- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Romanian Language
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 2004 Moldovan Census
- Accusative
- Accusative case
- Activ
- Advertisement
- African French
- African Portuguese
- Akcent
- Albanian language
- Alguerese
- Alibunar
- Americas
- Ancient Rome
- Andorra
- Andrew Dalby
- Angola
- AP Flux
- Aragonese language
- Aranese dialect
- Argentina
- Aromanian language
- Art of Romania
- Article (grammar)
- Asia
- Asturian language
- Australia
- Auvergnat dialect
- Balearic dialect
- Balkan
- Balkan sprachbund
- Banat
- Bessarabia
- Besserabia
- Bilingualism
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Brazilian Portuguese
- Brașov
- Brigasc
- Bukovina
- Bulgaria
- Bulgarian language
- Byzantine Empire
- Calabrian dialects
- Canada
- Canadian French
- Cannes Film Festival
- Cantabrian dialect
- Cape Verde
- Catalan Caló
- Catalan language
- Central Catalan
- Central Europe
- Central Italian
- Champenois
- Character sets
- Chernivtsi oblast
- Chernivtsi Oblast
- Chile
- Cinema of Romania
- Climate of Romania
- Colombia
- Commons România
- Communist Romania
- Conditional mood
- Constitution
- Contract
- Corsican language
- Costa Rica
- Counties of Romania
- Coștei
- Crime in Romania
- Cuba
- Culture of Romania
- Cuvin
- Czech language
- Câmpulung
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Dacia
- Dacian language
- Daco-Roman
- Daco-Romanian
- Dalmatian language
- Danish language
- Danube
- Dative case
- Declension
- Dependent territory
- Dialect continuum
- Dimitrie Cantemir
- Diphthong
- Discourse
- Dj Project
- Dobrudja
- Dobruja
- Dominican Republic
- Dragostea din tei
- Dutch language
- Early Modern Romania
- East Timor
- Eastern Catalan
- Eastern Europe
- Economy of Romania
- Ecuador
- Education
- El Salvador
- Elections in Romania
- Emilian language
- Emiliano-Romagnolo
- Enclitic
- Energy in Romania
- English language
- Eonavian
- Estonian language
- Eurasian Avars
- Europe
- European Portuguese
- European Union
- Extremaduran
- Fala language
- Finnish language
- Flora of Romania
- Folklore of Romania
- Foreign language
- France
- French language
- Friulian language
- Future tense
- Gadjo (non-Romani)
- Gagauzia
- Galician language
- Galician-Portuguese
- Gallo language
- Gallo-Italic
- Gallurese
- Gascon dialect
- Genitive
- Genitive case
- Genoese dialect
- Geography of Romania
- George Pruteanu
- German language
- Germany
- Gerund
- Gheorghe Șincai
- Goths
- Grammatical gender
- Grammatical tense
- Greater Romania
- Greece
- Greek language
- Guatemala
- Guinea-Bissau
- Gyula, Hungary
- Haiti
- Hiatus (linguistics)
- History of Romania
- History of Romanian
- Holy See
- Honduras
- Hoover Press
- Hungarian alphabet
- Hungarian language
- Hungary
- Imperative mood
- Indicative mood
- Industry of Romania
- Infinitive
- Inflection
- Intemelio
- Iotacism
- Irish language
- Islam in Romania
- ISO 639-1
- ISO 639-2
- ISO 639-3
- Israel
- Istriot language
- Italian alphabet
- Italian language
- Italic languages
- Italy
- Jablanka
- Jamu Mic
- Judaeo-Catalan
- Judaeo-French
- Judaeo-Portuguese
- Judaeo-Spanish
- Judaism in Romania
- Judeo-Aragonese
- Judæo-Piedmontese
- Kazakhstan
- Kingdom of Hungary
- Kingdom of Romania
- Kovăcița
- Labialization
- Lacu (Mount Athos)
- Ladin
- Language death
- Language family
- Languages in Romania
- Languages of Albania
- Languages of Andorra
- Languages of Armenia
- Languages of Austria
- Languages of Belarus
- Languages of Belgium
- Languages of Croatia
- Languages of Cyprus
- Languages of Denmark
- Languages of England
- Languages of Estonia
- Languages of Europe
- Languages of Finland
- Languages of France
- Languages of Germany
- Languages of Greece
- Languages of Hungary
- Languages of Iceland
- Languages of Italy
- Languages of Jersey
- Languages of Kosovo
- Languages of Latvia
- Languages of Malta
- Languages of Moldova
- Languages of Monaco
- Languages of Norway
- Languages of Poland
- Languages of Romania
- Languages of Russia
- Languages of Serbia
- Languages of Spain
- Languages of Sweden
- Languages of Turkey
- Languages of Ukraine
- Languages of Wales
- Languages of Åland
- Languedocien dialect
- Langues d'oïl
- Latin
- Latin alphabet
- Latin Europe
- Latin script
- Latin Union
- Latvian language
- Leonese language
- Lexical similarity
- Limousin language
- List of Romanians
- Lithuanian language
- Loanword
- Lombard language
- Lorrain language
- Macedonian language
- Malo Središte
- Maltese language
- Marcovăț
- Mario Pei
- Mentonasc
- Mesić (Vršac)
- Mexico
- Mid front
- Middle East
- Middle French
- Mirandese language
- Miron Costin
- Moesia
- Mojibake
- Moldavia
- Moldavian SSR
- Moldova
- Moldovan
- Moldovan language
- Monaco
- Monégasque dialect
- Mood (linguistics)
- Mount Athos
- Mozambique
- Mozarabic language
- Muntenia
- Music of Romania
- Name of Romania
- Navarro-Aragonese
- Neacșu's letter
- Neapolitan language
- Netherlands
- Nicaragua
- Niçard
- Nominative
- Nominative case
- Norman language
- Northern Catalan
- O-Zone
- Oblast
- Occitan language
- Odessa Oblast
- Odessa oblast
- Old French
- Old Provençal
- Old Spanish
- Oltenia
- Optative mood
- Oreșaț
- Palatalization
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Parmigiano language
- Participle
- Pastrami
- Peninsular Spanish
- Perfect (grammar)
- Peru
- Philippines
- Phonemic orthography
- Phonology
- Picard language
- Piedmontese language
- Plandiște
- Poitevin language
- Poland
- Polish language
- Portal Language
- Portal Moldova
- Portal Romania
- Portugal
- Portuguese Calão
- Portuguese language
- Prehistoric Romania
- President of Romania
- Presumptive mood
- Proclitic
- Proto-Romanian
- Provençal (dialect)
- Religion in Romania
- Republic of Moldova
- Rhaeto-Romance
- Rhotacism
- Ritiševo
- Romagnol language
- Roman Empire
- Romance languages
- Romani language
- Romania
- Romanian Academy
- Romanian Air Force
- Romanian alphabet
- Romanian cuisine
- Romanian diaspora
- Romanian dress
- Romanian exonyms
- Romanian grammar
- Romanian humour
- Romanian Land Forces
- Romanian language
- Romanian leu
- Romanian lexis
- Romanian nouns
- Romanian numbers
- Romanian philosophy
- Romanian phonology
- Romanian profanity
- Romanian Roma
- Romanian subdialects
- Romanian verbs
- Romanian-American
- Romanianization
- Romanians
- Romanians of Serbia
- Romansh language
- Russia
- Russian language
- Rusyn language
- S-comma
- Saintongeais
- Salčica
- Samuil Micu
- San Marino
- Sankt Petersburg
- Sardinian language
- Sardo campidanese
- Sardo logudorese
- Sassarese language
- Satem language
- Schwa
- Semivowel
- Senate of Romania
- Senegal
- Sequence of tenses
- Serbia
- Serbian language
- Serial comma
- Services in Romania
- Sečanj
- Shuadit language
- Sibiu Stock Exchange
- Sicilian language
- Slang
- Slavic languages
- Slavic peoples
- Slovak language
- Slovene language
- Southeastern Europe
- Southern Italian
- Sovereign state
- Spain
- Spanish Caló
- Spanish language
- Sport in Romania
- Standard French
- Stork
- Straja
- Subjunctive mood
- Supine
- Swedish language
- Syllable
- Syntax
- Template Latin Union
- Theophanes Confessor
- Thracian language
- Thraco-Roman
- Timok Valley
- Timočka Krajina
- Tourism in Romania
- Transnistria
- Transport in Romania
- Transylvania
- Turkish language
- Tuscan dialect
- Ukraine
- Ukrainian language
- Unicode
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Urban area
- Uruguay
- USA
- Valencian
- Venetian language
- Venezuela
- Verb
- Vidin
- Vlachs of Serbia
- Vocabulary
- Vocative
- Vocative case
- Voivodinț
- Vojvodina
- Vowel
- Vulgar Latin
- Vârșeț
- Walloon language
- Western Catalan
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia IPA
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikitravel
- WP IPA
- WP IPA for Romanian
- Writing system
- Zakarpattia Oblast
- Zemstvo
- Zitiște
- Ziua
- Zrenianin
- Â
- Î
- Ă
- Ș
- Ț
-
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas -
Andorra
Andorra , officially the Principality of Andorra (), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (), is a small country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of and an estimated population of 83,888 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, being at an elevation of 1023 metres. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken.
http://wn.com/Andorra -
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
http://wn.com/Angola -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Bessarabia
:For other uses, see Bessarabia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Bessarabia -
Besserabia
http://wn.com/Besserabia -
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Brașov
http://wn.com/Brașov -
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
http://wn.com/Bulgaria -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Cannes Film Festival
http://wn.com/Cannes_Film_Festival -
Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde (; , ; ) is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 15 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over , are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. Due to the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green, as the country's name suggests (verde is Portuguese for "green"). The name of the country stems instead from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast.
http://wn.com/Cape_Verde -
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Cuvin
http://wn.com/Cuvin -
Câmpulung
http://wn.com/Câmpulung -
Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of (; ), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which was 15,366,672 in 1998, was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.
http://wn.com/Côte_d'Ivoire -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
East Timor
http://wn.com/East_Timor -
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Gagauzia
http://wn.com/Gagauzia -
Geography of Romania
http://wn.com/Geography_of_Romania -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (; , ) is located in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west.
http://wn.com/Guinea-Bissau -
Gyula, Hungary
http://wn.com/Gyula_Hungary -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras -
Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Jablanka
http://wn.com/Jablanka -
Jamu Mic
http://wn.com/Jamu_Mic -
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Kingdom of Hungary
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Hungary -
Latin Union
The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use Romance languages, with the aim of protecting, projecting, and promoting the common cultural heritage and unifying identities of the Latin, and Latin-influenced, world. It was created in 1954 in Madrid, Spain, and has existed as a functional institution since 1983. Its membership has risen from 12 to 37 states, including countries in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region.
http://wn.com/Latin_Union -
Malo Središte
http://wn.com/Malo_Središte -
Mesić (Vršac)
http://wn.com/Mesić_(Vršac) -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
http://wn.com/Moldova -
Monaco
http://wn.com/Monaco -
Mozambique
http://wn.com/Mozambique -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
Odessa Oblast
http://wn.com/Odessa_Oblast -
Odessa oblast
http://wn.com/Odessa_oblast -
Old Spanish
http://wn.com/Old_Spanish -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama -
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Republic of Moldova
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Moldova -
Ritiševo
http://wn.com/Ritiševo -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
San Marino
San Marino, officially the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( ; ), is a country situated on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave, in Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of almost 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. One of the European microstates, along with Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, and Malta, San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
http://wn.com/San_Marino -
Sankt Petersburg
http://wn.com/Sankt_Petersburg -
Senegal
http://wn.com/Senegal -
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia -
Sečanj
http://wn.com/Sečanj -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Transnistria
http://wn.com/Transnistria -
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
http://wn.com/Uruguay -
USA
http://wn.com/USA -
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela -
Vidin
Vidin (, also spelled as Widdin in English) is a port town on the southern bank of the Danube in northwestern Bulgaria. It is close to the borders with Serbia and Romania, and is also the administrative centre of Vidin Province, as well as of the Metropolitan of Vidin (since 870). An agricultural and trade centre, Vidin has a fertile hinterland renowned for its wines.
http://wn.com/Vidin -
Zrenianin
http://wn.com/Zrenianin
-
Akcent
Akcent is a Romanian dance-pop act.
http://wn.com/Akcent -
Andrew Dalby
Andrew Dalby (b. 1947 in Liverpool) is an English linguist, translator and historian who has written articles and several books on a wide range of topics including food history, language, Classical texts, and Wikipedia.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Dalby -
Eurasian Avars
The European Avars, or Ancient Avars, were a highly organized nomadic confederacy of mixed origins. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit retinue of nomad warriors, an organization characteristic of Turkic groups. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid sixth century A.D., when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Avar rule persisted over much of the Pannonian Plain up to the early 9th century. Their ultimate fate is believed to have been assimilation by the invading Magyars (Hungarians).
http://wn.com/Eurasian_Avars -
George Pruteanu
George Mihail Pruteanu (; December 15, 1947 — March 27, 2008) was a Romanian literary critic, university professor, and politician.
http://wn.com/George_Pruteanu -
Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gutans) were a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe, who played an important role in the history of the Roman Empire after they appeared on its lower Danube frontier in the third century.
http://wn.com/Goths -
List of Romanians
Note: Names that cannot be confirmed in Wikipedia database nor through given sources are subject to removal. If you would like to add a new name please consider writing about the person first. If a notable Romanian is , please add your request for a new article However, this is not a list of all famous Romanians.
http://wn.com/List_of_Romanians -
Mario Pei
http://wn.com/Mario_Pei -
Miron Costin
http://wn.com/Miron_Costin -
Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
http://wn.com/Romanian_philosophy -
Romanian-American
http://wn.com/Romanian-American -
Romanianization
Romanianization or Rumanization is the term used to describe a number of ethnic assimilation policies implemented by the Romanian authorities during the 20th century. The term particularly refers to Romanian government policy in several periods toward the Hungarian minority in Romania and the Ukrainian minority in Bukovina or Bessarabia.
http://wn.com/Romanianization -
Romanians
http://wn.com/Romanians -
Romanians of Serbia
http://wn.com/Romanians_of_Serbia -
Theophanes Confessor
http://wn.com/Theophanes_Confessor -
Thraco-Roman
The term Thraco-Roman refers to the culture and language of the Thracian and Dacian peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Empire and ultimately fell under the Roman and Latin sphere of influence.
http://wn.com/Thraco-Roman -
Vlachs of Serbia
http://wn.com/Vlachs_of_Serbia
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Romanian Language Translations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 15 May 2009
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
www.WatchMojo.com teaches you how to learn Romanian with simple translations.
http://wn.com/Romanian_Language_Translations
Living in Bucharest: The Romanian Language
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 25 Jun 2010
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Learning the local language during your international assignment may take time but always pays off in the end. Romanian, the official language in Romania, is a Romance language, which belongs to the family of Latin languages. You will find a lot of words and grammar similar to Italian, French, Portuguese and Spanish. This makes it easier to learn for people with previous romance-language experience. Nouns in Romanian are characterized by gender (feminine, masculine, and neuter), and declined by number and case. The Romanian language is a phonetic one which makes it easier for foreigners to learn it quickly. Be a part of our Bucharest expat community on facebook: www.facebook.com If you are an expatriate, you will definitely enjoy our city guide videos www.expateye.com Move One is dedicated to providing seamless services for all aspects of international relocation. We offer door to door moving, fine art shipping, pet transportation and personalized relocation assistance (including but not limited to home search, school search, settling-in and immigration services) To learn about our services, visit our website www.moveoneinc.com For interesting news from the industry, visit our blog www.moveoneinc.com
http://wn.com/Living_in_Bucharest_The_Romanian_Language
Romanian Language Lesson One (revised)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 16 Mar 2009
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
A short Romanian language course featuring the most common-use phrases of the language and their pronunciation. Thanks all Youtubers and my mom for the help and suggestions/corrections in making this possible. Romanian language has changed a little in the last few decades; words like "sunt" have been re-introduced as grammatically correct even though they belong to the older version of Romanian. During the communist era, "sunt" would be viewed as vulgar. I encounter some difficulty pronouncing such words as I am not used to their pronunciation...thank God there aren't too many such cases. Anyway, the purpose of these videos is that of attracting more tourists from various countries in order to really understand what a beautiful country the last star of the European Union is!! Suggestions are always welcome! Cheers
http://wn.com/Romanian_Language_Lesson_One_revised
Romanian Language Lesson Two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 16 Mar 2009
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
Lesson Two deals with the most common phrases one might encounter in an airport. I tried to select some of the most famous. Strauss on the background makes the final touch...;) Cheers!
http://wn.com/Romanian_Language_Lesson_Two
Romanian Language Lessons Episode 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:48
- Published: 13 Jan 2011
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
Belief in Motion presents language lessons with Kalep and Lanie. Enjoy the lessons we have given you slides that have both romanian spelling and english pronuciation. This lesson covers basic greetings and leave-takings. Episode 2 coming soon....
http://wn.com/Romanian_Language_Lessons_Episode_1
Inna birthday interview romanian language English subtitles romania girls singer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 11 Apr 2011
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
Inna speaking on her birthday interview English subtitles translation romanian language singer romania girls women interviu
http://wn.com/Inna_birthday_interview_romanian_language_English_subtitles_romania_girls_singer
Learn Romanian Language #1 Basics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Published: 19 Jul 2010
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
Hey! This is my first "Learn Romanian Language" video. Watch it, enjoy it, and I hope it's gonna help you. Subscribe, comment and let me know if my video was useful and if you want more videos, or what would you like to learn.
http://wn.com/Learn_Romanian_Language_1_Basics
Turn Your Sat Nav To Romanian - Have Fun With Languages
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Published: 18 Jun 2009
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
James May and Oz Clarke (Drink to Britain) laughing their lungs out at funny sounding Romanian words. However childish it may seem, it made me also laugh like crazy, and I am a native Romanian. Languages are always fun !
http://wn.com/Turn_Your_Sat_Nav_To_Romanian_Have_Fun_With_Languages
Muslims in Moldova (Romanian language)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Published: 26 Feb 2012
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
About Muslim families in Moldova
http://wn.com/Muslims_in_Moldova_Romanian_language
Antonia Iacobescu Tom Boxer interview English sub. speaking on family romanian language girls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 05 Mar 2011
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Antonia & Tom Boxer interview speaking about sudden pregnancy, future plans ~ English subtitles romanian language
http://wn.com/Antonia_Iacobescu_Tom_Boxer_interview_English_sub_speaking_on_family_romanian_language_girls
Romanian Language Lessons Episode 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:01
- Published: 30 Jan 2011
- Updated: 13 Jun 2012
Language Lessons with Kalep and Lanie, keep up the good work. Facebook/email us if you would like to know something in particular. Enjoy
http://wn.com/Romanian_Language_Lessons_Episode_2
The Replacements - Abra K Dabra(Romanian language)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 26 Nov 2011
The Replacements - Abra K Dabra(Romanian language)
http://wn.com/The_Replacements_Abra_K_DabraRomanian_language
beautiful news reader hot romanian women TV girls presenters romanian language
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 27 Dec 2011
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
most beautiful news reader hot romanian women TV romania girls presenters mujeres rumanas romanian language
http://wn.com/beautiful_news_reader_hot_romanian_women_TV_girls_presenters_romanian_language
The Replacements - Kumquat Day(Romanian language)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:56
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
The Replacements - Kumquat Day(Romanian language) Inlocuitorii - Sarbatoarea Kumquat
http://wn.com/The_Replacements_Kumquat_DayRomanian_language
Condom - funny commercial ( Romanian language )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 05 Nov 2010
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
The Condom - funny ad movie sexy girl lover boy sexual romanian ads sex reclama amuzanta farmacia
http://wn.com/Condom_funny_commercial_Romanian_language_
Q&A; with Zooc the Champ - Part 13 - Curse words & Communism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:27
- Published: 27 Nov 2011
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Zooc talks about the intricacies of the Romanian language and how fucked we were before the '90s.
http://wn.com/Q&A;_with_Zooc_the_Champ_Part_13_Curse_words_Communism
The Replacements - Todd Strikes Out(Romanian Language)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 16 Mar 2012
The Replacements - Todd Strikes Out(Romanian Language) Inlocuitorii - Eliminarea lui Todd
http://wn.com/The_Replacements_Todd_Strikes_OutRomanian_Language
Beautiful newsreader TV girls sexy journalist women reporter romanian language
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Published: 19 Jan 2012
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
beautiful news reader news anchor newscaster hottest TV presenter romanian girls women language spoken fille femme roumaine
http://wn.com/Beautiful_newsreader_TV_girls_sexy_journalist_women_reporter_romanian_language
Laszlo Nussbaum - Europe Without Borders (Romanian Language with English Subtitles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 12 Jun 2009
- Updated: 06 Jun 2011
A family story of changing borders and stubborn optimism.
http://wn.com/Laszlo_Nussbaum_Europe_Without_Borders_Romanian_Language_with_English_Subtitles
The Replacements - Field Trippin'(Romanian Language)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
The Replacements - Field Trippin'(Romanian Language) Inlocuitorii - Excursie Didactica
http://wn.com/The_Replacements_Field_Trippin'Romanian_Language
Antonia iacobescu & italian Vincenzo Castellano interview romanian language girls men
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:03
- Published: 06 Mar 2011
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
Antonia Iacobescu morena & italian Vincenzo interviu ~ romanian girls singer women italian men boys guys italy musica romena romena ragazze rumene antonia speaking romanian language talking
http://wn.com/Antonia_iacobescu_italian_Vincenzo_Castellano_interview_romanian_language_girls_men
Live the language - Iasi (Romania)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 28 Dec 2011
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
We made a spoof of "Live the language" videos from ef.com. The story takes part in the city of Iasi (Romania) and teaches you a few basic words in romanian language. Live the language - Iasi. Shot in August 2011. Made by punctcreativ.ro
http://wn.com/Live_the_language_Iasi_Romania
Romanian music Sylvia ~ Feel in love romania girls men dj rhynno musica romena rumania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 27 Dec 2011
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Romanian music - Sylvia - Feel in love romania girls men accent english dj rhynno rumania musica romena romania language song songs iulian model eastern european music accents
http://wn.com/Romanian_music_Sylvia_~_Feel_in_love_romania_girls_men_dj_rhynno_musica_romena_rumania
Creative Commons / Burghiu
Loading results ...
photo: UN file / Martine Perret
23 Jul 2012
By Michel Sidibé, Special to CNN Michel Sidibé is executive director of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). He is attending the 19th International AIDS Conference taking place in...
photo: Creative Commons / Ergo Sum
23 Jul 2012
Hulopoe Beach on Lanai in Hawaii. Oracle CEO Larry Ellison has purchased 98 per cent of the island. Photo: MCT Rich guys have been tied to stories about tropical islands long before Thurston Howell...
photo: AP / Ted S. Warren
24 Jul 2012
At least three people have been arrested at US showings of the new Batman film amid audience fears following the Colorado cinema massacre. All were accused of making threats during or after watching...
photo: dapd / Axel Schmidt
25 Jul 2012
Greenland's surface ice cover melted this month over a larger area than ever detected in more than 30 years of satellite observations, NASA has said. According to measurements from three separate...
Balkan Insight
Andrew Kerr laments the increasing use of English by Romanian Pop Stars. Over the last ten years Bucharest has undergone a startling amount of change. Communist-era cars, whose tinny honks once punctuated the air, have been replaced by a flood of baritone-voiced European imports. Whole blocks are...(size: 7.1Kb)
Newsday
CHISINAU, Moldova (AP) — Moldovan poet Grigore Vieru, admired for his courage in promoting Romanian, the country's native language, when Moldova was a Soviet republic has died. He was 73. Vieru died Sunday in a hospital in Chisinau, Moldova's capital city. He had been in a car crash there on...(size: 3.1Kb)
The Guardian
BBC World Service is to close its Romanian language offering after 68 years of broadcasting. The Romanian service will cease broadcasting from August 1 following a review of BBC World Service's language services and their funding. Closing the Romanian service will save £1.3m a year at a time when...(size: 3.7Kb)
International Herald Tribune
: Sen. George Pruteanu, who introduced a controversial law aimed at protecting the Romanian language from the overuse of foreign words, has died. He was 60. Pruteanu, a linguist who styled himself as the defender of his native language, died of a heart attack in a Bucharest hospital on Thursday...(size: 2.1Kb)
Moldova
Twenty six professors from the Chairs of „Romanian Language” and „Romanian and Universal Literature” signed a letter of protest, addressed to the Moldovan authorities, by means of which they ask „to give up the denigration linguistic policy and follow the...(size: 1.7Kb)
Moldova
Romanian MEP Roberta Anastase has submitted a draft resolution on the protection of the Romanian language to the European Parliament (EP), within a project targeting the promotion of multilinguism and cultural diversity. According to Romanian media outlets, Anastase pointed to the violation...(size: 4.0Kb)
Moldova
A group of 200 people, representatives of the national minorities in Moldova, have completed Romanian language courses...(size: 0.8Kb)
Moldova
For the first time in the last 17 years, the national celebration Limba noastra will not take place in Piaþa Marii Adunãri Naþionale(Great National Assembly Square). Several ex-dignitaries that voted for the declaration of Romanian language as state language in 1989 are rather confused by...(size: 8.5Kb)
BusinessWeek and Business Media Group to Launch Romanian Language Edition of BusinessWeek
07 Nov 2005
Stockhouse
11/7/2005 NEW YORK and BUCHAREST, Romania, Nov 07, 2005 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- BusinessWeek, the best-selling global business magazine and Business Media Group (BMG), a publishing company based in Bucharest, announced today an agreement to publish a Romanian language...(size: 5.3Kb)
Not to be confused with Romani language.
| Romanian, Daco-Romanian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| română, limba română | ||||
| Pronunciation | [roˈmɨnə] | |||
| Spoken in |
By a majority:  Romania Republic of Moldova Transnistria (Unrecognised state)Minority speakers in:  Italy Hungary Israel Serbia Bulgaria Ukraine |
|||
| Region | Southeastern, Central and Eastern Europe | |||
| Native speakers | 24 million (2002) Second language: 4 million [1] |
|||
| Language family |
Indo-European
|
|||
| Writing system | Latin (Romanian alphabet) | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in |
 European Union |
|||
| Recognised minority language in | Serbia Ukraine |
|||
| Regulated by | Academia Română, Academy of Sciences of Moldova | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1 | ro | |||
| ISO 639-2 | rum (B) ron (T) |
|||
| ISO 639-3 | ron | |||
| Linguasphere |
51-AAD-c (varieties: 51-AAD-ca to -ck) |
|||
Blue: region where Romanian is the dominant language. Green: areas with a notable minority of Romanian speakers.
|
||||
|
||||
Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română [ˈlimba roˈmɨnə] (
listen) ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people,[3][4] primarily in Romania and Moldova. It has official status in Romania, Republic of Moldova, the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia and in the autonomous Mount Athos in Greece. In the Republic of Moldova, the language is officially called limba moldovenească ("Moldovan").
Romanian speakers are scattered across many other countries, notably Italy, Spain, Ukraine, Bulgaria, the United States, Canada, Israel, Russia, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Romanian
Prehistory[link]
Further information: Eastern Romance languages, Proto-Romanian, Eastern Romance substratum, Slavic superstratum in Romanian, and Origin of the Romanians
Eastern Romance languages like the other branches of Romance languages descends from Vulgar Latin, adopted in Dacia by a process of Romanization during early centuries AD.[5][6] The Roman Empire withdrew from Dacia in AD 271-5, leaving it to the Goths.[7][8] The history of Eastern Romance between the 3rd century and the development of Proto-Romanian by the 10th century, when the area came under the influence of the Byzantine Empire, is unknown. It is a matter of debate whether Proto-Romanian developed among Romanized people that were left behind in Dacia by the Roman withdrawal or among Latin-speakers in the Balkans South of the Danube.
During the Middle Ages, Romanian became influenced by the Slavic languages[9] and to some degree by Greek. Romanian remains unattested throughout the Middle Ages, and only enters the historical record in the early 16th century.
Early history[link]
The oldest extant document written in Romanian is Neacșu's letter (1521). The language remains poorly attested during the Early Modern period. Miron Costin, in his De neamul moldovenilor (1687), while noting that Moldavians, Wallachians, and the Romanians living in the Hungarian Country have the same origin, says that although people of Moldavia call themselves Moldavians, they name their language Romanian (românește) instead of Moldavian (moldovenește).[10] Dimitrie Cantemir, in his Descriptio Moldaviae (Berlin, 1714), points out that the inhabitants of Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania spoke the same language. He notes, however, that there are some differences in accent and vocabulary.[11] Cantemir's work is one of the earliest histories of the language, in which he notes, like Ureche before him, the evolution from Latin and notices the Greek, Turkish and Polish borrowings. Additionally, he introduces the idea that some words must have had Dacian roots. Cantemir also notes that while the idea of a Latin origin of the language was prevalent in his time, other scholars considered it to have derived from Italian.
Modern history[link]
Further information: National awakening of Romania
The first Romanian grammar was published in Vienna in 1780.[12] Following annexation of Bessarabia by Russia (after 1812), Moldavian was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of Bessarabia, used along with Russian,[13] The publishing works established by Archbishop Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni were able to produce books and lithurgical works in Moldavian between 1815-1820.[14]
The linguistic situation in Bessarabia from 1812 to 1918 was the gradual development of bilingualism. Russian continued to develop as the official language of privilege, whereas Romanian remained the principal vernacular.
The period from 1905 to 1917 was one of increasing linguistic conflict, with the re-awakening of Romanian national consciousness. In 1905 and 1906, the Bessarabian zemstva asked for the re-introduction of Romanian in schools as a "compulsory language", and the "liberty to teach in the mother language (Romanian language)". At the same time, the first Romanian language newspapers and journals began to appear: Basarabia (1906), Viața Basarabiei (1907), Moldovanul (1907), Luminătorul (1908), Cuvînt moldovenesc (1913), Glasul Basarabiei (1913). From 1913, the synod permitted that "the churches in Besserabia use the Romanian language". Romanian finally became the official language with the Constitution of 1923.
Historical grammar[link]
Romanian has preserved a part of the Latin declension, but whereas Latin had six cases, from a morphological viewpoint Romanian has only three: the nominative-accusative, the genitive-dative, and marginally the vocative. Romanian nouns also preserve the neuter gender, although instead of functioning as a separate gender with its own forms in adjectives, the Romanian neuter became a mixture of masculine and feminine. The verb morphology of Romanian has shown the same move towards a compound perfect and future tense as the other Romance languages. Compared with the other Romance languages, during its evolution, Romanian simplified the original Latin tense system in extreme ways,[15] in particular the original Latin absence of sequence of tenses.[16]
Geographic distribution[link]
See also: Romanian-American
| Românofonia |
|---|
|
Click on the coloured regions on the map to get to the related article: *Romanian is also an official language of the Latin Union. Official and national language Official but not primary language National minority language EU Romanian diaspora  |
| Country | Speakers (%) |
Speakers (native) |
Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | |||
| Romania | 88.6% | 16,869,816[17] | 19.042.936 |
| Moldova 2 | 76.4% | 2,588,355 | 3,388,071 |
| Transnistria (Eastern Moldova) 3 | 31.9% | 177,050 | 555,500 |
| Vojvodina (Serbia) | 1.5% | 29,512 | 2,031,992 |
| minority language: | |||
| Ukraine 5 | 0.8% | 327,703 | 48,457,000 |
| not official: | |||
| Timočka Krajina (Serbia) 4 | 8.2% | 58,221 | 712,050 |
| Spain | 1.7% | 864,278[18] | 46,661,950 |
| Italy | 1.5% | 997,000[19] | 60,600,000 |
| Russia 1 | 0.12% | 169,698 [20] | 145,537,200 |
| Hungary | 0.1% | 8,480[21] | 10,198,315 |
| Asia | |||
| not official: | |||
| Israel | 3.7% | 250,000 | 6,800,000 |
| Kazakhstan 1 | 0.1% | 20,054 | 14,953,126 |
| The Americas | |||
| not official: | |||
| Canada | 0.34% | 110,000 | 32,207,113 |
| United States 6 | 0.12% | 340,000 | 281,421,906 |
|
1 Many are Moldavian who were deported |
|||
Romanian is spoken mostly in Southeastern, Central and Eastern Europe, although speakers of the language can be found all over the world, mostly due to emigration of Romanian nationals and the return of immigrants to Romania back to their original countries. Romanian speakers account for 0.5% of the world's population,[23] and 4% of the Romance-speaking population of the world.[24]
Romanian is the single official and national language in Romania and Moldova, although it shares the official status at regional level with other languages in the Moldovan autonomies of Gagauzia and Transnistria. Romanian is also an official language of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia along with five other languages. Romanian minorities are encountered in Serbia (Timok Valley), Ukraine (Chernivtsi and Odessa oblasts), Hungary (Gyula) and Bulgaria (Vidin). Large immigrant communities are found in Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal.
As of 1995, the largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel, where Romanian is spoken by 5% of the population.[25][26] Romanian is also spoken as a second language by people from Arabic-speaking countries who have studied in Romania. It is estimated that almost half a million Middle Eastern Arabs studied in Romania during the 1980s.[27] Small Romanian-speaking communities are to be found in Kazakhstan and Russia. Romanian is also spoken within communities of Romanian and Moldovan immigrants in the United States, Canada and Australia, although they do not make up a large homogeneous community state-wide.
Legal status[link]
In Romania[link]
According to the Constitution of Romania of 1991, as revised in 2003, Romanian is the official language of the Republic.[28]
Romania mandates the use of Romanian in official government publications, public education and legal contracts. Advertisements as well as other public messages must bear a translation of foreign words,[29] while trade signs and logos shall be written predominantly in Romanian.[30]
The Romanian Language Institute (Institutul Limbii Române), established by the Ministry of Education of Romania, promotes Romanian and supports people willing to study the language, working together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Department for Romanians Abroad.[31]
In Moldova[link]
Main article: Moldovan language
The Constitution of Moldova names the state language of the country "Moldovan". However, linguists consider it to be largely identical to Romanian. It has been the sole official language since the adoption of the Law on State Language of the Moldavian SSR in 1989.[32] This law mandates the use of Moldovan in all the political, economical, cultural and social spheres, as well as asserting the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".[33] It is also used in schools, mass media, education and in the colloquial speech and writing. Outside the political arena the language is most often called "Romanian". In the breakaway territory of Transnistria, it is co-official with Ukrainian and Russian.
In the 2004 census, out of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova, 16.5% (558,508) stated Romanian as their native language, whereas 60% stated Moldovan. While 40% of all urban Romanian/Moldovan speakers identified their native tongue as Romanian, in the countryside under 12% of Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as their native language.[34] However, the group of experts from the international census observation Mission to the Republic of Moldova concluded that the items in the questionnaire dealing with nationality and language proved to be the most sensitive ones, particularly with reference to the recording of responses to these questions as being "Moldovan" or "Romanian", and therefore it concluded that special care would need to be taken in interpreting them.[35]
In Vojvodina[link]
Main article: Official status of Romanian language in Vojvodina
|
1-5%
5-10%
10-15%
|
15-25%
25-35%
over 35%
|
The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia [36] determines that in the regions of the Republic of Serbia inhabited by national minorities, their own languages and scripts shall be officially used as well, in the manner established by law.
The Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina [37] determines that, together with the Serbo-Croat language and the Cyrillic script, and the Latin script as stipulated by the law, the Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Rusyn languages and their scripts, as well as languages and scripts of other nationalities, shall simultaneously be officially used in the work of the bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the manner established by the law. The bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina are: the Assembly, the Executive Council and the Provincial administrative bodies.[38]
The Romanian language and script are officially used in eight municipalities: Alibunar, Biserica Albă (Serbian: Bela Crkva), Zitiște (Žitište), Zrenianin (Zrenjanin), Kovăcița (Kovačica), Cuvin (Kovin), Plandiște (Plandište) and Sečanj. In the municipality of Vârșeț (Vršac), Romanian is official only in the villages of Voivodinț (Vojvodinci), Marcovăț (Markovac), Straja (Straža), Jamu Mic (Mali Žam), Srediștea Mică (Malo Središte), Mesici (Mesić), Jablanka, Sălcița (Salčica), Râtișor (Ritiševo), Oreșaț (Orašac) and Coștei (Kuštilj).[39]
In the 2002 Census, the last carried out in Serbia, 1.5% of Vojvodinians stated Romanian as their native language.
In other countries and organizations[link]
See also: Romanian diaspora
In parts of Ukraine where Romanians constitute a significant share of the local population (districts in Chernivtsi, Odessa and Zakarpattia oblasts) Romanian is being taught in schools as a primary language and there are newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting in Romanian.[40][41] The University of Chernivtsi trains teachers for Romanian schools in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics.[42]
Romanian is an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations, such as the Latin Union and the European Union. Romanian is also one of the five languages in which religious services are performed in the autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos, spoken in the monk communities of Prodromos and Lacu.
As a second and foreign language[link]
Romanian is taught in some areas that have Romanian minority communities, such as Vojvodina in Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Hungary. The Romanian Cultural Institute (ICR) has since 1992 organised summer training courses in Romanian for language teachers in these countries.[43] In some of the schools, there are non-Romanian nationals who study Romanian as a foreign language (for example the Nicolae Bălcescu High-school in Gyula, Hungary).
Romanian is taught as a foreign language in various tertiary institutions, mostly in European countries such as Germany, France and Italy, as well as the Netherlands, and elsewhere, like the USA. Overall, it is taught as a foreign language in 43 countries around the world.[44]
Popular culture[link]
Romanian has become popular in other countries through movies and songs performed in the Romanian language. Examples of recent Romanian acts that had a great success in non-Romanophone countries are the bands O-Zone (which had great success with their #1 single Dragostea din tei/Numa Numa across the world), Akcent (popular in the Netherlands, Poland and other European countries), Activ (successful in some Eastern European countries) and Dj Project (popular as clubbing music) as well as high-rated movies like 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days, The Death of Mr. Lazarescu, 12:08 East of Bucharest or California Dreamin' (all of them with awards at the Cannes Film Festival).
Also some artists wrote songs dedicated to the Romanian language. The multiplatinum pop trio O-Zone (originally from Moldova) released a song called "Nu mă las de limba noastră" ('I won't forsake our language'). The final verse of this song, Eu nu mă las de limba noastră, de limba noastră cea română is translated in English as I won't forsake our language, our Romanian language. Also, the Moldovan musicians Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici performed a song entitled "The Romanian language".
Dialects[link]
Main article: Romanian subdialects
The term Romanian is sometimes[45] used also in a more general sense, which envelops four languages or dialects: Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. The four languages, whose mutual intelligibility is difficult, are the offspring of the Romance varieties spoken both to the north and to south of Danube, before the settlement of the Slavonian tribes south of the river: Daco-Romanian in the north, Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian in the south, whereas Istro-Romanian is believed to be the offspring of an 11th-century migration from Romania. These four are also known as the Eastern Romance languages.
When the term Romanian is used in this larger sense, the term Daco-Romanian is used for Romanian proper. The origin of the term Daco-Romanian can be traced back to the first printed book of Romanian grammar in 1780,[12] by Samuil Micu and Gheorghe Șincai. There, the Romanian dialect spoken north of the Danube is called lingua Daco-Romana to emphasize its origin and its area of use, which includes the former Roman province of Dacia, although it is spoken also south of the Danube, in Dobrudja, Central Serbia and northern Bulgaria.
This article deals with the Romanian (specifically Daco-Romanian) language, and thus only its dialectal variations are discussed here. The differences between the regional varieties are small, limited to regular phonetic changes, few grammar aspects, and lexical particularities. There is a single written standard (literary) Romanian language used by all speakers, regardless of region.
Like most natural languages, Romanian can be regarded as a dialect continuum. The varieties of Romanian are usually called subdialects (see reasons for this terminology) and are distinguished primarily by phonetic differences. Romanians themselves speak of the differences as accents or speeches (in Romanian: accent or grai).
Depending on the criteria used for classifying these subdialects, fewer or more are found, ranging from 2 to 20, although the most widespread approaches give a number of five subdialects. These are grouped into two main types, southern and northern, further divided as follows:
- The southern type has only one member:
- the Wallachian subdialect, spoken in the southern part of Romania, in the historical regions of Muntenia, Oltenia and the southern part of Dobruja, but also extending in the southern parts of Transylvania.
- The northern type consists of several subdialects:
- the Moldavian subdialect, spoken in the historical region of Moldavia, now split among Romania, the Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine (Bukovina and Bessarabia), as well as northern Dobruja;
- the Banat subdialect, spoken in the historical region of Banat, including parts of Serbia;
- a group of finely divided and transition-like Transylvanian varieties, among which two are most often distinguished, those of Crișana and Maramureș.
Over the last century, however, regional accents have been weakened due to mass communication and greater mobility.
Classification[link]
See also: Romance languages
Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.
However, the languages closest to Romanian are the other Eastern Romance languages, spoken south of Danube: Aromanian/Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, which are frequently classified as dialects of Romanian. An alternative name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is spoken (which corresponds roughly to the onetime Roman province of Dacia).
Compared with the other Romance languages, the closest relative of Romanian is Italian; the two languages show a limited degree of asymmetrical mutual intelligibility, especially in their cultivated forms: speakers of Romanian seem to understand Italian more easily than the other way around.[citation needed] Romanian has obvious grammatical and lexical similarities with French, Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese, with a high phonological similarity with Portuguese in particular; however, it is not mutually intelligible with them to any practical extent[citation needed]. Romanian speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary before being able to understand more than individual words and simple sentences[citation needed]. The same is true for speakers of these languages trying to understand Romanian[citation needed].
A study done by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei in 1949, which analyzed the evolutionary degree of languages in comparison to their inheritance language (in the case of Romance languages to Latin comparing phonology, inflection, discourse, syntax, vocabulary, and intonation) revealed the following percentages (the higher the percentage, the greater the distance from Latin):[46]
- Sardinian: 8%;
- Italian: 12%;
- Spanish: 20%;
- Romanian: 23.5%;
- Occitan: 25%;
- Portuguese: 31%;
- French: 44%.
The lexical similarity of Romanian with Italian has been estimated at 77%, followed by French at 75%, Sardinian 74%, Catalan 73%, Spanish 71%, Portuguese, and Rhaeto-Romance at 72%.
In modern times Romanian vocabulary has been strongly influenced by French, Italian and other languages.
Contacts with other languages[link]
Dacian language[link]
The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient Dacians, mostly north of the Danube river but also in Moesia and other regions south of the Danube. It may have been the first language to influence the Latin spoken in Dacia, but little is known about it. Dacian is usually considered to have been a Northern branch of the Thracian language, and like Thracian, Dacian was a satem language. About 300 words found only in Romanian or with a cognate in the Albanian language may be inherited from Dacian (for example: barză "stork", balaur "dragon", mal "shore", brânză "cheese"). Some of these possibly Dacian words are related to pastoral life (for example, brânză "cheese"). Some linguists and historians have asserted that Albanians are Dacians who were not Romanized and migrated southward.[47]
A different view is that these non-Latin words with Albanian cognates are not necessarily Dacian, but rather were brought into the territory that is modern Romania by Romance-speaking shepherds migrating north from Albania, Serbia, and northern Greece who became the Romanian people.[48]
Balkan linguistic union[link]
While most of Romanian grammar and morphology are based on Latin, there are some features that are shared only with other languages of the Balkans and not found in other Romance languages. Nonetheless, Romanian together with Greek and Romani present the lowest "factor of Balkanization" among the languages common included in this sprachbund.[49]
The languages of the Balkan linguistic union belong to individual branches of the Indo-European language family: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian, and in some cases Greek and Serbian. The shared features include a suffixed definite article, the syncretism of genitive and dative case and the formation of the future and the alternation of infinitive with subjunctive constructions.[citation needed]
Slavic languages[link]
Main article: Slavic influence on Romanian
The Slavic influences on Romanian are especially noticeable and can be observed at all linguistic levels: lexis, phonetics, morphology and syntax.[citation needed] About 14% of Romanian words are of Slavic origin.[citation needed] This is due to the migration of Slavic tribes who traversed the territory of present-day Romania during the early evolution of the language. This process of the introduction of Slavic in Dacia was similar to the appearance of various Germanic dialects in the Western Roman Empire, where Gallic Latin and Northern Italian dialects became strongly germanized.[citation needed] However, due to the lower Romance-speaking populace in the East, Slavic remained spoken for much longer and did not die out immediately.
Other influences[link]
Even before the 19th century, Romanian came in contact with several other languages. Some notable examples include:
- Greek: folos < ófelos "use", buzunar < buzunára "pocket", proaspăt < prósfatos "fresh", cutie < cution "box"
- Hungarian: a cheltui < költeni "to spend", a făgădui < fogadni "to promise", a mântui < menteni "to save" and maybe oraș < város "city" (though there are problems with regarding this as a direct borrowing; one would have expected Romanian *veras.[50])
- Turkish: cafea < kahve "coffee", papuc < papuç "slipper", ciorbă < çorba "wholemeal soup, sour soup", bacșiș < bahşiş "tip"
- German: cartof < Kartoffel "potato", bere < Bier "beer", șurub < Schraube "screw", turn < Turm "tower", ramă < Rahmen "frame", muștiuc < Mundstück "mouth piece", bormașină < Bohrmaschine "drilling machine", cremșnit < Kremschnitte "cream slice", șvaițer < Schweizer "Swiss cheese", șlep < Schleppkahn "barge", șpriț < Spritzer "wine with soda water", abțibild < Abziehbild "decal picture", șnițel < Schnitzel "cutlet", șuncă < dialectal Schunke (Schinken) "ham", punct < Punkt "point", maistru < Meister "master", rundă < Runde "round". During the Austrian administration in Banat, Transylvania, and Bukovina, a large number of words were borrowed from Austrian German, in particular in fields such as the military, administration, social welfare, economy, etc.[51] Later on German terms have been taken out of science and technics, like: șină < Schiene "rail", știft < Stift "peg", liță < Litze "braid", șindrilă < Schindel "shingle", ștanță < Stanze "punch", șaibă < Scheibe "washer", ștangă < Stange "crossbar", țiglă < Ziegel "tile", et al.
- Romany, the Romanian Roma have provided several words to Romanian slang: mișto "good, beautiful" < mišto,[52] gagică < gadji "girl"
French and Italian words[link]
Since the 19th century, many modern words were borrowed from the other Romance languages, especially from French and Italian (for example: birou "desk, office", avion "airplane", exploata "exploit"). It was estimated that about 38% of the number of words in Romanian are of French and/or Italian origin (in many cases both languages); and adding this to the words that were inherited from Latin, about 75%-85% of Romanian words can be traced to Latin. The use of these Romanianized French and Italian loanwords has tended to increase at the expense of Slavic loanwords, many of which have become rare or fallen out of use. As second or third languages, French and Italian themselves are better known in Romania than in Romania's neighbors. Along with the switch to the Latin alphabet in Moldova, the re-latinization of the vocabulary has tended to reinforce the Latin character of the language.
In the process of lexical modernization, many of the words already existing as Latin direct heritage, as a part of its core or popular vocabulary, have been doubled by words borrowed from other Romance languages, thus forming a further and more modern and literary lexical layer. Typically, the popular word is a noun and the borrowed word an adjective. Some examples:
| Latin | Romanian direct Latin heritage |
Romanian neologism |
|---|---|---|
| agilis (quick) | ager (astute) | agil (it.<agile, fr.<agile) (agile) |
| aqua (water) | apă (water) | acvatic (it. <acquatico, fr.<aquatique) (aquatic) |
| dens, dentem (tooth) | dinte (tooth) | dentist (it.<dentista, fr.<dentiste) (dentist) |
| directus (straight) | drept (straight, right) | direct (it.<diretto, fr.<direct) (direct) |
| frigus (cold) | frig (cold - noun) | frigid (it.<frigido, fr.<frigide) (frigid) |
| rapidus (quick) | repede (quick) | rapid (it.<rapido, fr.<rapide) (quick) |
In the 20th century, an increasing number of English words have been borrowed (such as: gem < jam; interviu < interview; meci < match; manager < manager; fotbal < football; sandviș < sandwich; bișniță < business; ciungă < chewing gum; chec < cake). These words are assigned grammatical gender in Romanian and handled according to Romanian rules; thus "the manager" is managerul.
Both the English word pastrami and the dish, originate from the Romanian delicacy pastramă.
Grammar[link]
Main article: Romanian grammar
Romanian nouns are characterized by gender (feminine, masculine, and neuter), and declined by number (singular and plural) and case (nominative/accusative, dative/genitive and vocative). The articles, as well as most adjectives and pronouns, agree in gender, number and case with the noun they reference.
Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are enclitic: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in Scandinavian, Bulgarian and Macedonian), instead of in front (proclitic). They were formed, as in other Romance languages, from the Latin demonstrative pronouns.
As in all Romance languages, Romanian verbs are highly inflected for person, number, tense, mood, voice. The usual word order in sentences is SVO (Subject - Verb - Object). Romanian has four verbal conjugations which further split into ten conjugation patterns. Verbs can be put in five moods that are inflected for the person (indicative, conditional/optative, imperative, subjunctive, and presumptive) and four impersonal moods (infinitive, gerund, supine, and participle).
Phonology[link]
Main article: Romanian phonology
Romanian has seven vowels; the more "exotic" ones are /ɨ/, /ə/ (also in stressed positions), and the diphthongs /e̯a/ and /o̯a/. Additionally, /ø/ and /y/ may appear in some borrowed words. There are also twenty-two consonants. The two approximants /j/ and /w/ can appear before or after any vowel, creating a large number of glide-vowel sequences which are, strictly speaking, not diphthongs.
In final positions after consonants, a short /i/ can be deleted, surfacing only as the palatalization of the preceding consonant (e.g. [mʲ]). Similarly, a deleted /u/ may prompt labialization of a preceding consonant, though this has ceased to carry any morphological meaning.
Phonetic changes[link]
Main article: Latin-to-Romanian sound changes
Owing to its isolation from the other Romance languages, the phonetic evolution of Romanian was quite different, but does share a few changes with Italian, such as [kl] > [kj] (Lat. clarus > Rom. chiar, Ital. chiaro) and also a few with Dalmatian, such as /ɡn/ (probably phonetically [ŋn]) > [mn] (Lat. cognatus > Rom. cumnat, Dalm. comnut).
Among the notable phonetic changes are:
- diphthongization of e and o
-
- Lat. cera → Rom. ceară (wax)
- Lat. sole → Rom. soare (sun)
- iotacism [e] → [ie] in the beginning of the word
-
- Lat. herba → Rom. iarbă (grass, herb)
- velar [k ɡ] → labial [p b m] before alveolar consonants and [w] (eg. ngu → mb):
-
- Lat. octo → Rom. opt (eight)
- Lat. lingua → Rom. limbă (tongue, language)
- Lat. signum → Rom. semn (sign)
- Lat. coxa → Rom. coapsă (thigh)
- rhotacism [l] → [r] between vowels
-
- Lat. caelum → Rom. cer (sky)
- Alveolars [d t] palatalized to [(d)z] [ts] when before short [e] or long [iː]
-
- Lat. deus → Rom. zeu (god)
- Lat. tenem → Rom. ține (hold)
On the other hand, it (along with French) has lost /kw/ (qu) sound before /a/ from original Latin, turning it either into /p/ (Lat. quattuor → Rom.patru, "four"; cf. It. quattro) or /k/ (Lat. quando → Rom.când, "when"; Lat. qualitas → Rom.calitate, "quality").
Writing system[link]
The first written record of a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans was written by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes Confessor in the 6th century about a military expedition against the Avars from 587, when a Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion Torna, torna fratre (meaning "Return, return brother!").
The oldest written text in Romanian is a letter from late June 1521, in which Neacșu of Câmpulung wrote to the mayor of Brașov about an imminent attack of the Turks. It was written using the Cyrillic alphabet, like most early Romanian writings. The earliest writing in Latin script was a late 16th century Transylvanian text which was written with the Hungarian alphabet conventions.
In the late 18th century, Transylvanian scholars noted the Latin origin of Romanian and adapted the Latin alphabet to the Romanian language, using some orthographic rules from Italian, recognized as Romanian's closest relative. The Cyrillic alphabet remained in (gradually decreasing) use until 1860, when Romanian writing was first officially regulated.
In the Soviet Republic of Moldova, a special version of the Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian version was used, until 1989, when it returned to the Romanian Latin alphabet.
Romanian alphabet[link]
Main article: Romanian alphabet
The Romanian alphabet is as follows:
- A, a (a); Ă, ă (ă); Â, â (â din a); B, b (be); C, c (ce); D, d (de); E, e (e); F, f (fe / ef); G, g (ghe / ge); H, h (ha / haș); I, i (i); Î, î (î din i); J, j (je); K, k (ka / kapa); L, l (le / el); M, m (me / em); N, n (ne / en); O, o (o); P, p (pe); Q (chiu); R, r, (re / er); S, s (se / es); Ș, ș (șe); T, t (te); Ț, ț (țe); U, u (u); V, v (ve); W (dublu ve); X, x (ics); Y (i grec); Z, z (ze / zet).
K, Q, W and Y are not part of the native alphabet, were officially introduced in the Romanian alphabet in 1982 and are mostly used to write loanwords like kilogram, quasar, watt, and yoga.
The Romanian alphabet is based on the Latin script with five additional letters Ă, Â, Î, Ș, Ț. Formerly, there were as many as 12 additional letters, but some of them were abolished in subsequent reforms. Also, until the early 20th century, a short vowel marker was used.
Today the Romanian alphabet is largely phonemic. However, the letters â and î both represent the same close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/. Â is used only inside words; î is used at the beginning or the end of single words and in the middle of compound words. Another exception from a completely phonetic writing system is the fact that vowels and their respective semivowels are not distinguished in writing. In dictionaries the distinction is marked by separating the entry word into syllables for words containing a hiatus.
Stressed vowels also are not marked in writing, except very rarely in cases where by misplacing the stress a word might change its meaning and if the meaning is not obvious from the context. For example trei copíi means "three children" while trei cópii means "three copies".
Pronunciation[link]
See also: Romanian alphabet#Î versus Â
- h is not silent like in other Romance languages such as Spanish and French, but represents the phoneme /h/, except in the digraphs ch /k/ and gh /g/ (see below)
- j represents /ʒ/, as in French or Portuguese (the sound spelled with s in the English words 'vision, pleasure, treasure').
- There are two letters with a comma below, Ș and Ț, which represent the sounds /ʃ/ and /t͡s/. However, the allographs with a cedilla instead of a comma, Ș and Ț, became widespread when pre-Unicode and early Unicode character sets did not include the standard form.
- A final orthographical i after a consonant often represents the palatalization of the consonant (e. g. lup /lup/ "wolf" vs. lupi /lupʲ/ "wolves") -- it is not pronounced like Italian lupi (which also means "wolves"), and is indeed an example of the Slavic influence on Romanian.
- ă represents the schwa, /ə/.
- î and â both represent the sound /ɨ/. In rapid speech (for example in the name of the country) the â sound may sound similar to a casual listener to a short schwa sound but careful speakers will distinguish the sound. The nearest equivalent is the vowel in the last syllable of the word roses for some English speakers.
- The letter e generally represents the mid front unrounded vowel [e], somewhat like in the English word set. However, the letter e is pronounced as ie [je] ([j] sounds like 'y' in 'you') when it is the first letter of any form of the verb a fi "to be", or of a personal pronoun, for instance este /jeste/ "is" and el /jel/ "he".[53][54] This addition of the semivowel /j/ does not occur in more recent loans and their derivatives, such as eră "era", electric "electric" etc. Some words (such as iepure "hare", formerly spelled epure) are now written with the initial i to indicate the semivowel.
- x represents either the phoneme /ks/ as in expresie = expression, or /ɡz/ as in exemplu = example, as in English.
- As in Italian, the letters c and g represent the affricates /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ before i and e, and /k/ and /ɡ/ elsewhere. When /k/ and /ɡ/ are followed by vowels /e/ and /i/ (or their corresponding semivowels or the final /ʲ/) the digraphs ch and gh are used instead of c and g, as shown in the table below.
| Group | Phoneme | Pronunciation | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| ce, ci | /tʃ/ | ch in chest, cheek | cerc (circle), cine (who), cercel (earring), cină (dinner), ciocan (hammer) |
| che, chi | /k/ | k in kettle, kiss | chemare (call), chimie (chemistry), chimen (caraway), chinez (Chinese), ureche (ear) |
| ge, gi | /dʒ/ | j in jelly, jigsaw | ger (frost), gimnast (gymnast), gem (jam), girafă (giraffe), geantă (bag) |
| ghe, ghi | /ɡ/ | g in get, give | ghețar (glacier), ghid (guide), ghindă (acorn), ghidon (handle bar), stingher (lonely) |
Punctuation and capitalization[link]
Uses of punctuation peculiar to Romanian are:
- The quotation marks use the Polish format in the format „quote «inside» quote”, that is, „. . .” for a normal quotation, and double angle symbols for a quotation inside a quotation.
- Proper quotations which span multiple paragraphs don't start each paragraph with the quotation marks; one single pair of quotation marks is always used, regardless of how many paragraphs are quoted;
- Dialogues are identified with quotation dashes;
- The Oxford comma before "and" is considered incorrect ("red, yellow and blue" is the proper format);
- Punctuation signs which follow a text in parentheses always follow the final bracket;
- In titles, only the first letter of the first word is capitalized, the rest of the title using sentence capitalization (with all its rules: proper names are capitalized as usual, etc.).
- Names of months and days are not capitalized (ianuarie "January", joi "Thursday")
- Adjectives derived from proper names are not capitalized (Germania "Germany", but german "German")
Spelling issues between Romania and Moldova[link]
Prior to 2010, there used to be a minor spelling difference between standard forms of Romanian language used in Romania and the variant (also called Moldovan) used in the Republic of Moldova— the Academy of Sciences of Moldova hadn't switched to the new spelling rules introduced by the Romanian Academy in 1993. In 2000, the Moldovan Academy recommended adopting the spelling rules used in Romania,[55] and in 2010 the Academy launched a schedule for the transition to the new rules that was completed in 2011 (regarding publications) and is currently under implementation in the educational system (due to be completed within two school years).[56]
Language sample[link]
English text:
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Romanian - highlighted words were directly derived from Latin:
- Toate ființele umane se nasc libere și egale în demnitate și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu rațiune și conștiință și trebuie să se comporte unele față de altele în spiritul fraternității.
Contemporary Romanian - highlighted words are French or Italian loanwords:
- Toate ființele umane se nasc libere și egale în demnitate și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu rațiune și conștiință și trebuie să se comporte unele față de altele în spiritul fraternității.
Romanian, excluding French and Italian loanwords - highlighted words are Slavic loanwords:
- Toate ființele omenești se nasc slobode și deopotrivă în destoinicie și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și trebuie să se poarte unele față de altele în duh de frățietate.
Romanian, excluding loanwords:
- Toate ființele omenești se nasc nesupuse și asemenea în prețuire și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și se cuvine să se poarte unele față de altele după firea frăției.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Latin Union
- ^ The constitution of the Republic of Moldova refers to the country's language as Moldovan rather than Romanian, though in practice it is often called "Romanian". The introduction of the law concerning the functioning of the languages (September 1989), still effective in the Republic of Moldova according to the Constitution,Parlament.md asserts the linguistic identity between the Romanian language and the Moldovan language. IATP.md
- ^ The Latin Union reports 28 million speakers for Romanian, out of whom 24 million are native speakers of the language: Latin Union - The odyssey of languages: ro, es, fr, it, pt; see also Ethnologue report for Romanian
- ^ "Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People". Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People. Microsoft Encarta 2006. http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html.
- ^ Matley, Ian (1970). Romania; a Profile. Praeger. p. 85.
- ^ Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House. pp. 43, 98–101, 141.
- ^ Eutropius; Justin, Cornelius Nepos (1886). Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History. London: George Bell and Sons. http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm.
- ^ Watkins, Thayer. "The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire". http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm.
- ^ Graham Mallinson, “Rumanian”, in “The Romance Languages”, Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 413: "Much more substantial than the Germanic adstrate in the Western Romance Languages is the Slavic adstrate in Balkan Romance."
- ^ Constantiniu, Florin, O istorie sinceră a poporului român (An honest history of the Romanian people), Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1997, ISBN 973-9243-07-X, p. 175
- ^ From Descriptio Moldaviae: "Valachiae et Transylvaniae incolis eadem est cum Moldavis lingua, pronunciatio tamen rudior, ut dziur, Vlachus proferet zur, jur, per z polonicum sive j gallicum; Dumnedzeu, Deus, val. Dumnezeu: akmu, nunc, val. akuma, aczela hic, val: ahela."
- ^ a b Samuil Micu, Gheorghe Șincai, Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae, Vienna, 1780.
- ^ (Russian)Charter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast, April 29, 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. 1818, Sankt Petersburg, 1830, pg. 222-227. Available online at hrono.info
- ^ King, Charles, The Moldovans, Hoover Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8179-9792-X, pg. 21-22
- ^ Yves D’hulst, Martine Coene, Larisa Avram, "Syncretic and analytic tenses in Romanian", in Balkan Syntax and Semantics, pag. 366: "In its evolution, Romanian simplified the original Latin tense system in extreme ways."
- ^ Yves D’hulst et al., "Syncretic and analytic tenses in Romanian", in Balkan Syntax and Semantics, p. 355: "general absence of consecutio temporum."
- ^ [1]
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2011. Datos provisionales. [2].
- ^ [3] ISTAT - Istituto Nazionale di Statistica Indicatori demografici (1.2011)]
- ^ Perepis2002.ru Perepis 2002
- ^ "Number of speakers of Romanian in Hungary in 1995 according to Ethnologue". Ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ron. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ RDSCJ.ro[dead link]
- ^ "Latin Union - Languages and cultures online 2005". Dtil.unilat.org. http://dtil.unilat.org/LI/2005/ro/rezultatele_detaliate.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ MSN Encarta - Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People[dead link]
- ^ According to the 1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel there were 250,000 Romanian speakers in Israel, at a population of 5,548,523 (census 1995).
- ^ "Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2". Eurojewcong.org. http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ "Evenimentul Zilei". Evz.ro. http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=185041. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ "Constitution of Romania". Cdep.ro. http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ Legea "Pruteanu": 500/2004 - Law on the Protection of the Romanian Language
- ^ Art. 27 (3), Legea nr. 26/1990 privind Registrul Comerțului
- ^ Ministry of Education of Romania
- ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 518. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X.
- ^ Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian RSS supports the desire of the Moldavian that live across the borders of the Republic, and - considering the existing Moldo-Romanian linguistic identity - of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."
- ^ National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: Census 2004
- ^ Experts Offering to Consult the National Statistics Bureau in Evaluation of the Census Data, Moldova Azi, May 19, 2005, story attributed to AP Flux. Retrieved October 11, 2005.
- ^ Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, No. 1/90
- ^ Official Gazette of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
- ^ Official use of languages and scripts in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina published by the Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities
- ^ Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities: Official use of the Romanian language in the APV
- ^ Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research: [4], [5]
- ^ Slovak Academy of Sciences in Kosice[dead link]
- ^ Kramar Andriy. "University of Chernivtsi". Chnu.cv.ua. http://www.chnu.cv.ua/index.php?page=ua/gradinf/rules/02bac_d. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ Cursuri de perfecționare, published in Ziua on August 19, 2005
- ^ Romanian Language Institute: Data concerning the teaching of the Romanian language abroad
- ^ "Romanian language", in Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ Pei, Mario (1949). Story of Language. ISBN 0-397-00400-1.
- ^ Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), (Romanian) Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă și frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39-58
- ^ Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Ein Damn bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter. .
- ^ Lindstedt, J. (2000). "Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement". In D. G. Gilbers & al. (eds.). Languages in Contact ((Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28.) ed.). Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA, 2000: Rodopi. pp. 231–246. ISBN 90-420-1322-2.
- ^ Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian by Sorin Paliga, Bucharest, Editura Evenimentul 2006 ISBN 973-87920-0-2
- ^ Hans Dama, "Lexikale Einflüsse im Rumänischen aus dem österreichischen Deutsch" ("Lexical influences of 'Austrian'-German on the Romanian Language") (German)
- ^ (Romanian) Rodica Zafiu, "Mișto și legenda bastonului", România literară, No. 6, 2009 — There is no doubt among linguists about the Romany etymology of the Romanian word mișto, but a fairly widespread folk etymology and urban legend maintains that the German phrase mit Stock "with stick" would be its true origin.
- ^ (Romanian) Several Romanian dictionaries specify the pronunciation [je] for word-initial letter e in some personal pronouns: el, ei, etc. and in some forms of the verb a fi (to be): este, eram, etc.
- ^ (Romanian) Mioara Avram, Ortografie pentru toți, Editura Litera, Chișinău, 1997, p. 29
- ^ The new edition of "Dicționarul ortografic al limbii române (ortoepic, morfologic, cu norme de punctuație)" – introduced by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and recommended for publishing following a conference on 15 November 2000 – applies the decision of the General Meeting of the Romanian Academy from 17 February 1993, regarding the return to "â" and "sunt" in the orthography of the Romanian language. (Introduction, Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova)
- ^ "Gheorghe Duca: Trebuie schimbată atitudinea de sorginte proletară faţă de savanţi şi în genere faţă de intelectuali" (in Romanian). Allmoldova. 2010-06-04. http://www.allmoldova.md/ro/int/interview/gheorghe-duca-060410.html. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
References[link]
- Uwe, Hinrichs (ed.), Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik, Wiesbaden, 1999.
- Rosetti, Alexandru, Istoria limbii române, 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965-1969.
- Kahl, Thede (ed.), Das Rumänische und seine Nachbarn, Berlin, 2009.
- Giurescu, Constantin, The Making of the Romanian People and Language, Bucharest, 1972.
- http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_en/29535/42/Paliga_Earliest_Slavic_Borrowings_RSL46_4.pdf
External links[link]
 |
Look up Category:Romanian language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
|
Look up Romanian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Romanian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 |
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of |
- SAMPA for Romanian
- Romanian Reference Grammar, by Dana Cojocaru, University of Bucharest (183 pages) - 4.6 MB - pdf
- USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Romanian basic course
- Romanian phrasebook on Wikitravel
- Romanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Romanian language |
http://wn.com/Romanian_language
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Румынский язык
http://de.wn.com/Rumänische Sprache
http://it.wn.com/Lingua romena
http://es.wn.com/Idioma rumano
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
show more
add to playlist
clear
