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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
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Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Baylor University
Baylor University is a private, Christian-affiliated research university located in Waco, Texas, United States. Founded in 1845, Baylor is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big 12 Conference.
http://wn.com/Baylor_University -
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
http://wn.com/Cornell_University -
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
http://wn.com/Harvard_University -
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
NVIDIA
http://wn.com/NVIDIA -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Research Triangle
Raleigh-Durham or The Research Triangle, commonly referred to as simply "The Triangle", is a region in the Piedmont of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the research universities of North Carolina State University, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill respectively. The eight-county region, officially named the Raleigh-Durham-Cary CSA, comprises the Raleigh-Cary and Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan areas and the Dunn Micropolitan Statistical Area. A 2009 Census Estimate put the population at 1,742,816. The Raleigh-Durham television market includes a broader 23-county area which includes Fayetteville, and has a population of 2,726,000 persons.
http://wn.com/Research_Triangle -
San Francisco
http://wn.com/San_Francisco -
Siberia
Siberia ( ), is a vast region, constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as the preceding Russian Empire conquered it in the 16th century.
http://wn.com/Siberia -
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley is in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology companies including Apple, Google, Facebook, HP, Intel, Cisco, eBay, Adobe, Agilent, Oracle, Yahoo, Netflix, and EA. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for 1/3 of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Texas A&M; University
Texas A&M; University, often referred to as A&M; or TAMU, is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas. It is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M; University System. The seventh-largest university in the United States, A&M; enrolls over 49,000 students in ten academic colleges. Texas A&M;'s designation as a land, sea, and space grant institution reflects a broad range of research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. The school ranks in the top 20 American research institutes in terms of funding and has made notable contributions to such fields as animal cloning and petroleum engineering.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
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Afghan American
An Afghan American refers to an American with heritage or origins in Afghanistan.
http://wn.com/Afghan_American -
African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
http://wn.com/African_American -
African Americans
http://wn.com/African_Americans -
Afro-Asian
Afro-Asian or Blasian, refers to people of mixed Sub-Saharan African, or Black, and Asian ancestry.
http://wn.com/Afro-Asian -
Alaska Natives
Alaska Natives are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include: Inupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Inuit, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Eyak, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.
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Alex Tizon
Tomas Alex Tizon is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, a former national correspondent for the Los Angeles Times and long-time staff writer for The Seattle Times. He has contributed to Newsweek and 60 Minutes, and he has lectured at Harvard University, the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Washington. Tizon studied at Stanford University and the University of Oregon.
http://wn.com/Alex_Tizon -
Amar Bose
http://wn.com/Amar_Bose -
Amerasian
In its original meaning, an Amerasian is a person born in Asia, to a U.S. military father and an Asian mother. Colloquially, the term has sometimes been considered synonymous with Asian American, or to describe a person in the United States of mixed Asian and non-Asian ancestry, regardless of the circumstances.
http://wn.com/Amerasian -
Amy Chow
http://wn.com/Amy_Chow -
Andrea Jung
http://wn.com/Andrea_Jung -
Andrew Yao
Andrew Chi-Chih Yao () is a prominent computer scientist and computational theorist. Yao used the minimax theorem to prove what is now known as Yao's Principle.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Yao -
Anju Bhargava
Anju Bhargava is a member of President Barack Obama's Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood partnership. She is also Principal Director at Global Synergy Associates working at the intersection of Enterprise Risk Management, Business Transformation and Organization Management through a combination of both business and human levers. She is an American Hindu of Indian heritage.
http://wn.com/Anju_Bhargava -
Ann Curry
Ann Curry (born November 19, 1956) is an American television news journalist and news anchor on NBC's morning television program Today since May 1997 and host of Dateline NBC since May 2005. Along with Lester Holt, she is the primary substitute for Brian Williams on NBC Nightly News.
http://wn.com/Ann_Curry -
Anna May Wong
http://wn.com/Anna_May_Wong -
Areeya Chumsai
Areeya Chumsai (; nicknamed "Pop"(, born June 28, 1971) is a Thai-American model, teacher and filmmaker.
http://wn.com/Areeya_Chumsai -
Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
http://wn.com/Asian_American -
Asian Americans
#REDIRECTAsian American
http://wn.com/Asian_Americans -
Asian Australian
An Asian Australian can be generally defined as a person of Asian ancestry who was born in, or is an immigrant to, Australia.
http://wn.com/Asian_Australian -
Asian Brazilian
An Asian Brazilian is a Brazilian-born person of Asian ancestry. Brazil received many immigrants from Asia, both from Middle East and East Asia. The first Asian immigrants to arrive in Brazil were a small number of Chinese people (3,000) during the colonial period. However, significant immigration from Asia to Brazil started in the late 19th century, when immigration from Lebanon and Syria became important.
http://wn.com/Asian_Brazilian -
Asian Latin American
Asian Latin Americans are Latin Americans of East Asian, Southeast Asian or South Asian descent.
http://wn.com/Asian_Latin_American -
Asian Latino
http://wn.com/Asian_Latino -
Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic people is a demonym for people from Asia. However, the use of the term varies by country and person, often referring to people from a particular region or subregion of Asia. Though usage may be based on residence, it is usually considered an ethnicity or race.
http://wn.com/Asian_people -
Australian American
An Australian American is an American of Australian descent living in the United States.
http://wn.com/Australian_American -
Bangladeshi American
Bangladeshi Americans are individuals of Bangladeshi descent who are citizens of the United States. The overwhelming majority of Bangladeshi Americans are ethnically Bengalis. Large influx of Bangladeshi immigrants arrived to the United States during the early 1990s. Many immigrants from Bangladesh come from the districts of Sylhet and Chittagong as people from these two districts have a long history of working as merchant marines. Cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Miami, Houston, and Dallas possess notable Bangladeshi communities. It is one of the fastest growing communities in the United States, based on the percentage growth from 1990 to 2000.
http://wn.com/Bangladeshi_American -
Belizean American
'''
http://wn.com/Belizean_American -
Betty Nguyen
Betty Nguyen (born September 1, 1974) is an American news anchor with CBS News. Nguyen joined CBS News on March 11, 2010. She anchors the "CBS Morning News," reports regularly for "The Early Show" and contributes to the Division's other broadcasts and platforms.
http://wn.com/Betty_Nguyen -
BJ Penn
http://wn.com/BJ_Penn -
Brazilian American
Brazilian Americans are Americans of Brazilian origin. There were an estimated 351,914 Brazilian Americans as of 2008, according to the United States Census Bureau. Another source gives an estimate of some 800,000 Brazilians living in the U.S. in 2000, while still another estimates that some 1,100,000 Brazilians live in the United States, 300,000 of them in Florida.
http://wn.com/Brazilian_American -
British Arab
http://wn.com/British_Arab -
British Oriental
http://wn.com/British_Oriental -
Bryan Clay
MedalCountry|the
http://wn.com/Bryan_Clay -
Buddhism
http://wn.com/Buddhism -
Burmese American
Burmese Americans or Myanmarese Americans (, ) are Americans of Burmese descent. The term encompasses people of all ethnic backgrounds with ancestry in the present-day Myanmar (formerly Burma). Burmese Americans are a subgroup of Asian Americans. The majority of Burmese Americans are of Chinese descent.
http://wn.com/Burmese_American -
Cajun
Cajuns (; or les Acadiens, ) are an ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles (French-speaking settlers from Acadia in what are now the maritime provinces of Canada - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, or Prince Edward Island). Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population, and have exerted an enormous impact on the state's culture.
http://wn.com/Cajun -
Cambodian American
A Cambodian American is an American who is born, raised, or from Cambodia usually of Khmer descent but also including Chinese Cambodians, Vietnamese Cambodians, Cham people and other ethnicities of Cambodia. The term may also refer to Americans who have ancestors that are born, raised or from Cambodia.
http://wn.com/Cambodian_American -
Canadian American
A Canadian-American is an American of Canadian origin. The term is particularly apt when applied or self-applied to people with strong ties to Canada, such as those who have lived a significant portion of their lives in, or were educated in, Canada, and then relocated to the United States.
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Carl L. Bankston
Carl L. Bankston III (born August 8, 1952, New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American sociologist and author. He is best known for his work on immigration to the United States, particularly on the adaptation of Vietnamese American immigrants, and for his work on ethnicity, social capital, sociology of religion and the sociology of education.
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Carol Lin
Carol Lin is an American journalist who founded CarolLinReporting.com, a website which provides cancer patients, their families, and caregivers with answers they may not find on traditional networks.. The site launched on Oct. 1, 2007, and is part of a yet to be announced larger project that will allow Lin to combine journalism with an operating system to enable cancer patients and their families to find immediate solutions to the most pressing problems in their daily lives. U.S. News & World Report reported that Lin, "has moved quickly to combine politics and news to create a model to provide cancer answers while also pushing for greater spending for cures. Lin also contributes reports to NPR and is best known as the first television news anchor to break the news to a worldwide audience of the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001.
http://wn.com/Carol_Lin -
Chamorro people
The Chamorro people or Chamoru people are the indigenous people of the Mariana Islands, which include the American territory of Guam and the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. Today, significant Chamoru populations also exist in several U.S. states including Hawaii, California, Washington, Texas and Nevada. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 65,000 people of Chamoru ancestry live on Guam and another 19,000 live in the Northern Marianas. Another 93,000 live outside the Marianas ( in Hawaii and West/Pacific coast of USA ). The Chamoru are primarily of Austronesian stock.
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Chang and Eng Bunker
Chang Bunker (May 11, 1811 – January 17, 1874) and Eng Bunker (May 11, 1811 – January 17, 1874) were the conjoined twin brothers whose condition and birthplace became the basis for the term "Siamese twins".
http://wn.com/Chang_and_Eng_Bunker -
Charles J. Pedersen
Charles John Pedersen (October 3, 1904 – October 26, 1989) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. His Japanese first name was .
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Charles K. Kao
Sir Charles Kuen Kao, GBM, KBE, FRS, FREng (; born November 4, 1933) is a pioneer in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao, widely regarded as the "Godfather of Broadband", "Father of Fiber Optics" or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications", was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".
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Charles Wang
Charles B. Wang () (born August 19, 1944) is the co-founder of Computer Associates International, Inc. (later renamed CA Technologies) and owner of the New York Islanders ice hockey team.
http://wn.com/Charles_Wang -
Chen Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Franklin Yang () (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese-American physicist who worked on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He, together with Tsung-dao Lee, received the 1957 Nobel prize in physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. Yang naturalized as a United States citizen in 1964.
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Chien-Shiung Wu
http://wn.com/Chien-Shiung_Wu -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chinese American
Chinese Americans (; ) are Americans of Chinese descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of Overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Within this community, the term Chinese American is often broadly defined to include not only immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and their descendants but also immigrants and descendants of Overseas Chinese people who migrated to the United States from places as diverse as Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
http://wn.com/Chinese_American -
Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
http://wn.com/Chinese_people -
Ching W. Tang
Ching W. Tang, is a Hong Kong - American chemist. He was born in Yuen Long, Hong Kong in 1947. Tang currently is the Doris Johns Cherry Professor at the University of Rochester Chemical Engineering Department. He also has joint appointments in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Physics and Astronomy.
http://wn.com/Ching_W_Tang -
Colombian American
Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/Colombian_American -
Connie Chung
Connie Chung, full name: Constance Yu-Hwa Chung Povich (; born August 20, 1946) is an American journalist who has been an anchor and reporter for several U.S. television news networks. She is married to talk show host Maury Povich.
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Cuban American
A Cuban American () is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban parents or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the third-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry as a percentage within the group in the US.
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Cung Le
http://wn.com/Cung_Le -
Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (;, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is an American politician who is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. A Democrat, Inouye is the chairman of the influential United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
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Dat Nguyen
Dat Tan Nguyen (, ; born September 25, 1975 in Fort Chaffee, Arkansas) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He was the first Vietnamese American to play in the NFL. He played for the Dallas Cowboys from 1999 to 2005. He played college football at Texas A&M.; He was the Cowboys' assistant linebackers coach and quality control coach from 2007–2009. On February 14, 2010, Nguyen was named the new inside linebacker coach at his alma mater.
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David Ho (scientist)
David Da-i Ho (; born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese American AIDS researcher famous for pioneering the use of protease inhibitors in treating HIV-infected patients with his team.
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East Asian American
http://wn.com/East_Asian_American -
East Asian Americans
http://wn.com/East_Asian_Americans -
Ed Lu
http://wn.com/Ed_Lu -
Eric Koston
Eric Koston (born April 29, 1975) is a Thai American professional skater who grew up in San Bernardino, California.
http://wn.com/Eric_Koston -
Eric Shinseki
http://wn.com/Eric_Shinseki -
Erik Spoelstra
Erik Celino Spoelstra (born November 1, 1970 in Evanston, Illinois) is a basketball coach. He is currently the head coach of the NBA's Miami Heat. He is the first Filipino-American head coach in the NBA, as well as the first Filipino-American head coach of any North American professional sports team.
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Eugene H. Trinh
Eugene Huu-Chau "Gene" Trinh (born on September 14, 1950) is a Vietnamese-American scientist and astronaut. In 1992 he became the first Vietnamese-American to travel into outer space.
http://wn.com/Eugene_H_Trinh -
Fareed Zakaria
Fareed Rafiq Zakaria (; born January 20, 1964) is an Indian-American journalist and author. After a long career as a columnist for Newsweek and editor of Newsweek International, he has recently announced a move to Editor-At-Large of Time. He is also the host of CNN's Fareed Zakaria GPS, and a frequent commentator and author about issues related to international relations, trade and American foreign policy.
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Filipino American
Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipino Americans, often shortened to "Fil-Ams", reside mainly in the continental United States and form significant populations in California, Hawaii, New York, New Jersey, Nevada, Washington, Florida, Alaska, Guam, and Northern Marianas.
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Ford Konno
Ford Hiroshi Konno (born January 1, 1933 in Honolulu) is a former freestyle swimmer from the United States, who swam at McKinley High School (Hawaii) and the Ohio State University.
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Frank H. Wu
Frank H. Wu is a law professor, author, and public intellectual. He was recently appointed as the new Chancellor & Dean of UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco, California, a position he assumed in July 2010. He is the first Asian American professor to teach at Howard Law School, as well as the first Asian American to serve as dean of Wayne State University Law School in Detroit, Michigan. Wu is the author of Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White, which was immediately re-printed in hardcover. Arguing for a new paradigm of civil rights that goes beyond a black-white paradigm, while also addressing subtle forms of racial discrimination, the book has become canonical in Asian American Studies and is widely used in classes on the subject. Yellow appears in both the film, Americanese, an adaptation of American Knees by Shawn Wong, and the book, Secret Identities: The Asian American Superhero Anthology. Wu himself has appeared as a character in Asian America: The Movement and the Moment.
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Franklin Chang-Diaz
http://wn.com/Franklin_Chang-Diaz -
German American
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
http://wn.com/German_American -
Goldsea
http://wn.com/Goldsea -
Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (, born January 9, 1922) is an Indian American molecular biologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966, and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. He currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States serving as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, Emeritus.
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Harold Sakata
http://wn.com/Harold_Sakata -
Helen Zia
http://wn.com/Helen_Zia -
Hines Ward
http://wn.com/Hines_Ward -
Hmong American
A Hmong American is a resident of the United States who is of ethnic Hmong descent. Hmong Americans are one group of Asian Americans. Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the U.S. following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975. Beginning in December of that year, the first Hmong refugees arrived in the U.S., mainly from refugee camps in Thailand; however, only 3,466 were granted asylum at this time under the Refugee Assistance Act of 1975.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Indian American
Indian Americans are Americans who are of Asian descent and have ancestors who are born and are native to Republic of India. To make a clear distinction and difference bettwen Indians of Asian origin and Indians "named as" who are Indigenous peoples of the Americas, the U.S. Census Bureau popularized the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with "American Indian".
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Indian Americans
http://wn.com/Indian_Americans -
Indonesian American
Indonesian Americans comprise immigrants from the multiethnic country of Indonesia to the United States, and their U.S.-born descendants. As of the 2000 United States Census, they were the 15th largest group of Asian Americans. That census showed 63,073 people who identified themselves as Indonesians residing in the United States.
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Irish American
http://wn.com/Irish_American -
Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
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Japanese American
are Americans of Japanese heritage. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group at roughly 1,204,205, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity. In the 2000 census, the largest Japanese American communities were in California with 394,896, Hawaii with 296,674, Washington with 56,210, New York with 45,237, and Illinois with 27,702. Each year, about 7,000 new Japanese immigrants enter United States ports, making up about 4% of immigration from Asia.
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Japanese people
The are an ethnic group originating in the Japanese archipelago and are the predominant ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide, approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent; of these, approximately 127 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries are referred to as . The term "Japanese people" may also be used in some contexts to refer to a locus of ethnic groups including the Yamato people, Ainu people, and Ryukyuans.
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Jawed Karim
http://wn.com/Jawed_Karim -
Jeremy Lin
Jeremy Shu-How Lin () (born August 23, 1988) is an American basketball player who played basketball for Harvard University. Undrafted out of college, Lin reached a partially-guaranteed contract deal with the Golden State Warriors in July 2010.
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Julie Chen
Julie Suzanne Chen (born January 6, 1970) is an American television personality, news anchor, and producer for CBS. She has 15 years of newscasting experience. She is best known for co-anchoring CBS's The Early Show, alongside Harry Smith and Maggie Rodriguez. She has been the host of the U.S. version of Big Brother since its debut in July 2000.
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Korean American
Korean Americans (Korean: , Hanja: , Hangukgye Migukin) are Americans of Korean descent (both South and North). The Korean American community is the fifth largest Asian American subgroup, after the Chinese American, Filipino American, Indian American, and Vietnamese American communities. The United States is home to the second largest Korean diaspora community in the world after China.
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Korean Americans
http://wn.com/Korean_Americans -
Koreans
The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula. Most Koreans know how to speak the Korean language.
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Kristi Yamaguchi
Kristine Tsuya "Kristi" Yamaguchi-Hedican (born July 12, 1971) is an American figure skater and the 1992 Olympic Champion in women's singles. Yamaguchi also won two World Figure Skating Championships in 1991 and 1992 and a U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 1992. She won one junior world title in 1988 and two national titles in 1989 and 1990 as a pairs skater with Rudy Galindo. In December 2005, she was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. Yamaguchi was a local commentator on figure skating for San Francisco TV station KNTV (NBC 11) during the 2006 Winter Olympics. In 2008, Yamaguchi became the celebrity champion in the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars.
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Kurtis Townsend
Kurtis Townsend is an American basketball coach. He is currently assistant men's basketball coach at the University of Kansas, under Bill Self. Townsend was an assistant on the Jayhawks 2007-2008 NCAA national championship team.
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Laotian American
A Laotian American is a resident of the United States who was originally from Laos, people of Laotian descent residing in America, and whose parents were originally from Laos. They constitute one group of Asian Americans. miMost were refugees who escaped Laos during the 1970's from the Communist Regime and entered refugee camps across the Mekong River to Thailand.
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Lisa Lowe
Lisa Lowe is a professor of comparative literature at the University of California-San Diego and a noted scholar in the fields of comparative literature, American studies, Asian American studies and the cultural politics of colonialism and migration. She is currently Visiting Professor of American Studies at Yale University.
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Loung Ung
Loung Ung (born 1970) is a Cambodian American human-rights activist, an internationally-recognized lecturer, and the national spokesperson for the Campaign for a Landmine-Free World. Between 1997 and 2003 she served in the same capacity for the "International Campaign to Ban Landmines", which is affiliated with the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation.
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Maggie Q
Margaret Denise Quigley, better known as Maggie Q (; born May 22, 1979), is an American-born actress and former fashion model. She initially gained fame in Hong Kong. She is currently starring in the lead role of the action-thriller series Nikita.
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Mexican American
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent or Mexicans who have obtained American citizenship. Mexican Americans account for more than 12.5% of the United States' population: 30.7 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006, forming about 64% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards. Mexican American settlement concentrations are in metropolitan and rural areas across the United States.
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Michael Chang
Michael Te-Pei Chang (; born February 22, 1972, in Hoboken, New Jersey) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He is best remembered for becoming the youngest-ever male player to win a Grand Slam singles title when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.
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Michelle Kwan
MedalCountry|the
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Michelle Malkin
http://wn.com/Michelle_Malkin -
Michio Kaku
is an American theoretical physicist specializing in string field theory, a futurist, and a science communicator. He is a popularizer of science, a best-selling author and media presenter.
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Min Chueh Chang
Dr. Min Chueh Chang (; October 10, 1908 - June 5, 1991), often credited as M.C. Chang, was a Chinese American reproductive biologist. His specific area of study was the fertilisation process in mammalian reproduction. Though his career produced findings that are important and valuable to many areas in the field of fertilisation, including his work on in vitro fertilisation which led to the first "test tube baby", he was best known to the world for his contribution to the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology.
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Min Zhou
Min Zhou is Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and is the founding chair of the University's Department of Asian American Studies. Professor Zhou has worked with Carl L. Bankston to expand the definition of social capital to not only include the resources held by individuals or groups, but also the processes of social interaction leading to constructive outcomes. This work and redefinition has helped spur the modern understanding of social capital and its interplay between power groups.
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Mohini Bhardwaj
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Mongolian American
Mongolian Americans are immigrants from Mongolia to the United States and their descendants. The term Mongol American is also used to include ethnic Mongol immigrants from groups outside of Mongolia as well, such as Kalmyks, Buryats, and people from the Inner Mongolia province of China. Some immigrants came from Mongolia to the United States as early as 1949, spurred by religious persecution in their homeland. However, Mongolian American communities today are composed largely of migrants who arrived in the 1990s and 2000s, as communism in Mongolia came to an end and restrictions on emigration lifted.
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Nadia Ali
Nadia Ali (lang-ur|) (born August 3, 1980 in Libya) is a Pakistani American singer-songwriter, the former front-woman and songwriter of the band iiO, whose 2001 hit Rapture reached #2 on the UK Singles chart.
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Native Hawaiians
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Non Resident Nepali
A Non Resident Nepali (NRN; Gair Aawasiya Nepali) is a person of Nepali descent having the citizenship of other countries other than SAARC countries and a Nepali citizen living at least two years having any profession or business in any foreign country other than SAARC countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka)
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Non-Hispanic Whites
The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, South Asia,Canada, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white; like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race: white, black, Asian, etc, as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies, the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States (European Americans).
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Norm Chow
Norman Chow (, born in Honolulu, Hawaii) is the offensive coordinator for the UCLA Bruins. He has also been an offensive coordinator for the NFL's Tennessee Titans, the University of Southern California, North Carolina State University, and Brigham Young University.
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Overseas Filipino
An Overseas Filipino is a person of Philippine origin who lives outside of the Philippines. This term applies both to people of Filipino ancestry who are citizens or residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad on a more temporary status.
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Overseas Vietnamese
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Pacific Islander
Pacific Islander (or Pacific Person, pl: Pacific People, also called Oceanic[s]), is a geographic term to describe the Austronesian inhabitants of any of the three major sub-regions of Oceania: Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, these three regions, together with their islands consist of:
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Pashtun diaspora
http://wn.com/Pashtun_diaspora -
Polish American
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Raymond Townsend
Raymond Anthony Townsend (born December 20, 1955 in San Jose, California) is a Filipino-American retired professional basketball player.
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Rex Walters
Rex Andrew Walters (born March 12, 1970 in Omaha, Nebraska) is a retired American professional basketball player and current men's basketball coach at the University of San Francisco.
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Roger Tsien
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Ronald Takaki
Ronald Toshiyuki Takaki (April 12, 1939 - May 26, 2009) was an academic, historian, ethnographer and author. Born in Oahu, Hawai'i, his work addresses stereotypes of Asian Americans, such as the model minority concept.
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Sammy Lee (diver)
Dr. Samuel ("Sammy") Lee (born August 1, 1920) is the first Asian American to win an Olympic gold medal for the United States and the first man to win back-to-back gold medals in Olympic platform diving. He was born in Fresno, California and is of Korean descent
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Sheryl WuDunn
Sheryl WuDunn (; born New York City, November 16, 1959) is a Chinese American author, lecturer and businesswoman who was the first Asian-American to win a Pulitzer Prize.
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Shiing-Shen Chern
http://wn.com/Shiing-Shen_Chern -
Shing-Tung Yau
Shing-Tung Yau (; born April 4, 1949) is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry. He was born in Shantou, Guangdong Province, China into a family of scholars from Jiaoling, Guangdong Province.
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Sri Lankan American
Sri Lankan Americans are Americans of Sri Lankan descent. In 1975, Sri Lankan immigrants were classified for the first time as belonging to a category separate from "other Asian". In that year, 432 entered the United States. The number increased to 14,448 in the 1990s due to the Sri Lankan Civil War. Sri Lankan Americans settled largely in cities. The New York City metropolitan area contains the largest Sri Lankan American community, followed by the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of 2005, Los Angeles's Sri Lankan American community claims 35,000 members.
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Steve Chen (YouTube)
Steven Shih Chen () (born August 1978) is a Taiwanese American and the co-founder and Chief Technology Officer of the popular video sharing website YouTube.
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Steven Chu
Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist and currently the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.
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Sunita Williams
Sunita Williams (born September 19, 1965) is a United States Naval officer and a NASA astronaut. She was assigned to the International Space Station as a member of Expedition 14 and then joined Expedition 15. She holds the record of the longest spaceflight (195 days) for female space travelers. She was selected to appear on the Colbert Report to announce the name for Node 3 of the ISS.
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Taiwanese American
Taiwanese Americans or American people of Taiwanese descent () are American having Taiwanese ancestry.
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Taylor Gun-Jin Wang
http://wn.com/Taylor_Gun-Jin_Wang -
Terence Tao
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Thai American
A Thai American is an American of Thai descent.
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Thomas Menino
Thomas Michael Menino (born December 27, 1942) is the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States and the city's first Italian-American mayor. He is the longest-serving mayor in the history of the city.
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Tibetan American
The history of Tibetan-Americans in the United States is relatively short, as Tibet for centuries had few relations with other countries. The United States had limited contact or involvement with Tibet before World War II expanded to the Pacific.
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Tiffany Chin
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Tiger Woods
Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer whose achievements to date rank him among the most successful golfers of all time. Currently the World No. 1, he is the highest-paid professional athlete in the world, having earned an estimated $90.5 million from winnings and endorsements in 2010.
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Tsung-Dao Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (T.D. Lee, ) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese-born American physicist, well known for his work on parity violation, the Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars.
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Vang Pao
Vang Pao (Hmong: Vaj Pov, born 1929) is a former Major General in the Royal Lao Army. He is an ethnic Hmong and a leader of the Hmong American community in the United States.
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Vera Wang
Vera Ellen Wang (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer based in New York. She is known for her wedding gown collection.
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Veronica De La Cruz
Veronica De La Cruz (born 13 August 1980) is a Filipino American television anchor formerly with CNN. In July 2010, she appeared as a late night anchor on MSNBC. At the current time, she appears on both NBC and MSNBC, primarily anchoring NBC's Early Today show and MSNBC's First Look.
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Vicki Draves
Victoria "Vicki" Manalo Draves (December 31, 1924 – April 11, 2010) was an Olympic diver who won gold medals for the United States in both platform and springboard diving in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. She was born in San Francisco.
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Vietnamese American
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Vincent Chin
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Vinod Khosla
Vincent Jen Chin (; 1955 – June 23, 1982) was a Chinese American beaten to death in June 1982 in the United States, in the Detroit, Michigan enclave of Highland Park by Chrysler plant superintendent Ronald Ebens, with the help of his stepson, Michael Nitz. The murder generated public outrage over the lenient sentencing the two men originally received in a plea bargain, as the attack, which included blows to the head from a baseball bat, possessed many attributes consistent with hate crimes. Many of the layoffs in Detroit's auto industry, including Nitz's in 1979, had been due to the increasing market share of Japanese automakers, leading to allegations that Chinese American Vincent Chin received racially charged comments before his death. The case became a rallying point for the Asian American community, and Ebens and Nitz were put on trial for violating Chin's civil rights. Because the subsequent Federal prosecution was a result of public pressure from a coalition of many Asian ethnic organizations, Vincent Chin's murder is often considered the beginning of a pan-ethnic Asian American movement.
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Wataru Misaka
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White American
Wataru "Wat" Misaka () (born December 21, 1923) is a retired American basketball player. He was the first player of Asian descent and the first non-white person to play in the National Basketball Association (then known as the Basketball Association of America).
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Yoichiro Nambu
White American (often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American" and, within the United States, simply "white") is an umbrella term officially employed by some U.S. government agencies, per standards issued by the Office of Management and Budget, for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". Like all U.S. racial categories, White American has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans.
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Yoshinobu Oyakawa
is a Japanese-born American physicist, currently a professor at the University of Chicago. Known for his contributions to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded a one-half share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The other half share was split equally between Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
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Yuji Ichioka
Yoshinobu "Yoshi" Oyakawa (born August 9, 1933) was a backstroke swimmer from the United States, who won the 100m Backstroke at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. He is considered to be the last of the great "straight-arm-pull" backstrokers.
http://wn.com/Yuji_Ichioka
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Asian American stereotypes.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 24 Jul 2012
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
This video is a compilation of images and videos that I reviewed and ranted about Asian American stereotypes about me that I know holds true to many other Asian Americans. The objective of this video is to end the common stereotypes about Asians that are not true for all of us. It is also to raise awareness about the ignorance we have towards other cultures, and to become more accepting of many different ethnicities we have in the United States. Lastly, it raises awareness so that people looking from the outside can understand how it's like to be Asian in America. Credits to: JustKiddingFilms - Asian Beating www.youtube.com rufuspilgrim - devon aoki eva mends - 2 fast 2 furious youtu.be TheWorldmonitortv - UCLA student youtu.be
http://wn.com/Asian_American_stereotypesm4v
Euro version - YanYi Shi Shaolin Kung Fu at Asian American Expo, Pomona Fairplex, Jan 14th 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Published: 28 Jul 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
Change of music in the middle part, different from the US version, to "unblock" the video for Europe. Warrior Monk YanYi Shi from the Shaolin Temple in China performs at the Asian American Expo, Pomona Fairplex, January 14th 2012. He currently teaches Shaolin Kung Fu & Culture at the Shaolin Cultural Center of America in Temple City. For info on classes visit: www.shaolinus.com
http://wn.com/Euro_version_YanYi_Shi_Shaolin_Kung_Fu_at_Asian_American_Expo,_Pomona_Fairplex,_Jan_14th_2012
New Asian 'American Dream': Asians Surpass Hispanics in Immigration
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
Asian immigrants become fastest growing group of newcomers to US For more, click here: abcnews.go.com
http://wn.com/New_Asian_'American_Dream'_Asians_Surpass_Hispanics_in_Immigration
7 Things Asian American Teens Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 24 May 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
We noticed that Asian American teens love 7 different things. How many of these things do you like? Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Shot by: Tommy Su at TSJ Studios in El Monte, CA. www.snapitstudio.com http
http://wn.com/7_Things_Asian_American_Teens_Love
Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders for Obama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 01 May 2012
- Updated: 24 Jul 2012
Join AAPIs for Obama: my.barackobama.com Join Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders for Obama and find resources AAPIs need to organize in the community and help build this campaign one conversation at a time. President Obama has deep ties to the AAPI community, and he knows our country is strongest when everyone has a seat at the table and a shot at the American dream. We're proud to stand with him and for the issues we care about—because when it comes to our future, we're all in it together. Join AAPIs for Obama: my.barackobama.com
http://wn.com/Asian_Americans_Pacific_Islanders_for_Obama
UPLOADED: The Asian American Movement (Official Trailer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Published: 18 Apr 2012
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
For more information or to Pre-order DVD's: uploadedtaam.com World Premiere: Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival May 16th 2012 Search "Uploaded" at laapff.festpro.com to purchase tickets. Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Director: Kane Diep Producers: Julie Zhan & Farah Moriah Lead Editor: Rommel Andaya Assistant Editor: Mark Anthony Gadia Trailer Edited By: Alelie Adriano & Rommel Andaya Music: George Shaw, Tony T Nguyen, Justin Elias Cast: Amy Hill (Actor, 50 First Dates) Keiko Agena (Actor, Gilmore Girls) Leonardo Nam (Actor, Tokyo Drift) Lynn Chen (Actor, Saving Face) Parry Shen (Actor, Better Luck Tomorrow) Randall Park (Actor, Larry Crowne) Sheetal Sheth (Actor, I Can't Think Straight) Freddie Wong (Filmmaker, VFX Specialist, YouTube) Jon M. Chu (Director, Step Up 2, Step Up 3D, Never Say Never, GI Joe, The LXD) Kevin Tancharoen (Director, Fame, Mortal Kombat) Ross Ching (Director, 3 Minutes) Wong Fu Productions (Filmmakers, YouTube) Hieu Ho (Producer, The LXD) Aaron Ho (Writer, Cougar Town, Austin & Ally) Koji Sakai (Writer, The People I've Slept With, Chink) Wendy's Lookbook (Fashion, YouTube) Christine Gambito (HappySlip, Comedian, YouTube) Danny Cho (Comedian, Ktown Cowboys) David So (Comedian, YouTube) Fung Brothers (Comedians, YouTube) JK Films (Comedians, YouTube) Kevin Wu (KevJumba, Comedian, YouTube) Paul PK Kim (Comedian, Founder of Kollaboration) Timothy "Traphik" Delaghetto (Comedian, YouTube) AJ Rafael (Musician, YouTube) Cathy Nguyen <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/UPLOADED_The_Asian_American_Movement_Official_Trailer
NASA Asian-American History Month Profile -- Janejit Gensler
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 11 May 2012
- Updated: 21 Jul 2012
Janejit Gensler is the technical communications lead for the ISS External Integration Office at NASA's Johnson Space Center. She provides technical support to the ISS Program, NASA Headquarters, Education, and Public Affairs by compiling responses to technical inquiries. Gensler serves as Executive Technical Administrator for the Space Station Control Board and is the Lead ISS Program Integrator for a variety of boards and commissions at NASA Headquarters. She also helps establish partnerships between NASA and external entities through the development of Space Act Agreements. Gensler holds a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Texas and has worked at JSC for twelve years.
http://wn.com/NASA_Asian-American_History_Month_Profile_-_Janejit_Gensler
Asian American Racism (My Do's & Dont's)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 14 Aug 2011
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
Racism at it's finest! Jk! Thanks for watching! Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Asian_American_Racism_My_Do's_Dont's
Asian-American Underachievers?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:25
- Published: 03 Jun 2011
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
A New York Magazine article titled "Paper Tiger" explains why so many Asian-Americans under-achieve in life after college after doing so well academically. Ana Kasparian and Cenk Uygur discuss. Read more here: nymag.com
http://wn.com/Asian-American_Underachievers?
Asian American Stereotypes - Asian Role Models - Asian American Beauty & Culture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:29
- Published: 29 Mar 2012
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
Photographer Jennifer Lin discusses her current project which relates to the diversity of Asian American culture and beauty. The discussion covers a wide range of topics from why many Asian American women date out of their race, how the media super-sexualizes Asian women while emasculating...
http://wn.com/Asian_American_Stereotypes_Asian_Role_Models_Asian_American_Beauty_Culture
Happy Asian Pacific American Heritage Month!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 01 May 2012
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
In honor of Asian Pacific American Heritage Month (APAHM), the National Film Society sits down with awesome Asian Americans Lynn Chen, Joy Osmanski, Phil "Angry Asian Man" Yu, Randall Park & Aaron Takahashi. Lynn Chen TWITTER: twitter.com FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com BLOG: theactorsdiet.com WEBSITE: lynnchen.com Joy Osmanski TWITTER: twitter.com FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com BLOG: joyosmanski.wordpress.com WEBSITE: www.joyosmanski.com Phil Yu - Angry Asian Man BLOG: www.angryasianman.com TWITTER: twitter.com FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com Randall Park TWITTER: twitter.com Aaron Takahashi www.imdb.com New National Film Society Video Every Tuesday! Subscribe by clicking here: www.youtube.com YOUTUBE CHANNEL www.youtube.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER twitter.com twitter.com twitter.com TUMBLR nationalfilmsociety.tumblr.com National Film Society Filmmakers Patrick Epino and Stephen Dypiangco are co-founders of the National Film Society. With a uniquely brainy and offbeat style, the National Film Society produces weekly web videos about movies, filmmaking and pop culture. This video is about Asian Asian American Lynn Chen Joy Osmanski Phil Yu Angry Asian Man Randall Park Aaron Takahashi Bruce Lee Tamlyn Tomita Film APAHM movies
http://wn.com/Happy_Asian_Pacific_American_Heritage_Month!
Asian Americans lose as California schools pursue Chinese students
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Published: 03 Jan 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
nma.tv Funding for University of California schools has been slashed in recent years, and UC schools are looking to students to make up the difference. This means cutting spots reserved for Californian students in favor of out-of-state or international students, who pay full tuition. UC San Diego, for example, will be accepting 500 fewer in-state students this year. Some of these slots will be filled by students from China. The number of Chinese students at UCSD increased 12-fold from 2009 to 2011 to almost 200, while the number of Asian-American Californians enrolled fell 29 percent to 1230. UC San Diego tuition is $13234 for California residents and $22878 for non-residents. Although an American education is expensive, students return to China with a prestigious degree and a broadened outlook. American universities, in turn, get a welcome injection in funds. The only losers are in-state students.
http://wn.com/Asian_Americans_lose_as_California_schools_pursue_Chinese_students
MYX on the MOVE: MAASU Midwest Asian American Student Union
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Published: 06 Jan 2012
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
MYX TV was on the move at the Midwest Asian American Students Union 2011 Leadership Retreat hosted by the University of Illinois. Supervising Producer: Anthony Garcia Twitter @MrAnthonyGarcia For more info, go to: www.myx.tv http
http://wn.com/MYX_on_the_MOVE_MAASU_Midwest_Asian_American_Student_Union
Addressing the Needs of Asian American and Pacific Islander Youth I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 75:25
- Published: 13 Jan 2012
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
White House officials meet young leaders from the Asian American and Pacific Islander community to discuss the Administration's initiatives to address community needs and provide engagement opportunities for those who want to get involved. January 12, 2012.
http://wn.com/Addressing_the_Needs_of_Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Youth_I
Asian American and Pacific Islander Business Leaders Briefing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:29
- Published: 06 Feb 2012
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
The White House holds a briefing for small business leaders from the Asian American and Pacific Islander community and marks the Lunar New Year.
http://wn.com/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Business_Leaders_Briefing
Asian Americans Mistreatment In America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 16 Jul 2012
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
The Asian Americans in a struggle for freedom, justice, and equality
http://wn.com/Asian_Americans_Mistreatment_In_America
Poverty Spikes in Asian Americans Group
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Published: 08 Jul 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
From 'CCTV America' July 2, 2012 - CCTV America reporter Rachelle Akuffo explains some surprising figures about Asian American poverty.
http://wn.com/Poverty_Spikes_in_Asian_Americans_Group
The Rise of Asia Americans - Panel 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:16
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 20 Jun 2012
PANEL TWO The Honorable Elaine L. Chao 24th US Secretary of Labor (2001-2009) First Asian Pacific American woman appointed to President's Cabinet in American history Neera Tanden President, Center for American Progress Former Senior Advisor for Health Reform, Obama Administration Benjamin Wu Vice Chair, US-Asia Institute Former US Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce and Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy
http://wn.com/The_Rise_of_Asia_Americans_Panel_2
Growing Up Asian in America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
Growing Up Asian in America is the largest celebration of Asian heritage in America. It serves as an important community resource, helping people of all backgrounds better understand the experiences of young Asian Americans and learn more about life in a place as diverse as the San Francisco Bay Area. Growing Up Asian in America provides a unique forum for youth to explore their ideas and to celebrate being both Asian and American. Growing Up Asian in America is a program of the Asian Pacific Fund. Every year, around 1400 Bay Area students in grades kindergarten through 12 submit artwork, essays and poems on a specific theme, and compete for $27000 in prizes. Winners receive savings bond awards worth $1000 to $2000, and are honored at an awards ceremony at the Asian Art Museum. Special exhibits displaying the winning art work and essays go on tour during Asian Pacific Heritage Month, and they are hosted throughout the year by more than 50 public libraries all over the Bay Area. All winning entries are also archived online at the Asian Pacific Fund website. Infomercial: TRT 03:14 Producer & Editor: Eli Africa
http://wn.com/Growing_Up_Asian_in_America
Our Stories: Asian American Youth DC (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:08
- Published: 19 Jul 2012
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Reflections from Asian American Youth on Asian American culture in modern day society
http://wn.com/Our_Stories_Asian_American_Youth_DC_Part_1
ASIAN AMERICAN FILM DIRECTOR SCAMS WHOLE COUNTRY, LIVE ON TAPE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Published: 31 May 2012
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
It's rare that you can hear a scam artist con a whole country. That's exactly what Vietnamese American film director Victor Vu did in Vietnam, live on tape! Victor Vu copied Hollywood film "Shattered" shot by shot and took all credit (www.youtube.com After his piracy was exposed Victor Vu brazenly organized this official press conference in Vietnam to fool the whole country into believing that in Hollywood, shot-by-shot identical films are the unavoidable results of being a Hollywood film director! Hear how he conned the Vietnamese people with lies fabricated to target a poor uninformed Asian country. More on the web: moviebuzzers.com www.thanhniennews.com Guilty of plagiarism, dropped from film festival: www.tuoitrenews.vn
http://wn.com/ASIAN_AMERICAN_FILM_DIRECTOR_SCAMS_WHOLE_COUNTRY,_LIVE_ON_TAPE!
unscripted: asian american experience on media representation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 01 May 2012
- Updated: 08 May 2012
This video was created as a part of my MS Communication Design thesis project, "WAX ON, @#$! OFF: Strengthening Asian American Identity," at Pratt Institute.
http://wn.com/unscripted_asian_american_experience_on_media_representation
30TH San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 28 Mar 2012
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
MYX.TV was at the opening night of the 30th San Francisco International Film Festival and the world premeire of White Frog Directed by Quentin Lee. Check out this report and see footage and interviews with several of the cast members including Harry Shum Jr, Joan Chen, BD Wong, Harry Shum Jr, and Booboo Stewart. In addition, MYX TV also talks Stephen Gong, the Executive Director for the Center for Asian American Media Supervising Producer: Anthony Garcia Twitter @MrAnthonyGarcia Lead Editor: Jon Santos Lead Cameraman: Joe Perry
http://wn.com/30TH_San_Francisco_International_Asian_American_Film_Festival
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AP / Aaron Favila![Lamar FFA Show & Auction at LHS Front Lawn Lamar High School has several organizations and clubs. Special Interest[52] American Field Service, Amnesty International, Animal Welfare Society, Asian Cultural Society, Automotive Innovative Installation Design, Best Buddies, Bike Club](http://web.archive.org./web/20120729234345im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/64/44/ef20a67ab71743f8447a650814f8_small.jpg "Lamar FFA Show & Auction at LHS Front Lawn Lamar High School has several organizations and clubs. Special Interest[52] American Field Service, Amnesty International, Animal Welfare Society, Asian Cultural Society, Automotive Innovative Installation Design, Best Buddies, Bike Club")
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photo: AP / Matt Sayles
26 Jul 2012
Hours after Us Weekly released photos suggesting that Kristen Stewart cheated on boyfriend Robert Pattinson with "Snow White and the Huntsman Director" Rupert...
photo: AP / Denver Post, RJ Sangosti
28 Jul 2012
The suspected Batman massacre gunman was seeing a psychiatrist specializing in schizophrenia before the attack that killed 12 in Colorado, court documents showed. The motion named Lynne Fenton for the...
photo: AP / Alberto Prieto
29 Jul 2012
Russia, Syria's longtime ally, added to an international chorus of alarm warning that a "tragedy" was imminent in Aleppo. Sergei Lavrov, the Russian Foreign Minister, said it was unrealistic...
photo: AP / Alaa al-Marjani
28 Jul 2012
Washington's dirty hands control regional belligerence. Longstanding policy unleashed a regional bloodbath. It advances America's imperium. Willing partners include NATO and Middle East allies....
photo: AP / Abdel Magid al-Fergany
09 Jul 2012
TRIPOLI, Libya - 's first nationwide elections in nearly five decades brought hints Sunday of an Arab Spring precedent: Western-leaning parties making strides over Islamist rivals hoping to follow the...
CNBC
FORT BRAGG, North Carolina (Reuters) - A Chinese-American soldier in Afghanistan was forced to crawl about 50 yards (meters) as punishment while his superiors yelled and hurled rocks at him hours before he took his own life, a fellow soldier testified on Friday in a court-martial hearing. Private...(size: 3.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
According to an article from WREX , on Friday in Chicago's Chinatown, Illinois Gov. Pat Quinn officially signed a bill into law that seeks to expand state government job opportunities for Illinois'; Asian-American residents. The bill establishes the Asian-American Employment Plan Advisory...(size: 2.9Kb)
Business Insider
Calming the South China Sea Is China Losing the Diplomatic Plot? Recovery and Equality Vishakha N. Desai is President of the Asia Society. The Pew Center’s recent report which shows that Asians, not Latinos, comprise the largest group of immigrant arrivals in the United States,...(size: 6.8Kb)
Asian-American soldier endured taunts
25 Jul 2012
Independent online (SA)
Fort Bragg, North Carolina - Some U.S. Army soldiers testified on Wednesday that they heard a Chinese-American soldier called racially derogatory names by a superior, but said they never saw signs Private Danny Chen was suicidal. Chen, born to immigrant parents in New York City, killed himself by...(size: 2.6Kb)
Asian-American soldier endured racial taunts
25 Jul 2012
Independent online (SA)
Fort Bragg, North Carolina - Some U.S. Army soldiers testified on Wednesday that they heard a Chinese-American soldier called racially derogatory names by a superior, but said they never saw signs Private Danny Chen was suicidal. Chen, born to immigrant parents in New York City, killed himself by...(size: 2.5Kb)
Reuters
Fort Bragg, N.C. - (Reuters) - Some U.S. Army soldiers testified on Wednesday that they heard a Chinese-American soldier called racially derogatory names by a superior, but said they never saw signs Private Danny Chen was suicidal. Chen, born to immigrant parents in New York City, killed himself by...(size: 2.2Kb)
The Mythical Rise of Asian Americans
25 Jul 2012
Mareeg
25/07/2012 by Vishakha N. Desai  NEW YORK â The Pew Centerâs recent report  which shows that Asians, not Latinos, comprise the largest group of immigrant arrivals in the United States, took many people by surprise. The data also show that Asian Americans have the highest education and per...(size: 5.6Kb)
Taipei Times
Military prosecutors on Tuesday said a US Army sergeantâs physical abuse and racial harassment led a young Chinese-American soldier to commit suicide weeks after he was deployed to Afghanistan. However, a defense attorney argued that Private Danny Chen instead took his life out of despair over...(size: 3.4Kb)
Hartford Courant
FORT BRAGG, North Carolina (Reuters) - Military prosecutors on Tuesday said a sergeant's physical abuse and racial harassment led a young...(size: 1.0Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Asian-Americans Advertisement Five community leaders will be honored at the OCA Asian Pacific American national convention next month at the Planet Hollywood Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. A diverse group, the honorees include a World War II veteran, a writer, a leadership training...(size: 7.9Kb)
| Notable Asian Americans: Anna May Wong Eleanor Mariano · Kalpana Chawla · Margaret Denise Quigley Seo Jae-pil · Ellison Onizuka · Nadia Ali Loung Ung · Vang Pao · Areeya Chumsai |
| Total population |
|---|
| (2010 Census) Asian Americans 14,674,252[1] (Asians alone) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Throughout the United States |
| Languages |
| Religion |
|
Agnosticism, Atheism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, East Asian religions, other Indian religions, and others |
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian" or provided other detailed Asian responses. They comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population alone, while people who are Asian combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%.[1]
The term Asian American was used informally by activists in the 1960s who sought an alternative to the term Oriental, arguing that the latter was derogatory and colonialist. Formal usage was introduced by academics in the early 1970s, notably by historian Yuji Ichioka, who is credited with popularizing the term.[3] Today, Asian American is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage.
As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the short history of this term. The most significant change occurred when the Hart-Celler Act of 1965 eliminated highly restrictive "national origins" quotas, designed, among other things, to restrict immigration of those of Asian racial background.[4] The new system, based on skills and family connections to U.S. residents, enabled significant immigration from every nation in Asia, which led to dramatic and ongoing changes in the Asian American population. As a result of these population changes, the formal and common understandings of what defines Asian American have expanded to include more of the peoples with ancestry from various parts of Asia. Because of their more recent immigration, new Asian immigrants also have had different educational, economic and other characteristics than early 20th century immigrants. They also tend to have different employment and settlement patterns in the United States.
As of 2008[update], Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country, and they attained the highest median personal income overall.[5][6]
Contents |
Terminology[link]
See also: Asian people
The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition of Asian,[7] chiefly because the Census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs and measurements. People with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent are included in the Census definition of Asia.[8] The use of a separate "Asian" category in the Census is a recent addition, beginning in 1990. Since then, the Census definitions have varied. The 2000 census divided the Asian-Pacific Islander group and created Pacific Islander ethnicities as a separate category.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Asian person" in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent.[9][10] In vernacular usage, "Asian" is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds.[11][12] This differs from the U.S. Census definition[7][13] and the Asian American Studies departments of many universities consider those of East, South or Southeast Asian descent with or without epicanthic eyefolds to be "Asian".[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In the US Census, people who originate from the original peoples of the East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia are classified as part of the Asian race; while peoples from Siberia, Central Asia, and Western Asia are classified as "White".[22]
Before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with White and Black or Negro.[23] Asian Americans had also been classified as "other".[24] In 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on "Asian or Pacific Islander".[25] The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.[26][27] In the 2000 census, people reporting Middle Eastern ancestry but not reporting race are presumed to be in the white race category rather than Asian.[8]
The definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts. Immigration status, citizenship (by birthright and by naturalization), acculturation, and language ability are some variables that are used to define American for various purposes and may vary in formal and everyday usage.[28] For example, restricting American to include only U.S. citizens conflicts with discussions of Asian American businesses, which generally refer both to citizen and non-citizen owners.[29]
In a recent PBS interview, a panel of Asian American writers discussed how some groups include people from the Middle East in the Asian American category.[30] Asian American author Stewart Ikeda has noted, "The definition of "Asian American" also frequently depends on who's asking, who's defining, in what context, and why... the possible definitions of "Asian-Pacific American" are many, complex, and shifting... some scholars in Asian American Studies conferences suggest that Russians, Iranians, and Israelis all might fit the field’s subject of study."[31]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Asian Americans and List of U.S. communities with Asian American majority populations
The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who can trace their ancestry to one or more countries in Asia. Because Asian Americans total less than 6% of the entire U.S. population, the diversity of the group is often disregarded in media and news discussions of "Asians" or of "Asian Americans." While there are some commonalities across ethnic sub-groups, there are significant differences among different Asian ethnicities that are related to each group's history.
History[link]
Main article: History of Asian Americans
In 1763, Filipinos established the small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships.[32] Since there were no Filipino women with them, the Manilamen, as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women.[33]
Chinese sailors first came to Hawaii in 1778,[34][35] the same year that Captain James Cook came upon the island. Many settled and married Hawaiian women. Some Island-born Chinese can claim to be 7th generation. Most Chinese, Korean and Japanese immigrants in Hawaii arrived in the 19th century as laborers to work on sugar plantations. Later, Filipinos also came to work as laborers, attracted by the job opportunities, although they were limited.[36][37]
Numerous Chinese and Japanese began immigrating to the U.S. in the mid-19th century for work, because of poor economic conditions in their home nations. Many of the immigrants worked as laborers on the transcontinental railroad. Although the absolute numbers of Asian immigrants in the late 19th century were small compared to that of immigrants from other regions, much of it was concentrated in the West, and the increase caused some Americans to fear the change represented by the growing number of Asians. This fear was referred to as the "yellow peril". The United States passed laws such as Asian Exclusion Act and Chinese Exclusion Act to sharply restrict Asian immigration.[38]
Immigration trends[link]
Main article: History of Asian American immigration
Filipinos have been in the territories that would become the United States since the 16th century.[39]
There were thousands of Asians in Hawaii when it was annexed to the United States in 1898, and they all gained full US citizenship at that time.[40] The United States Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) interpreted the 14th amendment to mean that every person born in the United States, regardless of race or ancestry is a citizen of the United States.[41]
Congress passed restrictive legislation to nearly all Chinese immigration in the 1880s, which was in effect until the 1940s.[42] Japanese immigration was sharply curtailed by a gentleman's agreement brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt. The immigration restriction laws of the 1920s produced quotas for all countries, with Asian countries getting a zero quota.[43]
After World War II legislation was passed, and judicial rulings gradually increased the ability of Asian Americans to immigrate and become naturalized citizens. Immigration rapidly increased following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 as well as naturalization of refugees from conflicts that occurred in the late 20th century in Southeast Asia. Asian American immigrants have a significant percentage of individuals who have already achieved professional status, a first among immigration groups.[44]
Notable contributions[link]
See also: List of Asian Americans
Arts and entertainment[link]
Main article: Asian Americans in arts and entertainment
Asian Americans have been involved in the entertainment industry since the first half of the 19th century, when Chang and Eng Bunker (the original "Siamese Twins") became naturalized citizens.[45] Acting roles in television, film, and theater were relatively few, and many available roles were for narrow, stereotypical characters. More recently, young Asian American comedians and film-makers have found an outlet on Youtube allowing them to gain a strong and loyal fanbase among their fellow Asian Americans.
Business[link]
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This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
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When Asian Americans were largely excluded from labor markets in the 19th century, they started their own businesses. They have started convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundries, restaurants, beauty-related ventures, hi-tech companies, and many other kinds of enterprises, becoming very successful and influential in American society. They have dramatically expanded their involvement across the American economy. Asian Americans have been disproportionately successful in the hi-tech sectors of California's Silicon Valley, as evidenced by the Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.[46]
Compared to their population base, Asian Americans today are well represented in the professional sector and tend to earn higher wages.[47] The Goldsea compilation of Notable Asian American Professionals show that many have come to occupy high positions at leading U.S. corporations, including a surprising number as Chief Marketing Officers.[48]
Asian Americans have made major contributions to the American economy. Fashion designer and mogul Vera Wang, who is famous for designing dresses for high-profile celebrities, started a clothing company, named after herself, which now offers a broad range of luxury fashion products. An Wang founded Wang Laboratories in June 1951. Amar Bose founded the Bose Corporation in 1964. Charles Wang founded Computer Associates, later became its CEO and chairman. Jen-Hsun Huang co-founded the NVIDIA corporation in 1993. Jerry Yang co-founded Yahoo! Inc. in 1994 and became its CEO later. Andrea Jung serves as Chairman and CEO of Avon Products. Vinod Khosla was a founding CEO of Sun Microsystems and is a general partner of the prominent venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Steve Chen and Jawed Karim were co-creators of YouTube, and were beneficiaries of Google's $1.65 billion acquisition of that company in 2006. In addition to contributing greatly to other fields, Asian Americans have made considerable contributions in science and technology in the United States, in such prominent innovative R&D regions as Silicon Valley and The Triangle.
Government and politics[link]
Main article: Asian Americans in government and politics
Asian Americans have a high level of political incorporation in terms of their actual voting population. Since 1907, Asian Americans have been active at the national level and have had multiple officeholders at local, state and national levels. As of February 2011[update] the highest ranking Asian American is Senator and President Pro Tempore Daniel Inouye.
Journalism[link]
Connie Chung was one of the first Asian American national correspondents for a major TV news network, reporting for CBS in 1971. She later co-anchored the CBS Evening News from 1993 to 1995, becoming the first Asian American national news anchor.[49] At ABC, Ken Kashiwahara began reporting nationally in 1974. In 1990, Sheryl WuDunn, a foreign correspondent in the Beijing Bureau of The New York Times, became the first Asian American to win a Pulitzer Prize. Ann Curry joined NBC News as a reporter in 1990, later becoming prominently associated with The Today Show in 1997. Carol Lin is perhaps best known for being the first to break the news of 9-11 on CNN. Dr. Sanjay Gupta is currently CNN's chief health correspondent. Lisa Ling, a former co-host on The View, now provides special reports for CNN and The Oprah Winfrey Show, as well as hosting National Geographic Channel's Explorer. Fareed Zakaria, a naturalised Indian-born immigrant, is a prominent journalist, and author specialising in international affairs. He is the editor-at-large of Time magazine, and the host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN. Juju Chang, James Hatori, John Yang, Veronica De La Cruz, Michelle Malkin, Betty Nguyen, and Julie Chen have become familiar faces on television news. John Yang won a Peabody Award. Alex Tizon, a Seattle Times staff writer, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.
Military[link]
Main article: Military History of Asian Americans
See also: Notable Asian Americans in the Military
Since the War of 1812 Asian Americans have served and fought on behalf of the United States. Serving in both segregated and non-segregated units until the desegregation of the US Military in 1948, 31 have been awarded the nation's highest award for combat valor, the Medal of Honor. Twenty-one of these were conferred upon members of the mostly Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II, the most highly decorated unit of its size in the history of the United States Armed Forces.[50]
Science and technology[link]
File:TD Lee-med.jpg
Tsung-Dao Lee, Nobel laureate in physics; youngest laureate since World War II.
Asian Americans have made many prominent and notable contributions to Science and Technology. Chien-Shiung Wu was known to many scientists as the "First Lady of Physics" and played a pivotal role in experimentally demonstrating the violation of the law of conservation of parity in the field of particle physics. Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical work demonstrating that the conservation of parity did not always hold and later became American citizens. Har Gobind Khorana shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in genetics and protein synthesis. Samuel Chao Chung Ting received the 1976 Nobel Prize in physics for discovery of the subatomic particle J/ψ. The mathematician Shing-Tung Yau won the Fields Medal in 1982 and Terence Tao won the Fields Medal in 2006. The geometer Shiing-Shen Chern received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1983. Andrew Yao was awarded the Turing Award in 2000. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics and had the Chandra X-ray Observatory named after him. In 1984, Dr. David D. Ho first reported the "healthy carrier state" of HIV infection, which identified HIV-positive individuals who showed no physical signs of AIDS. Charles J. Pedersen shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers. Steven Chu shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in cooling and trapping atoms using laser light. Daniel Tsui shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 for helping discover the fractional Quantum Hall effect. In 2008, biochemist Roger Tsien won the Nobel in Chemistry for his work on engineering and improving the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that has become a standard tool of modern molecular biology and biochemistry. Yoichiro Nambu received the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the consequences of spontaneously broken symmetries in field theories. In 2009, Charles K. Kao was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication" and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan won the prize in Chemistry "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome". Ching W. Tang was the inventor of the Organic light-emitting diode and Organic solar cell and was awarded the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry for this achievement. Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and contributed significantly to the development of in vitro fertilisation at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. Michio Kaku has popularized science and has appeared on multiple programs on television and radio.
Space[link]
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This section requires expansion with: examples and additional citations. |
See also: List of Asian American astronauts
LTC Ellison Onizuka became the first Asian American (and third person of Asian descent) when he made his first space flight aboard STS-51-C in 1985. Onizuka later died aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. Taylor Gun-Jin Wang became the first person of Chinese ethnicity and first Chinese American, in space in 1985; he has since been followed by Leroy Chiao in 1994, and Ed Lu in 1997. In 1986, Franklin Chang-Diaz became the first Asian Latin American in space. Eugene H. Trinh became the first Vietnamese American in space in 1992. In 2001, Mark L. Polansky, a Jewish Korean American, made his first of three flights into space. In 2003, Kalpana Chawla became the first Indian American in space, but died aboard the ill fated Space Shuttle Columbia. She has since been followed by CDR Sunita Williams in 2006.
Sports[link]
Basketball[link]
Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier when he played for the New York Knicks in the 1947–48 season.[51] The next Asian American NBA player was Raymond Townsend, who played for the Golden State Warriors and Indiana Pacers from 1978 to 1982.[51] Rex Walters, played from 1993 to 2000 with the Nets, Philadelphia 76ers and Miami Heat;[51] he is presently the head coach for the University of San Francisco basketball team.[52] After playing basketball at Harvard University, point guard Jeremy Lin signed with the NBA's Golden State Warriors in 2010[51] and now plays for the New York Knicks.
Erik Spoelstra became the youngest coach ever in NBA history. He is currently the head coach of the Miami Heat.[53] Current Kansas Jayhawks assistant coach Kurtis Townsend is Raymond Townsend's brother.[54]
Football[link]
In football, Asian Americans' contributions are also gaining notice. Wally Yonamine played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. Norm Chow is currently the head coach for the University of Hawaii and former offensive coordinator for UCLA after a short stint with the Tennessee Titans of the NFL, after 23 years of coaching other college teams, including four successful years as offensive coordinator at USC. Dat Nguyen was an NFL middle linebacker who was an all-pro selection in 2003 for the Dallas Cowboys. In 1998, he was named an All-American and won the Bednarik Award as well as the Lombardi Award, while playing for Texas A&M. Hines Ward is an NFL wide receiver who was the MVP of Super Bowl XL.
Mixed Martial Arts[link]
There are several top ranked Asian American mixed martial artists. BJ Penn is a former UFC lightweight and welterweight champion. Cung Le is a former Strikeforce middleweight champion. Ben Henderson is the former WEC lightweight champion and current UFC lightweight champion.
Olympics[link]
Asian Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Sammy Lee became the first Asian American to earn an Olympic Gold Medal, winning in platform diving in both 1948 and 1952. Victoria Manalo Draves won both gold in platform and springboard diving in the 1948. Harold Sakata won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. Also at the 1952 Olympics, Evelyn Kawamoto won two bronze medals in swimming.
Amy Chow was a member of the gold medal women's gymnastics team at the 1996 Olympics; she also won an individual silver medal on the uneven bars. Gymnast Mohini Bhardwaj won a team silver medal in the 2004 Olympics. Hapa Bryan Clay won the decathlon gold medal in the 2008 Olympics, the silver medal in the 2004 Olympics, and was the sport's 2005 world champion.
Since Tiffany Chin won the women's US Figure Skating Championship in 1985, Asian Americans have been prominent in that sport. Kristi Yamaguchi won three national championships, two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic Gold medal. Michelle Kwan has won nine national championships and five world titles, as well as two Olympic medals (silver in 1998, bronze in 2002).
Other sports[link]
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Michael Chang was a top-ranked tennis player for most of his career. He won the French Open in 1989. Tiger Woods, who is of mostly Asian descent, is the most successful golfer of his generation and one of the most famous athletes in the world. Eric Koston is one of the top street skateboarders and placed first in the 2003 X-Games street competition.
Cultural influence[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) |
Health and medicine[link]
| Country of Origin | Percentage of Total IMGs in US |
|---|---|
| India | 19.9% (47,581) |
| Philippines | 8.8% (20,861) |
| Pakistan | 4.8% (11,330) |
| South Korea | 2.1% (4,982) |
| China | 2.0% (4,834) |
| Country of Origin | Percentage of Total IDGs in US |
|---|---|
| India | 25.8 |
| Philippines | 11.0 |
| China | 3.2 |
| South Korea | 3.2 |
| Pakistan | 2.9 |
| Country of Origin | Percentage of Total INGs in US |
|---|---|
| Philippines | 50.2 |
| India | 1.3 |
| Hong Kong | 1.2 |
| Israel | 1.0 |
| South Korea | 1.0 |
Asian immigrants are also changing the American medical landscape through increasing number of Asian medical practitioners in this country. Beginning in the 1960s and 70s, the US government invited a number of foreign physicians particularly from India and the Philippines to address the acute shortage of physicians in rural and medically-underserved urban areas. The trend in importing foreign medical practitioners, however, became a long-term, chronic solution as US medical schools failed to produce enough physicians to match the increasing American population. Amid decreasing interest in medicine among American college students due to high rates job dissatisfaction, loss of morale, stress, and lawsuits, Asian American immigrants maintained a supply of healthcare practitioners for millions of Americans. It is well documented that Asian American international medical graduates including highly skilled guest workers using the J1 Visa program for medical workers, tend to serve in health professions shortage areas (HPSA) and specialties that are not filled by US medical graduates especially primary care and rural medicine.[58][59] Thus, Asian American immigrants play a key role in averting a medical crisis in the US.
A lasting legacy of Asian American involvement in medicine is the forcing of US medical establishment to accept minority medical practitioners. One could speculate that the introduction of Asian physicians and dentists to the American society could have triggered an acceptance of other minority groups by breaking down stereotypes and encouraging trust.[60]
Traditional Asian concepts and practices in health and medicine have attracted greater acceptance and are more widely adopted by American doctors. India’s Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine (which also includes acupuncture) are two alternative therapy systems that have been studied and adopted to a great extent. For instance, in the early 1970s the US medical establishment did not believe in the usefulness of acupuncture. Since then studies have proven the efficacy of acupuncture for different applications, especially for treatment of chronic pain.[61] It is now covered by many health insurance plans.
Meditation and mindfulness practices are taught in mainstream medical schools and hospitals. Increasingly they are seen as part of a holistic approach to health. Doctors and hospitals treating diseases such as heart disease and cancer have adopted meditation as a practice recommended for patients.
Herbalism and massage therapy (from Ayurveda) are sweeping the spas across America. Meditation and yoga (from India) have also been widely adopted by health spas, and spiritual retreats of many religious bases. They are also part of the spiritual practice of the many Americans who are not affiliated with a mainline religious group.
Education[link]
| Ethnicity | High School Graduation Rate |
Bachelor's Degree or More |
|---|---|---|
| Filipinos | 90.8% | 47.9% |
| Indians | 90.2% | 67.9% |
| Bangladeshis | 84.5% | 41.9% |
| Pakistanis | 87.4% | 60.9% |
| Chinese | 80.8% | 50.2% |
| Japanese | 93.4% | 43.7% |
| Koreans | 90.2% | 50.8% |
| Vietnamese | 70.0% | 23.5% |
| Total US Population | 83.9% | 27.0% |
Among America's major racial categories, Asian Americans have the highest educational qualifications. This varies, however, for individual ethnic groups. Dr. C.N. Le, Director of the Asian & Asian American Studies Certificate Program at the University of Massachusetts, writes that although 42% of all Asian American adults have at least a college degree, Vietnamese Americans have a degree attainment rate of only 16% while Laotians and Cambodians only have rates around 5%.[65] According to the US Census Bureau, while the high school graduation rate for Asian Americans is on par with those of other ethnic groups, 48% of Asian Americans have attained at least a bachelor's degree as compared with the national average of 27%, and 29% for non-Hispanic Whites. Indian Americans have some of the highest education rates, with nearly 68% having attained at least a bachelor's degree.
Religious trends[link]
Some scholars see a movement of religions, as Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism have moved into American culture[citation needed], and Christianity has been adopted by more East Asians. Most Filipinos are also already Christian (Catholic or other denominations)[66] when they immigrate. Many South Koreans, especially, are already Christian[67] when they immigrate to the US, and hence most Korean Americans are born into Christian families. Besides Indian religions, there has also been strong influence of the American adoption of yoga, meditation, Ayurveda and vegetarianism from India.[citation needed]
Many Asians Americans are also Muslim with ancestry from Pakistan, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and China[68][69][70][71] among others. Eight percent of Asian Americans are Muslim[72] and they represent 33% of the American Muslim population.[73]
Beats on the West Coast were among those attracted to Buddhism in the 1950s. American Buddhist groups established then and in the 1970s have built temples, ordained numerous American Buddhist monks, and taught generations of new practitioners. Buddhist concepts and practices such as mindfulness have penetrated mainstream culture.[citation needed]
While much West Coast practice was first influenced by Japanese Zen Buddhism, which originated in China (known as Ch'an Buddhism), more recent generations throughout the country have been influenced also by Vietnamese and Tibetan Buddhist monks who have lived and taught in the West.[citation needed]
As a historic first, President Barack Obama appointed two Indian Americans, Eboo Patel (a Muslim) and Anju Bhargava (a Hindu), to the President’s Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. The Advisory Council is part of the White House Office of Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships and is composed of religious and secular leaders and scholars from different backgrounds.[citation needed]
Cultural issues[link]
Illegal immigration[link]
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As of 2009[update], Filipinos and Indians accounted for the highest number of illegal immigrants for "Asian Americans" with an estimated illegal population of 270,000 and 200,000 respectively. Indian Americans are also the fastest growing illegal immigrant group in the United States, an increase in illegal immigration of 125% since 2000.[74][75] This is followed by Koreans (200,000) and Chinese (120,000).[76] Due to the stereotype of Asian Americans being successful as a group, the immigration debate often leaves out Asians and focuses on those from Latin America.[77] Asians are the second largest racial/ethnic illegal immigrant group in the U.S. behind Hispanics and Latinos.[78]
Race based violence[link]
See also: Racism, Yellow Peril, Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States, and Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
Historically Asian Americans have been the target of violence based on their race and or ethnicity. This includes, but are not limited to, such events as the Rock Springs massacre,[79] Watsonville Riots,[80][81] attacks upon Japanese Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor.,[82] and Korean American businesses targeted during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[83] Violence against Asian Americans continue to occur based on their race,[84] with one source asserting that Asian Americans are the fastest growing targets of hate crimes and violence.[85]
After the September 11 attacks, Sikh Americans were targeted, being the recipient of numerous hate crimes including murder.[86][87][88][89] Other Asian Americans have also been the victim of race based violence in Brooklyn,[90] Indiana,[91] Philadelphia,[92][93] and San Francisco.[94] Furthermore, it has been reported that young Asian Americans are more likely to be a target of violence than their peers.[90][95][96] Racism and discrimination still persists against Asian Americans occurring not only to recent immigrants but also towards well-educated and highly trained professionals.[97]
Stereotypes[link]
See also: Bamboo ceiling
Until the late 20th century, the term "Asian American" was adopted mostly by activists, while the average person of Asian ancestries identified with his specific ethnicity.[98] The murder of Vincent Chin in 1982 was a pivotal civil rights case, and it marked the emergence of Asian Americans as a distinct group in United States.[98][99]
Study has indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not generally differentiate between Asian Americans of different ethnicities.[100] Stereotypes of both groups are nearly identical.[101] A 2002 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that 24% of the respondents disapprove of intermarriage with an Asian American, second only to African Americans; 23% would be uncomfortable supporting an Asian American presidential candidate, compared to 15% for an African American, 14% for a woman and 11% for a Jew; 17% would be upset if a substantial number of Asian Americans moved into their neighborhood; 25% had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.[102] The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).[101]
There is a widespread perception that Asian Americans are not "American" but are instead "perpetual foreigners".[102][103][104] Asian Americans often report being asked the question, "Where are you really from?" by other Americans, regardless of how long they or their ancestors have lived in United States.[105] Many Asian Americans are themselves not immigrants but rather born in the United States. Many are asked if they are Chinese or Japanese, an assumption based on major groups of past immigrants.[103][106]
Model minority[link]
Main article: Model minority
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This section is too long. Consider either splitting it into new page or sub-sections or summarizing it. |
File:Race 6 figure household and.png
Percent of households with six figure incomes and individuals with incomes in the top 10%, exceeding $77,500.
Asian Americans are sometimes characterized as a model minority because the culture encourages a strong work ethic, a respect for elders, a high degree of professional and academic success, a high valuation of family, education and religion.[107] Statistics such as high household income and low incarceration rate,[108] low rates of many diseases and higher than average life expectancy[109] are also discussed as positive aspects of Asian Americans.
The implicit advice is that the other minorities should stop protesting and emulate the Asian American work ethic and devotion to higher education. Some critics say the depiction replaces biological racism with cultural racism, and should be dropped.[110]
This concept appears to elevate Asian Americans by portraying them as an elite group of successful, highly educated, highly intelligent, and wealthy individuals, but it can also be considered an overly narrow and overly one-dimensional portrayal of Asian Americans, leaving out other human qualities such as vocal leadership, negative emotions, risk taking, ability to learn from mistakes, and desire for creative expression. Furthermore, Asian Americans who do not fit into the model minority mold can face challenges when people's expectations based on the model minority myth do not match with reality. Traits outside of the model minority mold can be seen as negative character flaws for Asian Americans despite those very same traits being positive for the general American majority (e.g., risk taking, confidence, empowered). For this reason, some[who?] believe Asian Americans encounter a "bamboo ceiling," the Asian American equivalent of the glass ceiling in the workplace.
The model minority concept can also affect Asians' public education. By comparison with other minorities, Asians often achieve higher test scores and grades compared to other Americans.[111] Stereotyping Asian American as over-achievers can lead to harm if school officials or peers expect all to perform higher than average.[112] The very high educational attainments of Asian Americans has often been noted; in 1980, for example, 74% of Chinese Americans, 62% of Japanese Americans, and 55% of Korean Americans aged 20–21 were in college, compared to a third of the whites. The disparity at postgraduate levels is even greater, and the differential is especially notable in fields making heavy use of mathematics. By 2000, a majority of undergraduates at such elite public California schools as UC Berkeley and UCLA, which are obligated by law to not consider race as a factor in admission, were Asian American. The pattern is rooted in the pre-World War II era. Native-born Chinese and Japanese Americans reached educational parity with majority whites in the early decades of the 20th century.[113]
Those who consider Asian Americans a "model minority" fail to realize that Asian American is a broad category encompassing many different ethnic groups with different histories. When divided up by ethnicity, it can be seen that the economic and academic successes supposedly enjoyed by Asian Americans are concentrated into a few ethnic groups. Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians (and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese), all of whose relatively low achievement rates are possibly due to their refugee status, and that they are non voluntary immigrants as other ethnicities are more likely to be.[114]
Furthermore, the model minority concept can even be emotionally damaging to Asian Americans, particularly since they are expected to live up to their peers who are part of the model minority. However, studies have shown that Asian Americans suffer from higher rates of stress, depression, mental illnesses, and suicides in comparison to other races.[115] The pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image have taken a mental and psychological toll on Asian Americans.[116]
See also[link]
.svg){kind=small}
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Asian Americans |
- Amerasian
- Asian American studies
- Asian Argentinian
- Asian Australian
- Asian Brazilian
- Asian Canadian
- Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
- Asian Latino
- Asian Pacific American
- South Asian British, East Asian British, West Asian British
- Ching chong
- Hapa
- Hyphenated American
- Index of Asian American-related articles
- Jade Ribbon Campaign
- United States foreign born per capita income
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- ^ Gabriel J. Chin, "Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration," 46 UCLA Law Review 1(1998)
- ^ "Historical Landmark, declared by the Filipino American National Historical Society, California Central Coast Chapter, Dedicated October 21, 1995". http://morro-bay.com/historical/Philippine-plaque/text-of-plaque.htm. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
- ^ Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (2nd ed. 1998) pp 133-78
- ^ Not including children of diplomats.
- ^ Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (1998) pp 370-78
- ^ Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (1998) pp 197-211
- ^ Elaine Howard Ecklund; Jerry Z. Park. "Asian American Community Participation and Religion: Civic "Model Minorities?"". Project MUSE. Baylor University. http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php?id=19089. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ We Are Siamese Twins-Fai的分裂生活
- ^ "100 Most Successful Asian American Entrepreneurs". http://goldsea.com/Profiles/100/100.html.
- ^ "Broad racial disparities persist". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15704759/. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
- ^ "Notable Asian American Professionals". http://goldsea.com/Text/index.php?id=2457.
- ^ "CONNIE CHUNG". World Changers. Portland State University. http://www.wc.pdx.edu/conniechung/ConnieChung.html. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry, globalsecurity.org.
- ^ a b c d Howard Beck (28 December 2011). "Newest Knick Out to Prove He’s Not Just a Novelty". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/sports/basketball/jeremy-lin-knicks-newest-addition-is-out-to-prove-hes-not-just-a-novelty.html. Retrieved 7 February 2012. "Lin, whose parents are from Taiwan, is the N.B.A.’s first American-born player of Chinese or Taiwanese descent. He is the league’s fourth Asian American, following Raymond Townsend (Filipino-American), who played for the Warriors (1978-80) and Indiana Pacers (1981-82); Wat Misaka (Japanese-American), who was with the Knicks in 1947-48; and Rex Walters (half Japanese), who played from 1993 to 2000 for the Nets, Philadelphia 76ers and Miami Heat."
- ^ "Rex Walters". Men's Basketball. University of San Francisco Athletics. http://usfdons.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/walters_rex00.html. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ Meet new Miami Heat coach Erik Spoelstra
- ^ evin Haskin (24 March 2007). "Jayhawks not thinking NBA". The Topeka Capital-Journal. http://cjonline.com/stories/032407/haw_158356922.shtml. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ [ International Medical Graduates by Country], American Medical Association. (archived fro the original on 2008-07-05)
- ^ Sweis, L, and Guay, A. (2007) Foreign-trained dentists licensed in the United States: Exploring their origins. J Am Dent Assoc 2007;138;219-224
- ^ "Foreign Educated Nurses". ANA: American Nurses Association. http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/workplace/Work-Environment/InfoforNurses/ANAPolicyPapersandBrochures/February2006SurveyInfo/ForeignNurses.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ Koehn NN, Fryer GE Jr, Phillips RL, Miller JB, Green LA. (2007) The increase in international medical graduates in family practice residency programs. Journal of Family Medicine, 34(6):468-9.
- ^ Mick SS, Lee SY. (2007) Are there need-based geographical differences between international medical graduates and U.S. medical graduates in rural U.S. counties? J Rural Health. 1999 Winter;15(1):26-43.
- ^ Somnath Saha, MD, MPH; Gretchen Guiton, PhD; Paul F. Wimmers, PhD; LuAnn Wilkerson, EdD. (2008) Student Body Racial and Ethnic Composition and Diversity-Related Outcomes in US Medical Schools. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1135-1145
- ^ Zhang, X (2003). "Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4926e/#Js4926e.5. and
Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K. (2007). "Acupuncture: its evidence-base is changing". Am J Chin Med. 35 (1): 21–5. DOI:10.1142/S0192415X07004588. PMID 17265547. - ^ Pakistan American Educational Attainment United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ The American Community-Asians: 2004. U.S. Census Bureau. February 2007. http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-05.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-05. (Figure 11, p.15)
- ^ Pakistani Migration to the United States: An economic perspective. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ A Closer Look at Asian Americans and Education, C.N. Le
^ About me, C.N. Le, asian-nation.org. - ^ Religious Demographic Profile Philippines (archived from the original on 2008-03-06)
- ^ Religious Demographic Profile South Korea, pewforum.org (archived from the original on 2008-03-06)
- ^ "Population of Muslims around the world". islamicweb.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080822030415/http://islamicweb.com/begin/population.htm. Retrieved 19 May 2011. "China 1,210,004,956 11 133,100,545"
- ^ Daniel Pipes; Khalid Durán (August 2002). "Muslim Immigrants in the United States". Center for Immigration Studies. http://www.cis.org/articles/2002/back802.html. Retrieved 19 May 2011. "Symbolic of this diversity, Los Angeles alone boasts such exotic food fare as the Chinese Islamic Restaurant and the Thai Islamic Restaurant."
- ^ Syed, Farhan A. (2006). Integration and Isolation: A Comparitive Study of Immigrant Muslims in the United States and the United Kingdom (Master of Arts thesis). University of Pennsylvania. http://lauder.wharton.upenn.edu/pages/pdf/Integration_and_Isolation_A_Comparative_Study_of_Immigrant_Muslims_in_the_US_and_UK.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "Chinese American Muslim Fellowship of Southern California". Google. http://sites.google.com/site/camfsc/. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Religion, Spirituality, and Faith, asian-nation.org.
- ^ 8 Million Muslims in North America, allied-media.com.
- ^ Indians fastest-growing illegal immigrants in U.S.
- ^ Illegal Indians in US
- ^ Hoeffer, Michael; Rytina, Nancy; Campbell, Christopher. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2009". Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2009.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
- ^ Liza Weingarten; Raymond Arthur Smith (2009). "Asian American Immigration Status". Majority Rule and Minority Rights Issue Briefs. Columbia University. http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:124622/CONTENT/pols_w3245_2009_weingarten.pdf. Retrieved 4 March 2012. "Deemed successful as a complete group, the national immigration debate often leaves out Asians focusing instead on South America primarily. Furthermore, a failed attempt to naturalize can actually result in deportation. Because fluency in English is one of the criteria for naturalization, certain ethnicities within the panethnic Asian American immigrant identity are more strongly affected than others. But Asians are noticeably absent from the immigration debate, according to public radio reports."
- ^ Passel, Jeffrey (2005-03-21). "Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/44.pdf.
- ^ Tanner, Russel; Margie Fletcher Shanks (2008). Rock Springs. Arcadia Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9780738556420. http://books.google.com/books?id=KACOt5b4UxwC&lpg=PA31&dq=Rock%20Springs%20Massacre&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q=Rock%20Springs%20Massacre&f=false. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ "Racial Riots". Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/riots.html. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "Racial hate once flared on Central Coast". The Weekend Pinnacle Online. 27 October 2006. http://www.pinnaclenews.com/life/contentview.asp?c=198024. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Tenbroek, Jacobus; Edward Norton Barnhart, Floyd W. Matson (1975). Prejudice, war, and the Constitution. University of California Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780520012622. http://books.google.com/books?id=q6il2D3OdrMC&lpg=PA352&dq=anti%20japanese%20attacks%20california%201942&pg=PA352#v=onepage&q=anti%20japanese%20attacks%20california%201942&f=false. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Chung Kim, Kwang (1999). Koreans in the hood: conflict with African Americans. JHU Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780801861048. http://books.google.com/books?id=jA034iKl_EgC&lpg=PA146&dq=Koreans%20attacked%20los%20angeles%20riots&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q=Koreans%20attacked%20los%20angeles%20riots&f=false. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Thomas Sowell (9 May 2010). "Race and Resentment". Real Clear Politics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/05/09/race_and_resentment_105419.html. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ C.N. Le (21 March 2011). "Anti-Asian Racism & Violence". asian-nation.org. http://www.asian-nation.org/racism.shtml. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Valarie Kuar Brar (30 September 2002). "Turbans and Terror: Racism After Sep. 11". The Sikh Times. http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_093002a.html. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Foster Klug (17 September 2001). "Sikh killed, others are targeted; Arizona man held". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/attack/39155_backlash17.shtml. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Ponterotto, Joseph G.; Lisa A. Suzuki, J. Manuel Casas, Charlene M. Alexander (2009). Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. SAGE. p. 472. ISBN 9781412964326. http://books.google.com/books?id=puj6Nx42imcC&lpg=PA472&ots=FUWfcuf1_8&dq=sikhs%20targeted%202001&pg=PA472#v=onepage&q=sikhs%20targeted%202001&f=false. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Min, Pyong Gap (2006). Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues. Pine Forge Press. p. 216. ISBN 9781412905565. http://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&lpg=PA100&ots=I_AqSYdJxg&dq=asian%20student%20attacked%20san%20francisco&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q=muder&f=false. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Asian youth persistantly harassed by U.S. peers". USA Today. 13 November 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-11-13-asian-teens-bullied_x.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Danielle Wiener-Bronner (1 November 2010). "Asian Students Attacked At Indiana University". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/01/asian-students-attacked-a_n_776988.html. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Sarah Hoye (22 October 2010). "Racial violence spurred Asian students to take a stand". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-22/living/philly.school.asian.american.attacks_1_asian-students-chinese-student-association-south-philadelphia-high-school?_s=PM:LIVING. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Danielle Johnson (7 December 2009). "Attacked Asian Students Afraid To Go to School". WCAU. http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Attacked-Asian-Students-Fear-Returning-to-Class-78652997.html. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ C.W. Nevius (29 April 2010). "Asian American attacks focus at City Hall". San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-04-29/bay-area/20878116_1_city-hall-african-americans-asian-americans. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Hubert Lu; Peter Schurmann (1 July 2007). "Asian Parents and Students Face Challenge of Diversity". Douwei Times. http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=8a49ccad0897d1e28fe15b417c0b4152. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Thomas M. Menino (August 2005). "Report of the 2004 Boston Youth Survey". Harvard Youth Violence Prevention Center. Harvard School of Public Health. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hyvpc/files/2004BYSfullreport.pdf. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Lee, Evelyn (2000). Working with Asian Americans: A Guide for Clinicians. New York, New York: Guilford Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781572305700. http://books.google.com/books?id=PLXmf749kmAC&lpg=PA22&dq=Religions%20%22Asian%20Americans%22&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q=Religions%20%22Asian%20Americans%22&f=false. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ a b Alethea Yip. "Remembering Vincent Chin". Asian Week. http://www.asianweek.com/061397/feature.html. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ ACAPAA. "Pilicy Recommendation Document." (PDF). State of Michigan. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/ACAPAA_policy_recommendation_159211_7.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ Espiritu, Yen le (1993). Asian American panethnicity: bridging institutions and identities. Temple University Press. pp. 139. ISBN 9781566390965. http://books.google.com/books?id=q2BqIYxOghsC&vq. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ a b Committee of 100 (2001-04-25). "Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans". http://www.committee100.org/media/media_eng/042501.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ a b Matthew Yi, et al.. "Asian Americans seen negatively". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/04/27/MN199998.DTL. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ a b Frank H. Wu. "Asian Americans and the Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928140811/http://www.modelminority.com/article676.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14. [dead link]
- ^ Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway, Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780415934657. http://books.google.com/books?id=o7ucGq1RZ-EC&lpg=PA7&dq=%22asian%20americans%22%20perpetual%20foreigners&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=%22asian%20americans%22%20perpetual%20foreigners&f=false. Retrieved 9 February 2012. "In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream."
- ^ Wu, Frank H. (2003). Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. Basic Books. p. 79. ISBN 9780465006403. http://books.google.com/books?id=JkPvf5Cs-DgC&lpg=PA77&dq=%22asian%20americans%22%20perpetual%20foreigners&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q=%22asian%20americans%22%20perpetual%20foreigners&f=false. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ K. Bergquist. "Image Conscious". http://magazine.unlv.edu/Issues/Spring07/16image.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ The Model Minority Image, asian-nation.org.
- ^ Bureau of Justice Statistics: Criminal Offenders Statistics, November 13, 2005. (archived from the original on 2008-07-16)
- ^ The Soft Bigotry of Life Expectancy By William Saletan March 16, 2005 "Asian-Americans were beating white life expectancy by six years among men and 6.5 years among women"
- ^ Chih-Chieh Chou, "Critique on the notion of model minority: an alternative racism to Asian American?," Asian Ethnicity, Oct 2008, Vol. 9#3 Issue 3, pp 219-229
- ^ "Asian Americans outperform whites in terms of their overall or average grades (GPA), grades in math, and test scores in math", School Performance, Tseng, V., Chao, R. K., & Padmawidjaja, I. (2007). Asian Americans educational experiences. In F. Leong, A. Inman, A. Ebreo, L. Yang, L. Kinoshita, & M. Fu (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American Psychology, (2nd Edition) Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology (REMP) Series (pp. 102-123). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications (MS Word format, via Multicultural Families and Adolescents Study, Publications).
- ^ Frank H. Wu (2002). Yellow. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00639-7.
- ^ Charles Hirschman and Morrison G. Wong, "The Extraordinary Educational Attainment of Asian-Americans: A Search for Historical Evidence and Explanations," Social Forces, Sept 1986, Vol. 65#1 pp 1-27
- ^ http://www.asian-nation.org/demographics.shtml
- ^ "Mental Health and Depression in Asian Americans"
- ^ "Push to achieve tied to suicide in Asian American women"
Further reading[link]
- Chan, Sucheng. "The changing contours of Asian-American historiography," Rethinking History, March 2007, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 125–147; surveys 100+ studies of defining events; Asian diasporas; social dynamics; cultural histories.
- Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: an interpretive history (Twayne, 1991). ISBN 978-0-8057-8437-4
- Chau Trinh-Shevrin, Nadia Shilpi Islam, Mariano Jose Rey. Asian American Communities and Health: Context, Research, Policy, and Action (Public Health/Vulnerable Populations), 2009. ISBN 978-0-7879-9829-5
- Chin, Gabriel J., Ed., U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Reports on Asian Pacific Americans (2005) ISBN 978-0-8377-3105-6
- Chiu, Monica, ed. Asian Americans in New England: Culture and Community (Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2009. xviii, 252 pp.) isbn 978-1-58465-794-1
- Kwong, Peter and Dusanka Miscevic. Chinese America: The Untold Story of America's Oldest New Community (2005)
- Lowe, Lisa Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8223-1864-4
- Okihiro, Gary Y. The Columbia Guide to Asian American History (Columbia UP, 2005) excerpt and text search
- Pyong Gap Min Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Pine Science Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5
- Takaki, Ronald Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans New York: Little, Brown, 1998. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7
- Tamura, Eileen H. "Using the Past to Inform the Future: An Historiography of Hawaii's Asian and Pacific Islander Americans," Amerasia Journal, 2000, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 55–85
- Wu, Frank H. Yellow: Race in American Beyond Black and White New York: Basic Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-465-00639-7
- Zia, Helen Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2000. ISBN 978-0-374-52736-5.
- Zhou, Min and Carl L. Bankston III Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998. ISBN 978-0-871-54995-2.
Journals
External links[link]
- Population: Estimates and Projections by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, The 2010 Statistical Abstract, U.S. Census Bureau
- UCLA Asian American Studies Center
- Asian-Nation Asian American History, Culture, Statistics, & Issues
- Asians in America - National organizations directory, job posts and news
- Korean-Americans in America - National organizations, business directory, job posts and news
- U.S. Asian Population, Census 2000, infoplease.com..
- Video: Panel Discussion on 'Asian Americans Changing the Landscape' Asia Society, New York, May 19, 2010
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Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands. For other indigenous peoples, see Indigenous peoples (disambiguation). For the rugby union team, see Pacific Islanders rugby union team.
Pacific Islander (or Pacific person; pl: Pacific people; also Oceanic person/people(s)[1] or Oceanians), is a geographic phrase to describe the indigenous inhabitants of any of the three major sub-regions of Oceania: Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia.[2][3]
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, these three regions, together with their islands, consist of:
Polynesia: The islands scattered across a tangle covering the east-central region of the Pacific Ocean. The triangle is bounded by the Hawaiian islands in the north, New Zealand in the west, and Easter Island in the east. The rest of Polynesia comprises Samoan islands (American Samoa and Samoa), the Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tahiti and The Society Islands, Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands, and the Tuamotu Archipelago), Niue Island, Tokelau and Tuvalu, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna, and Pitcairn Island.
Melanesia: The island of New Guinea, the Bismarck and Louisiade archipelagos, the Admiralty Islands, and Bougainville Island (which make up the independent state of Maluku, Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands (part of the Solomon Islands), New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), Fiji, Norfolk Island, and various smaller islands.
Micronesia: The islands of Kiribati, Nauru, the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Palau, and the Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae, all in the Caroline Islands).
Ethnolinguistically, those Pacific Islanders who reside in Oceania are divided into two different ethnic classifications — those Austronesian peoples who speak the Oceanian languages, numbering about 2.3 million, who occupy Polynesia, Micronesia, and most of the smaller islands of Melanesia; and the Papuan peoples, those who speak the Papuan languages, who number about 7 million, and reside on the island of New Guinea and a few of the smaller islands of Melanesia located off the northeast coast of New Guinea.
Contents |
Usage of phrase in Australia, New Zealand and United States[link]
In Australia the term South Sea Islander was used in the past to describe Australian descendants of people from the more than 80 islands in the Western Pacific that used to have sex with all of the males who used to visit the Western Pacific. Which they were recognized as the fist Pacific Islander prostitutes. [4] In 1901 legislation was enacted to restrict entry of Pacific Islanders to Australia and to facilitate their deportation: Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901. In the legislation Pacific Islanders were defined as:
“Pacific Island Labourer” includes all natives not of European extraction of any island except the islands of New Zealand situated in the Pacific Ocean beyond the Commonwealth [of Australia] as constituted at the commencement of this Act.[5]
In 2008 a newly announced Pacific Islander guestworker scheme provides visas for workers from Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea to work in Australia.[6] The pilot scheme includes one country each from Melanesia (Vanuatu), Polynesia (Tonga) and Micronesia (Kiribati): countries which already send workers to New Zealand under its seasonal labour scheme. Australia’s pilot scheme also includes Papua New Guinea.[7][8]
Local usage in New Zealand uses the term to distinguish those who have emigrated from one of these areas in modern times from the indigenous New Zealand Māori (who are also Polynesian but arrived in New Zealand many centuries earlier), and from other ethnic groups. A stated reason for making the ethnic distinction is that the Pacific peoples suffer from socio-economic disadvantages as a group and benefit from culturally targeted social and health assistance.
In the United States, the geographic location of "Pacific Islander" is the same. Pacific Islanders are defined as a native or inhabitant of any of the Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian islands of Oceania. Some examples of the ethnic groups that would be considered Pacific Islanders are the indigenous peoples of Hawaii, the Marianas, Samoans, Guamanian, Chamoru, Tahitians, Mariana Islander, and Chuukese.[9][10]
It is unclear whether a Papuan person from New Guinea would be regarded as a "Pacific Islander" in the United States but the issue has not arisen since very few Papuans have migrated out of New Guinea to North America.
Excluded[link]
Inhabitants of the following islands and regions are not considered to be Pacific Islanders: Russia's Kuril Islands, Alaska's Aleutian Islands, Taiwan, Japan, The Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia as they are not located within the three regions of Oceania (Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia).[11][12]
List of Pacific peoples[link]
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This section requires expansion. |
-
-
- Northeast & South Polynesian region
- Hawaiians
- Māori
- Tahitians
- Tuamotuans
- Tubuai
- Marquesans
- Gambier Islanders
- Cook Islanders
- Rapanui
-
See also[link]
- Indigenous peoples of Oceania
- Indigenous Australians
- Australian Aborigines
- Tasmanian Aborigines
- Blackbirding
- Thomas, Nicholas, Islanders: The Pacific in the Age of Empire, Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-12438-5
References[link]
- ^ Dictionary.com: "Oceanic"
- ^ Pacific islander on Encarta.
- ^ Pacific islander on Dictionary.com.
- ^ "South Sea Islander Project". ABC Radio Regional Production Fund. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004. http://www.abc.net.au/radio/rpf/stories/s1314059.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. "Recognition for Australian South Sea Islanders (ASSI) has been a long time coming - it was not until 1994 that the Federal Government recognized them as a distinct ethnic group with their own history and culture and not until September 2000 that the Queensland government made a formal statement of recognition."
- ^ "Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 (Cth)" (PDF). Documenting a Democracy. National Archives of Australia. 1901. http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth4i_doc_1901.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ "Pacific guestworker scheme to start this year". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008-08-17. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/17/2337828.htm.
- ^ "Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme is more proof of Australia's new Pacific focus" (Press release). The Hon Duncan Kerr SC MP; Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs. 2008-08-20. http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/parlsec/releases/2008/dk007.html.
- ^ Note that Australian classification standards code Pacific Islander, Oceanian, South Sea islander and Australasian all with code 1000 - ie identically. This coding can be broken down into the finer classification of 1100 Australian Peoples ; 1200 New Zealand Peoples ; 1300 Melanesian and Papuan ; 1400 Micronesian ; 1500 Polynesian. Note that there is no specific coding therefor for "Pacific islander". See: "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) - 2nd edition" (pdf - 136 pages). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005-07-07. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/00A57A2C8FE19CACCA2570360074713B/$File/12490_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ 1990 Census of Population and Housing Public Use Microdata Sample
- ^ "Census 1990: Ancestry Codes". University of Michigan. August 27, 2007. http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/cicdoc/cen90app/ancestry.htm.
- ^ "Pacific islander". Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?search=pacific%20islander. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 227. ISBN 1-57356-019-7, 9781573560191. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=Austronesian+dominant+ethnic+group&source=bl&ots=AFJZZXSxR1&sig=mYRznuyA9dxMLW6DKb0bWvTJ3QI&hl=en&ei=u9kHSvCRCaCCtgORjqXwAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6#PPA199,M1.
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Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Pazifische Insulaner
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander
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Asian American history is the history of an ethnic and racial groups in the United States who are immigrants or descendants of persons from the continent of Asia. Spickard (2007) shows that "Asian American" was an idea invented in the 1960s to bring together Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Americans for strategic political purposes. Soon other Asian-origin groups were added, such as Korean, Vietnamese, Hmong and South Asian Americans.[1] They have arrived as unskilled workers in significant numbers 1850-1905, and largely settled in Hawaii and California. They were the subject of intense hostility on the mainland into the 1940s.[2] Since the change in the immigration laws in 1965, middle class Asians from many countries arrived in large numbers as college students, engineers and businessmen. Their image of success was portrayed with headlines of the "Model Minority". For the contemporary situation see Asian American.
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Hostility[link]
The Chinese arrived in the U.S. in large numbers on the West Coast in the 1850s and 1860s to work in the gold mines and railroads. They encountered very strong opposition—violent as riots and physical attacks forced them out of the gold mines. The Central Pacific railroad hired thousands, but after the line was finished in 1869 they were hounded out of many railroad towns in states such as Wyoming and Nevada. Most wound up in Chinatowns—areas of large cities which the police largely ignored. The Chinese were attacked—especially by Irish Americans (who were themselves recent immigrants)--as undesirable and inassimilable strangers who brought disease, economic competition, vice (gambling, prostitution and opium), and immorality to the communities in which they settled. The Chinese were further alleged to be "coolies" who were practically slaves, and were said to be not suitable for becoming independent thoughtful voters because of their alien mindset and their control by tongs. The same negative reception hit the Asians who migrated to Mexico and Canada.[3][4]
The Japanese arrived in large numbers 1890-1907, many going to Hawaii (an independent country until 1898), and others to the West Coast. Hostility was very high on the West Coast, but not especially violent. Hawaii was a multicultural society in which the Japanese experienced about the same level of distrust as other groups. Indeed, they were the largest population group by 1910, and after 1950 took political control of Hawaii. The Japanese on the West Coast of the U.S. (as well as Canada and Latin America) were interred during World War II, but not those on Hawaii.
Historiography[link]
According to Chan (1996) The historiography of Asians in America falls into four periods. The 1870s to the 1920s saw partisan debates over curtailing Chinese and Japanese immigration; "Yellow Peril" diatribes battled strong, missionary-based defenses of the immigrants. Studies written from the 1920s to the 1960s were dominated by social scientists, who focused on issues of assimilation and social organization, as well as the World War II internment camps. Activist revisionism marked the 1960s to the early 1980s as a new wave of Asian-American scholars rejected the dominant assimilationist paradigm, and instead turned to classical Marxism and internal colonialist models. Starting in the early 1980s there was an increased stress on human agency. Only after 1990 has there been much scholarship by professional historians.
Chronology[link]
Major milestones according to standard reference works[5] are:
18th century[link]
- 1763, Filipinos established the small settlement of Saint Malo in the bayous of Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships. Since there were no Filipino women with them, the Manilamen, as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women.[6]
- 1778, Chinese sailors first came to Hawaii the same year that Captain James Cook came upon the island. Many settled and married Hawaiian women.
19th century[link]
- 1820s, Chinese (mostly merchants, sailors, and students) begin to immigrate via Sino-U.S. maritime trade.
- 1841, Captain Whitfield, commanding an American whaler in the Pacific, rescues five shipwrecked Japanese sailors. Four disembark at Honolulu, however Manjiro Nakahama stays on board returning with Whitfield to Fairhaven, Massachusetts. After attending school in New England and adopting the name John Manjiro, he later became an interpreter for Commodore Matthew Perry.
- 1850, seventeen survivors of a Japanese shipwreck were saved by an American freighter; In 1852, the group joins Commodore Matthew Perry to help open diplomatic relations with Japan. One of them, Joseph Heco (Hikozo Hamada) later becomes a naturalized US citizen.
- 1854, the California Supreme Court case ruled that the testimony of a Chinese man who witnessed a murder by a white man was inadmissible.[7]
- 1861 The utopian minister Thomas Lake Harris of the Brotherhood of the New Life visits England, where he meets Nagasawa Kanaye, who becomes a convert. Nagasawa returns to the US with Harris and follows him to Fountaingrove in Santa Rosa, California. When Harris leaves the Californian commune, Nagasawa became the leader and remained there until his death in 1932.
- 1862, California imposes a tax of $2.50 a month on every Chinese man
- 1865, The Central Pacific Railroad Co. recruits Chinese workers for the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah. Many are killed or injured in the harsh conditions blasting through difficult mountain terrain.
- 1869, A group of Japanese build the Wakamatsu Tea and Silk Colony in Gold Hill, California
- 1869, The Fourteenth Amendment gives full citizenship to every baby born in the U.S., regardless of race.
- 1877, Denis Kearney organizes anti-Chinese movement in San Francisco; forms Workingmen's Party of California alleging Chinese workers took lower wages, poorer conditions, and longer hours than white workers were willing to tolerate
- 1878, Chinese are ruled ineligible for naturalized citizenship.
- 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act is passed banning immigration of laborers from China. Students and businessmen are allowed.
- 1886 the Rock Springs massacre in Wyoming kills 28 Chinese miners.
- 1887, Robbers kill 31 Chinese miners Snake River, Oregon.
- 1890, In in Hawaiʻi, an independent country, sugar plantations hire large numbers of Japanese, Chinese and Filipinos; they a majority of the population by 1898.
- 1898 Hawaiʻi joins the U.S. as a territory. Most residents are Asian and they all receive full U.S. citizenship.
20th century to 1940[link]
- 1902, Yone Noguchi publishes The American Diary of a Japanese Girl.
- 1903 Ahn Chang Ho, pen name Dosan, founded the Friendship Society in 1903 and the Mutual Assistant Society.
- 1904, Seungman Rhee (이승만), comes to the U.S. to earn a B.A at George Washington University and a Ph.D from Princeton University. In 1910, he returned to Korea and became a political activist during Japanese occupation of Korea. He later became the first president of South Korea.
- 1906 The San Francisco segregates Japanese students, but withdraws at the request of President Theodore Roosevelt and protests by the Japanese government.
- 1907, Gentlemen's Agreement between United States and Japan that Japan would stop issuing passports for new laborers.
- 1910, Angel Island in San Francisco Bay opens as the major station for as many as 175,000 Chinese and 60,000 Japanese immigrants between 1910 and 1940.
- 1913, California bans Japanese immigrants ("Issei") from purchasing land; land is purchased instead in the names of U.S. born children ("Nissei") who are citizens
- 1918, Bhagat Singh Thind first Asian to be recruited by US Army[citation needed]
- 1924, United States Immigration Act of 1924 (Oriental Exclusion Act) banned most immigration from Asia. The quota for most Asian countries is zero. Public opinion in Japan is outraged by the insult.
- 1930, Anti-Filipino riot occurred in Watsonville, California.[8]
- 1933, Filipinos are ruled ineligible for citizenship barring immigration. Roldan v. Los Angeles County found that existing California anti-miscegenation laws did not bar Filipino-white marriages, but the state quickly moved to amend the law.[9][10]
- 1935, Tydings-McDuffie Act gives "Commonwealth" status to the Philippines hence allowing immigration of Filipinos; Philippines independence is scheduled for 1946
1941-1999[link]
- 1941, Japanese navy attacks Pearl Harbor; FBI arrests pro-Japanese community leaders in Hawaii and U.S.
- 1941, Japanese army invades Philippines; Japanese residents support the invaders
- 1941-45 Filipino resistance movement, working closely with U.S. Army, fights the Japanese invaders
- 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 on February 19, uprooting 100,000 people of Japanese birth or descent on the west coast to be sent to Internment camps; similar actions take place in Canada.
- 1943, Japanese soldiers from Hawaiʻi join the U.S. Army 100th Battalion arrive in Europe.
- 1944, U.S. Army 100th Battalion merges with the all-volunteer Asian Americans of Japanese descent 442nd Regimental Combat Team
- 1945, 442nd Regimental Combat team awarded 18,143 decorations including 9,486 Purple Heart decorations becoming the highest decorated military unit in United States history
- 1946, the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 grants naturalization opportunities to Filipino Americans and Indian Americans (which included present-day Pakistanis and Bangladeshis) and re-established immigration from the Indian subcontinent and the Philippines.
- 1956, Dalip Singh Saund (1899–1973) first Asian to be elected for Congress; he is a Sikh from California
- 1962, Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaiʻi elected for the US Senate; he wins reelection in 1968, 1974, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, and 2010
- 1965, Patsy T. Mink of Hawaiʻi becomes the first woman of color elected to Congress.
- 1965, John Wing serves as Mississippi's first Chinese American mayor; he serves as mayor of Jonestown, Mississippi, through 1973.[11]
- 1965, Luck Wing serves four terms as the Mayor of Sledge, Mississippi population 600. Wing served as mayor and significantly changed the Chinese American experience in the Mississippi Delta.[12]
- 1971, Norman Y. Mineta elected mayor of San Jose, California; becomes first Asian American mayor of a major US city; Herbert Choy nominated supreme court justice.
- 1974, George R. Ariyoshi elected governor of Hawaiʻi
- 1976, Samuel Ichiye (S. I.) Hayakawa of California and Spark Matsunaga of Hawaiʻi elected as US Senators
- 1978, Ellison S. Onizuka becomes the first Asian American astronaut
- 1980, Congress creates Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians to investigate internment of Japanese Americans; in 1983 it reports Japanese American internment was not a national security necessity
- 1982, Vincent Chin, Chinese American, beaten to death in Highland Park, Michigan near Detroit.
- 1988, President Ronald Reagan signs Civil Liberties Act of 1988 apologizing for Japanese American internment and provide reparations of $20,000 to each victim
- 1992, Eugene Chung is a former American football offensive lineman who played in the National Football League from 1992 to 1997.
- 1992, Hae Jong Kim elected Bishop of United Methodist Church; Paull Shin elected for Washington State Senate;LA Riots of April 1992.
- 1996, Gary Locke is elected governor of Washington state. When he was elected in 1995 Locke became the first -- and to date the only -- Chinese American to serve as the governor of a state, holding the post for two terms.
- 1999, Gen. Eric Shinseki becomes the first Asian American U.S. Army chief of staff.
- 1999, David Wu is elected as Congressman for Oregon 1st District
21st century[link]
- 2000, Norman Y. Mineta. Democratic Congressman, appointed by President Bill Clinton as the first Asian American appointed to the U.S. Cabinet; worked as Commerce Secretary (2000–2001), Transportation Secretary (2001–2006).
- 2001, Elaine Chao was appointed by President George W. Bush as the Secretary of Labor, serving to 2009. She is the first Asian American woman to serve in the Cabinet.
- 2003, Ignatius C. Wang is an American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of San Francisco from 2002 to 2009.
- 2008, Tim Lincecum, a starting pitcher for the San Francisco Giants, is selected as an All Star for the Major League All Star Game. Lincecum, who is half-Filipino, also won the Cy Young award as the most successful pitcher in the National League in 2008. Lincecum is the first Asian American to be selected as the Cy Young winner. Lincecum also won the Cy Young again in 2009 and led the Giants to a World Series victory in 2010.
- 2009, Steven Chu, co-winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics, is sworn in as U.S. Secretary of Energy--thereby becoming the first person appointed to the US Cabinet after having won a Nobel Prize. [13] He is also the second Chinese American to become a member of Cabinet (after Elaine Chao.) [14]
- 2009, Joseph Cao, a Republican, elected U.S. Representative for Louisiana's 2nd congressional district; he was defeated for reelection in 2010
- 2009, Gary Locke is appointed by President Obama to serve as the Secretary of Commerce.
- 2009, Dr. Jim Yong Kim is appointed as President of Dartmouth College, becoming the first Asian American president of an Ivy League School.
- 2010, Daniel Inouye is sworn in as President Pro Tempore making him the highest-ranking Asian-American politician in American history.
- 2010, Far East Movement is the first Asian American band to top the Billboard 100, with its song "Like a G6". The song was number one on two separate weeks in November 2010.
- 2010, Jeremy Lin is the first American-born Chinese to become an NBA player. Lin was a star basketball player for Harvard University and excelled at NBA pre-draft camps. Lin is currently a player for the New York Knicks.
- 2010, Jean Quan is elected as Mayor of Oakland, California. Quan is the first Asian American woman elected mayor of a major American city. Quan is Oakland's first Asian American mayor.[15]
- 2010, Ed Lee is appointed as Mayor of San Francisco, California.[15]
- 2011, Gary Locke accepts nominatation by President Obama to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the People's Republic of China. [16]
See also[link]
- Asian Americans
- Asian American immigration history
- Asian American political history
- Chinese American history
- History of Filipino Americans
- Indian American history and Iimigration
- Japanese American history
- Korean American history
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
- Military history of Asian Americans
- Vietnamese American history
Further reading[link]
Reference books[link]
- Chen, Edith Wen-Chu, and Grace J. Yoo, eds. Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today (2 vol, 2009) excerpt and text search
- Huang, Guiyou, ed. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature (3 vol. 2008) excerpt and text search
- Japanese American National Museum. Encyclopedia of Japanese American History: An A-To-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present (2nd ed. 2000)
- Kim, Hyung-Chan, ed. Dictionary of Asian American History (1986) 629pp; online edition
- Lee, Jonathan H.X. and Kathleen M. Nadeau, eds. Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife (3 vol. 2010)
- Ng, Franklin. The Asian American Encyclopedia (6 vol., 1995)
- Oh, Seiwoong, ed.. Encyclopedia of Asian-American Literature (2007)
- Schultz, Jeffrey D., et al. eds. Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: Volume 1: African Americans and Asian Americans (2000) excerpt and text search
Surveys by scholars[link]
- Barth Gunther. Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850-1870 (1964).
- Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History (1991)
- Fuchs, Lawrence H. Hawaii Pono: An Ethnic and Political History (1997)
- Okihiro, Gary Y. The Columbia Guide to Asian American History (2001) online edition
- Takaki, Ronald. Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920 (1983)
Historiography[link]
- Chan, Sucheng. "The changing contours of Asian-American historiography," Rethinking History, March 2007, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp. 125–147,
- Chan, Sucheng. "Asian American historiography," Pacific Historical Review, Aug 1996, Vol. 65#3 pp. 363–99
- Espiritu, Augusto. "Transnationalism and Filipino American Historiography," Journal of Asian American Studies, June 2008, Vol. 11#2 pp. 171–184,
- Friday, Chris. "Asian American Labor and Historical Interpretation," Labor History, Fall 1994, Vol. 35#4 pp. 524–546,
- Gregory, Peter N. "Describing the Elephant: Buddhism in American," Religion and American Culture, Summer 2001, Vol. 11#2 pp. 233–63
- Kim, Lili M. "Doing Korean American History in the Twenty-First Century," Journal of Asian American Studies, June 2008, Vol. 11@2 pp 199–209
- Lai, Him Mark. "Chinese American Studies: A Historical Survey," Chinese America: History and Perspectives, 1995, pp. 11–29
- Lee, Erika, "Orientalisms in the Americas: A Hemispheric Approach to Asian American History," Journal of Asian American Studies vol 8#3 (2005) pp 235–256. Notes that 30-40% of the Chinese and Japanese immigrants before 1941 went to Latin America, especially Brazil, and many others went to Canada.
- Ngai, Mae M. "Asian American History--Reflections on the De-centering of the Field," Journal of American Ethnic History, Summer 2006, Vol. 25#4 pp 97–108
- Okihiro, Gary Y. The Columbia Guide to Asian American History (2001) excerpt and text search
- Okihiro, Gary Y. Common Ground: Reimagining American History (2001) excerpt and text search
- Tamura, Eillen H. "Historiographical Essay," History of Education Quarterly, Spring 2001, Vol. 41#1 pp. 58–71
- Tamura, Eillen H. "Using the Past to Inform the Future: An Historiography of Hawaii's Asian and Pacific Islanders," Amerasia Journal, 2000, Vol. 26#1 pp. 55–85
References[link]
- ^ Paul Spickard, "Whither the Asian American Coalition?" Pacific Historical Review, Nov 2007, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp 585-604
- ^ Dorothy Fujita-Rony, "Water and Land: Asian Americans and the U.S. West," Pacific Historical Review, Nov 2007, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp 563–574,
- ^ Lee (2005)
- ^ Alexander Saxton, Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (1971)
- ^ Hyung-Chan Kim, ed. Dictionary of Asian American History (1986); Franklin Ng, The Asian American Encyclopedia (6 vol., 1995)
- ^ See "Filipino Migration to the United States"
- ^ "Banana: A Chinese American Experience". http://www.tenement.org/banana/history.html. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ See "Racial Riots"
- ^ Min, Pyong-Gap (2006), Asian Americans: contemporary trneds and issues, Pine Forge Press, p. 189, ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5
- ^ Irving G. Tragen (September 1944), "Statutory Prohibitions against Interracial Marriage", California Law Review 32 (3): 269–280 , citing Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.
- ^ http://www.usm.edu/oralhistory/alphandx.html#Ethnic%20Groups
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=emiuAAAAIAAJ&q=when+was+luck+wing+the+mayor+of+sledge&dq=when+was+luck+wing+the+mayor+of+sledge&hl=en&ei=JIdlTeuzH4WosQOhs-33BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ
- ^ Jake Tapper (2008-12-11). "A Nobel Prize Winner in the Cabinet". ABC News.
- ^ Mei Fong, Kersten Zhang and Gao Sen (2009-02-26). "Commerce Nominee a Locke In China". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b Heather Knight (21 February 2011). "Ed Lee and Jean Quan: mayors and longtime friends". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/02/20/MN3K1HNDKF.DTL. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Nagesh, Gautham (August 1, 2011). "Commerce Secretary Gary Locke resigns to become Ambassador to China". The Hill.
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http://wn.com/History_of_Asian_Americans
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Asian-Pacific American (APA) or Asian-Pacific Islander (API) is a term sometimes used in the United States to include both Asian Americans and Pacific Islander Americans.
Asian or Pacific Islander was an option to indicate race and ethnicity in the United States Censuses in the 1990 and 2000 Census as well as in several Census Bureau studies in between, including Current Population Surveys reports and updates between 1994 and 2002.[1] A 1997 Office of Management and Budget directive separated the "Asian or Pacific Islander" racial category into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander."[2]
The U.S. Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs defined Asian-Pacific Islander as "A person with origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, or the Pacific Islands. This area includes, for example, China, Japan, Korea, the Philippine Republic and Samoa; and on the Indian Subcontinent, includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sikkim, Maldives, and Bhutan."[3] A definition from Henry Ford Health System states that an Asian-Pacific American is "A U.S. citizen whose origins are from Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Trust Territories of the Pacific or the Northern Marianas.[4]
The term is used in reference to Asian/Pacific American Heritage Week, the first ten days of May, established in 1978 by a joint resolution in United States Congress. The commemorative week was expanded to a month (Asian Pacific American Heritage Month) by Congress in 1992.[5]
The term is also used by several state boards and commissions, including in Washington,[6] Michigan,[7] Maryland,[8] and Connecticut.[9] The term is also used in the names of several non-profit groups, such as the A|P|A History Collective,[10] Center for Asian Pacific American Women,[11] Asian & Pacific Islander American Scholarship Fund,[12] and National Coalition for Asian Pacific American Community Development.[13] Asian Pacific Americans are listed as a group on the United States Army website.[14]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS)," United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011," United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "HR Self Service - Glossary of Terms." Princeton University.
- ^ "Diversity Definitions." Henry Ford Health System.
- ^ "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011," United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs," State of Washington.
- ^ "Asian Pacific American Affairs Commission," State of Michigan.
- ^ "Governor's Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs, State of Maryland.
- ^ "Asian Pacific American Affairs Commission," State of Connecticut.
- ^ "Credits," A|P|A History Collective.
- ^ "Center for APA Women."
- ^ "Asian & Pacific Islander American Scholarship Fund."
- ^ "National Coalition for Asian Pacific American Community Development.
- ^ "Asian Pacific Americans in the U.S. Army." United States Army.
http://wn.com/Asian_Pacific_American
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, as defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the United States Census Bureau, are self-identification data items in which residents choose the race or races with which they most closely identify, and indicate whether or not they are of Hispanic or Latino origin (ethnicity).[1][2]
The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country."[3] OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the US Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference."[4] The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.[5]
Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnicities, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino".
In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register Notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity.[6] OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws." Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way, and after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.[3]
Contents
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How data on race and ethnicity are used[link]
The OMB states that “many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data are also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require these data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data are needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions".
"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).”[5]
Brief overview of race and ethnicity in the U.S. Census' history[link]
Further information: Race in the United States
Census 1790[link]
In 1790, first official year of the U.S. Census, the following questions were asked, four of which had racial implications:
- Number of free White males aged under 16 years
- Number of free White males aged 16 years and upward
- Number of free White females
- Number of other free persons
- Number of slaves[7]
In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed.[7]
Census 1820[link]
The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about the slaves who were formerly owned. Also the term “colored” enters the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating “Number of foreigners not naturalized” was included.[7]
Census 1830[link]
For the 1830 census, a new question which stated “The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized” was included.[7] This reflected the growth of Nativist movements in American society at this time - as well as combining the number and age question of both slaves and free colored individuals.[citation needed]
Census 1850[link]
The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked "B" if a person was black, and marked "M" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave was black and an "M" if mulatto.[7]
Census 1870[link]
For the 1870 census, the color/racial question was expanded to include “C” for Chinese, which was a category that included all east Asians, as well as “I” for American Indians.[7]
Census 1890[link]
For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term “race” in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White," "Black," "Mulatto," "Quadroon," "Octoroon," "Chinese," "Japanese," or "Indian."[7]
Census 1900[link]
For 1900, the “Color or Race” question was slightly modified, removing the term “Mulatto”. Also, there was an inclusion of an “Indian Population Schedule” in which “enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations.” This expanded version included the question “Fraction of person's lineage that is white.”[7]
Census 1910[link]
The 1910 census was similar to that of 1900, but it included a re-insertion of “Mulatto” and a question about the respondent's "mother tongue.” “Ot” was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual’s proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage.[7]
Census 1920[link]
The 1920 census questionnaire was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. “Hin”, “Kor”, and “Fil” were also added to the “Color or Race” question, signifying Hindu (South Asia Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively.[7]
Census 1930[link]
The biggest change in this year’s census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed Black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as White within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.
For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as a race. Enumerators were instructed that all persons born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. But, in prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white.[8]
The Supplemental American Indian questionnaire was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry.[7][9]
Census 1940 (Population)[link]
The 1940 census was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires.[7] The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the White population.[8]
Census 1950 (Population)[link]
The 1950 Census questionnaire removed the word “color” from the racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices.[7]
Census 1960 (Population)[link]
The 1960 Census re-added the word “color” to the racial question, and changed “Indian” to “American Indian”, as well as added Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The Other (print out race) option was removed.[7]
Census 1970 (Population)[link]
This year’s census included “Negro or Black”, re-added Korean and the Other race option. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows:
a. Where was this person born?
b. Is this person's origin or descent...
- Mexican
- Puerto Rican
- Cuban
- Central or South American
- Other Spanish
- None of These
14. What country was the person's father born in?
15. What country was the person's mother born in?
16.
a. For persons born in a foreign country- Is the person naturalized?
b. When did the person come to the United States to stay?
17. What language, other than English, was spoken in the person's home as a child?
- Spanish
- French
- German
- Other
- None, only English[7]
Census 1980 (Population)[link]
This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East) Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again, the term “color” was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents:
11. In what state or foreign country was the person born?
12. If this person was born in a foreign country...
a. Is this person a naturalized citizen of the United States?
b. When did this person come the United States to stay?
13.
a. Does this person speak a language other than English at home?
b. If yes, what is this language?
c. If yes, how well does this person speak English?
14. What is this person's ancestry?[7]
Census 1990 (Population)[link]
The racial categories in this year are as they appear in the 2000 and 2010 Census. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 Census:
8. In what U.S. State or foreign country was this person born?
9. Is this person a citizen of the United States?
10. If this person was not born in the United States, when did this person come to the United States to stay?[7]
The 1990 Census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the Other race option and provided a multiple write in, the response was assigned according to the race written first. “For example, a write in of "Black-White" was assigned a code of Black, a write in of "White-Black" was assigned a code of White.”[3]
In the United States, census data indicate that the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990. In 1990, for interracial families with one white American partner, the other parent...was Asian American for 45 percent...[10]
Census 2000 (Population)[link]
Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.
|
|
| The 23rd federal census, 2010 [11] asks one ethnic and one race question (questions 1-4 not reproduced here, questions 5 and 6 paraphrased):
8. Is the person of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin?
9. What is the person's race?
This census acknowledged that "race categories include both racial and national-origin groups." |
The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.[12]
- "White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as Irish, German, Scottish, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish."[12]
- "Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as 'Black, African Am., or Negro,' or provide written entries such as Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian."[12]
- "American Indian and Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment."[12]
- "Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes 'Asian Indian,' 'Chinese', 'Filipino', 'Korean', 'Japanese', 'Vietnamese', and 'Other Asian'."[12]
- "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as 'Native Hawaiian', 'Guamanian or Chamorro', 'Samoan', and 'Other Pacific Islander'."[12]
- "Some other race. Includes all other responses not included in the 'White', 'Black or African American', 'American Indian and Alaska Native', 'Asian' and 'Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander' race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, We-Sort, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the "Some other race" category are included here."[12]
- "Two or more races. People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses."[12]
The Federal government of the United States has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: 'Hispanic or Latino' and 'Not Hispanic or Latino'."[13] The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."[13] For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles.
Use of the word ethnicity for Hispanics only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the "race" and "ancestry" questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans' also declaring various racial identities (see also White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Latinos, and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans).
In the 2000 Census, 12.5% of the US population reported "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity and 87.5% reported "Not-Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity.[13]
2010 Census[link]
The 2010 US Census included changes designed to more clearly distinguish Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That included adding the sentence: "For this census, Hispanic origins are not races."[14][15] Additionally, the Hispanic terms were modified from "Hispanic or Latino" to "Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin".[14][15]
Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race,[13] and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census.[16] As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans,[17] Turkish Americans,[18] Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.[19][20]
The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages. In other words, a respondent could choose both "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino".[21]
Relation between ethnicity and race in census results[link]
The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 Census are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses.[12] Many US residents consider race and ethnicity to be the exact same concept.[4]
| Race | Hispanic or Latino |
% of H/L |
% of US |
Not Hispanic or Latino |
% of Not H/L |
% of US |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any races | 35,305,818 | 100 | 12.5 | 246,116,088 | 100 | 87.5 |
| One race: | 33,081,736 | 93.7 | 11.8 | 241,513,942 | 98.1 | 85.8 |
| White | 16,907,852 | 47.9 | 6.0 | 194,552,774 | 79.1 | 69.1 |
| Black or African A. |
710,353 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 33,947,837 | 13.8 | 12.1 |
| A. Indian/ Alaska Nat. |
407,073 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 2,068,883 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| Asian | 119,829 | 0.3 | <0.1 | 10,123,169 | 4.1 | 3.6 |
| Hawaiian N. & Pacific Is. |
45,326 | 0.1 | <0.1 | 353,509 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Some other | 14,891,303 | 42.2 | 5.3 | 467,770 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| 2+ races: | 2,224,082 | 6.3 | 0.8 | 4,602,146 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| Some other + W/B/N/A |
1,859,538 | 5.3 | 0.7 | 1,302,875 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 2+ W/B/N/A | 364,544 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 3,299,271 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
In the 2000 Census, respondents were tallied in each of the race groups they reported. Consequently, the total of each racial category exceeds the total population because some people reported more than one race.[3]
According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 Census the largest part white bi-racial population is white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017, followed by white/black at 737,492, then white/Asian at 727,197, and finally white/Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander at 125,628.[22]
The Census Bureau implemented a Census Quality Survey, gathering data from approximately 50,000 households in order to assess the reporting of race and Hispanic origin in the 2000 Census with the purpose creating a way to make comparisons between the 2000 Census with previous Census racial data.[3]
In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 US Census. The Interagency Committee agrees, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one in the same [sic] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people."[4]
The AAA also stated,
"The American Anthropological Association recommends the elimination of the term "race" from OMB Directive 15 during the planning for the 2010 Census. During the past 50 years, "race" has been scientifically proven to not be a real, natural phenomenon. More specific, social categories such as "ethnicity" or "ethnic group" are more salient for scientific purposes and have fewer of the negative, racist connotations for which the concept of race was developed." "Yet the concept of race has become thoroughly—and perniciously—woven into the cultural and political fabric of the United States. It has become an essential element of both individual identity and government policy. Because so much harm has been based on "racial" distinctions over the years, correctives for such harm must also acknowledge the impact of "racial" consciousness among the U.S. populace, regardless of the fact that "race" has no scientific justification in human biology. Eventually, however, these classifications must be transcended and replaced by more non-racist and accurate ways of representing the diversity of the U.S. population." [4]
The recommendations of the AAA were not adopted by the Census Bureau for the 2000 Census or the 2010 Census.
Other agencies[link]
In 2001, the National Institutes of Health adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15,[23] as did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the United States Department of Labor in 2007.[24] See Race and ethnicity (EEO).
See also[link]
- Criticism of the term Latino
- Language (United States Census)
- Race (classification of humans)
- Race in the United States
- Race and ethnicity in the United States
- United States Census, 2000
References[link]
- ^ "American FactFinder Help: Race". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_r.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e "Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. Archive copy at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d "A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15". American Anthropological Association. 1997. http://www.aaanet.org/gvt/ombdraft.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ^ a b "American FactFinder Help: Ethnicity". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_e.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Office of Management and Budget. 1997-10-30. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Through the Decades". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions. Retrieved 2012-01-18.
- ^ a b The 1930 Census in Perspective, 1930census.com
- ^ For an image copy of the full 1930 census instructions, see http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/guides/popcensus/images/1930enu.pdf.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau, 2000
- ^ "2010 US Census Form" (pdf). U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. http://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File: Race". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20090831085310/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
- ^ a b c d Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Cassidy, Rachel C. (2001-03). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf.
- ^ a b Waite, Preston. US Census Bureau. "2010 Decennial Census Program." 2006. accessed July 7, 2008.
- ^ a b "2010 US Census form" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ^ "Census Bureau to Test Changes in Questionnaire, New Response Technology" (Press release). U.S. Census Bureau. 2003-01-16. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/2010_census/000543.html.
- ^ Kay, Jennifer (2010-02-24). "Caribbeans urged to write in ancestry on US Census". http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CENSUS_CARIBBEAN_IDENTITY?SITE=NYMID&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 2010-03-14. Archive copy at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Washington Diplomat. "Census Takes Aim to Tally'Hard to Count' Populations". http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6036:census-takes-aim-to-tallyhard-to-count-populations-&catid=205:april-2010&Itemid=239. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
- ^ "The Arab American Institute | Get Involved!". http://www.aaiusa.org/get-involved/4470. Retrieved 2010-03-15. Archive copy at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashmawey, Roqaya (2010-03-01). "Arab-Americans Aim to Increase Their Census Count". http://www.newsweek.com/id/234325. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "OMB Standards". White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc
- ^ "Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research". National Institutes of Health. 2001-10-09. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html.
- ^ Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1) by the EEOC. The page contains links to FAQs, forms and instructions
|
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