The term charisma (pl. charismata, adj. charismatic; from the Greek χάρισμα, meaning "favor given" or "gift of grace") has two senses: 1) compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others, 2) a divinely conferred power or talent.^[1] For some theological usages the term is rendered charism, with a meaning the same as sense 2.^[2] Since the 1950s, the term has become widely used, with varying meanings, in religion, the social sciences, the media, and throughout Western societies. This article describes the theological and personality senses of the definition of charisma, the history of the term, and 21st century uses of both senses in particular sectors of society.

Etymology[link]

The English term charisma is from the Greek χάρισμα, which means "favor freely given" or "gift of grace." The term and its plural χαρίσματα (charismata) derive from χάρις (charis), which means "grace." Some derivatives from that root have similar meanings to the modern sense of personality charisma, such as "filled with attractiveness or charm," "kindness," "to bestow a favor or service," or "to be favored or blessed."^[3][4] Moreover, the ancient Greek dialect widely used in Roman times employed these terms without the connotations found in modern religious usage.^[5] Ancient Greeks applied personality charisma to their gods; for example, attributing charm, beauty, nature, human creativity or fertility to goddesses they called Charites (Χάριτες).

Theologians and social scientists have expanded and modified the original Greek meaning into the two distinct senses above. For ease of reference, we will call the first sense personality charisma and the second divinely conferred charisma.

The meaning of charisma has become greatly diffused from its original divinely conferred meaning, and even from the personality charisma meaning in modern English dictionaries, which reduces to a mixture of charm and status. John Potts, who has extensively analyzed the term's history, sums up meanings beneath this diffused common usage.

Contemporary charisma maintains, however, the irreducible character ascribed to it by Weber: it retains a mysterious, elusive quality. Media commentators regularly describe charisma as the 'X-factor'. …The enigmatic character of charisma also suggests a connection – at least to some degree – to the earliest manifestations of charisma as a spiritual gift.^[6]

History[link]

Divinely conferred charisma[link]

The Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible record the development of divinely conferred charisma. In the Hebrew text the idea of charismatic leadership is generally signaled by the use of the noun hen (favor) or the verb hanan (to show favor). The Greek term for charisma (grace or favor), and its root charis (grace) replaced the Hebrew terms in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the 3rd century BC Septuagint). Throughout, "the paradigmatic image of the charismatic hero is the figure who has received God's favor."^[7] In other words, divinely conferred charisma applied to highly revered figures.

Thus, Eastern Mediterranean Jews in the 1st century CE had notions of charis and charisma that embraced the range of meanings found in Greek culture and the spiritual meanings from the Hebrew Bible.^[8] From this linguistic legacy of fused cultures, in 1 Corinthians, Paul the Apostle introduced the meaning that the Holy Spirit bestowed charism and charismata, "the gift of God's grace," upon individuals or groups. For Paul, "[t]here is a clear distinction between charisma and charis; charisma is the direct result of divine charis or grace."^[9][10]

In the New Testament Epistles, Paul refers to charisma or its plural charismata seven times in 1 Corinthians, written in Koine (or common) Greek around 54 CE. He elaborates on his concepts with six references in Romans (c. 56). He makes 3 individual references in 2 Corinthians (c. 26), 1 Timothy, and 2 Timothy (c. 62 - c. 67). The seventeenth and only other mention of charisma is in 1 Peter.^[5][11][12]

The gospels, written in the late first century, apply divinely conferred charisma to revered figures. Examples are accounts of Jesus' baptism and of his transfiguration, in which disciples see him as radiant with light, appearing together with Moses and Elijah. Another example is Gabriel's greeting to Mary as "full of grace".^[7] In these and other instances early Christians designated certain individuals as possessing "spiritual gifts," and these gifts included "the ability to penetrate the neighbour to the bottom of his heart and spirit and to recognize whether he is dominated by a good or by an evil spirit and the gift to help him to freedom from his demon."^[13]

Believers characterized their revered religious figures as having "a higher perfection … a special Charisma."^[13] Then, with the establishment of the Christian Church, "the old charismatic gifts and free offerings were transformed into a hierarchical sacerdotal system."^[14] The focus on the institution rather than divinely inspired individuals increasingly dominated religious thought and life, and that focus went unchanged for centuries.^[15]

Additional changes began in the 17th century when church leaders, notably in the Latin tradition, accented "individual gifts [and] particular talents imparted by God or the Holy Spirit." The 19th century brought an increasing shift in emphasis toward individual and spiritual aspects of charisma; Protestant and some Catholic theologians narrowed the concept to superlative, out-of-the-ordinary, and virtuoso gifts. Simultaneously, the term became alienated from the much wider meaning that early Christians had attached to it.^[16] Still, the narrowed term projected back to the earlier period "A systematically reflected and highly differentiated understanding of charisma was often unconsciously infused into the Scriptures and writings of the church fathers, so that these texts were no longer read through the eyes of the authors."^[17]

These dialectic meanings influenced notable changes in pentecostalism in the late 19th century, and charismatic movements in some mainline churches in the mid-20th century. The discussion in the 21st Century Religion section explores what charisma means in these and other religious groups.

Secular history[link]

The basis for modern secular usage comes from German sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920). He discovered the term in the work of Rudolf Sohm, a German church historian whose 1892 Kirchenrecht^[18] was immediately recognized in Germany as an epoch-making work. It also stimulated a debate between Sohm and leading theologians and religion scholars, which lasted more than twenty years and stimulated a rich polemical literature.^[19] The debate and literature had made charisma a popular term when Weber used it in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and in his Sociology of Religion. Perhaps because he assumed that readers already understood the idea, Weber's early writings lacked definition or explanation of the concept. Because he applied meanings for charisma similar to Sohm, who had affirmed the purely charismatic nature of early Christianity,^[20] Weber's charisma would have coincided with the divinely conferred charisma sense defined above in that

Weber introduced the personality charisma sense when he applied charisma to designate a form of authority. To explain charismatic authority he developed his classic definition:

Charisma is a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These are such as are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader.^[21]

Here Weber extends the concept of charisma beyond supernatural to superhuman and even to exceptional powers and qualities. He then indicates that followers endow the individual with powers, regard these powers as of divine origin or just exemplary, and treat him as a leader. In another passage, Weber emphasizes that "the recognition on the part of those subject to authority" is decisive for the validity of charisma.^[22] In other words, charisma can only be that which believers recognize as charismatic in those they treat as such.^[23]

Weber died in 1920 leaving "disordered, fragmentary manuscripts without even the guidance of a plan or table of the proposed contents." One unfinished manuscript contained his above quoted definition of charisma.^[24] It took over a quarter century for his work to be translated into English.^[25] With regard to charisma, Weber's formulations are generally regarded as having revived the concept from its deep theological obscurity.^[26] However, even with the admirable translations and prefaces of his entire works, many scholars have found Weber's formulations ambiguous. For the past half-century they have debated the meaning of many Weberian concepts, including the meaning of charisma, the role of followers, and the degree of a supernatural component.^{[24][27][28][29][30]}

21st-century religion[link]

Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity[link]

The Charismatic Movement is a trend in Christianity distinguished by its belief in the renewal of supernatural gifts and powers.

See also[link]

• Charismatic authority
• Charm offensive
• Superficial charm
• Trait Leadership

References[link]

External links[link]

• The X-Factors of Success from Psychology Today
• Max Weber and Charisma
• Charisma by Thomas Robbin in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, edited by William H. Swatos: ISBN 0-7619-8956-0
• Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma — April 1972
• The science of savoir faire
• Charismatic Cults on BBC Four in Thinking Allowed 26 January 2005 Wednesday 16.00-16.30 presented Laurie Taylor, press on "Listen Again"
• Article: "Moses, Charisma, and Covenant"
• The Character of Charisma
• "The Charisma Mandate" from The New York Times (February 17, 2008)
• Charm school: Scholars unpack the secrets of charisma, and suggest the elusive quality can be taught by Mark Oppenheimer from The Boston Globe, July 20, 2008

Kool Savas
Kool Savas in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Savaş Yurderi
Also known as	King Kool Savas (KKS), Juks, Jux, Essah
Born	(1975-02-10) February 10, 1975 (age 37) Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Origin	Turkey
Genres	German hip hop
Labels	Essah Entertainment
Associated acts	M.O.R., Azad, Samy Deluxe, Lumidee, 40 Glocc, Ying Yang Twins
Website	Official website

Savas Yurderi (born 10 February 1975) also known as Kool Savas (or as well King Kool Savas), is a German rapper and hip hop artist. Savas is mostly referred to as "King of Rap" or "King of German Rap".^[1]

"Savaş" is the Turkish word for "war".

Biography[link]

Born in Aachen, Germany to a German mother and a Turkish father, Savas' family moved back to Turkey when he was one year old. His father, who is from Çorum, Turkey, was arrested because of his political posture against the government in Turkey, and as a result of his father's arrest, his mother was forced to return to Aachen with Savas.^[2] By 1987, his father was released and the entire family was reunited and relocated to Berlin. It was in Berlin where Savas first came across Hip Hop music.^{[citation needed]}

Savas lived with his girlfriend, Melbeatz, in Berlin for an extended amount of time. As a result, the majority of Savas' beats were produced by her. Although Savas and his girlfriend are no longer together, they remain close friends.^{[citation needed]}

Although Savas is popularly called a "Berlin rapper," he resides in Heidelberg. He is also a vegetarian.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

2000: Early career[link]

Savas started his rap career with the EP Warum rappst du, containing rather provocative lyrics in songs such as "L.M.S.", "Schwule Rapper" and "Pimplegionär". He first started under the name Juks and rapped mostly in English. He became successful through the groups Masters of Rap (M.O.R.) and Westberlin Maskulin.

In 2001, he and all of M.O.R. left former label Put Da Needle To Da Records, because of personal and artistic differences. They released a diss track against former label CEO Peter Sreckovic titled "Track gegen Peter" where Savas gave reason for his exit.

Beginning in 2002, he founded his own label, Optik Records, where he released his first solo album titled Der beste Tag meines Lebens, for which he won a Comet award. For the album, Savas worked together with several domestic and foreign musicians including Azad, Samy Deluxe, Kurupt, 40 Glocc, Dem Franchize Boyz, Lumidee, RZA, Moses Pelham, J-Luv, Bligg, Jadakiss, Royce da 5'9", Xavier Naidoo, Mobb Deep, Ying Yang Twins and Illmatic. The album sold over 90,000 copies worldwide.

With his record label, Savas tried to build up other artists. He discovered Eko Fresh and signed many upcoming artists such as DJ Nicon, Melbeatz, Ercandize, Caput, Amar, Sinan and Moe Mitchell.

In 2004, Savas released his first mixtape, "Kool Savas goes Hollywood" which was later made available as free online download.

Since early 2005, Savas has been supporting the efforts of his younger brother Sinan, his cousin Dimi and his brother-in-law Igor in their blooming rap careers.

In 2005, he released his mixtape titled "Die John Bello Story". It was the most successful mixtape in Europe in 2005 and also Savas' best to date at over 60,000 sold copies. In the same year he produced the album "One", together with Azad. The hit single "All 4 One" peaked at 4 in the German Top 100 Singles.

In 2006, Savas released the label sampler "Optik Takeover", a collaboration with several other artists signed to Optik Records. Also in 2006, he released an album with Optik Schweiz, the Swiss counterpart of Optik Records, titled "Wer Hatz Erfunden".

His second solo album, Tot oder Lebendig (eng. Dead or Alive), was released in 2007 and proved to be successful at 50,000 sold copies.

Savas released the sequel mixtape "Die John Bello Story 2" in 2008. He then went on to release an updated version labeled the "Brainwash Edition".

In 2009, he released the EP "Was hat S.A.V da vor" with the Hip Hop Magazine Juice. The same year saw the release of a collaboration album with Optik Russia which was called "New Russian Standard".

On March 12, 2010, Savas released "Die John Bello Story 3" which sold roughly 50,000 copies. The album featured fellow rappers Azad, Curse, Ying Yang Twins, Olli Banjo, Ercandize, Moe Mitchell, Amar, Franky Kubrick, Kaas, Mo Trip, Sinan, Tua, Vega, Kitty Kat, Laas Unltd. and more.

His 2011 album Aura included a single with the same name and a song featuring Xavier Naidoo, titled LMS 2012.

Controversy[link]

Eko Fresh[link]

In 2002 Eko Fresh and Savas began to dispute. Eko Fresh left the label and continued his career without his colleague. He released "Die Abrechnung", a song which spoke out against Kool Savas and other German rappers. Savas replied with "Das Urteil", which also became a hit song.

Discography[link]

• 2002: Der beste Tag meines Lebens
• 2004: Die besten Tage sind gezählt
• 2007: Tot oder Lebendig
• 2011: Aura

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kool Savas

• YouTube
• Official Homepage'
• Official Facebook Page'

Tory Gassway^[1] (born December 16, 1979), is an American rapper and actor, better known as Big Bad 4-0 formerly known as 40 Glocc.^[2] He is currently signed to Infamous Records^[3] and G-Unit Records.^[3][4] He is also an artist of G-Unit West.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Tory Gassway was born in Galveston Texas on December 16, 1979. At the age of eight he moved with his mother to various locations in California, until finally settling in the Inland Empire district of Colton also known as "The Zoo". There, he joined the local set of the Crips gang known as the Colton City Crips, though during an injunction against the Crip set, he later denied his involvement in the gang.^[1] He then began to rap with local friends and by 1997, his group, the "Zoo Crew", were recording and promoting their first album, Migrate, Adapt or Die, produced by Tony G and Julio G.^[5]

Rap career[link]

Big Bad 4-0 negotiated a deal with Empire Musicwerks, with distribution by BMG. It was through this deal, he recorded and released his first solo effort, "The Jakal", which featured such guests as, Bad Azz, Tray Deee, Ras Kass, Kurupt, Mac Minister, Spice 1 and several others; and such producers as Battlecat and Dr. Dre among several others. It was after this album that he decided to part ways with Empire Music.

His manager was also managing Mobb Deep, who were then signed to G-Unit Records. ^[6][7] 40 Glocc joined their label, Infamous Records, under the G-Unit imprint.^[3][4]

[edit] New World Agenda

Recent events[link]

Big Bad 4-0 is working with artists such as Dr. Dre, The Alchemist and Havoc. He has also been working with his group, the "Zoo Babies", while also promoting his label "ZooLife Ent.".^[8] He has also been on tour with such acts as G-Unit, Mobb Deep, Ray J, Snoop & Doggpound & many more. He's released a song entitled "Where the Hammers At?",^[9] the beat for which was later used as the beat for G-Unit's song Rider Pt. 2.^[6] He later released a remix to "Hammers" which features G-Unit and their respective verses of Rider Pt. 2.^[10] In late fall 2010, 40 Glocc signed affiliated rapper Ras Kass to his label Zoo Life. On Feb 15th he released a digital street album called "COPS" with various features from Jayo Felony, Tip Toe, Tony Yayo and more. 40 Glocc and Spider Loc release an official highly anticipated album "Graveyard Shift" in stores & online March 29, 2011. 40's official website is www.40glocc.com

40 Glocc was recently featured in the film Rhyme and Punishment. This 2011 documentary chronicles rap artists who have been to prison. 40 Glocc has recently released a new single called "Damn" featuring Ray-J,and two remixes with Twista & Yo Gotti. In 2009, he released a diss song called "3 Amigos" aimed to Lil Wayne, Young Buck and The Game.

In December 2011, 40 Glocc was arrested on domestic violence charges after allegedly strangling and beating his girlfriend.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 2003: The Jakal
• 2011: C.O.P.S: Crippin' On Public Streets^[11]
• 2012: New World Agenda

Collaboration albums[link]

• 1997: Migrate, Adapt or Die (with Zoo Crew)
• 2009: Concrete Jungle (with Zoo Life)
• 2011: Graveyard Shift (with Spider Loc; Hosted by DJ Drama)

Official mixtapes[link]

• 2006: Outspoken^[12]

• 2006: Outspoken 2^[13]

• 2007: Outspoken 3 (With DJ Whoo Kid, hosted by 50 Cent)^[14]

• 2007: That New Nigga (With DJ Nik Bean and DJ Felli Fel)^[3][15]

• 2009: I Am Legend (With DJ Whoo Kid and DJ Nik Bean)^[16]

Filmography[link]

1999: Thicker Than Water

2000: Tha Eastsidaz

2002: Book of Love

• American Rap Stars

2008: Number One with a Bullet

2009: Miss March

• The Second Half
• Rhyme And Punishment (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 40 Glocc

• Official website
• 40 Glocc at the Internet Movie Database
• 40 Glocc on Myspace
• Documentary on 40GLOCC at Dailymotion.com

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009)

Fonzworth Bentley
Bentely in December 2010
Background information
Origin	Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, record producer, actor, television host, fashion designer, singer
Years active	1994–present
Labels	GOOD Music
Associated acts	Sean Combs, Outkast, will.i.am, Andre 3000, Kanye West
Website	fbentley.com

Derrick Watkins,^[1] (born 13 February 1974) in Atlanta, Georgia^[2] and popularly known as Fonzworth Bentley or Farnsworth Bentley, is a musician and author. He is perhaps best known for being Sean Combs' former personal valet and assistant, as first seen in Making the Band 2, and is currently the host of MTV's From G's to Gents. His first single, "Everybody", features Kanye West and Andre 3000.

Music[link]

He first appeared rapping on Da Band's 2002 album Too Hot for TV, in the track "Cheers to Me, Mr. Bentley (Interlude)". In 2003, Bentley was featured on the "Good Day, Good Sir" skit on OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below. In 2004, he had a part on the music video of Kanye West's "The New Workout Plan".

Bentley has appeared in several music videos, such as Usher's "Yeah", P. Diddy's "D.I.D.D.Y." and "I Need A Girl (Part Two)", Slum Village's "Selfish", OutKast's "The Way You Move" and "Roses", as well as UGK and Outkast's "International Player's Anthem". He made a brief appearance in the music video for "Grammy Family", by West, DJ Khaled, John Legend and Consequence.

In August 2006, Bentley was featured in Sprite's Sublymonal campaign.

Although his debut album, C.O.L.O.U.R.S., was originally scheduled to be released in 2007,^[3] it was released via iTunes on April 26, 2011.^[4]

He was also featured, playing the violin in the "Yes We Can" music video in support of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.

Other media work[link]

Bentley was an executive producer for Borrow My Crew in 2005, in which he allowed one boy, Cory Cole, to borrow the entourage of P. Diddy for two days. Since 2008, he has been hosting the MTV series From G's to Gents.

In 2007, Bentley authored an etiquette book, Advance Your Swagger: How to Use Manners, Confidence and Style to Get Ahead.^[1]

In May 2009, Bentley hosted one of the after parties following the White House Correspondents' Dinner in Washington DC.^[5]

Public service[link]

In 2007, Bentley contributed to KnowHow2GO, a national public service advertising campaign designed to encourage low-income and first-generation students to take the steps necessary to go to college. Bentley's involvement in the campaign has included creation of a radio public service advertisement ("Wanna Go?") and participation in the 2007 YMCA Black and Hispanic Achievers Teen Leadership Summit in Orlando, Florida.^[6] KnowHow2GO is a joint effort between The Ad Council, Lumina Foundation for Education and the American Council on Education. Recently, Bentley sang as a member of the chorus for "We Are The World", a remake of the original for Haiti, in February 2010; it aired during the start of the Olympic Games in Vancouver, Canada.

Works[link]

Bentley in March 2005

Television[link]

• From G's to Gents (since 2008)
• Top Ten Gentlemen's Club (2008)
• Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2008)
• Confessions of a Celebrity Assistant (2006, the E! Channel)
• VH1 Fashion Rocks (2006)
• All Shades of Fine: 25 Hottest Women of the Past 25 Years (2005)
• P. Diddy Presents the Bad Boys of Comedy (2005, uncredited)
• 2005 Trumpet Awards (2005)
• Caleta Condor, Chile (2005)
• Before, During and After the Sunset (2005)
• 106 & Park Top 10 Live (2005)
• Kanye West: College Dropout - Video Anthology (2005)
• Borrow My Crew (2005)
• Jimmy Kimmel Live (2005)
• Fade to Black (2004)
• 2004 MTV Movie Awards (2004)
• Late Show with David Letterman (2004) - Uncredited
• Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards '04 (2004)
• The 18th Annual Soul Train Music Awards (2004)
• MTV Video Music Awards 2003 (2003)
• OutKast: The Videos (2003)
• Making the Band 2 (2002–2003, series)

Films[link]

• House Party (1991) - Uncredited
• Honey (2003) - Barber
• Fat Albert (2003) - Salesman
• Idlewild (2006) - Voice of Flask
• We Were Once A Fairytale - cameo appearance

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Farnsworth Bentley at the Internet Movie Database
• Fonzworth Bentley on Twitter

Julianne Moore
At the 66th Venice International Film Festival, September 2009
Born	Julie Anne Smith (1960-12-03) December 3, 1960 (age 51) Fayetteville, North Carolina, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1983–present
Spouse	John Gould Rubin (m. 1986–1995) «start: (1986)–end+1: (1996)»"Marriage: John Gould Rubin to Julianne Moore" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Julianne_Moore) Bart Freundlich (m. 2003) «start: (2003)»"Marriage: Bart Freundlich to Julianne Moore" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Julianne_Moore)
Children	2

Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith on December 3, 1960) is a British-American actress and a children's book author. She has been nominated for four Oscars, six Golden Globes, three BAFTAs and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Moore began her acting career in 1983 in minor roles, before joining the cast of the soap opera As the World Turns, for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1988. She began to appear in supporting roles in films during the early 1990s, in films such as The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and The Fugitive. Her performance in Short Cuts (1993) won her and the rest of the cast a Golden Globe for their ensemble performance, and her performance in Boogie Nights (1997) brought her widespread attention and nominations for several major acting awards.

Her success continued with films such as The Big Lebowski (1998), The End of the Affair (1999) and Magnolia (1999). She received particular acclaim for her portrayal of a betrayed wife in Far from Heaven (2002), winning several critic awards as best actress of the year, in addition to several other nominations, including the Academy Award, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild Award. The same year, she was also nominated for several awards as best supporting actress for her work in The Hours. In 2010, Moore starred in the comedy drama The Kids Are All Right, for which she received a Golden Globe and BAFTA nomination.

Early life[link]

Moore was born Julie Anne Smith at Fort Bragg, near Fayetteville, North Carolina.^[1] Her mother, the late Anne McNeil McLean (née Love), was a psychiatric social worker who emigrated from Greenock, Scotland, and her father, Peter Moore Smith, a New Jersey native, was a military lawyer, judge, helicopter pilot, and army colonel.^[2][3][4][5] She has a younger sister, Valerie, and a younger brother, novelist Peter Moore Smith III.^[6] Growing up as an "army brat", she moved 23 times and attended 9 different schools before she was 18.^[7][8] She lived in several places across the United States and Germany.^[1] Moore attended J.E.B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia and Frankfurt American High School in Frankfurt, Germany, graduating in 1979.^[1] She received her bachelor's degree at the College of Fine Arts at Boston University in Drama.^[9]

Career[link]

Acting[link]

Moore moved to New York City in 1983, working as a waitress and performing in bit parts before being cast in the dual roles of Frannie Hughes and Sabrina Hughes on the soap opera As the World Turns, for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award; she played the roles from 1985 to 1988.^[1] In 1987, she was part of the junior company in the New York premiere of Caryl Churchill's Serious Money at The Public Theater. Because of Screen Actors Guild rules, she had to change her name, since there were already actresses named "Julie Smith" and "Julianne Smith".^[1] She chose her father's middle name, "Moore", but because there was already another actress named "Julie Moore", she finally settled on "Julianne Moore."

Moore at the premiere of Savage Grace, April 2008.

Moore began starring in feature films in the early 1990s, mostly appearing in supporting roles in films like The Hand That Rocks the Cradle, Benny & Joon, and The Fugitive. Her part in 1993's Short Cuts gained her critical acclaim and recognition, and she was cast in several high-profile Hollywood films, including 1995's romantic comedy Nine Months, and 1997's summer blockbuster The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Her first role as the central lead, Carol White, in the well-reviewed independent film Safe also attracted critical attention. The role was called the ancestor of one of Moore's best-praised roles, Cathy Whitaker, in another Haynes film, Far from Heaven.^[1][10] Critics noted the importance of this role in establishing her as an actress to take seriously.^[11] In addition, her performance on Vanya on 42nd Street, a filmed version of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya, earned her critical recognition, with film critic Kenneth Turan calling her work in the film "a revelation".^[12] For this role, Moore won Best Actress from the Boston Society of Film Critics.

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Moore appeared in a series of films that received Oscar recognition, including her roles in Boogie Nights (1997, Best Supporting Actress nomination), The End of the Affair (1999, Best Actress nomination), and her two 2002 films, The Hours (Best Supporting Actress nomination) and Far from Heaven (Best Actress nomination), for which she also won "Best Actress" from no less than 16 critics groups, more than any other actress that year^[13] (see below for a list), and from the Venice Film Festival.^[1] In the Los Angeles Times review of "The Hours," critic Manohla Dargis wrote: "The film's three leads are extraordinary, but what Moore does with her role is so beyond the parameters of what we call great acting that it nearly defies categorization." During this period, she also appeared in the commercial successes Hannibal (replacing Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling) and The Forgotten, in Paul Thomas Anderson's follow-up to Boogie Nights, Magnolia, and in the Coen brothers cult hit The Big Lebowski. Entertainment Weekly has chosen her one of The 25 Greatest Actresses of the '90s.^[14] In 2003, The Guardian called her "the most talented actress of her generation".^[15]

In November 2006, Moore made her Broadway debut in the world premiere of David Hare's new play The Vertical Hour, directed by Sam Mendes.^[16] 2006 also saw the releasing of three of her films: Freedomland, which opened in February to mixed reviews,^[17] followed by Trust the Man, directed by her husband Bart Freundlich, and the critically acclaimed science fiction feature Children of Men.^[18] The following year she appeared opposite Nicolas Cage and Jessica Biel in Next, a science fiction action film based on The Golden Man, a short story by Philip K. Dick; and the controversial film Savage Grace, the story of a high-society mother and son whose Oedipal relationship ends in tragedy. In 2008, she starred alongside Mark Ruffalo in Blindness, a thriller from director Fernando Meirelles. In her review of the film, Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com called Moore "an apparition of generosity and compassion who seems in danger of disappearing at any moment. Moore takes the movie's stiff, signpost dialogue and delivers it in a way that's consistently believable. [...] She's a miracle worker, and whatever Meirelles paid her, it isn't nearly enough",^[19] while The Austin Chronicle commented that Moore "masterfully characterizes the devoted wife’s metamorphosis into a heroicism both unwanted and unheralded. It’s a rattling, heartrending performance in, yes, a long, hard slough of a film – one that is well worth the journey, if not a repeat trip."^[20]

The next year, Moore appeared opposite Colin Firth in the well-received American drama A Single Man,^[21] for which she received her fifth Golden Globe nomination, with Peter Travers of Rolling Stone calling her performance "explosively good".^[22] When the cancellation of As the World Turns was announced in late 2009, Moore decided to honor the soap that brought her fame and temporarily returned for a few days as Frannie Hughes.^[23] During the 2009–2010 season of 30 Rock, she had a guest role as Nancy Donovan, a love interest for Alec Baldwin's character, Jack Donaghy.^[24]

In 2010, Moore starred in the erotic thriller Chloe, theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics and had since became director Atom Egoyan's biggest moneymaker ever.^[25] In his review of the film, David Edelstein of the New York magazine called Moore's performance "extraordinarily raw and affecting."^[26] Moore next appeared in the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right, co-starring Annette Bening and Mark Ruffalo; Moore was instrumental in getting the film made and in getting Bening involved.^[27] The film was both a critical and commercial success,^[28][29] garnering acting and production nominations from the Gotham Awards, the Independent Spirit Awards and the Academy Awards, as well as winning the Golden Globe Award for "Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times commented, "Moore and Bening are superb actors here, evoking a marriage of more than 20 years, and all of its shadings and secrets, idealism and compromise",^[30] and the Los Angeles Times review said, "Moore is fearless" and "plays every note perfectly."^[31] For this role, Moore received her sixth Golden Globe Award nomination and a BAFTA nomination.

In July 2011, Moore appeared in the comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love., co-starring Steve Carell and Ryan Gosling, which was successful commercially and received favorable reviews,^[32] with The Globe and Mail commenting, "some genuinely impressive acting breaks out. The accomplished Moore is an obvious candidate and, even in a confined role, she delivers – here a nervous look, there a tender gesture."^[33] In the HBO drama Game Change, Julianne Moore portrayed 2008 vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin. The made-for-television movie earned the cable channel its biggest audience for an in-house production in eight years.^[34] Moore received rave reviews for her "flawless performance"^[35], with the San Francisco Chronicle calling her portrayal of Palin "both complex and entirely credible. Yes, the hair, makeup and costumes contribute mightily to transforming Moore, but the nuance she brings to the performance is simply astounding."^[36] Altogether, she has five upcoming projects, amongst others the fantasy film The Seventh Son based on the book series The Wardstone Chronicles, co-starring Jeff Bridges, in which Moore will star as the "most dangerous 1700s witch" Mother Malkin.^[37]

Writing[link]

In October 2007, Moore made her literary debut with the publication of Freckleface Strawberry, a children's book illustrated by LeUyen Pham, based on her experiences as a child. In April 2009, Moore and Pham followed up with a second children's book titled Freckleface Strawberry and the Dodgeball Bully.^[38][39]

Personal life[link]

Moore met her first husband, John Gould Rubin, in 1984. They married in 1986, separated in 1994, and divorced in 1995.^{[citation needed]} In 1996, she began a relationship with director Bart Freundlich, whom she wed on August 23, 2003.^[40] The couple had two children prior to their marriage: a son, Caleb (b. December 4, 1997), and a daughter, Liv Helen (b. April 11, 2002). In an interview, Moore said she picked roles in movies that film in the summer so her family can accompany her: "My husband and I are very fortunate, because we have flexible jobs," she says. "If you talk to parents, that's what they're trying to do — have as much flexibility as possible."^[41] She lives with her family in the West Village neighborhood of Manhattan.^{[citation needed]} By way of her Scottish ancestry, Moore became a British citizen on July 8, 2011.^[42]

Activism[link]

Politics[link]

Moore is a pro-choice activist^[43][44] and, during the 2004 presidential election, donated $2,000 to John Kerry's presidential campaign.^[45]

Charity work[link]

Since 2002,^[46] she has been involved with the TS Alliance^[47] to raise awareness of tuberous sclerosis and is an Artist Ambassador for Save the Children's programs in the United States.^{[citation needed]} In 2012, Moore joined Moms Clean Air Force^[48], to help call on parents to join in the fight against toxic air pollution.

LGBT advocacy[link]

She actively supports same-sex marriage,^[49] and some of her films and roles deal with LGBT topics.

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

Other appearances[link]

• On December 11, 2005, Moore and actress Salma Hayek co-hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert in Oslo, Norway.
• On November 30, 2006, The Vertical Hour, in which Moore made her Broadway debut, opened on Broadway.

References[link]