The Harvard Crimson, the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873.^[1] It is the only daily newspaper in Cambridge, Massachusetts,^[2] and is run entirely by Harvard College undergraduates. Many Crimson alumni have gone on to careers in journalism, and some have won Pulitzer Prizes.

[edit] About The Crimson

Any student who volunteers and completes a series of requirements known as the "comp" is elected an editor of the newspaper.^[3] Thus, all staff members of The Crimson—including writers, business staff, photographers, and graphic designers—are technically "editors". (If an editor makes news, he or she is referred to in the news article as a "Crimson editor", which, though important for transparency, also leads to odd attributions such as "former President John F. Kennedy '40, who was also a Crimson editor, ended the Cuban Missile Crisis.") Editorial and financial decisions rest in a board of executives, collectively called a "guard", who are chosen for one-year terms each November by the outgoing guard. This process is referred to as the "turkey shoot" or the "shoot". The unsigned opinions of "The Crimson Staff" are decided at tri-weekly meetings that are open to any Crimson editor (except those editors who plan to write or edit a news story on the same topic in the future).

The Crimson is the only college newspaper in the U.S. that owns its own printing presses. At the beginning of 2004 The Crimson began publishing with a full-color front and back page, in conjunction with the launch of a major redesign. The Crimson also prints over fifteen other publications on its presses.

The Crimson has a rivalry with the Harvard Lampoon, which it refers to in print as a "semi-secret Sorrento Square social organization that used to occasionally publish a so-called humor magazine".^[4] The two organizations occupy buildings within less than one block of each other; interaction between their staff has included pranks, vandalism, and even romance.^[5]

Crimson alumni include Presidents John F. Kennedy of the Class of 1940 (who served as a business editor) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (who served as president of the newspaper), Class of 1904. Writer Cleveland Amory was president of The Crimson; when Katharine Hepburn's mother asked him what he planned to do after college, he says he replied teasingly that "once you had been president of The Harvard Crimson in your senior year at Harvard there was very little, in after life, for you."^[6]

Currently, The Crimson publishes three weekly pullout sections in addition to its regular daily paper: A Sports section on Mondays, an Arts section on Tuesdays, and a magazine called Fifteen Minutes on Thursdays.

The Crimson is a nonprofit organization that is independent of the university. All decisions on the content and day-to-day operations of the newspaper are made by undergraduates. The student leaders of the newspaper employ several non-student staff, many of whom have stayed on for many years and have come to be thought of as family members by the students who run the paper.

History[link]

Early years[link]

The Harvard Crimson was one of many college newspapers founded shortly after the Civil War and describes itself as "the nation's oldest continuously published daily college newspaper", although this description is hotly contested among other college newspapers.^[7][8]

The Crimson traces its origin to the first issue of The Magenta, published January 24, 1873, despite strong discouragement from the Dean. The faculty of the College had suspended the existence of several previous student newspapers, including the Collegian, whose motto Dulce et Periculum ("sweet and dangerous") represented the precarious place of the student press at Harvard University in the late nineteenth century. The Magenta's editors declined Dean Burney's advice and moved forward with a biweekly paper, "a thin layer of editorial content surrounded by an even thinner wrapper of advertising".

The paper changed its name to The Crimson in 1875 when Harvard changed its official color by a vote of the student body—the announcement came with a full-page editorial announcing "magenta is not now, and ... never has been, the right color of Harvard." This particular issue, May 21, 1875, also included several reports on athletic events, a concert review, and a call for local shopkeepers to stock the exact shade of crimson ribbon, to avoid "startling variations in the colors worn by Harvard men at the races".

The Crimson included more substance in the 1880s, as the paper's editors were more eager to engage in a quality of journalism like that of muckraking big-city newspapers; it was at this time that the paper moved first from a biweekly to a weekly, and then to a daily in 1883.

Twentieth century[link]

The paper flourished at the beginning of the twentieth century with the acquisition of its own (and current) building in 1915, the purchase of Harvard Illustrated Magazine and the establishment of the editorial board in 1911.^[9] The Illustrated's editors became Crimson photographers, and thereby established the photographic board. The addition of this and the editorial board brought the paper to become, in essence, the modern Crimson. The newspaper's president no longer authored editorials single-handedly, and the paper took stronger editorial positions.

The 1930s and 1940s were dark years for The Crimson; reduced financial resources and competition from a publication established by ex-editors meant serious challenges to the paper's viability. In 1943, the banner on the paper read Harvard Service News and the stories focused almost exclusively on Harvard's contribution to the war effort. Under the authority of so-called wartime administrative necessity, alumni discouraged the Service News from editorializing. The paper was administered during the war by a board of University administrators, alumni, and students.^{[citation needed]}

In 1934, the Crimson defended a proposal by Hitler's press secretary, Ernst F. Sedgwick Hanfstaengl, to donate to Harvard a prize scholarship to enable a Harvard student to attend a Nazi university. The Harvard Corporation voted unanimously to refuse the offer, "We are unwilling to accept a gift from one who has been so closely identified with the leadership of a political party which has inflicted damage on the universities of Germany through measures which have struck at principles we believe to be fundamental to universities throughout the world." The Crimson defended it, "That political theories should prevent a Harvard student from enjoying an opportunity for research in one of the world's greatest cultural centers is most unfortunate and scarcely in line with the liberal traditions of which Harvard is pardonably proud."^[10]

Post-war growth[link]

The paper went back to its civilian version in 1946, and as the Army and Navy moved out of Harvard, The Crimson grew larger, more financially secure, more diversified, and more aware of the world outside the campus during the early Cold War era than its pre-WWII predecessor had been.

The paper, although financially independent and independent of editorial control by the Harvard University administration, was under the University's administrative control insofar as it was composed of university students who were subject to the university's rules. Radcliffe women on staff were forced to follow curfews to which Harvard men were not subject, and that interfered greatly with the late hours required in producing a newspaper. Throughout the 1950s, The Crimson and various university officials exchanged letters debating these restrictions. Crimson editors pushed for later curfews for their female writers, who grew increasingly important in day-to-day operations. Under president Phillip Cronin '53, women became staff members rather than Radcliffe correspondents.

Crimson writers were involved in national issues, especially when anti-communist investigative committees came to Harvard. Future Pulitzer prize-winning writer Anthony Lukas' stories (most notably, an interview with HUAC witness Wendell H. Furry) were sometimes picked up by the Associated Press. Not even a staff writer yet, Lukas had arrived at the university with Joseph McCarthy's home number in his pocket. His father was an opponent of McCarthy's and a member of the American Jewish Committee, the group that produced Commentary magazine.

Modern-day paper[link]

The Harvard Crimson, Inc. was incorporated as a nonprofit Massachusetts corporation in 1966; the incorporation was involuntarily revoked, then revived, in 1986.^[11]

In 1991, student reporters for The Crimson were the first to break the news that Harvard had selected former Princeton Provost Neil Leon Rudenstine to succeed Derek Bok as President of the university. The reporters, who had learned of a secret meeting in New York, got their confirmation when they approached a surprised Rudenstine on his plane ride back to Boston. The story appeared in an extra bearing the dateline "Somewhere Over New England". Crimson editors repeated the scoop in 2001, beating out national media outlets to report that Lawrence Summers would succeed Rudenstine, and again in 2007, being the first to report Drew Gilpin Faust's ascension to the presidency.^[12]

Throughout the 1990s, there was a great deal of focus on making the staff of the paper more inclusive and diverse. Over time, a financial aid program was instituted to try to address the problem of a lack of socio-economic diversity. Today, some 60 editors participate in the financial aid program.

On January 12, 2004, The Crimson printed its first color edition after obtaining and installing new Goss Community color presses. The date also marked the unveiling of a major redesign of the paper itself.

In 2004, The Crimson filed a lawsuit against Harvard University to force the Harvard University Police Department to release more complete records to the public. The case was heard before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in November 2005. In January 2006, the court decided the case in favor of the University.

In November 2005, The Crimson had its records subpoenaed by ConnectU, a firm suing Facebook, its better known competitor. The Crimson is currently challenging the subpoena, and it has said that it will not comply with ConnectU's demands for documents.

On April 23, 2006, The Crimson was the first to allege that portions of Harvard student Kaavya Viswanathan's highly-publicized debut young adult novel How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life had been plagiarized from two bestselling books by novelist Megan McCafferty.^[13][14][15] Further allegations were later made that Viswanathan's novel had drawn inappropriately from other novels as well.^[13][14][15]

Notable past senior members[link]

• George Abrams, lawyer and businessman [2]
• Daniel Altman, author and journalist
• Cleveland Amory, writer [3]
• Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft [4]
• Stephen Barnett (1935–2009), legal scholar at University of California, Berkeley School of Law who opposed the Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970^[16]
• Michael Barone, television commentator, senior writer for U.S. News & World Report, author [5]
• Daniel J. Boorstin, American author and writer and Librarian of Congress [6]
• Robert O. Boorstin, writer and political advisor [7]
• Sewell Chan, journalist for The New York Times
• Susan Chira, author, foreign editor of The New York Times [8]
• Nicholas Ciarelli, founder and editor of Think Secret [9]
• Blair Clark, manager of Eugene McCarthy's 1968 presidential campaign [10]
• Adam Clymer, author, journalist for The New York Times [11]
• Jonathan Cohn, author, journalist for The New Republic [12]
• Richard Connell, author [13]
• Jim Cramer, host of CNBC's Mad Money[14]
• Michael Crichton, author [15]
• Robert Decherd, CEO of A. H. Belo Corporation
• E.J. Dionne, Jr., columnist for The Washington Post [16]
• Esther Dyson, digital technology analyst, author [17]
• Daniel Ellsberg, author, released the Pentagon Papers [18]
• Garrett Epps, author and law school professor
• James Fallows, journalist [19]
• Susan Faludi, author [20]
• David Frankel, filmmaker [21]
• V.V. Ganeshananthan, author and journalist
• Mark Gearan, former Peace Corps director [22]
• James Glassman, journalist, diplomat, and director of the George W. Bush Institute
• George Goodman, a.k.a. "Adam Smith," hosted the Emmy award-winning program Adam Smith's Money World on PBS [23]
• Donald E. Graham, CEO and chairman of The Washington Post Co. [24]
• C. Boyden Gray, Committee for Justice chairman and White House Counsel to President George H. W. Bush [25]
• Linda Greenhouse, journalist for The New York Times [26]
• David Halberstam, author [27]
• Hendrik Hertzberg, journalist for The New Yorker [28]
• David Ignatius, columnist for The Washington Post [29]
• Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr., publisher and CEO of The Washington Post [30]
• Peter Kaplan, former editor-in-chief of "The New York Observer" [31], current creative director of "Condé Nast Traveler" [32]
• Caroline Kennedy, daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy [33]
• John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States [34]
• Mickey Kaus, journalist and political blogger [35]
• Michael Kinsley, journalist, founding editor of Slate magazine [36]
• Peter Kramer, psychiatrist, author [37]
• Nicholas D. Kristof, columnist for The New York Times [38]
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn, philosopher and historian of science
• Charles Lane, former editor of The New Republic [39]
• Jennifer 8. Lee, journalist for The New York Times [40]
• Nicholas Lemann, dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism [41]
• Anthony Lewis, author and former columnist for The New York Times [42]
• Arthur Lubow, journalist
• J. Anthony Lukas, author and Pulitzer prize-winning journalist [43]
• Michael Maccoby, New York Times best-selling author and psychoanalyst
• Charles S. Maier, professor of history at Harvard [44]
• Bill McKibben, environmentalist, author [45]
• Grover Norquist, president of Americans for Tax Reform [46]
• Mark Penn, chief political strategist for Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign [47]
• Frank Rich, columnist for The New York Times [48]
• Steven V. Roberts, former reporter for The New York Times, television journalist [49]
• Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States [50]
• Scott A. Rosenberg, co-founder of Salon.com [51]
• Jack Rosenthal, journalist for The New York Times and president of The New York Times Company Foundation [52]
• David Sanger, journalist for The New York Times [53]
• Robert Ellis Smith, noted journalist and creator of the Privacy Journal[54]
• Whit Stillman, filmmaker [55]
• Ira Stoll, New York Sun executive
• Paul Sweezy, Marxist economist and funder of the Monthly Review [56]
• Katrina Szish, television personality [57]
• Evan Thomas, associate managing editor of Newsweek [58]
• Jeffrey Toobin, senior legal analyst for CNN [59]
• Andrew Weil, alternative medicine advocate [60]
• George Weller, novelist, playwright, Pulitzer prize winning journalist for The New York Times and The Chicago Daily News[61]
• Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan [62]
• Mark Whitaker, Senior Vice President of NBC News, former editor of Newsweek [63]
• Elizabeth Wurtzel, author [64]
• Jeff Zucker, president and CEO of NBC Universal [65]

[edit] Recent Crimson Presidents

• E. Benjamin Samuels '13: 139th Guard (Spring and Fall 2012)
• Naveen N. Srivatsa '12: 138th Guard (Spring and Fall 2011)
• Peter F. Zhu '11: 137th Guard (Spring and Fall 2010)
• Maxwell L. Child '10: 136th Guard (Spring and Fall 2009)
• Malcom A. Glenn '09: 135th Guard (Spring and Fall 2008)
• Kristina M. Moore '08: 134th Guard (Spring and Fall 2007)
• William C. Marra '07: 133rd Guard (Spring and Fall 2006)
• Lauren A. E. Schuker '06: 132nd Guard (Spring and Fall 2005)
• Erica K. Jalli '05: 131st Guard (Spring and Fall 2004)
• Amit R. Paley '04: 130th Guard (Spring and Fall 2003)
• Imtiyaz H. Delawala '03: 129th Guard (Spring and Fall 2002)
• C. Matthew MacInnis '02: 128th Guard (Spring and Fall 2001)
• Alan E. Wirzbicki '01: 127th Guard (Spring and Fall 2000)
• Joshua H. Simon '00: 126th Guard (Spring and Fall 1999)
• Matthew W. Granade '99: 125th Guard (Spring and Fall 1998)
• Joshua J. Schanker '98: 124th Guard (Spring and Fall 1997)
• Todd F. Braunstein '97: 123rd Guard (Spring and Fall 1996)
• Andrew L. Wright '96: 122nd Guard (Spring and Fall 1995)

[edit] Recent Crimson Managing Editors

• Julie M. Zauzmer '13: 139th Guard (Spring and Fall 2012)
• Elias J. Groll '12: 138th Guard (Spring and Fall 2011)
• Esther I. Yi '11: 137th Guard (Spring and Fall 2010)
• Clifford M. Marks '10: 136th Guard (Spring and Fall 2009)
• Paras D. Bhayani '09: 135th Guard (Spring and Fall 2008)
• Javier C. Hernandez '08: 134th Guard (Spring and Fall 2007)
• Daniel J. Hemel '07: 133rd Guard (Spring and Fall 2006)
• Zachary M. Seward '07-'09: 133rd Guard (January 2006)
• Stephen M. Marks '06: 132nd Guard (Spring and Fall 2005)
• Elisabeth S. Theodore '05: 131st Guard (Spring and Fall 2004)
• David H. Gellis '04: 130th Guard (Spring and Fall 2003)
• Daniela J. Lamas '03: 129th Guard (Spring and Fall 2002)
• Vasugi V. Ganeshananthan (V.V. Ganeshananthan) '02: 128th Guard (Fall 2001)
• Parker R. Conrad '02: 128th Guard (Spring 2001)
• Rosalind S. Helderman '01: 127th Guard (Spring and Fall 2000)
• Georgia N. Alexakis '00: 126th Guard (Spring and Fall 1999)
• Andrew S. Chang '99: 125th Guard (Spring and Fall 1998)
• Valerie J. MacMillan '98 and Andrew A. Green '98: 124th Guard (Spring and Fall 1997)

See also[link]

• Harvard Law Record, the student newspaper of Harvard Law School
• Secret Court of 1920

References[link]

Harvard Crimson
University	Harvard University
Conference(s)	Ivy League ECAC Hockey Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association Collegiate Water Polo Association
NCAA	Division I
Athletics director	Robert Scalise
Location	Cambridge, MA
Varsity teams	41 teams
Football stadium	Harvard Stadium
Basketball arena	Lavietes Pavilion
Baseball stadium	Joseph J. O'Donnell Field[1]
Soccer stadium	Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium,[2] Ohiri Field
Lacrosse stadium	Harvard Stadium
Other arenas	Bright Hockey Center
Mascot	John Harvard
Nickname	Crimson
Fight song	Ten Thousand Men of Harvard
Colors	Crimson, black, and white
Homepage	Harvard Crimson

The Harvard Crimson are the athletic teams of Harvard University. The school's teams compete in NCAA Division I. As of 2006, there were 41 Division I intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country. Like the other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.^[3]

The school has won national championships in men's football (12), golf (6), men's ice hockey (1), women's lacrosse (1), men's soccer (4), and men's individual wrestling (3).

Teams[link]

Baseball[link]

See: Category: Harvard Crimson baseball, Joseph J. O'Donnell Field,^[1] and College baseball

Basketball[link]

Men's basketball[link]

Harvard Crimson men's basketball program represents intercollegiate men's basketball at Harvard University. The team currently competes in the Ivy League in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and play home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts. The team's last appearance in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was in 2012. The Crimson are currently coached by Tommy Amaker.

Women's basketball[link]

See: Category: Harvard Crimson women's basketball, Lavietes Pavilion, and College basketball

Crew[link]

Harvard men's eight at Henley, 2004

See footnote.^[4] See also: College rowing (United States) and Intercollegiate sports team champions#Rowing

• ECAC Rowing Trophy: 2002, 2004^[5]

Men's crew[link]

See also: Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) and Goldthwait Cup

• National Collegiate Rowing Championship: 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992

Women's crew[link]

See also: Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges (EAWRC)

Fencing[link]

The fencing won the 2006 NCAA team championship in men's and women's combined fencing.

Field Hockey[link]

Football[link]

Harvard v Brown, 2009

See: Harvard Crimson football and Harvard Stadium

The football team has competed since 1873. They have won ten national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS.^[6] They are perhaps best known for their rivalry with Yale, known as "The Game". Sixteen former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. The school won the 1920 Rose Bowl.

Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875. While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the Rose Bowl in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport, the Father of Football, Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the field to open up the game. But the state-of-the-art Harvard Stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.^[7][8]

Golf[link]

Men's golf[link]

Harvard has won six men's golf championships: 1898 (spring), 1899, 1901, 1902 (fall), 1903, and 1904.

Women's golf[link]

Ice hockey[link]

Men's ice hockey[link]

The men's ice hockey team is one of the oldest intercollegiate ice hockey teams in the United States, having played their first game on January 19, 1898 in a 0-6 loss to Brown.^[9] Former head coach William H. Claflin and former captain George Owen are credited with the first use of line change in a game against Yale on March 3, 1923 when the Crimson substituted entire forward lines instead of individuals.^[10] The men's ice hockey team won the NCAA Division I Championship on April 1, 1989, defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 4-3 in overtime.^[11] The Cleary Cup, awarded to the ECAC regular-season champion, is named for former Harvard All-American hockey player, coach, and athletic director Bill Cleary, a member of the U.S. hockey team that won the 1960 Winter Olympics gold medal. The team competes in ECAC Hockey along with six other Ivy League schools and is coached by Harvard alumnus, Olympian, and former NHL forward, Ted Donato.^[12]

• 1-time NCAA men's champions: 1989
• 8-time ECAC men's champions: 1963, 1971, 1983, 1987, 1994, 2002, 2004, 2006
• 10-time ECAC men's regular-season champions: 1963, 1973, 1975, 1986–89, 1992–94

Women's ice hockey[link]

See the "Harvard Crimson ice hockey" navigation box at the bottom of the page.

• 1-time women's national champions (1999, crowned by AWCHA, pre-dated NCAA Women's "Frozen Four")
• 5-time ECAC women's champions (1999, 2004–06, 2008)
• 5-time ECAC women's regular-season champions (1999, 2003–05, 2008)

Lacrosse[link]

Men's lacrosse[link]

Women's lacrosse[link]

Harvard became the first Ivy League institution to win a NCAA championship title in a women's sport, when its women's lacrosse team won the NCAA championship in 1990. The team was runner-up in 1989 and 1992.

Rowing[link]

Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames river in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing.

Sailing[link]

The Harvard team won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003 and is currently ranked 11th nationally according to Sailing World.^[13]

Skiing[link]

Soccer[link]

See: Category: Harvard Crimson men's soccer players, Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium,^[2] Ohiri Field, and College soccer

Men's soccer[link]

Before the NCAA began its tournament in 1959, the annual national champion was declared by the Intercollegiate Association Football League (IAFL) — from 1911 to 1926 — and then the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association (ISFA), from 1927 to 1958. From 1911 to 1958, Harvard won four national championships.

Softball[link]

Squash[link]

Swimming and diving[link]

Tennis[link]

See: Category: Harvard Crimson tennis players

Track and field[link]

See: Category: Harvard Crimson track and field athletes

Volleyball[link]

Men's volleyball[link]

See also: Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association

Inaugural season for the men's team was 1981. The Crimson compete in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA) and are under the direction of head coach, Brian Baise.

Women's volleyball[link]

Inaugural season for the women's team was 1981. The Crimson compete in the Ivy League and are under the direction of head coach, Jennifer Weiss.

Water Polo[link]

Coach Ted Minnis heads both the Men's and Women's Water Polo teams, which compete in the Collegiate Water Polo Association. The teams both play in Blodgett Pool.

Wrestling[link]

Awards[link]

• Nils V. "Swede" Nelson Award – college-football award named for former player

Facilities[link]

Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC," serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as home to the varsity men's and women's volleyball, men's and women's fencing, and wrestling teams. The five-story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held at all hours of the day, and an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC also offers personal trainers and specialty classes. The MAC is also home to volleyball, fencing, and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.

Weld Boathouse and Newell Boathouse house the women's and men's rowing teams, respectively. The men's crew also uses the Red Top complex in Ledyard, CT, as their training camp for the annual Harvard-Yale Regatta. The Bright Hockey Center hosts the ice hockey teams, and the Murr Center serves both as a home for the squash and tennis teams as well as a strength and conditioning center for all athletic sports.

Other facilities include: Joseph J. O'Donnell Field^[1] (baseball), Harvard Stadium (football), Cumnock Turf and Harvard Stadium (lacrosse), Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium^[2] and Ohiri Field (soccer), and Blodgett Pool (swimming and diving, water polo).

Television footage[link]

Harvard Undergraduate Television has footage from historical games and athletic events including the 2005 pep-rally before the Harvard-Yale Game. Harvard's official athletics website has more comprehensive information about Harvard's athletic facilities.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

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Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States^[7] and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.^{[8][9][10][11]}

Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites.^[12][13] Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.^[14] James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.^[4]

The university comprises eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area.^[15] Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown Boston. The business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in Allston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood Medical Area.^[6]

As of 2010, Harvard employs about 2,100 faculty to teach and advise approximately 6,700 undergraduates (Harvard College) and 14,500 graduate and professional students.^[16] Eight U.S. presidents have been graduates, and 75 Nobel Laureates have been student, faculty, or staff affiliates. Harvard is also the alma mater of sixty-two living billionaires, the most in the country.^[17] The Harvard University Library is the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world.^[18]

The Harvard Crimson competes in 41 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University traditionally culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team, a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.^[19]

History[link]

Colonial[link]

Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere, 1767

Harvard was founded in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne", the institution was renamed Harvard College on March 13, 1639. It was named after John Harvard, a young English clergyman from Southwark, London, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge (after which Cambridge, Massachusetts is named), who bequeathed the College his library of four hundred books and £779 pounds sterling, which was half of his estate.^[20] The charter creating the corporation of Harvard College came in 1650. In the early years, the College trained many Puritan ministers.^[21] The college offered a classic academic course based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended Cambridge University—but one consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy. The college was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches throughout New England.^[22] An early brochure, published in 1643, described the founding of the college as a response to the desire "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches".^[23]

The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the College toward intellectual independence from Puritanism.

19th century[link]

John Harvard statue, Harvard Yard

Religion and philosophy[link]

The takeover of Harvard by the Unitarians in 1805 resulted in the secularization of the American college. By 1850 Harvard was the "Unitarian Vatican." The "liberals" (Unitarians) allied themselves with high Federalists and began to create a set of private societies and institutions meant to shore up their cultural and political authority, a movement that prefigured the emergence of the Boston Brahmin class. On the other hand, the theological conservatives used print media to argue for the maintenance of open debate and democratic governance through a diverse public sphere, seeing the liberals' movement as an attempt to create a cultural oligarchy in opposition to Congregationalist tradition and republican political principles.^[24]

In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' 'participation in the Divine Nature' and the possibility of understanding 'intellectual existences.' Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that one can grasp the 'divine plan' in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to 'soar with Plato' probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were exposed, including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth, John Norris, and, in a Romantic vein, Samuel Coleridge. The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the 'official philosophy' of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school.^[25]

Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person.^[26]

20th century[link]

Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.^[27]

During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate program. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States.

Meritocracy[link]

James Bryant Conant (president, 1933–1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century.^[28]

In 1945–1960 admissions policies were opened up to bring in students from a more diverse applicant pool. No longer drawing mostly from rich alumni of select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college was now open to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics or Asians.^[29]

Women[link]

Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period.

In 1999, Radcliffe College, founded in 1879 as the "Harvard Annex for Women",^[30] merged formally with Harvard University, becoming the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

Drew Gilpin Faust, the Dean at Radcliffe, became the first woman president of Harvard in 2007.

Harvard Yard as seen from the Holyoke Center

Liberalism[link]

Harvard and its affiliates, like many American universities,^[31][32] are considered by some to be politically liberal (left of center).^[33] Conservative author William F. Buckley, Jr. quipped that he would rather be governed by the first 2000 names in the Boston phone book than by the Harvard faculty,^[34] President Richard Nixon famously referred to Harvard as the "Kremlin on the Charles" around 1970,^[35] and Vice President George H.W. Bush disparaged what he saw to be Harvard's liberalism during the 1988 presidential election.^[36]

President Lawrence Summers resigned his presidency in 2006. His resignation came just one week before a second planned vote of no confidence by the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Former president Derek Bok served as interim president. Members of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which instructs graduate students in GSAS and undergraduates in Harvard College, had passed an earlier motion of "lack of confidence" in Summers' leadership on March 15, 2005 by a 218–185 vote, with 18 abstentions. The 2005 motion was precipitated by comments about the causes of gender demographics in academia made at a closed academic conference and leaked to the press.^[37] In response, Summers convened two committees to study this issue: the Task Force on Women Faculty and the Task Force on Women in Science and Engineering. Summers had also pledged $50 million to support their recommendations and other proposed reforms. Drew Gilpin Faust is the 28th president of Harvard. An American historian, former dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and Lincoln Professor of History at Harvard University, Faust is the first female president in the university's history.^[38][39]

Organization and administration[link]

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is primarily responsible for instruction in Harvard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Harvard Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There is also the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

Harvard is governed by a combination^{[clarification needed]} of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University. There are 16,000 staff and faculty.^[40]

A faculty of approximately 2,410 professors, lecturers, and instructors serve as of school year 2009–10,^[41] with 7,180 undergraduate and 13,830 graduate students.^[42] The school color is crimson, which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper, The Harvard Crimson. The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot, a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.

Harvard has a friendly rivalry with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which dates back to 1900 when a merger of the two schools was frequently discussed and at one point officially agreed upon (ultimately canceled by Massachusetts courts). Today, the two schools cooperate as much as they compete, with many joint conferences and programs, including the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, the Harvard-MIT Data Center and formerly the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. In addition, students at the two schools can cross-register in undergraduate or graduate classes without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees.

Harvard Yard in the winter, with freshman dorms in the background

Endowment[link]

Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011, it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $27.6 billion in September 2010^[43] and $25.7 billion 2009. It suffered about 30% loss in 2008-2009.^[4][44] In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22% (approximately $8 billion) from July to October 2008, necessitating budget cuts.^[45] Later reports^[46] suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction of nearly 50% of its endowment in the first four months alone. Forbes in March 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $12 billion.^[47] One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting^[46] of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011, resulting in protests from local residents.^[48]

Campus[link]

Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown Boston and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. The Harvard MBTA station provides public transportation via bus service and the Red Line subway.

The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 359-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston. The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses. The Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard School of Public Health are located on a 22-acre (8.9 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.^[6] A private shuttle bus connects the Longwood campus to the Cambridge campus via Massachusetts Avenue making stops in the Back Bay and at MIT as well.^[49]

Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall, library, and various other student facilities. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.^[50]

Memorial Church in the winter

Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College (and now home of the Radcliffe Institute), is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education and the Cambridge Common.

From 2006 - 2008, Harvard University reported on-campus crime statistics that included 48 forcible sex offenses, 10 robberies, 15 aggravated assaults, 750 burglaries, and 12 cases of motor vehicle theft.^[51]

Satellite facilities[link]

Apart from its major Cambridge/Allston and Longwood campuses, Harvard owns and operates Arnold Arboretum, in the Jamaica Plain area of Boston; the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, D.C.; the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts; and the Villa I Tatti research center^[52] in Florence and the Harvard Shanghai Center in China.

Major campus expansion[link]

Throughout the past several years, Harvard has purchased large tracts of land in Allston, a walk across the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward.^[53] The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston than in Cambridge. Various proposals to connect the traditional Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram. Ambitious plans also call for sinking part of Storrow Drive (at Harvard's expense) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the Charles River, as well as the construction of bike paths, and an intently planned fabric of buildings throughout the Allston campus. The institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school, but surrounding community, pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.

One of the foremost driving forces for Harvard's pending expansion is its goal of substantially increasing the scope and strength of its science and technology programs. The university plans to construct two 500,000 square foot (50,000 m²) research complexes in Allston, which would be home to several interdisciplinary programs, including the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and an enlarged Engineering department.

In addition, Harvard intends to relocate the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard School of Public Health to Allston. The university also plans to construct several new undergraduate and graduate student housing centers in Allston, and it is considering large-scale museums and performing arts complexes as well. Unfortunately the large drop in endowment has halted these plans for now.

Sustainability[link]

In 2000, Harvard hired a full-time campus sustainability professional and launched the Harvard Green Campus Initiative,^[54] since institutionalized as the Office for Sustainability (OFS).^[55] With a full-time staff of 25, dozens of student interns, and a $12 million Loan Fund for energy and water conservation projects, OFS is one of the most advanced campus sustainability programs in the country.^[56] Harvard was one of 27 schools to receive a grade of "A-" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card 2010, the highest grade awarded.^[57]

Academics[link]

Massachusetts Hall (1720) is the oldest building in the Harvard campus.^[58]

Harvard is a large, highly residential research university.^[59] The university has been accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges since 1929.^[60] The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations (majors),^[61] 134 graduate degrees,^[62] and 32 professional degrees.^[63] For the 2008–2009 academic year, Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate degrees, 400 masters degrees, 512 doctoral degrees, and 4,460 professional degrees.^[63]

The four year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an "arts & sciences focus".^[59] Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a "Core Curriculum" of seven classes outside of their concentration.^[64] Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World.^[65] Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees.^[59] The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.^[66][67]

Harvard's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May.^[68] Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full time.^[69] In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or a honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work.^[70] Students graduating in the top 4-5% of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30% of the class are awarded cum laude.^[71] Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually.^[72] Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of grade inflation,^[73] although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased.^[74] Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.^{[75][76][77][78]}

Undergraduate tuition for the 2009–2010 school year was $33,696 and the total cost with fees, room, and board was $48,868.^[79] Under financial aid guidelines adopted in 2007, parents in families with incomes of less than $60,000 will no longer be expected to contribute any money to the cost of attending Harvard for their children, including room and board. Families with incomes in the $60,000 to $80,000 range contribute an amount of only a few thousand dollars a year. In December 2007, Harvard announced that families earning between $120,000 and $180,000 will only have to pay up to 10% of their annual household income towards tuition.^[80] In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414.1 million across all 11 divisions; $339.5 million came from institutional funds, $35.3 million from federal support, and $39.2 million from other outside support. Grants total 87.7% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8.4%) and work-study (3.9%).^[79]

Rankings[link]

Internationally, Harvard ranks second, behind University of Cambridge: both the QS World University Rankings and the annual World's Best Universities by U.S. News & World Report in 2011.^[88][89][90] When the QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings were published in partnership as the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings, Harvard was ranked first between 2004 and 2009.^[90][91] Harvard is tied with Stanford University for second in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.^[92] Harvard is ranked first by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), a position it has held since the first ARWU rankings were released in 2003.^[93] In its individual subject tables, ARWU ranked Harvard first in natural sciences and mathematics,^[94] life and agricultural sciences,^[95] clinical medicine and pharmacy,^[96] social sciences,^[97] and 42nd in engineering/technology and computer sciences.^[98] In individual fields in 2010, Harvard is ranked first in Physics and Economics/Business, second in Chemistry, third in Mathematics, and ninth in Computer Science in the world.^[99]

Harvard's undergraduate program is ranked first among "National Universities" by U.S. News & World Report^[100] and sixth by Forbes.^[101] The university is ranked sixth nationally by The Washington Monthly.^[102]

In the 2009 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report, Harvard was ranked first in North America.^[103]

In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), Harvard is the best overall university in the world.^[104]

Research[link]

• Berkman Center for Internet & Society
• Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
• Harvard HKS/CID-MIT Media Lab Observatory of Economic Complexity
• Harvard Clinical Research Institute
• Harvard Institute of Economic Research
• Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
• Institute for Quantitative Social Science^[105]
• Laboratory for Nanomedicine (at the Harvard Medical School-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital)
• Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies (one of Harvard's 14 schools)
• Real Colegio Complutense at Harvard University, a Post-Doctoral Research Institute founded by Harvard University and Complutense University in 1990, jointly Chaired by the Presidents of both Universities.
• Schepens Eye Research Institute
• W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research
• Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering

Research centers attached to schools and departments

• Department of Psychology: Prosopagnosia Research Centers at Harvard University and University College London^[106]
• Graduate School of Design:^[107] Center for Alternative Futures, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Center for Technology & the Environment
• Harvard Law School:^[108] Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, Institute for Global Law & Policy (former European Law Research Center), John M. Olin Center of Law, Economics and Business

Independent organizations affiliated to the university

• The Forsyth Institute

Libraries and museums[link]

The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library

The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises over 80 individual libraries holding some 15 million volumes.^[109] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world.^[18]

Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries;^[110] Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

Henry Moore's sculpture Large Four Piece Reclining Figure near Lamont Library

Harvard operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums:

• The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier, is home to the University's film archive and the department of Visual and Environmental Studies.
• The Harvard Art Museums, including:
  • The Arthur M. Sackler Museum, which includes ancient, Asian, Islamic and later Indian art
  • The Busch-Reisinger Museum, formerly the Germanic Museum, covers central and northern European art.
  • The Fogg Museum of Art, with galleries featuring history of Western art from the Middle Ages to the present. Particular strengths are in Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th century French art
• The Harvard Museum of Natural History complex, including:
  • The Harvard Mineralogical Museum
  • The Harvard University Herbaria, which contains the famous Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit
  • The Museum of Comparative Zoology
• The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere
• The Semitic Museum

Students[link]