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Rohingya people

Total population
About 729,000 (United Nations estimate 2009)
Regions with significant populations
Burma (Arakan), Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Malaysia
Languages
Rohingya, Burmese
Religion
Islam

This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

The Rohingya (Burmese: ရိုဟင်ညာ) are predominantly Muslim Immigrants of disputed origin who live in Arakan State, western Burma and Chittagong Division of Bangladesh. The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated in the cities of Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Akyab, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw.

Etymology[link]

The origin of the term "Rohingya" is highly controversial. So-called Rohingya historians like Khalilur Rahman contended that the term Rohingya is derived from Arabic word 'Raham' meaning sympathy.^[1] They trace the term back to the ship wreck in 6th century AD. According to them, after the Arab ship wrecked near Ramree Island, Arab traders were ordered to be executed by Arakanese king. Then, they shouted in their language, 'Raham'. Hence, these people were called 'Raham'. Gradually it changed from Raham to Rhohang and finally to Rohingyas.^[1][2] However, the claim was refuted by Jahiruddin Ahmed and Nazir Ahmed, former president and Secretary of Arakan Muslim Conference respectively.^[1] They argued that ship wrecked Muslims are currently called 'Thambu Kya' Muslims and currently residing along the Arakan sea shore. Should the term Rohingya derive from these Muslims, "Thambu Kyas" would have been the first group to be known as Ruhaingyas. According to them, Rohingyas were descendants of inhabitants of Ruha in Afghanistan.^[1] Another historian, MA Chowdhury argued that among the Muslim populations, the term 'Mrohaung' (Old Arakanese Kingdom) is corrupted to Rohang. And thus inhabitants of the region are called Rohingya.^[1] These claims are categorically rejected by Burmese historians.

Burmese historians like Khin Maung Saw asserted that the term Mohinga has never appeared in history before 1950s.^[3] According to another historian, Dr. Maung Maung, there is no such word as Rohingya in 1824 census survey conducted by the British.^[4] Historian Aye Chan from Kanda University of International Studies noted that the term Rohingya was created by descendants of Bengalis in 1950s who migrated into Arakan during colonial area. He further argued that the term cannot be found in any historical source in any language before 1950s. However, he stated that it does not mean Muslim communities have not existed in Arakan before 1824.^[5] Likwise,it is reported that any record of the term rohingyas was not found in Burmese history during colonial time. Therefore, some critics argue that such new terminology would be highly controversial in terms of historical evidence.

Language[link]

A coin from Arakan used in Great Bengal minted 1554/5

The Rohingya language is persumed the modern written language of the Rohingya people of Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar) but no evidence. It is linguistically the same to the Chittagonian language spoken in the southernmost part of Bangladesh bordering Burma. Rohingya scholars have successfully written the Rohingya language in different scripts such as Arabic, Hanafi, Urdu, Roman and Burmese, where Hanifi is a newly developed alphabet derived from Arabic with the addition of four characters from Latin and Burmese.

More recently, a Latin alphabet has been developed, using all 26 English letters A to Z and two additional Latin letters Ç (for retroflex R) and Ñ (for nasal sound). To accurately represent Rohingya phonology, it also uses five accented vowels (áéíóú). It has been recognized by ISO with ISO 639-3 "rhg" code.^[6]

History[link]

Although traces of Muslim settlements have been reported in Arakan since Arab arrival in 6th century AD, there is no known historical fact to prove that these settlers are Rohingya. On the other hand, the direct descendants of Arab settlers are residing in central Arakan near Mrauk-U and Kyauktaw townships, not in the Mayu Frontier Area, the present day Rohingya populated area. Actually the apperance of so called Rohingya people are quiet similar to Bengali ^[7] British census of 1891 reported 58,255 Muslims in Arakan. By 1911, the Muslim population had increased to 1,078,647.^[8] The waves of immigration were primary due to the requirement of cheap labor from the British India to work at the paddy fields. In 1939, The British authorities, who were wary of the long term animosity between the Rakhine and the Muslim immigrants, formed a special Investigation Commission led by Mr. James Ester and U Tin Htut to study the issue of Muslim immigration into the Rakhine state. The commission recommended to tighten up the border however, with the start of World War II, the British retreated from Arakan.^[9] An important fact is that there is no record about Rohingya by British who ruled Burma over 100 years.

World War 2 Japanese Occupation[link]

On 28 March 1942, some thousands of Muslims (about 5,000) in Minbya and Mrohaung Townships started killing Rakhine nationalists and Karenni, about 30 villages were burned and 200 died. The Muslims from Northern Rakhine State massacred around 20,000 Arakanese including the Deputy Commissioner U Kyaw Khaing who was killed while trying to settle the dispute.^[9]

During World War II, Japanese forces invaded Burma, then under British colonial rule. The British forces retreated and in the power vacuum left behind, considerable violence erupted. This included communal violence between Buddhist Rakhine and Muslim Rohingya villagers. The period also witnessed violence between groups loyal to the British and Burmese nationalists. The Rohingya supported the Allies during the war and oppose the Japanese forces, assisting the Allies in reconnaissance.

The Japanese committed atrocities toward thousands of Rohingya, the Japanese engaged in an orgy of rape, murder and torture.^[10] In this period, some 22,000 Rohingya are believed to back crossed the border to Bengal, then part of British India, to escape the violence.^[11][12]

40,000 Rohingya eventually fled to Chittagong after repeated massacres by Japanese forces.^[13]

Religion[link]

Religion is particularly important to the Rohingya people, who are predominantly Muslims. Mosques and religious schools occupy most villages. Traditionally, men pray in congregation and women pray at home.

Human rights violations & refugees[link]

According to Amnesty International, the Muslim Rohingya people have continued to suffer from human rights violations under the Burmese junta since 1978, and many have fled to neighboring Bangladesh as a result:.^[14]

"The Rohingyas’ freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of them have effectively been denied Burma citizenship. They are also subjected to various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps, although the amount of forced labour in northern Rakhine State has decreased over the last decade."

"In 1978 over 200,000 Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh, following the ‘Nagamin’ (‘Dragon King’) operation of the Myanmar army. Officially this campaign aimed at "scrutinising each individual living in the state, designating citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law and taking actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally." This military campaign directly targeted civilians, and resulted in widespread killings, rape and destruction of mosques and further religious persecution."

"During 1991-92 a new wave of over a quarter of a million Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh. They reported widespread forced labour, as well as summary executions, torture, and rape. Rohingyas were forced to work without pay by the Burmese army on infrastructure and economic projects, often under harsh conditions. Many other human rights violations occurred in the context of forced labour of Rohingya civilians by the security forces."

As of 2005, the UNHCR had been assisting with the repatriation of Rohingya from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps have threatened this effort.^[15]

Despite earlier efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees have remained in Bangladesh, unable to return because of the negative attitude of the ruling regime in Myanmar. Now they are facing problems in Bangladesh as well where they do not receive support from the government any longer.^[16] In February 2009, many Rohingya refugees were rescued by Acehnese sailors in the Strait of Malacca, after 21 days at sea.^[17]

Over the years thousands of Rohingya also have fled to Thailand. There are roughly 111,000 refugees housed in 9 camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. There have been charges that groups of them have been shipped and towed out to open sea from Thailand, and left there. In February 2009 there was evidence of the Thai army towing a boatload of 190 Rohingya refugees out to sea. A group of refugees rescued by Indonesian authorities also in February 2009 told harrowing stories of being captured and beaten by the Thai military, and then abandoned at open sea. By the end of February there were reports that of a group of 5 boats were towed out to open sea, of which 4 boats sank in a storm, and 1 boat washed up on the shore. February 12, 2009 Thailand's prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva said there were "some instances" in which Rohingya people were pushed out to sea.

"There are attempts, I think, to let these people drift to other shores. [...] when these practices do occur, it is done on the understanding that there is enough food and water supplied. [...] It's not clear whose work it is [...] but if I have the evidence who exactly did this I will bring them to account." ^[18]

The prime minister said he regretted "any losses", and was working on rectifying the problem.

Bangladesh has since announced it will repatriate around 9,000 Rohingya living in refugee camps in the country back to Burma, after a meeting with Burmese diplomats.^[19][20] Steps to repatriate Rohingya began in 2005.

In October 16, 2011, the new government of Burma agreed to take back registered Rohingya refugees.^[21][22]

In May 2012, the Rohingya refugees fled for repatriation to Burma, appealing Aung San Suu Kyi and MPs to assist 2 million Rohingya living in Burma and elsewhere.^[23][24]

Border Security[link]

Despite accusations of Burmese Military Regime on rohingya people, American Intelligence suspected that ARNO [Arakan National Rohingya Organization] has links with [Mujahideen], extreme Islamist militants, who were suppressed by Bangladesh government after 2005 bombing. Wikileak cable from US Embassy Rangoon revealed that ARNO has connections with Al Qaeda on the Thai border. A reporter who is supposed to be an expert on Burmese Affairs also reported that such linkages are highly possible.

See also[link]

• (Bengali Incursion into CHT) Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict
• (Massacre by Bengali people) Logang massacre
• Persecution of Buddhists#Bangladesh
• Persecution of Muslims in Burma
• Islam in Burma
• Human rights in Burma
• Burmese Indians
• Muslims of Manipur
• Rohingya massacre

Notes[link]

References[link]

• MA Chowdhury (December 31 1995). "The advent of Islam in Arakan and the Rohingyas". Chittagong University. Arakan Historical Society. http://karnafuli.angelfire.com/articles/ArakanandRohingyas.pdf. Retrieved October 31, 2011. 
• Aye Chan (2005). "The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar)". SOAS. http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf. Retrieved November 1, 2011. 
• "Myanmar, The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied". Amnesty International. http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA160052004?open&of=ENG-MMR. Retrieved August 2005. 
• Amnesty International (English)
• The Burmanization of Myanmar's Muslims, the acculturation of the Muslims in Burma including Arakan, Jean A. Berlie, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2008. ISBN 974-480-126-3, ISBN 978-974-480-126-5.

^[1]

External links[link]

• The Muslim “Rohingya” of Burma by Martin Smith 1995 Arakan Rohingya National Organisation
• [1]
• [2]

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References[link]