Undergraduate Supreme Governors (representing the Undergraduate membership).^[9]

The Board of Governors makes the majority of decisions for the fraternity's well-being and meets semi-annually to discuss matters of importance, including the granting of charters.

Notable alumni[link]

Name Original chapter Notability Reference Michael Albert Mu Tau Political activist and economist, co-founder and co-editor of Z Magazine Irving Azoff Delta Chairman and founder of Azoff Music Management Group; former president of MCA Records [10] Herbert Baum Alpha Deuteron Former president, Quaker Oil [10] Jason Bedrick Beta Epsilon Member of the New Hampshire state legislature [11] Alan Baker Honorary Former Israel Ambassador to Canada [10] Alan Barry Upsilon Tau Former CEO of Masco Corporation [10] Newton Becker Phi Deuteron Founder, Becker CPA Review Course [10] Gary Bettman Beta Commissioner, National Hockey League [10] Wolf Blitzer Upsilon Beta Journalist, author, CNN correspondent [12] Dr. James Borin Epsilon Upsilon Former member of the US National Fencing Team [10] Myles Brand Rho Pi Former president, National Collegiate Athletic Association and Indiana University [10] James L. Brooks Alpha Academy Award and Emmy Award winning producer and director [10] Matthew Brooks Lambda Beta Executive Director of the Republican Jewish Coalition [10] Ken Chertow Pi Deuteron Former Olympic wrestler [10] Brad Cohen Pi Deuteron Teacher, author, motivational speaker and subject of the film Front of the Class [10] Jeff Cohen Chi Alpha Child actor (The Goonies) [citation needed] Rabbi Stanley Davids Tau Deuteron President of Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA) [10] Bob Diener Phi Gamma Founder of Hotels.com [10] Haim Divon Nu Kappa Former Israel Ambassador to Canada [10] Jay Feinberg Honorary Founder and Executive Director, Gift of Life Bone Marrow Foundation [10] Ian Eagle Sigma Deuteron Sports broadcaster [citation needed] Wayne Firestone Kappa Deuteron President, Hillel [10] Richard H. Frank Delta Former president of Walt Disney Studios [10] Steven Friedman Delta Executive producer of NBC Nightly News [10] Art Garfunkel Iota Singer/Composer [13] Scott Garson Sigma Beta Assistant men's basketball coach, UCLA [14] Frank Gehry Upsilon Architect, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain [10] Leonard Goldberg Gamma Former chairman of 20th Century Fox [10] Neil Goldman Epsilon Upsilon Television writer and executive producer of Family Guy, Scrubs, and Worst Week [10] Steve Goldman Delta Executive Vice President, Paramount Pictures [10] Nathaniel Goldstein Alpha Former New York Attorney General [10] Sheldon Good Delta International realtor, former World President of FIBICA[clarification needed] [10] Herb Gray Honorary Canada's first Jewish Cabinet member; former Deputy Prime Minister of Canada [citation needed] Sanford Grossman Iota Deuteron Director of NFL telecasts for Fox [10] Patrick T. Harker Gamma President, University of Delaware; former dean, Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania [10] David A. Harris Sigma Former Executive Director of the Israel on Campus Coalition [10] Yoel Hasson Honorary Member of the Knesset, Kadima Party [15] Russ Herman Former president, Association of Trial Lawyers of America [10] David Horowitz Beta Upsilon Television personality, consumer advocate [10] H. Robert Horvitz Mu Tau Nobel Prize winner in Medicine [10] William Immerman Pi Former senior vice president for 20th Century Fox; film producer [10] Allan Jaffe Gamma Family owner of New Orleans' Preservation Hall [10] Richard Joel Alpha President of Yeshiva University; former International Director of Hillel [10] Jake Jundef Sigma Beta Child actor (Brooklyn Bridge, Mannequin, Earth Girls Are Easy) [16] Allyn Kilsheimer Kappa Deuteron Structural engineer who orchestrated the rebuilding of the Pentagon after the September 11 attacks [10] Martin Leaf Delta Family owner and founder, Leaf Candies and Donruss Baseball Cards [10] Jerry Lewis Comedian, Chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association [12] Richard Lewis Eta Actor, comedian [10] Howard Lorber Alpha Epsilon CEO and President Vector Group; Chairman, Nathan's Famous [10] Daniel Magder Beta Chi Actor (Life With Derek) [17] Josh Mandel Eta State Treasurer of Ohio; United States Senate candidate [10] Bernard Marcus Rho Upsilon Founder, Home Depot [18] David Markin Beta Upsilon Former chairman, United States Tennis Association [10] Steven Markowitz Gamma Rapper under the stage name "Hoodie Allen" [19] Perry Mendel Epsilon Founder, Kinder Care Day Care Centers [10] Charles C. Moskowitz Alpha Former president and treasurer, MGM Studios; fraternity founder [6] Jerrold Nadler Iota United States Congressman, New York's 8th congressional district [10] Ari Ne'eman Mu Delta Founder of Autistic Self Advocacy Network; first autistic presidential appointee [20][21] Robert Novak Delta Columnist, pundit and Crossfire panelist [22][23] Louis Nizer Iota Lawyer, novelist [10] Mike Pesca Epsilon National Public Radio correspondent [24] Michael Politz Sigma Pi Media conglomerate owner, television host, owner of Food & Beverage Magazine [citation needed] Ron Popeil Delta Inventor; infomercial producer; owner, Ronco Industries [10] Stanley B. Prusiner Gamma Nobel Prize winner in Medicine [10] Jerry Reinsdorf Kappa Deuteron Owner, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox [10] Adam Richman Epsilon Star of Man vs. Food on The Travel Channel [10] Sam Rothberg Beta Upsilon Creator of Israel Bonds [10] Abe Saperstein Delta Former owner, Harlem Globetrotters [10] Alexander Schindler Epsilon Deuteron Former president, Union of American Hebrew Congregations [10] Alan Schulman Alpha Former CEO, Ecolab [6] Michael Schwerner Beta Civil rights worker killed June 21, 1964, depicted in Mississippi Burning [10] Andy Schwartz Xi Deuteron Writer, Scrubs [citation needed] Evan Serpick Iota Music critic, Rolling Stone [citation needed] Samuel H. Shapiro Delta Former Governor of Illinois [10] Rabbi Levi Shemtov Director, Washington, D.C. Chabad [10] Fred Silverman Sigma Deuteron Producer; former president, NBC Television [10] Chet Simmons Kappa Deuteron Former president, ESPN [10] Paul Simon Kappa Chi Singer, composer [13] Randy and Jason Sklar Omega Deuteron Actors, comedians; hosts of Cheap Seats on ESPN Classic [10] Jack Stahl Epsilon President, Revlon; former president, Coca-Cola [10] Steve Stone Phi Deuteron Cy Young Winner 1980 Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox TV color analyst [10] John E. Wallace, Jr. Rho Deuteron New Jersey Supreme Court Justice (appointed May 20, 2003) Sanford I. Weill Beta Co-chairman, Citigroup [10] Gene Wilder Iota Upsilon Actor, producer, director [10] Walter Winchell Lambda Deuteron Gossip columnist, radio personality [10] Scott Wolf Kappa Deuteron Actor [10] Michael Yormark Delta Deuteron President and COO, Florida Panthers [10] H. Albert Young Rho Deuteron Former Delaware Attorney General [10] Sam Zell Omega Deuteron Real estate entrepreneur, co-founder and chairman of Equity International; owner of the Tribune Company [10] Mark Zuckerberg Eta Psi Founder of Facebook [25]

James L. Brooks, Alpha '58 Paul Simon, Kappa Chi '63 Gene Wilder, Iota Upsilon '55 Mark Zuckerberg, Eta Psi '06

• Italics indicate a deceased member. Deceased AEPis are said to enter the "Chapter Eternal."

List of chapters[link]

The fraternity currently has 165 active chapters and colonies in ten of the twelve Big Ten Conference schools, seven of the eight Ivy League schools, and eight of the ten University of California campuses. It is also the largest 'national' fraternity in Canada, California, New York, and Massachusetts. The fraternity established the Aleph chapter ^[8] in Israel during the Spring of 2009, located in the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya^[26]. It has since expanded to other universities in Israel. In 2011, the fraternity expanded to the United Kingdom establishing a colony at St. Andrews in the spring, followed by Birmingham and Leeds in the fall.

The fraternity also has 24 active alumni clubs in several major cities. ^[27]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Alpha Epsilon Pi International

Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station, China

Chunyun (traditional Chinese: 春運; simplified Chinese: 春运; pinyin: Chūnyùn), also referred to as the Spring Festival travel season or the Chunyun period, is a period of travel in China with extremely high traffic load around the time of the Chinese New Year. The period usually begins 15 days before the Lunar New Year's Day and lasts for around 40 days. The number of passenger journeys during the Chunyun period has exceeded the population of China, hitting over 2 billion in 2008.^[1] It has been called the largest annual human migration in the world.^[2] Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and myriad social problems have emerged.

Origin[link]

Temporary ticket offices in the square outside of Hefei Railway Station, open for the Year 2011 chunyun period

Three main factors are responsible for the heightened traffic load during the Chunyun period.

First, it is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people to reunite with their families during Chinese New Year. People return home from work or study to have Reunion dinner with their families on New Year's Eve. Since the Chinese economic reforms of the late 1970s, new economic opportunities have emerged, often at a considerable distance from people's hometowns. Places such as the Special Economic Zones and the wealthy coastal regions offer employment and often, a more sought-after lifestyle. Consequently, there has been a massive migration from rural to urban areas over the course of the last few decades, reminiscent of other industrial revolutions around the world. The number of these migrant workers was estimated at 50 million at 1990 and unofficially estimated at 150 million to 200 million in 2000.^[3] During the Chunyun period, many of these laborers return to their home towns.

Second, Chinese education reforms have increased the number of university students, who often study outside of their hometown. The Spring Festival holiday period falls around the same time frame as their winter break.^[4] Among the 194 million railway passengers of the 2006 Chunyun period were 6.95 million university students.^[5]

Finally, because the Spring Festival Period is among the two week-long holiday periods in the People's Republic of China (the other being National Day, Oct 1), many people choose to travel for pleasure around this time. Tourism in mainland China is reaching record levels, further adding to the pressure on the transportation system.

These factors exacerbate current problems with China's current inter-city transportation systems. The railway network is insufficient to handle the number of passengers, and does not reach enough places. The locations not serviced by rail must rely on bus transport, which faces problems such as inadequate equipment and road network.

Impact on transportation systems and related problems[link]

The most affected modes of transportation are inter-city surface passenger transportation systems, namely railway and road networks. Most Chinese middle-class citizens cannot readily afford air transport. International, urban and waterway transportation are slightly affected.^[6] Until 2007, due to the high demand, the prices of tickets are increased during the period.^[7] In 2007's Chunyun period (Feb 4-March 14), however, the government imposed strict regulations against inflated prices on railway tickets.

Railway and buses[link]

The Ministry of Railways estimated that 340 million passengers would take trains during the 2009 Chunyun period. However, the average daily capacity of the Chinese railway system is 3.4 million. The shortage of railway resources led many passengers to pay double or even triple-priced tickets from scalpers or to wait in queues for upwards of a day's time at railway stations.

A Chinese railway ticket from 2006

Because of the extremely long waiting period, many customers become frustrated and search for solutions to jump the line, often resulting in conflict. Fighting over places in line is often seen, and as people get closer to the ticket booth, much pushing and shoving ensues. The overworked ticket booth workers are generally frustrated with the repetitive and dull nature of their work, which, in most places in the country, come in long shifts every time, and therefore reflect a largely negative and frustrated image to the customers. Inquiries by customers are not always answered correctly or at all; customers are not offered many options to begin with, if time is allotted for indecision the customer is usually pushed aside by the next person in the line. The same problem is found with phone lines, which saves the anxiety of waiting in line, but are severely overloaded and the reception is often rude when a ticket agent finally picks up after several hours of waiting. In Shenzhen it is estimated that 23 days worth of tickets can be gone in a matter of 14 minutes if telephone was the only method employed. An internet system is present, but at times inadequate.

To fit demand, hundreds of "temporary trains" (Linke) and hundreds of thousands of temporary buses are operated during this period, the number of ticket offices is increased and selling periods are extended to cope with the demand, with temporary booths springing up. Batch orders from schools and factories are organized to distribute tickets ahead of time. These measures, however, are generally inadequate and often tampered with. For example, during the 2005 Chunyun period, the ticket offices in Shenzhen had tens of telephone lines, and at times got millions of calls per hour. In the Guangzhou area, the number of calls reached 19.91 million per hour. Guangzhou Railway Group increased the number of telephone lines at their ticket offices to 8,000 in the 2006 Chunyun period.

Due to the basic nature of Chinese railway tickets and the loosely set limitations on the number of "standing tickets" (which is basically a pass to get on a crowded railway car), Scalpers (piaofanzi 票贩子 or huangniu 黄牛, lit. yellow cow in Chinese) profit greatly during the Chunyun period. Organizations of scalpers have emerged, and the scalpers inside the sometimes intricate network work collectively to make the most gain out of the tickets. They pick up tickets in great numbers minutes after they go on sale, and then deal them out in and around the railway station at highly inflated prices. A significant problem has also emerged with the illegal dealing of tickets through obsolete ticket modification or even printing outright fake tickets using computer technology. Although measures have been put in place to prevent fake tickets, passengers who purchase the tickets become extremely frustrated when the authenticity of their tickets is questioned only upon arrival at the ticket validation officer, what would be minutes before boarding the train. Because of the worsening nature of the problem, the government has issued many warnings and began various campaigns to crack down on the scalpers. Unfortunately, because of the complicated nature of the problem and the social networks which surround the scalper organizations, police and other authorities who are supposed to be in charge of the crackdown often become involved in the illicit activity themselves, and take many bribes from the scalpers.

There has also developed a significant safety risk during the Chunyun season. Theft, robbery, fraud and other crimes are the most flagrant during the time period. Passenger supervision and checks on luggage become stricter. The common belief in the safety of railway travel is undermined by the fact that many railway cars are severely overcrowded. Bus companies, in order to gain a bigger profit, overwork the bus drivers on irregular schedules, overloading people every round, causing a higher accident rate. Trains also face a problem with scheduling, as an overcrowded network cannot ensure the overall accuracy of train schedules, and some trains are habitually late hours at a time, cause unease and frustration with passengers. The government has taken to passing legislation to regulate late trains, and make a public notice and apology for late trains mandatory.

The passenger flow during the Chunyun period is usually imbalanced. Before the Spring Festival, passengers usually gather in developed coastal cities, railway interchange cities such as Beijing and Guangzhou, and basically flow from urban to rural areas. The passenger flow direction is reversed after the Spring Festival. In addition, passenger flow is very sensitive to disruption, such as bad weather.^[8] In 2007, round-trip train tickets will be available for college students.^[9]

Severe snow storms in late January 2008 stranded many thousands of migrant workers as they attempted to get home. At one time over 100,000 people were at the main railway station in the southern city of Guangzhou.^[10] Around 1.3 million troops and reservists were drafted in around the country to clear blocked roads and rail lines to enable people to travel.

"Real name and ID" requirement for train tickets[link]

Despite initial opposition from the Chinese Ministry of Railways, train tickets were upgraded in late 2009 to accommodate QR codes on a ticket, thus enabling personal information to be stored. This would link the ticket with its legal purchaser, paving the way for a "real name and ID" requirement to be implemented. Such a policy went into effect on a trial basis beginning early 2010 (for the duration of the Chunyun period on all non-high speed trains). In 2011, the "real name and ID" requirement expanded to more cities in China, and was made permanent for the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway even after the Chunyun period. The requirement became mandatory for all CRH high speed trains with effect from June 1, 2011 and was expanded to nearly all passenger trains on January 1, 2012.^[11] It is now policy for station staff and rail police to check all riders against their document of identity and to deny boarding to those without a ticket or with no linked ID.

As a result, stations that see large passenger flow, such as the Beijing West Railway Station, are obliged to set up extra ticket inspection counters to allow only legal holders of train tickets to enter the waiting area or the station area at all, especially during the Spring Festival travel peak. The result has been a requirement for more passengers to arrive earlier at stations. It did not completely eradicate scalpers, but did reduce their activity significantly.

Air[link]

Air transportation is less affected as most travelers are workers who cannot afford air transport, but nevertheless the Chunyun impact is increasing. In 2008 roughly 28 million passengers used air transportation as their method of travel inside China. Xiamen Airlines, for example, added nearly 210 flights to its roster during the Chunyun period, with thirty flights especially placed to Hong Kong and Macau and another ten flights to international destinations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China were also permitted during this period before regular year-round flights were established.^[12] To prevent accidents in the air, the Chinese government has brought in very strict regulations on not overloading planes. The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) estimates at least 36 million passengers will fly during the 2009 Chunyun period.^[13]

Taiwan[link]

In Taiwan, spring travel is also a major event. The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is north-south direction long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in rural south. Transportations in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and islands are less convenient. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China begin in 2003 as part of Three Links, mostly for "Taiwanese businessmen" to return to Taiwan for new year.

The majority of transportation before the Eve in western Taiwan is southbound long distance travel, in which people travel from urbanized north to the hometowns in rural south. After the Eve there are a lot of family local tours throughout the holidays. On the second and the third day, there is a second wave of medium-long distance travels when the families go to the hometowns of the wives. Near the end of holidays there is a wave of northbound returning travels which is less concentrated than the southbound travels. In 2012 on the second day of the lunar new year there are estimated 3 million cars on the island's freeways, and on the 8th day (the Friday of the holiday week) there are "2.7 million vehicles, about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million." ^[14]

See also[link]

China portal

• Golden Week (China)

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• M.W.H., Railroad in the clouds, Trains March 2002
• Chinese internet film director Hu Ge has made a parody film about the phenomenon.

External links[link]

• Peak passenger flow challenges transport capacity
• A China-Size Travel Delay
• Chunyun tests gov't ability to administer
• China's "Chunyun" begins today
• Spring Festival travel season starts
• 2007 Chunyun: SINA Special News Coverage

Donald Glover (Childish Gambino)
Glover at PaleyFest 2010
Born	Donald McKinley Glover (1983-09-25) September 25, 1983 (age 28) Edwards Air Force Base, California, U.S.
Residence	Silver Lake, California, U.S.
Other names	Childish Gambino
Occupation	Actor, writer, comedian, musician
Years active	2002–present
Home town	Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S.
Website
http://www.iamdonald.com/

Donald McKinley Glover^[1] (born September 25, 1983) is an American actor, writer, comedian, and musician. Glover first came to attention for his work with Derrick Comedy. He is best known for being a writer for 30 Rock, and for his role as college student Troy Barnes on the NBC comedy series Community. In 2011, Glover signed to Glassnote Records under the stage name Childish Gambino; his first studio album, Camp, was released on November 15, 2011.

Early life and education[link]

Glover was born on September 25, 1983 on Edwards Air Force Base, California^[2] to parents Beverly and Donald Sr. and raised as a Jehovah's Witness in Stone Mountain, Georgia.^[3] Contrary to a persistent rumor, he is not related to actor Danny Glover.^[4] In addition to a biological brother and sister, Glover grew up alongside foster children taken in by his parents.^[3] Glover attended Rockbridge Elementary School and DeKalb School of the Arts before studying at New York University, graduating with a degree in Dramatic Writing in 2006.^[5]

Career[link]

TV and Film[link]

Glover is known for his work on the NBC show Community with Joel McHale and Chevy Chase. Glover was a writer for the NBC series 30 Rock from 2006 to 2009, where he also had an occasional cameo appearance. He was presented the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Candace Comedy Series at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the third season of 30 Rock.^[6]

In 2008, rumors surfaced that Glover was to become a cast member of Saturday Night Live and that he would portray Presidential candidate Barack Obama. Glover denied the SNL rumors on his Facebook profile, stating, "Just to let people know. I was NOT asked to SNL. I just auditioned and there's been a rumor spreading around the web. Just trying to clear the air."^[7]

Glover's stand-up special aired on Comedy Central on March 19, 2010.

In May 2010, Glover started a campaign on Twitter to be allowed to audition for the role of Peter Parker in the upcoming The Amazing Spider-Man film, encouraging his supporters to retweet the hashtag "#donald4spiderman".^[8] The campaign, originally started to see how far social networking could carry a message, quickly gained a large following.^[9] The call for Glover to be allowed to audition for the role was supported by Spider-Man creator Stan Lee.^[10] Comics writer Brian Michael Bendis, who announced an African-American version of Spider-Man a year later, said he had conceived of the character before Glover's campaign went viral.^[11] Bendis gave credit to Glover for influencing the new hero's looks; on seeing him dressed as Spider-Man on Community (a nod to the campaign) Bendis said, "I saw him in the costume and thought, 'I would like to read that book.'".^[12]

In June 2010, it was announced that Glover would receive the Rising Comedy Star award at the Just for Laughs festival in July.^[13]

Glover was featured in Gap's 2010 Holiday ad campaign.

On March 16, 2011, Glover hosted the mtvU Woodie Awards held live at South By Southwest.

On March 24, 2011, Glover taped his one hour comedy special Weirdo for Comedy Central; it aired on November 19.^[14][15]

Donald appeared at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music Festival on June 9 in the 'This Tent' as Childish Gambino and June 11 at 'The Comedy Theater' with Bill Bailey performing stand up. Comedy Central streamed the comedy live on their website.^[16]

Derrick Comedy and other projects[link]

Glover is a member of the sketch comedy group Derrick Comedy, along with Dominic Dierkes, Meggie McFadden, DC Pierson, and Dan Eckman. Derrick's YouTube videos gained the group nationwide attention^{[citation needed]} and have contributed to Donald Glover's recognition, as well as his newfound success in the television business. The group wrote and starred in a feature-length film, Mystery Team, released in theaters in 2009.

In January 2012, Donald made a cameo as himself in the YouTube webseries (Episode 12) "The Misadventures of an Awkward Black Girl". He was on the show to meet the main character who is a big fan of Donald Glover and was taken backstage at one of his concerts.^[17]

Music[link]

Childish Gambino in concert at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City (October 17, 2010)

Donald Glover DJs and produces his own music under the moniker "mcDJ". His music is of the electronic/remix variety and is often made available for free download via his official site. His current album releases include Love Letter in an Unbreakable Bottle and Utterances of the Heart.

Glover raps and performs under the stage name Childish Gambino,^[18] a name he found from a Wu-Tang Clan name generator.^[19] He released an album entitled Sick Boi on June 5, 2008. On September 17, 2009, Childish Gambino released the album Poindexter. A pair of mixtapes entitled I Am Just A Rapper, and I Am Just A Rapper 2 were released in close succession in early 2010. Robert Scahill added his producing expertise helping with the majority of the tracks. The track listings for those albums consist of the name of the song "he" raps, followed by the song he raps over. His third album, Culdesac, was set to be released on July 2, 2010, but a couple of last minute additions caused the album to be delayed for a day. The album was made available on July 3.^[20] Glover has stated in interviews that on Sick Boi and Poindexter he felt he had to hide behind gimmicks, such as pink hoodies, but with his subsequent projects, he has touched on more personal subject matter, including family, schoolyard bullying, troubled romantic relationships, suicidal thoughts and alcoholism. He has disowned his 2005^[21] album, The Younger I Get, as the too-raw ramblings of what he calls a "decrepit Drake."

On December 1, 2010, Glover released the first track off of his EP titled "Be Alone". He released the next track, "Freaks and Geeks", as well as a five-song track list, on February 11, 2011. On February 25, Donald released the dates for the IAMDONALD tour and also his very first music video for "Freaks and Geeks".^[22] The music video was shot by Dan Eckman, the director of the DerrickComedy troupe. This song would later be used in an Adidas commercial featuring Dwight Howard which brought the song, and Donald, more recognition. On March 8, 2011 Donald released his newest EP via his official website.^[23]

On May 4, 2011, in an interview with TheHipHopUpdate, Glover revealed that he was working on an LP, to be released in September.^[24]

During the weekend of the 2011 San Diego Comic Con, Donald performed with his band and his DJ, SoSuperSam, at the House of Blues in San Diego.^[25] Donald performed a new song from his LP and explained why he had not used Twitter or Tumblr in a while.^[26]

On July 25, 2011, Donald Glover announced that his new album would be entitled Camp. On October 8, 2011, during his Orlando concert, he announced Camp would be released on November 15, 2011.

On August 20, 2011, at the Los Angeles Rock The Bells concert, he gave an interview to allhiphop.com, and announced to the crowd that he had signed with Glassnote Records.^[27] This means that his music will be published onto physical media for the first time including cds and vinyl.

In September 2011, Childish Gambino played at the BruinBash festival at UCLA. On September 20, he released his first official single, "Bonfire". It received much praise on blogs and music message boards.^{[citation needed]}

On November 15, 2011, he performed "Heartbeat" from his album Camp on Conan.

On January 11, 2012, Childish Gambino announced on his website that a new mixtape would be coming out soon. Pictures of Stone Mountain appear to be the cover for his mixtape. On April 2, he released a new song, "Eat Your Vegetables", through his website IAmDonald.com. He said that he has recorded 25 songs for the mixtape and that it will be released "extremely soon." Because of his frequent use of the word on his site and Twitter account, many believe the new mixtape will be titled "Royalty". This was later cleared up by Donald on the BET show, 106 & Park, on May 1, where he stated that "Royalty" was just the name he gave to the group of his friends/musicians that he travels and performs with. On May 14, Funkmaster Flex premiered "Unnecessary", featuring Schoolboy Q. On May 16, Gambino released an untitled track (dubbed "We Ain't Them" by fans) through his website, produced by himself and frequent collaborator Ludwig. On May 22, Donald appeared on Das Racist's radio show "Chillin' Island" where he premiered a new song, "Tell Me", which featured Himanshu Suri, aka Heems from Das Racist. On May 26, Donald released another untitled track (dubbed "Black Faces" by fans) through his website, featuring Nipsey Hussle and produced by Boi-1da. On May 30, he released a third track through his website which he named "Silk Pillow" (via his Twitter account), featuring Beck and produced by both Glover and Beck.

Tours[link]

IAMDONALD Tour[link]

The IAMDONALD tour made 23 stops in 33 days, beginning with Ames, IA on April 16, and finishing with Minneapolis, MN on May 19. In between, this included performances in music venues in cities such as Las Vegas, Houston, Washington, and Atlanta. The tour's shows in New York at the Bowery Ballroom on May 10, and in Brooklyn at Williamsburg Music Hall on May 14, both sold out in three hours after tickets were released on March 4.^[3]

Sign-Up Tour[link]

The Sign-Up Tour was Donald's next pre-tour. He visited 11 cities over the course of 38 days in October and November 2011.^[28]

CAMP Tour[link]

Donald's next tour will be nationwide. He made a website for the tour called "Camp Gambino" on November 19, four days after his album released.^[29] The tour will also feature special guest Danny Brown. The tour will make 20 stops during the course of 32 days along a dates in California in December.^[30] As reported on his website on March 14, 2012, several dates on the CAMP tour have been postponed due to a fractured foot Donald Glover suffered on March 10, while performing in Tampa, Florida. The tour will now begin in Austin, Texas on April 5 and end August 3 in Detroit, Michigan.

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

As Childish Gambino[link]

Studio albums[link]

Independent Albums[link]

• Sick Boi (2008)
• Poindexter (2009)
• Culdesac (2010)

Extended Plays[link]

• EP (2011)

Mixtapes[link]

• I Am Just a Rapper (2010)
• I Am Just a Rapper 2 (2010)
• Unknown Title (2012)^[38]

Singles[link]

• Break (AOTL) (2011)
• Untouchable
• It's On
• The Longest Text Message
• Eat Your Vegetables (2012)
• Unnecessary (ft. ScHoolboy Q) (2012)
• Tell Me (ft. Heems) (2012)
• Black Faces (ft. Nipsey Hussle) (2012)
• Silk Pillow (ft. Beck) (2012)

Collaboration Songs (as featured artist)[link]

• Who Dat Pt. 2 with J. Cole & Spencer Datt (2011)
• Womyn 2 with Heems (2012)
• Level Up (International Remix) with Sway (2012)
• Tricks with Ludovin (2012)
• Giants with Josh Osho (2012)

mc DJ[link]

• Love Letter in an Unbreakable Bottle
• Utterances of the Heart
• Fuck Yaselves
• The Works
• New Year's Eve Mix
• Illin-Noise
• Apple Sauce: Fiona Apple Remix Album
• A Charlie Brown X-mas EP

As An Actor[link]

• "Werewolf Bar Mitzvah" from 30 Rock: Official Soundtrack (2010)
• "101 Rap", "Somewhere Out There" from Community: Music from the Original Television Series (2010)
• "Troy and Abed's Christmas Infiltration Rap" Community (2011)

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (May 2012)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Donald Glover

• Donald Glover at the Internet Movie Database
• Donald Glover on Twitter
• Official website
• Derrick Comedy's Official Site
• Review of Childish Gambino at Starland Ballroom

This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (October 2011)

James Madison
4th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Vice President	George Clinton Elbridge Gerry
Preceded by	Thomas Jefferson
Succeeded by	James Monroe
5th United States Secretary of State
In office May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809
President	Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by	John Marshall
Succeeded by	Robert Smith
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 15th district
In office March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1797
Preceded by	District created
Succeeded by	John Dawson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th district
In office March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793
Preceded by	District created
Succeeded by	George Hancock
Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia
In office March 1, 1781 – November 1, 1783
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Thomas Jefferson
Personal details
Born	(1751-03-16)March 16, 1751 Port Conway, Virginia Colony
Died	June 28, 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85) Montpelier, Virginia, U.S.
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse(s)	Dolley Todd
Children	John (Stepson)
Residence	Montpelier
Alma mater	Princeton University
Profession	Planter College Administrator
Religion	Deism
Signature

James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 (O.S. March 5)  – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and political theorist, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817). He is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights.^[1] He served as a politician much of his adult life. Like other Virginia statesmen in the slave society,^[2] he was a slaveholder and part of the élite; he inherited his plantation known as Montpelier, and owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime to cultivate tobacco and other crops.

After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced the Federalist Papers (1788). Circulated only in New York at the time, they would later be considered among the most important polemics in support of the Constitution. He was also a delegate to the Virginia constitutional ratifying convention, and was instrumental to the successful ratification effort in Virginia. Like most of his contemporaries, Madison changed his political views during his life. During the drafting and ratification of the constitution, he favored a strong national government, though later he grew to favor stronger state governments, before settling between the two extremes late in his life.

In 1789, Madison became a leader in the new House of Representatives, drafting many basic laws. He is notable for drafting the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights".^[3] Madison worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Hamilton and what became the Federalist party in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party (later called by historians the Democratic-Republican Party)^[4] in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. He co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.

As Jefferson’s Secretary of State (1801–1809), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nation’s size. After his election to the presidency, he presided over renewed prosperity for several years. As president (1809–17), after the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against Great Britain, he led the nation into the War of 1812. He was responding to British encroachments on American honor and rights; in addition, he wanted to end the influence of the British among their Indian allies, whose resistance blocked United States settlement in the Midwest around the Great Lakes. Madison found the war to be an administrative nightmare, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system; as a result, he afterward supported a stronger national government and a strong military, as well as the national bank, which he had long opposed.

Early life and education[link]

James Madison, Jr. was born at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia on March 16, 1751, (March 5, 1751, Old Style, Julian calendar), where his mother had returned to her parents' home to give birth. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children.^[5] Nelly and James Sr. had seven more boys and four girls. Three of James Jr's brothers died as infants, including one who was stillborn. In the summer of 1775, his sister Elizabeth (age 7) and his brother Reuben (age 3) died in a dysentery epidemic that swept through Orange County because of contaminated water.^[5][6]

His father, James Madison, Sr. (1723–1801), was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant, in Orange County, Virginia, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood. He later acquired more property and slaves; with 5,000 acres (2,000 ha), he became the largest landowner and a leading citizen of Orange County, in the Piedmont. James Jr's mother, Nelly Conway Madison (1731–1829), was born at Port Conway, the daughter of a prominent planter and tobacco merchant and his wife. Madison's parents were married on September 15, 1749.^[5][6] In these years the southern colonies were becoming a slave society, in which slave labor powered the economy and slaveholders formed the political élite.^[7]

Montpelier, Madison's tobacco plantation in Virginia

From ages 11 to 16, the young "Jemmy" Madison was sent to study under Donald Robertson, an instructor at the Innes plantation in King and Queen County, Virginia in the Tidewater region. Robertson was a Scottish teacher who tutored numerous prominent plantation families in the South. From Robertson, Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and ancient languages. He became especially proficient in Latin. Madison said that he owed his bent for learning "largely to that man (Robertson)."^{[citation needed]}

At age 16, he returned to Montpelier, where he began a two-year course of study under the Reverend Thomas Martin in preparation for college. Unlike most college-bound Virginians of his day, Madison did not choose the College of William and Mary, because the lowland climate of Williamsburg, where mosquitoes transmitted fevers and other infectious diseases during the summer, might have strained his delicate health. Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University.

Through diligence and long hours of study that may have damaged his health,^[8] Madison graduated in 1771. His studies included Latin, Greek, science, geography, mathematics, rhetoric, and philosophy. Great emphasis also was placed on speech and debate; Madison helped found the American Whig–Cliosophic Society, in direct competition to fellow student Aaron Burr's Cliosophic Society. After graduation, Madison remained at Princeton to study Hebrew and political philosophy under the university president, John Witherspoon, before returning to Montpelier in the spring of 1772. He became quite fluent in Hebrew. Madison studied law from his interest in public policy, not with the intent of practicing law as a profession.^[9]

Early political career[link]

Congressman Madison, age 32 by Charles Willson Peale.

As a young man during the American Revolutionary War, Madison served in the Virginia state legislature (1776–79), where he became known as a protégé of the delegate Thomas Jefferson. He had earlier witnessed the persecution of Baptist preachers in Virginia, who were arrested for preaching without a license from the established Anglican Church. He worked with the Baptist preacher Elijah Craig on constitutional guarantees for religious liberty in Virginia.^[10] Working on such cases helped form his ideas about religious freedom, which he applied to the Constitution and Bill of Rights.