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Alapaevsk
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Altstadt (Zurich)
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Armavir, Russia
Armavir () is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kuban River. Population: 208,400 (2007 est.); 144,000 (1969). Armavir was formerly the second-largest industrial center of Krasnodar Krai, after Krasnodar.
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Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia -
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
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Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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Cheka
http://wn.com/Cheka -
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Dnipropetrovsk
Dnipropetrovsk ( ) or Dnepropetrovsk () formerly Yekaterinoslav (, , translit. Katerynoslav) is Ukraine's third largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants. It is located southeast of Ukraine's capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, in the south-central region of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative center of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province).
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Ekaterinodar
http://wn.com/Ekaterinodar -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country) -
German Empire
http://wn.com/German_Empire -
Gorki Leninskiye
Gorki Leninskiye () is an urban-type settlement located in Leninsky District of Moscow Oblast, 10 km south of the Moscow, Russia, city limits and the MKAD. Population: 1,729 (2002 Census); 1,711 (1989 Census).
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Gyumri
http://wn.com/Gyumri -
Iskra
http://wn.com/Iskra -
Ivanovo
Ivanovo () is a city and the administrative center of Ivanovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 406,465 (2008);
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Kazan
Kazan (; , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. The sixth largest city of Russia, it lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia".
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Kharkov
http://wn.com/Kharkov -
Khujand
http://wn.com/Khujand -
Kienthal
http://wn.com/Kienthal -
Kokushkino
http://wn.com/Kokushkino -
Kuban
Kuban (; ) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, Volga Delta and the Caucasus. Krasnodar Krai is often referred to as Kuban, both officially and unofficially, although the term is not exclusive to the krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai.
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Kulak
http://wn.com/Kulak -
Lena River
http://wn.com/Lena_River -
Lenin's Mausoleum
http://wn.com/Lenin's_Mausoleum -
Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast (, Leningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on August 1, 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Odessa
Odessa or Odesa (; ) is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province) located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the 2001 census).
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Petrograd
http://wn.com/Petrograd -
Red Square
http://wn.com/Red_Square -
Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don ( Rostov-na-Donu, ) is the city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia, located on the Don River, just 46 km from the Sea of Azov. Population:
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Federation
http://wn.com/Russian_Federation -
Saint Petersburg
http://wn.com/Saint_Petersburg -
Samara, Russia
http://wn.com/Samara_Russia -
Shushenskoye
Shushenskoye () is an urban-type settlement in the southern portion of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Yenisei and Big Shush. Population: 19,067 (2002); 19,289 (1989 Census).
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Siberia
Siberia ( ), is a vast region, constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as the preceding Russian Empire conquered it in the 16th century.
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Simbirsk
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Smolny Institute
The Smolny Institute (, ''Smol'niy institut'') is a Palladian edifice in St Petersburg that has played a major part in the history of Russia.
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Soviet
http://wn.com/Soviet -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
St. Petersburg
http://wn.com/St_Petersburg -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
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Tambov rebellion
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Tambov Rebellion
The Tambov Rebellion which occurred between 1920 and 1921 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War. The uprising took place in the territories of the modern Tambov Oblast and part of the Voronezh Oblast, less than 300 miles southeast of Moscow. The leader of the rebellion, Pyotr Mikhailovich Tokmakov, was a former officer of the Russian Imperial Army, who had earlier been decorated with the highest Order of St. George. In Soviet history the rebellion was referred to as Antonov's mutiny or the Antonovschina, although Aleksandr Antonov, a former official of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, was only the Chief of Staff of one of the rebel armies. The movement was later portrayed by the Soviets as a sort of anarchical banditry like other anti-Soviet movements who opposed them during this period.
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Tampere
Tampere (; Swedish: Tammerfors or ) is a city in southern Finland. It is the most populous inland city in any of the Nordic countries. The city has a population of {{Formatnum: , growing to approximately 300,000 people in the conurbation and over 340,000 in the metropolitan area. Tampere is the third most-populous municipality in Finland, after the Greater Helsinki municipalities of Helsinki and Espoo. In 2007, the entire Pirkanmaa region had around 470,000 residents, of which 230,000 were employed, and a turnover of 25 billion euros.
http://wn.com/Tampere -
Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk (, formerly Simbirsk (), is a city on the Volga River in Russia, 893 km east from Moscow. It is the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, and is the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (originally named Ulyanov), for whom it is named. Population:
http://wn.com/Ulyanovsk -
Winter Palace
The Winter Palace () in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian Tsars. Situated between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, adjacent to the site of Peter the Great's original Winter Palace, the present and fourth Winter Palace was built and altered almost continuously between the late 1730s and 1837, when it was severely damaged by fire and immediately rebuilt. The storming of the palace in 1917 became an iconic symbol of the Russian Revolution.
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Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (, also romanized Ekaterinburg), formerly Sverdlovsk () is a major city in the central part of Russia, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Situated on the eastern side of the Ural mountain range, it is the main industrial and cultural center of the Urals Federal District. Its population of which is down from 1,364,621 recorded in the 1989 Census, makes it Russia's fifth largest city. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was known as Sverdlovsk (), after the Bolshevik party leader Yakov Sverdlov.
http://wn.com/Yekaterinburg
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852 Wladilena
852 Wladilena
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A. J. P. Taylor
http://wn.com/A_J_P_Taylor -
Aleksandr Kerensky
http://wn.com/Aleksandr_Kerensky -
Aleksandr Ulyanov
http://wn.com/Aleksandr_Ulyanov -
Alexander Guchkov
http://wn.com/Alexander_Guchkov -
Alexander Herzen
http://wn.com/Alexander_Herzen -
Alexander Kerensky
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Alexander Pushkin
http://wn.com/Alexander_Pushkin -
Alexander Puzanov
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Alexander Trepov
http://wn.com/Alexander_Trepov -
Alexandra Kollontai
http://wn.com/Alexandra_Kollontai -
Alexei Rykov
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Alexey Rykov
Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (; - 15 March 1938) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and Soviet politician, Soviet head of the government from 1924 to 1930.
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Anastas Mikoyan
Anastas Mikoyan (, Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan; , Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan; – October 21, 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years. Mikoyan became an early convert to the Bolshevik cause. He supported Stalin after Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924 left a power vacuum. During Stalin's rule, Mikoyan held several high governmental posts, including that of Minister of Trade. After Stalin's death, he backed Nikita Khrushchev and his de-stalinization policy.
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Anatoly Lunacharsky
Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (, born in Poltava, Ukraine – December 26, 1933, Menton, France) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Soviet People's Commissar of Enlightenment responsible for culture and education. He was active as an art critic and journalist throughout his career.
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Andrei Gromyko
http://wn.com/Andrei_Gromyko -
Anna Ulyanova
Anna Ilyinichna Yelizarova-Ulyanova (; , Nizhny Novgorod - October 19, 1935, Moscow) was a Russian revolutionary and a Soviet stateswoman. She was a sister of Vladimir Lenin.
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Antonie Pannekoek
Antonie (Anton) Pannekoek ( 2 January 1873, Vaassen, Gelderland - 28 April 1960, Wageningen) was a Dutch astronomer and Marxist theorist. He was one of the main theorists of council communism (Dutch: radencommunisme).
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Arnold J. Toynbee
:This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee; for his uncle, the economic historian Arnold Toynbee, see this article. For further Toynbees and related topics see the disambiguation page Toynbee.
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Boris Savinkov
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Boris Stürmer
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Boris Yeltsin
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Charlotte Corday
http://wn.com/Charlotte_Corday -
Daniil Sulimov
http://wn.com/Daniil_Sulimov -
David Remnick
David Remnick (born October 29, 1958) is an American journalist, writer, and magazine editor. As a reporter for the Washington Post, he also served as the paper's Moscow correspondent. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for his book . He has been editor of The New Yorker magazine since 1998. He has edited several collections of writings from The New Yorker and in 1999, he was named "Editor of the Year" by Advertising Age. Mr. Remnick is also on the New York Public Library's board of trustees.
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Dmitriy Ustinov
http://wn.com/Dmitriy_Ustinov -
Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (; born 14 September 1965) is the third and current President of the Russian Federation, inaugurated on 7 May 2008. He won the presidential election held on 2 March 2008 with 71.25% of the popular vote.
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Dmitry Pisarev
http://wn.com/Dmitry_Pisarev -
Dmitry Polyansky
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Donald Rayfield
Donald Rayfield (born 1942) is professor of Russian and Georgian at Queen Mary College, University of London. He is an author of books about Russian and Georgian literature, and about Joseph Stalin and his secret police. He is also a series editor for books about Russian writers and intelligentsia.
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Dziga Vertov
http://wn.com/Dziga_Vertov -
Fanya Kaplan
http://wn.com/Fanya_Kaplan -
Felix Dzerzhinsky
http://wn.com/Felix_Dzerzhinsky -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
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Finnish Civil War
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First World War
http://wn.com/First_World_War -
Friedrich Engels
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Engels -
Fritz Platten
http://wn.com/Fritz_Platten -
Gennady Voronov
http://wn.com/Gennady_Voronov -
Georgi Plekhanov
http://wn.com/Georgi_Plekhanov -
Georgy Lvov
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov () (November 30, 1861 March 7, 1925) was a Russian statesman and the first post-imperial prime minister of Russia, from March 15 to July 21, 1917.
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Georgy Malenkov
http://wn.com/Georgy_Malenkov -
Georgy Plekhanov
http://wn.com/Georgy_Plekhanov -
Germans
|ref15 =
http://wn.com/Germans -
Greg King (author)
Greg King (born 1964) is the author of several biographies, mainly concerning noble and royal subjects, some in conjunction with Penny Wilson. These include:
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Grigory Zinoviev
http://wn.com/Grigory_Zinoviev -
Hardi Volmer
http://wn.com/Hardi_Volmer -
Heydar Aliyev
Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (, ; May 10, 1923 – December 12, 2003), also spelled as Heidar Aliev, Geidar Aliev, Haydar Aliyev, Geydar Aliyev was the third President of Azerbaijan for the New Azerbaijan Party from June 1993 to October 2003, when his son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him.
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Ho Chi Minh
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh -
Inessa Armand
http://wn.com/Inessa_Armand -
Isaak Brodsky
Isaak Izrailevich Brodsky (, - August 14, 1939, Leningrad) was a Soviet painter whose work provided a blueprint for the art movement of socialist realism. He is known for his iconic portrayals of Lenin and idealized, carefully crafted paintings dedicated to the events of the Russian Civil War and Bolshevik Revolution.
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Ivan Arkhipov
http://wn.com/Ivan_Arkhipov -
Ivan Goremykin
http://wn.com/Ivan_Goremykin -
Ivan Khokhlov
http://wn.com/Ivan_Khokhlov -
Ivan Silayev
Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (; born on 21 October 1930 in Baktyzino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, USSR) is a Russian political figure. He served as the Prime Minister of Russia from 15 June 1990 to 26 September 1991 and was also the last Prime Minister of the Soviet Union from September 6, 1991 to December 25, 1991, and was effectively one of two Prime Ministers to control the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR.
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J. Arch Getty
John Arch Getty (born in 1950) is an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is noted for his research on Russian and Soviet history, especially the period under Joseph Stalin and the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
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Jean-Paul Marat
http://wn.com/Jean-Paul_Marat -
Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jews -
Joseph Kuzmin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Kuzmin -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Julius Martov
http://wn.com/Julius_Martov -
Kalmyk people
http://wn.com/Kalmyk_people -
Karl Kautsky
http://wn.com/Karl_Kautsky -
Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx -
Kenneth Cranham
Kenneth Cranham (born 12 December 1944) is a Scottish-born film, television and stage actor who has appeared in Layer Cake, Gangster No. 1, Rome, Oliver! and many other films. Amongst his contemporaries, he is renowned for the title role in the popular 1980s comedy drama Shine on Harvey Moon, However, he is probably best known to genre fans as the deranged Dr. Philip Channard and his Cenobitic alter-ego from . His many stage credits include West End productions of Entertaining Mr Sloane, Loot, An Inspector Calls, (both transferring to Broadway), The Ruffian on the Stair, The Birthday Party and Gaslight (at the Old Vic).
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Kirill Mazurov
http://wn.com/Kirill_Mazurov -
Kollontai
http://wn.com/Kollontai -
Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (; 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death.
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Kulak
http://wn.com/Kulak -
Lavr Kornilov
http://wn.com/Lavr_Kornilov -
Lavrentiy Beria
http://wn.com/Lavrentiy_Beria -
Lazar Kaganovich
http://wn.com/Lazar_Kaganovich -
Leo Tolstoy
http://wn.com/Leo_Tolstoy -
Leon Trotsky
http://wn.com/Leon_Trotsky -
Leonard Schapiro
Leonard Bertram Naman Schapiro (22 April 1908, Glasgow - 2 November 1983, London) was a British academic and scholar of Russian politics. He taught for many years at the London School of Economics, where he was Professor of Political Science with Special Reference to Russian Studies. At the age of 6, he and his family were forced to live in the streets after his father had a row with the landlord of his house. For many months they found themselves scrounging money of the floor.
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Leonid Brezhnev
http://wn.com/Leonid_Brezhnev -
Leonid Krasin
http://wn.com/Leonid_Krasin -
Leszek Kołakowski
http://wn.com/Leszek_Kołakowski -
Lev Kamenev
http://wn.com/Lev_Kamenev -
Lev Voronin
Lev Gennadiyevich Voronin (, born 8 June 1971) is a Russian team handball player and Olympic champion from 2000 in Sydney.
http://wn.com/Lev_Voronin -
Maksim Saburov
http://wn.com/Maksim_Saburov -
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (; December 26, 1893 September 9, 1976) was a Han Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism.
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Max Eastman
http://wn.com/Max_Eastman -
Mikhail Fradkov
Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (; born September 1, 1950) is a Russian politician and statesman who was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007. Fradkov currently is the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
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Mikhail Kasyanov
Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov (; ) - (born December 8, 1957) was the Prime Minister of Russia from May 2000 to February 2004.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Kasyanov -
Mikhail Pervukhin
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Pervukhin -
Mikhail Rodionov
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Rodionov -
Mikhail Romm
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Romm -
Mikhail Solomentsev
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Solomentsev -
Mikhail Yasnov
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Yasnov -
Nadezhda Krupskaya
http://wn.com/Nadezhda_Krupskaya -
Nikita Khrushchev
http://wn.com/Nikita_Khrushchev -
Nikolai Bukharin
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Bukharin -
Nikolai Bulganin
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Bulganin -
Nikolai Golitsyn
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Golitsyn -
Nikolai Talyzin
Nikolai Talyzin (b. 1929 - 23 January 1991) was a Soviet statesman, economist and head of the Gosplan, or the State Planning Committee.
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Nikolai Voznesensky
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Voznesensky -
Nikolai Yudenich
Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich () (July 18 ,1862 (July 30, New Style ) – October 5, 1933), was a commander of the Russian Caucasus Army and one of the most successful generals of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was later a leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
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Nikolay Bunge
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Nikolay Chkheidze
Nikoloz Chkheidze (; transliterated Russian: Nikolay Semyonovich Chkheidze, commonly known as Karlo Chkheidze; 1864 – June 13, 1926) was a Georgian Menshevik politician who helped to introduce Marxism to Georgia in the 1890s and played a prominent role in the Russian and Georgian revolutions of 1917 and 1918.
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Nikolay Dobrolyubov
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Dobrolyubov () (January 2 (N.S. February 5), 1836 - November 17 (29), 1861) was a Russian literary critic, journalist, and revolutionary democrat.
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Nikolay Nekrasov
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Nekrasov -
Nikolay Rumyantsev
Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (; 3 April 1754 - 3 January 1826) was Russia's Foreign Minister and Imperial Chancellor in the run-up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1808-12). He was the son of Field Marshal Pyotr Zadunaisky from the Rumyantsev comital family.
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Nikolay Saltykov
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Saltykov -
Patrick Stewart
Sir Patrick Hewes Stewart, OBE (born 13 July 1940) is an English film, television and stage actor, and university Chancellor. He has had a distinguished career in theatre and television for around half a century. He is most widely known for his television and film roles, as Captain Jean-Luc Picard in and as Professor Charles Xavier in the X-Men films.
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Pavel Milyukov
http://wn.com/Pavel_Milyukov -
Pyotr Krasnov
http://wn.com/Pyotr_Krasnov -
Pyotr Stolypin
http://wn.com/Pyotr_Stolypin -
Richard Pipes
Richard Edgar Pipes (born July 11, 1923) is an American academic who specializes in Russian history, particularly with respect to the history of the Soviet Union. During the Cold War era he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership.
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Robert C. Tucker
http://wn.com/Robert_C_Tucker -
Robert Gellately
Robert Gellately is a Newfoundland born Canadian academic who is one of the leading historians of modern Europe, particularly during World War II and the Cold War era. He is presently Earl Ray Beck Professor of History at Florida State University.
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Roddy Connolly
http://wn.com/Roddy_Connolly -
Rudolf Hilferding
Rudolf Hilferding (10 August 1877, probably in the house of Malzgasse 9/10, Leopoldstadt, Vienna February 11, 1941, Paris) was an Austrian-born Marxist economist, leading socialist theorist, politician and chief theoretician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic, almost universally recognized as the SPD's foremost theoretician of his century, and physician.
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Russian Civil War
http://wn.com/Russian_Civil_War -
Sergei Eisenstein
http://wn.com/Sergei_Eisenstein -
Sergei Melgunov
Sergei Petrovich Melgunov () (December 24 or 25, 1879-May 26, 1956) was a Russian historian, publicist and politician best known for his opposition to the Soviet government and his numerous works on the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War.
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Sergei Stepashin
http://wn.com/Sergei_Stepashin -
Sergei Syrtsov
http://wn.com/Sergei_Syrtsov -
Sergei Witte
Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (, ''Sergey Yul'evich Vitte'') (29 June 1849 - 13 March 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He served under the last two emperors of Russia. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire.
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Sergei Yutkevich
Sergei Iosifovich Yutkevich (, 15 September 1904 – 24 April 1985) was an award-winning Soviet film director and screenwriter.
http://wn.com/Sergei_Yutkevich -
Sergey Vyazmitinov
Count Sergey Kuzmich Vyazmitinov () (7 October 1744–15 October 1819, Saint Petersburg), was a Russian general and statesman.
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Stepan Petrichenko
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Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the Founding Father of Republican China, a view agreed upon by both Mainland China and Taiwan. Sun played an instrumental role in inspiring the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, which began in October 1911. He was the first provisional president when the Republic of China (ROC) was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the ''Chinese National People's Party or Kuomintang'' (KMT) where he served as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
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Swedes
Swedes () are a Scandinavian people, mostly inhabiting Sweden and the other Nordic countries, with descendants living in a number of countries.
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Tatars
http://wn.com/Tatars -
Timofei Sapronov
http://wn.com/Timofei_Sapronov -
Tony Cliff
Tony Cliff (20 May 1917 – 9 May 2000) was a Trotskyist political theorist and revolutionary activist who founded the Socialist Workers Party in Britain. Born Yigael Gluckstein to a Jewish Zionist family in Palestine, Cliff moved to Britain, becoming a Trotskyist and rejecting Zionism from a Marxist perspective. He eventually changed his name to Yg'al (Yg'al: "Will Redeem"; Yigael: "Will Be Redeemed"), although in later years he would become far better known by his pen name Tony Cliff.
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Valentin Pavlov
For other uses, see Pavlov (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Valentin_Pavlov -
Valerian Kuybyshev
http://wn.com/Valerian_Kuybyshev -
Viktor Chernomyrdin
Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin () (born 9 April 1938) is a Russian politician. Chernomyrdin was Prime Minister of Russia from 1992 to 1998. From 2001 to 2009, he was Russia's ambassador to Ukraine. After that, he was designated as a presidential adviser.
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Viktor Khristenko
Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (; born August 28, 1957) is the current Russian Industry Minister (since March 9, 2004).
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Vissarion Belinsky
http://wn.com/Vissarion_Belinsky -
Vitaly Vorotnikov
http://wn.com/Vitaly_Vorotnikov -
Vladimir Ivashko
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Ivashko -
Vladimir Kokovtsov
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Kokovtsov -
Vladimir Lenin
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Lenin -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
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Vladimir Velichko
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Velichko -
Vyacheslav Molotov
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W. Bruce Lincoln
W. Bruce Lincoln (September 6, 1938-April 9, 2000) was a prominent scholar of early 20th century Russian history. Lincoln graduated with his AB from the College of William and Mary in 1960 and his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1966.
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Winston Churchill
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Yevgeny Primakov
http://wn.com/Yevgeny_Primakov -
Yuri Andropov
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Yuri Felshtinsky
Yuri Felshtinsky (b. 1956, Moscow) is a Russian historian living in the United States. Felshtinsky has authored several books on modern Russian and early Soviet history, including Blowing up Russia (with Alexander Litvinenko) and The Age of Assassins (with Vladimir Pribylovsky).
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Yuri Maslyukov
Yuri Dmitriyevich Maslyukov (30 September 1937 – 1 April 2010) was a Russian politician. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, he held several high ranking positions with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, including the post of First Deputy Defense Industry Minister of the Soviet Union.
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Good Bye, Lenin! (2004)
"Good Bye, Lenin! (2004)" Actors
- Daniel Brühl
- Katrin Saß
- Chulpan Khamatova
- Maria Simon
- Florian Lukas
- Alexander Beyer
- Burghart Klaußner
- Michael Gwisdek
- Christine Schorn
- Jürgen Holtz
- Jochen Stern
- Stefan Walz
- Eberhard Kirchberg
- Hans-uwe Bauer
- Nico Ledermueller
"Good Bye, Lenin! (2004)" Director
Lenine Filmography
- Brasil somos nós (2011)
- Amor? (2011)
- Do Re Mi Fábrica (2009)
- Lenine em Continuação (2009)
- O Homem que Engarrafava Nuvens (2009)
- O Natal do Menino Imperador (2008)
- Palavra (en)cantada (2008)
- Alabê de Jerusalém (2006)
- Acústico MTV: Lenine (2006)
- Acústico MTV: Kid Abelha (2002)
- Caramuru - A Invenção do Brasil (2001)
- Mapas Urbanos 2 - Recife dos Poetas e Compositores (2001)
- Olho da Rua (2000)
- A Invenção do Brasil (2000)
- Odoiá (1995)
Lenin Filmography
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(Part 1) Lenin: Revolutionary - Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Published: 09 Feb 2008
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Part 1 to a documentary about Vladimir Lenin. Honors: "#70 - Top Favorites (Today) - Education" - 2/9/08
http://wn.com/Part_1_Lenin_Revolutionary_Documentary
Chomsky on Lenin, Trotsky, Socialism & the Soviet Union
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Published: 30 Nov 2008
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Q&A session 1989 www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Chomsky_on_Lenin,_Trotsky,_Socialism_the_Soviet_Union
For Lenin!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 24 Mar 2008
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Video footage of Vladimir Lenin w/ "Lenin Song"
http://wn.com/For_Lenin!
LENIN SLEEPS - Ленин спит
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 21 Sep 2008
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Hear Lenin's voice, The Internacionala, Kremlin bells, see Lenin's body. Widescreen
http://wn.com/LENIN_SLEEPS_Ленин_спит
Embalming Lenin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Published: 04 Mar 2011
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Embalming In Russia
http://wn.com/Embalming_Lenin
Good Bye, Lenin!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 13 May 2006
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
Tráiler de la película Good Bye, Lenin!
http://wn.com/Good_Bye,_Lenin!
Vladimir Lenin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Published: 09 Dec 2007
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
EDIT: Sorry about the volume, for some reason you have to have the maximum volume level on your computer in order to hear the music. Again, I apologize. My video to the first Soviet Leader, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known by his alias "Lenin". Includes a brief background of the man, as well as video and examples of socialist realism.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Lenin
VI Lenin on Anti-Semitism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 09 Jan 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Vladimir I. Lenin on anti-semitism and his view of capitalist jews
http://wn.com/VI_Lenin_on_Anti-Semitism
Arcade Fire - Lenin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 19 Feb 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
New Arcade Fire song on the compilation album "Dark Was the Night."
http://wn.com/Arcade_Fire_Lenin
Lenin's speech:What Is Soviet Power? / Ленин:Что такое Советская власть?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Published: 12 Nov 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
☭ Ленин: Что такое Советская власть? Lenin's speech:What Is Soviet Power? Lenin hitzaldia: Zer da sobietar boterea? ******************************************** www.spartacist.org ******************************************** Darkmatter1985-ri kopiatua ******************************************* "What is Soviet power? What is the essence of this new power, which people in most countries still will not, or cannot, understand? The nature of this power, which is attracting larger and larger numbers of workers in every country, is the following: in the past the country was, in one way or another, governed by the rich, or by the capitalists, but now, for the first time, the country is being governed by the classes, and moreover, by the masses of those classes, which capitalism formerly oppressed. Even in the most democratic and freest republics, as long as capital rules and the land remains private property, the government will always be in the hands of a small minority, nine-tenths of which consist of capitalists, or rich men. In this country, in Russia, for the first time in the world history, the government of the country is so organised that only the workers and the working peasants, to the exclusion of the exploiters, constitute those mass organisations known as Soviets, and these Soviets wield all state power. That is why, in spite of the slander that the representatives of the bourgeoisie in all countries spread about Russia, the word "Soviet" has now become not only <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Lenin's_speechWhat_Is_Soviet_Power?_ЛенинЧто_такое_Советская_власть?
(Part 2) Lenin: Revolutionary - Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Published: 27 Mar 2008
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
PLEASE READ: Sorry about not having this up earlier, I had little idea that it wasn't working originally. So I deleted that video and put this one in its place. Hopefully it works! Part 2 to a documentary about Vladimir Lenin.
http://wn.com/Part_2_Lenin_Revolutionary_Documentary
Good Bye, Lenin! Cinematic Trailer - English Subs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 10 Jan 2009
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Good Bye, Lenin! Cinematic Trailer - English Subs "Do we have to copy every crappy thing from the West?"
http://wn.com/Good_Bye,_Lenin!_Cinematic_Trailer_English_Subs
Goodbye Lenin - Trailer #1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 08 Dec 2010
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
In 1990, to protect his fragile mother from a fatal shock after a long coma; a young man must keep her from learning that her beloved nation of East Germany as she knew it has disappeared. Starring: Daniel Brühl, Katrin Saß, Chulpan Khamatova
http://wn.com/Goodbye_Lenin_Trailer_1
Lenin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Published: 07 Nov 2006
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Lenin
http://wn.com/Lenin
(Part 3) Lenin: Revolutionary - Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Published: 21 Feb 2008
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Part 3 to a documentary about Vladimir Lenin.
http://wn.com/Part_3_Lenin_Revolutionary_Documentary
(Part 4) Lenin: Revolutionary - Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:44
- Published: 22 Feb 2008
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Part 4 to a documentary about Vladimir Lenin.
http://wn.com/Part_4_Lenin_Revolutionary_Documentary
Goodbye Lenin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 05 Mar 2007
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
The famous poignant scene from Goodbye Lenin when Alex's mother first sees reunited Germany.
http://wn.com/Goodbye_Lenin
Heirs of Vladimir Lenin: A Review of the 1917 Russian Revolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:34
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
thefilmarchive.org The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The Tsar was deposed and replaced by a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government. The February Revolution (March 1917) was a revolution focused around Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). In the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament or Duma assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar of Russia, abdicated. The Soviets (workers' councils), which were led by more radical socialist factions, initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule, but insisted on a prerogative to influence the government and control various militias. The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War, which left much of the army in a state of mutiny. A period of dual power ensued, during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of Soviets, led by socialists, had the allegiance of the lower-class citizens and the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Heirs_of_Vladimir_Lenin_A_Review_of_the_1917_Russian_Revolution
![Lenin's speech on anti-Jewish pogroms [Engl. subt.] Lenin juduen kontrako pogromoei buruz](http://web.archive.org./web/20120716052158im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/i0ljxQsgUM4/0.jpg "Lenin's speech on anti-Jewish pogroms [Engl. subt.] Lenin juduen kontrako pogromoei buruz")
Lenin's speech on anti-Jewish pogroms [Engl. subt.] Lenin juduen kontrako pogromoei buruz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 11 Nov 2009
- Updated: 13 Jun 2012
[Darkmatter1985ri kopiatutako bideoa] ****************************************** www.icl-fi.org *************************************************** "Anti-Semitism means spreading enmity towards the Jews. When the accursed tsarist monarchy was living its last days it tried to incite ignorant workers and peasants against the Jews. The tsarist police, in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists, organised pogroms against the Jews. The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews. In other countries, too, we often see the capitalists fomenting hatred against the Jews in order to blind the workers, to divert their attention from the real enemy of the working people, capital. Hatred towards the Jews persists only in those countries where slavery to the landowners and capitalists has created abysmal ignorance among the workers and peasants. Only the most ignorant and downtrodden people can believe the lies and slander that are spread about the Jews. This is a survival of ancient feudal times, when the priests burned heretics at the stake, when the peasants lived in slavery, and when the people were crushed and inarticulate. This ancient, feudal ignorance is passing away; the eyes of the people are being opened. It is not the Jews who are the enemies of the working people. The enemies of the workers are the capitalists of all countries. Among the Jews there are working people, and they form <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Lenin's_speech_on_anti-Jewish_pogroms_Engl_subt_Lenin_juduen_kontrako_pogromoei_buruz
Goodbye Lenin - Trailer #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 08 Dec 2010
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Together with "The Lives of Others", there are the peaks of German cinema during 2000-2010. East Germany, the year 1989: A young man protests against the regime. His mother watches the police arresting him and suffers a heart attack and falls into a coma. Some months later, the GDR does not exist anymore and the mother awakes. Since she has to avoid every excitement, the son tries to set up the GDR again for her in their flat. But the world has changed a lot. Starring: Daniel Brühl, Katrin Saß, Chulpan Khamatova
http://wn.com/Goodbye_Lenin_Trailer_2
Lenin Stalin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Published: 19 Nov 2006
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Lenin and Stalin
http://wn.com/Lenin_Stalin
Good Bye Lenin! Soundtrack-Father And Mother
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Published: 12 Sep 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Good Bye Lenin! is the original soundtrack album of the film of the same title starring Daniel Brühl and Katrin Saß. The music is composed by Yann Tiersen, with the exception of the non-instrumental version of "Summer 78" sung by Claire Pichet. Wikipedia.
http://wn.com/Good_Bye_Lenin!_Soundtrack-Father_And_Mother
Lenin's speech: "How the Working People can be saved from...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 25 May 2008
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
WATCH IN HIGH QUALITY How the Working People Can Be Saved From the Oppression of the Landowners and Capitalists For Ever: www.icl-fi.org The enemies of the working people, the landowners and capitalists say that the workers and peasants cannot live without them. "If it were not for us," they say, "there would be nobody to maintain order, to give out work, and to compel people to work. If it were not for us everything would collapse, and the state would fall to pieces. We have been driven away, but chaos will bring us back again." But this sort of talk by the landowners and capitalists will not confuse, intimidate, or deceive the workers and peasants. An army needs the strictest discipline; nevertheless the class-conscious workers succeeded in uniting the peasants, succeeded in taking the old tsarist officers into their service, succeeded in building a victorious army. The Red Army established unprecedentedly firm discipline-not by means of the lash, but based on the intelligence, loyalty and devotion of the workers and peasants themselves. And so, to save the working people from the yoke of the landowners and capitalists for ever, to save them from the restoration of their power, it is necessary to build up a great Red Army of Labour. That army will be invincible if it is cemented by labour discipline. The workers and peasants must and will prove that they can properly distribute labour, establish devoted discipline and ensure loyalty in working for the common good, and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Lenin's_speech_How_the_Working_People_can_be_saved_from
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Public Domain / Bdk![Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972)[1] was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism. He was the first President of Ghana, the first Prime Minister of Ghana and a founding member of the Organization of African Unity. Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966, and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120716052158im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/ef/bd/2b06a99d8b0ecea08e6243c6540e_small.jpg "Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972)[1] was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism. He was the first President of Ghana, the first Prime Minister of Ghana and a founding member of the Organization of African Unity. Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966, and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.")
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![Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972)[1] was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism. He was the first President of Ghana, the first Prime Minister of Ghana and a founding member of the Organization of African Unity. Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966, and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120716052158/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/ef/bd/2b06a99d8b0ecea08e6243c6540e_medium.jpg "Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972)[1] was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism. He was the first President of Ghana, the first Prime Minister of Ghana and a founding member of the Organization of African Unity. Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966, and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.")
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"Lenin" redirects here. For other uses, see Lenin (disambiguation).
| Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union | |
| In office 30 December 1922 – 21 January 1924 |
|
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Alexey Rykov |
| Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR | |
| In office 8 November 1917 – 21 January 1924 |
|
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Alexey Rykov |
| Informal leader of the Russian Communist Party | |
| In office 17 November 1903 – 21 January 1924 |
|
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Stalin (as General Secretary) |
| Full member of the Politburo | |
| In office 25 March 1919 – 21 January 1924 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
(Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов) |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) (stroke) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russian Federation |
| Nationality | Soviet Russian |
| Political party | Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) |
| Spouse(s) | Nadezhda Krupskaya (1898–1924) |
| Profession | Lawyer, revolutionary, politician |
| Religion | None (atheist) |
| Signature |  |
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ленин; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɪlʲˈjitɕ ˈlʲenʲɪn] (
listen); 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, intellectual and politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
As a politician, Lenin was a persuasive and charismatic orator. As an intellectual his extensive theoretic and philosophical developments of Marxism produced Marxism–Leninism, a pragmatic Russian application of Marxism that emphasized the critical role played by a committed and disciplined political vanguard in the revolutionary process, while defending the possibility of a socialist revolution in less advanced capitalist countries through an alliance of the proletarians with the rural peasantry.[1]
Early life and background[link]
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов) on 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 in the town of Simbirsk in the Russian Empire. Simbirsk, a rural town on the River Volga nearly 1,500 miles from the capital Saint Petersburg, would be renamed upon Ulyanov's death fifty-four years later as "Ulyanovsk" in his honour. That same year, Saint Petersburg itself would be renamed Leningrad after Ulyanov's better-known cadre name.
File:Lenin Age 4.jpg
"Volodya", aged three
Lenin's parents were Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, a schoolteacher, and Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, a government education official. Lenin was baptised on 28 April [O.S. 16 April] 1870 at the local church of St. Nicholas into the Russian Orthodox Church.[2](p4)[3](p35)
Lenin came from a diverse ancestry. He was of Christian Russian, Tatar, German, and Swedish descent, while his maternal grandfather may have descended from the Jewish Blank family.[4] Lenin is also believed to have had Kalmyk ancestry on his father's side.[5][6]
Lenin was born into a comfortable middle-class family. Lenin's father Ilya was elevated into the Russian nobility for his work in the government bureaucracy, and, after being appointed director of Simbirsk's primary schools in 1874, was entitled to wear a blue gold-embroidered uniform and be addressed as "Your Excellency".[7] Although later Soviet biographies tried to disguise his background, Lenin himself never made any effort to hide the fact that he was a nobleman by birth.[5] Lenin argued explicitly in one of his most famous works What Is To Be Done? that intellectuals from "bourgeois" backgrounds have a vital revolutionary role to play bringing political ideas to the working-class movement: "By their social status the founders of modern scientific socialism, Marx and Engels, themselves belonged to the bourgeois intelligentsia."[8]
Athletically, Lenin was a good swimmer and ice skater, and later attended the Simbirsk Men's Gymnasium which was headed by the father of Alexander Kerensky and graduated in 1887 with a gold medal.
Being of the intelligentsia, the Ulyanovs educated their children (all of which except one become revolutionaries[9]) against the ills of their time (violations of human rights, servile psychology, etc.), and instilled a readiness in them to struggle for higher ideals, a free society, and equal rights. Lenin in particular was impressed by his father’s descriptions of the "darkness" of life in the villages and of the arbitrary treatment of peasants by officials.[10] Lenin, an intelligent and conscientious student who loved playing chess, also became a voracious reader, enjoying the writings of Alexander Pushkin, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, and Nikolay Nekrasov.[10] Additionally, he read the works of protorevolutionary writers such as Vissarion Belinsky, Alexander Herzen, Dmitry Pisarev, and Nikolay Dobrolyubov.[10]
Brother's execution and radicalization[link]
Following his father's death from a brain hemorrhage in January 1886, a number of events contributed to Lenin's radicalization. In May 1887 (when Lenin was 17 years old), his eldest brother Aleksandr Ulyanov was hanged for participating in an assassination attempt against the Tsar, Alexander III (1881–94).[2](p16) His sister, Anna Ulyanova, who was arrested with his brother Aleksandr, was then banished to an Ulyanov family estate at Kokushkino, a village some 40 km (25 mi.) from Kazan. These events helped transform Lenin into a political radical. During this time, Lenin was also influenced by the writings of Georgi Plekhanov, and most importantly, Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 novel What is to be Done?.[11]
Complementing these personal, emotional, and political upheavals was his matriculation, in August 1887, to the Kazan University, where he studied law and read the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.[11] That Marxism-derived political development involved Lenin in a student riot, and subsequent arrest, in December 1887; Kazan University expelled him and the police authorities barred him from other universities. After this, he was under continuous police surveillance as the brother of a known terrorist.[3](p36) Nevertheless, he studied independently and earned a law degree; at that time, he first read Das Kapital (1867–94). Three years later, in 1890, he was permitted to study at the University of Saint Petersburg.[12] In January 1892, he was awarded a first class diploma in law;[2](p18) moreover, he was an intellectually distinguished student in the classical languages of Latin and Greek, and the modern languages of German, French, and English, but had only limited command of the latter two. In the 1917 revolutionary period, he relied upon Inessa Armand to translate an article of his into French and English; and wrote to S. N. Ravich in Geneva, "I am unable to lecture in French".[13]
Revolutionary[link]
Lenin practised law in the Volga River port of Samara for a few years, mostly land-ownership cases, from which he derived political insight to the Russian peasants' socio-economic condition;[14] in 1893, he moved to St Petersburg, and practised revolutionary propaganda. While in St. Petersburg in the spring of 1893, Lenin wrote his New Economic Developments in Peasant Life.[15] The subject of this papaer was an critique of V. Y. Postuikov's book, Peasant Farming in South Russia which had been published in 1891. Although read in 1893 to the Marxist circle or group from Samara, Russia to which Lenin belonged, this work was not actually, published until 1923.[16] In the autumn of 1893, Lenin wrote On the So-Called Market Question which was his first attempt to reveal the true capitalist nature of the peasant economy of Russia.[17]
Later In 1895, he founded the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, the consolidation of the city's Marxist groups; as an embryonic revolutionary party, the League was active among the Russian labour organisations. On 7 December 1895, Lenin was arrested for plotting against Tsar Alexander III, and was then imprisoned for fourteen months in solitary confinement Cell 193 of the St. Petersburg Remand Prison.[18] In February 1897, he was exiled to eastern Siberia, to the village Shushenskoye in the Minusinsky District, Yenisei Gubernia. There, he met Georgy Plekhanov, the Marxist who introduced socialism to Russia. In July 1898, Lenin married the socialist activist Nadezhda Krupskaya, and, in April 1899, he published the book The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilyin; one of the thirty theoretical works he wrote in exile.[18]
At the end of his exile in 1900, Lenin left Russia and lived in Munich (1900–1902), London (1902–1903)—where a memorial plaque at Percy Circus, King's Cross, WC1, marks his residence—and Geneva (1903–1905).[19] In 1900 he and Julius Martov (later a leading opponent) co-founded the newspaper Iskra (Spark), and published articles and books about revolutionary politics, whilst recruiting for the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which had held its first congress in 1898 whilst Lenin was still in exile in Siberia.[20] In such clandestine political work, Vladimir Ulyanov assumed aliases, and, in 1902, adopted Lenin as his definitive nom de guerre, derived from the Siberian Lena River.[3](p35)
In 1903, Lenin attended the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which initially convened at Brussels before moving to London. Here a longstanding ideological split developed within the party between the Bolshevik faction, led by Lenin, and the Menshevik faction, led by Martov. These terms "Bolshevik" (from the Russian bol'shinstvo meaning "majority") and "Menshevik" (from the Russian menshinstvo meaning "minority") derive from the narrow Bolshevik electoral defeat of the Mensheviks to the party's newspaper editorial board, and to central committee leadership.[2](pp60–1) The break partly originated from Lenin's book What Is to Be Done? (1902), which proposed a smaller party organisation of professional revolutionaries, with Iskra in a primary ideologic role. Another issue which divided the two factions was Lenin's support of a worker-peasant alliance to overthrow the Tsarist regime as opposed to the Menshevik's support of an alliance between the working classes and the liberal bourgeoisie to achieve the same aim (whilst a small third faction led by Trotsky espoused the view that the working class alone was the instrument of revolutionary change—needing no help from either the peasants or the middle classes).[21]
In November 1905, Lenin returned to Russia to support the 1905 Russian Revolution.[2](p81) In 1906, he was elected to the Presidium of the RSDLP; and shuttled between Finland and Russia, but resumed his exile in December 1907, after the Tsarist defeat of the revolution and after the scandal of the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery.[2](p81) Until the February and October revolutions of 1917, he lived in Western Europe, where, despite relative poverty, he developed Leninism—urban Marxism adapted to agrarian Russia reversing Karl Marx's economics–politics prescription to allow for a dynamic revolution led by a vanguard party of professional revolutionaries.[22][2](p86)
In 1909, to disambiguate philosophic doubts about the proper practical course of a socialist revolution, Lenin published Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909), which became a philosophic foundation of Marxism-Leninism. Throughout exile, Lenin travelled Europe, participated in socialist activities, (the 1912 Prague Party Conference). When Inessa Armand left Russia for Paris, she met Lenin and other exiled Bolsheviks. Rumour has it she was Lenin's lover; yet historian Neil Harding notes that there is a "slender stock of evidence . . . we still have no evidence that they were sexually intimate".[23]
In 1914, when the First World War (1914–18) began, most of the mass Social Democratic parties of Europe supported their homelands' war effort. At first, Lenin disbelieved such political fickleness, especially that the Germans had voted for war credits; the Social Democrats' war-authorising votes broke Lenin's mainstream connection with the Second International (1889–1916). He opposed the Great War, because the peasants and workers would be fighting the bourgeoisie's "imperialist war"—one that ought be transformed to an international civil war, between the classes. At the beginning of the war, the Austrians briefly detained him in Poronin, his town of residence; on 5 September 1914 Lenin moved to neutral Switzerland, residing first at Bern, then at Zürich.[24]
In 1915, in Switzerland, at the anti-war Zimmerwald Conference, he led the Zimmerwald Left minority, who failed, against the majority pacifists, to achieve the conference's adopting Lenin's proposition of transforming the imperialist war into a class war. In the next conference (24–30 April 1916), at Kienthal, Lenin and the Zimmerwald Left presented a like resolution; but the conference concorded only a compromise manifesto.[2](pp132–4)
In the spring of 1916, in Zürich, Lenin wrote Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916). In this work Lenin synthesised previous works on the subject by Karl Kautsky, John A. Hobson (Imperialism: A Study, 1902), and Rudolf Hilferding (Das Finanzkapital, 1910), and applied them to the new circumstances of the First World War (1914–18) fought between the German and the British empires—which exemplified the imperial capitalist competition, which was the thesis of his book. This thesis posited that the merging of banks and industrial cartels gave rise to finance capital—the basis of imperialism, the zenith of capitalism. To wit, in pursuing greater profits than the home market can offer, business exports capital, which, in turn, leads to the division of the world, among international, monopolist firms, and to European states colonising large parts of the world, in support of their businesses. Imperialism, thus, is an advanced stage of capitalism based upon the establishment of monopolies, and upon the exportation of capital (rather than goods), managed with a global financial system, of which colonialism is one feature.[25][26][2](pp116–26)
In accordance with this thesis, Lenin believed that Russia was being used as a tool of French and British capitalist imperialism in World War I and that its participation in the conflict was at the behest of those interests.[2](p144)
The February Revolution[link]
In February 1917 popular demonstrations in Russia provoked by the hardship of war forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate. The monarchy was replaced by an uneasy political relationship between, on the one hand, a Provisional Government of parliamentary figures and, on the other, an array of "Soviets" (most prominently the Petrograd Soviet): revolutionary councils directly elected by workers, soldiers and peasants. Lenin was still in exile in Zurich.
Lenin was preparing to go to the Altstadt library after lunch on March 15 when a fellow exile, the Pole Mieczyslav Bronski, burst in to exclaim: "Haven't you heard the news? There's a revolution in Russia!" The next day Lenin wrote to Alexandra Kollontai in Stockholm, insisting on "revolutionary propaganda, agitation and struggle with the aim of an international proletarian revolution and for the conquest of power by the Soviets of Workers' Deputies". The next day: "Spread out! Rouse new sections! Awaken fresh initiative, form new organisations in every stratum and prove to them that peace can come only with the armed Soviet of Workers' Deputies in power."[27]
Lenin was determined to return to Russia at once. But that was not an easy task in the middle of the First World War. Switzerland was surrounded by the warring countries of France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the seas were dominated by Russia's ally Britain. Lenin considered crossing Germany with a Swedish passport, but Krupskaya joked that he would give himself away by swearing at Mensheviks in Russian in his sleep.[27]
Negotiations with the Provisional Government to obtain passage through Germany for the Russian exiles in return for German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war dragged on. Eventually, bypassing the Provisional Government, on March 31 the Swiss Communist Fritz Platten obtained permission from the German Foreign Minister through his ambassador in Switzerland, Baron Gisbert von Romberg, for Lenin and other Russian exiles to travel through Germany to Russia in a sealed one-carriage train. At Lenin's request the carriage would be protected from interference by a special grant of extraterritorial status.
On April 9 Lenin and Krupskaya met their fellow exiles in Bern, a group eventually numbering thirty boarded a train which took them to Zurich. From there they travelled to the specially arranged train which was waiting at Gottmadingen, just short of the official German crossing station at Singen. Accompanied by two German Army officers, who sat at the rear of the single carriage behind a chalked line, the exiles travelled through Frankfurt and Berlin to Sassnitz (arriving April 12), where a ferry took them to Trelleborg. Krupskaya noted how, looking out of the carriage window as they passed through wartime Germany, the exiles were "struck by the total absence of grown-up men. Only women, teenagers and children could be seen at the wayside stations, on the fields, and in the streets of the towns."[27] Once in Sweden the group travelled by train to Stockholm and thence back to Russia.
Just before midnight on 16 April [O.S. 3 April] 1917, Lenin's train arrived at the Finland Station in Petrograd. He was greeted, to the sound of the Marseillaise, by a crowd of workers, sailors and soldiers bearing red flags: by now a ritual in revolutionary Russia for welcoming home political exiles.[28] Lenin was formally welcomed by Chkheidze, the Menshevik Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. But Lenin pointedly turned to the crowd instead to address it on the international importance of the Russian Revolution:
The piratical imperialist war is the beginning of civil war throughout Europe ... The world-wide Socialist revolution has already dawned ... Germany is seething ... Any day now the whole of European capitalism may crash ... Sailors, comrades, we have to fight for a socialist revolution, to fight until the proletariat wins full victory! Long live the worldwide socialist revolution![29]
The April Theses[link]
On the train from Switzerland, Lenin had composed his famous April Theses: his programme for the Bolshevik Party. In the Theses, Lenin argued that the Bolsheviks should not rest content, like almost all other Russian socialists, with the "bourgeois" February Revolution. Instead the Bolsheviks should press ahead to a socialist revolution of the workers and poorest peasants:
2) The specific feature of the present situation in Russia is that the country is passing from the first stage of the revolution—which, owing to the insufficient class-consciousness and organisation of the proletariat, placed power in the hands of the bourgeoisie—to its second stage, which must place power in the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the peasants.[30]
Lenin argued that this socialist revolution would be achieved by the Soviets taking power from the parliamentary Provisional Government: "No support for the Provisional Government ... Not a parliamentary republic — to return to a parliamentary republic from the Soviets of Workers' Deputies would be a retrograde step — but a republic of Soviets of Workers', Agricultural Labourers' and Peasants' Deputies throughout the country, from top to bottom."[30]
To achieve this, Lenin argued, the Bolsheviks' immediate task was to campaign diligently among the Russian people to persuade them of the need for Soviet power:
4) Recognition of the fact that in most of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies our Party is in a minority, so far a small minority, ... and that therefore our task is, as long as this government yields to the influence of the bourgeoisie, to present a patient, systematic, and persistent explanation of the errors of their tactics, an explanation especially adapted to the practical needs of the masses.[30]
The April Theses were more radical than virtually anything Lenin's fellow revolutionaries had heard. Previous Bolshevik policy had been like that of the Mensheviks in this respect: that Russia was ready only for bourgeois, not socialist, revolution. Joseph Stalin and Lev Kamenev, who had returned from exile in Siberia in mid-March and taken control of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, had been campaigning for support for the Provisional Government. When Lenin presented his Theses to a joint RSDLP meeting, he was booed by the Mensheviks. Boris Bogdanov called them "the ravings of a madman". Of the Bolsheviks, only Kollontai at first supported the Theses.[31]
Lenin arrived at the revolutionary April Theses thanks to his work in exile on the theory of imperialism. Through his study of worldwide politics and economics, Lenin came to view Russian politics in international perspective. In the conditions of the First World War, Lenin believed that, although Russian capitalism was underdeveloped, a socialist revolution in Russia could spark revolution in the more advanced nations of Europe, which could then help Russia achieve economic and social development. A. J. P. Taylor argued: "Lenin made his revolution for the sake of Europe, not for the sake of Russia, and he expected Russia's preliminary revolution to be eclipsed when the international revolution took place. Lenin did not invent the iron curtain. On the contrary it was invented against him by the anti-revolutionary Powers of Europe. Then it was called the cordon sanitaire."[32]
In this way, Lenin moved away from the previous Bolshevik policy of pursuing only bourgeois revolution in Russia, and towards the position of his fellow Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and his theory of permanent revolution, which may have influenced Lenin at this time.[33]
Controversial as it was in April 1917, the programme of the April Theses made the Bolshevik party a political refuge for Russians disillusioned with the Provisional Government and the war.[34][2](pp157–60)
The October Revolution[link]
In Petrograd dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in the spontaneous July Days riots, by industrial workers and soldiers.[2](p158–61) After being suppressed, these riots were blamed by the government on Lenin and the Bolsheviks.[2](pp160–1) Aleksandr Kerensky, Grigory Aleksinsky, and other opponents, also accused the Bolsheviks, especially Lenin—of being Imperial German agents provocateurs; on 17 July, Leon Trotsky defended them:[35]
An intolerable atmosphere has been created, in which you, as well as we, are choking. They are throwing dirty accusations at Lenin and Zinoviev. Lenin has fought thirty years for the revolution. I have fought [for] twenty years against the oppression of the people. And we cannot but cherish a hatred for German militarism . . . I have been sentenced by a German court to eight months' imprisonment for my struggle against German militarism. This everybody knows. Let nobody in this hall say that we are hirelings of Germany.[36]
In the event, the Provisional Government arrested the Bolsheviks and outlawed their Party, prompting Lenin to flee to Finland. In exile again, reflecting on the July Days and its aftermath, Lenin determined that, to prevent the triumph of counter-revolutionary forces, the Provisional Government must be overthrown by an armed uprising.[2](pp162–3) Meanwhile, he published State and Revolution (1917) proposing government by the soviets (worker-, soldier- and peasant-elected councils) rather than by a parliamentary body.[37]
In late August 1917, while Lenin was in hiding in Finland, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army General Lavr Kornilov sent troops from the front to Petrograd in what appeared to be a military coup attempt against the Provisional Government. Kerensky panicked and turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help, allowing the revolutionaries to organise workers as Red Guards to defend Petrograd. The coup petered out before it reached Petrograd thanks to the industrial action of the Petrograd workers and the soldiers' increasing unwillingness to obey their officers.[38]
However, faith in the Provisional Government had been severely shaken. Lenin's slogan since the April Theses – "All power to the soviets!" – became more plausible the more the Provisional Government was discredited in public eyes. The Bolsheviks won a majority in the Petrograd Soviet on 31 August and in the Moscow Soviet on 5 September.[39]
In October Lenin returned from Finland. From the Smolny Institute for girls, Lenin directed the Provisional Government's deposition (6–8 November 1917), and the storming (7–8 November) of the Winter Palace to realise the Kerensky capitulation that established Bolshevik government in Russia.
Forming a government[link]
Lenin had argued in a newspaper article in September 1917:
The peaceful development of any revolution is, generally speaking, extremely rare and difficult ... but ... a peaceful development of the revolution is possible and probable if all power is transferred to the Soviets. The struggle of parties for power within the Soviets may proceed peacefully, if the Soviets are made fully democratic[40]
The October Revolution had been relatively peaceful. The revolutionary forces already had de facto control of the capital thanks to the defection of the city garrison. Few troops had stayed to defend the Provisional Government in the Winter Palace.[41] Most citizens had simply continued about their daily business while the Provisional Government was actually overthrown.[38]
It thus appeared that all power had been transferred to the Soviets relatively peacefully. On the evening of the October Revolution, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets met, with a Bolshevik-Left SR majority, in the Smolny Institute in Petrograd. When the left-wing Menshevik Martov proposed an all-party Soviet government, the Bolshevik Lunacharsky stated that his party did not oppose the idea. The Bolshevik delegates voted unanimously in favour of the proposal.[42]
However, not all Russian socialists supported transferring all power to the Soviets. The Right SRs and Mensheviks walked out of this very first session of the Congress of Soviets in protest at the overthrow of the Provisional Government, of which their parties had been members.[43]
The next day, on the evening of 26 October O.S., Lenin attended the Congress of Soviets: undisguised in public for the first time since the July Days, although not yet having regrown his trademark beard. The American journalist John Reed described the man who appeared at about 8:40 pm to "a thundering wave of cheers":
A short, stocky figure, with a big head set down in his shoulders, bald and bulging. Little eyes, a snubbish nose, wide, generous mouth, and heavy chin; clean-shaven now, but already beginning to bristle with the well-known beard of his past and future. Dressed in shabby clothes, his trousers much too long for him. Unimpressive, to be the idol of a mob, loved and revered as perhaps few leaders in history have been. A strange popular leader—a leader purely by virtue of intellect; colourless, humourless, uncompromising and detached, without picturesque idiosyncrasies—but with the power of explaining profound ideas in simple terms, of analysing a concrete situation. And combined with shrewdness, the greatest intellectual audacity.[44]
According to Reed, Lenin waited for the applause to subside before declaring simply: "We shall now proceed to construct the Socialist order!" Lenin proceeded to propose to the Congress a Decree on Peace, calling on "all the belligerent peoples and to their Governments to begin immediately negotiations for a just and democratic peace", and a Decree on Land, transferring ownership of all "land-owners' estates, and all lands belonging to the Crown, [and] to monasteries" to the Peasants' Soviets. The Congress passed the Decree on Peace unanimously, and the Decree on Land faced only one vote in opposition.[45]
Having approved these key Bolshevik policies, the Congress of Soviets proceeded to elect the Bolsheviks into power as the Council of People's Commissars by "an enormous majority".[46] The Bolsheviks offered posts in the Council to the Left SRs: an offer which the Left SRs at first refused,[47] but later accepted, joining the Bolsheviks in coalition on 12 December O.S.[48] Lenin had suggested that Trotsky take the position of Chairman of the Council—the head of the Soviet government—but Trotsky refused on the grounds that his Jewishness would be controversial, and he took the post of Commissar for Foreign Affairs instead.[47] Thus Lenin became the head of government in Russia.
Trotsky announced the composition of the new Soviet Central Executive Committee: with a Bolshevik majority, but with places reserved for the representatives of the other parties, including the seceded Right SRs and Mensheviks. Trotsky concluded the Congress: "We welcome into the Government all parties and groups which will adopt our programme."[46]
Lenin declared in 1920 that "Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the entire country" in modernising Russia into a 20th-century country:[49]
We must show the peasants that the organisation of industry on the basis of modern, advanced technology, on electrification, which will provide a link between town and country, will put an end to the division between town and country, will make it possible to raise the level of culture in the countryside and to overcome, even in the most remote corners of land, backwardness, ignorance, poverty, disease, and barbarism.[50]
Yet the Bolshevik Government had to first withdraw Russia from the First World War (1914–18). Facing continuing Imperial German eastward advance, Lenin proposed immediate Russian withdrawal from the West European war; yet, other, doctrinaire[clarification needed] Bolshevik leaders (e.g. Nikolai Bukharin) advocated continuing in the war to foment revolution in Germany. Lead peace treaty negotiator Leon Trotsky proposed No War, No Peace, an intermediate-stance Russo–German treaty conditional upon neither belligerent annexing conquered lands; the negotiations collapsed, and the Germans renewed their attack, conquering much of the (agricultural) territory of west Russia. Resultantly, Lenin's withdrawal proposal then gained majority support, and, on 3 March 1918, Russia withdrew from the First World War via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, losing much of its European territory. Because of the German threat Lenin moved the Soviet Government from Petrograd to Moscow on 10–11 March 1918.[2](p212) [51]
On 19 January 1918, relying upon the soviets, the Bolsheviks, allied with anarchists and the Socialist Revolutionaries, dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly thereby consolidating the Bolshevik Government's political power. Yet, that left-wing coalition collapsed consequent to the Social Revolutionaries opposing the territorially expensive Brest-Litovsk treaty the Bolsheviks had concorded with Imperial Germany. The anarchists and the Socialist Revolutionaries then joined other political parties in attempting to depose the Bolshevik Government, who defended themselves with persecution and jail for the anti-Bolsheviks.
To initiate the Russian economic recovery, on 21 February 1920, he launched the GOELRO plan, the State Commission for Electrification of Russia (Государственная комиссия по электрификации России), and also established free universal health care and free education systems, and promulgated the politico-civil rights of women.[52] Moreover, since 1918, in re-establishing the economy, for the productive business administration of each industrial enterprise in Russia, Lenin proposed a government-accountable leader for each enterprise. Workers could request measures resolving problems, but had to abide the leader's ultimate decision. Although contrary to workers' self-management, such pragmatic industrial administration was essential for efficient production and employment of worker expertise. Yet Lenin's doctrinaire[clarification needed] Bolshevik opponents argued that such industrial business management was meant to strengthen State control of labour, and that worker self-management failures were owed to lack of resources, not incompetence. Lenin resolved that problem by licencing (for a month) all workers of most factories; thus historian S. A. Smith's observation: "By the end of the civil war, not much was left of the democratic forms of industrial administration promoted by the factory committees in 1917, but the government argued that this did not matter since industry had passed into the ownership of a workers' state."
Internationally, Lenin's admiration of the Irish socialist revolutionary James Connolly, led to the USSR's being the first country to grant diplomatic recognition to the Irish Republic that fought the Irish War of Independence from Britain. In the event, Lenin developed a friendship with Connolly's revolutionary son, Roddy Connolly.
Establishing the Cheka[link]
Main article: Cheka
On December 20, 1917, "The Whole-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage", the Cheka (Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya – Extraordinary Commission) was created by a decree issued by Lenin to defend the Russian Revolution.[53] The establishment of the Cheka, secret service, headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky, formally consolidated the censorship established earlier, when on "17 November, the Central Executive Committee passed a decree giving the Bolsheviks control over all newsprint and wide powers of closing down newspapers critical of the régime. . . .";[54] non-Bolshevik soviets were disbanded; anti-soviet newspapers were closed until Pravda (Truth) and Izvestia (The News) established their communications monopoly. According to Leonard Schapiro the Bolshevik "refusal to come to terms with the [Revolutionary] socialists, and the dispersal of the Constituent assembly, led to the logical result that revolutionary terror would now be directed, not only against traditional enemies, such as the bourgeoisie or right-wing opponents, but against anyone, be he socialist, worker, or peasant, who opposed Bolshevik rule".[55] On December 19, 1918, a year after its creation, a resolution was adopted at Lenin's behest that forbade the Bolshevik's own press from publishing "defamatory articles" about the Cheka.[56] As Lenin put it: "A Good Communist is also a good Chekist."[56]
Lenin on anti-Semitism[link]
Lenin was enthusiastic about new mass communication technology like the radio and the gramophone and its capacity for educating Russia's mostly illiterate peasant population. In 1919 Lenin recorded eight speeches on to gramophone records. During the Nikita Khrushchev era (1953–64), seven were published. The eighth speech, which was not published, outlined Lenin's thoughts on anti-Semitism:[57]
The tsarist police, in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists, organised pogroms against the Jews. The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews. ... It is not the Jews who are the enemies of the working people. The enemies of the workers are the capitalists of all countries. Among the Jews there are working people, and they form the majority. They are our brothers, who, like us, are oppressed by capital; they are our comrades in the struggle for socialism. ... The capitalists strive to sow and foment hatred between workers of different faiths, different nations and different races. ... Rich Jews, like rich Russians, and the rich in all countries, are in alliance to oppress, crush, rob, and disunite the workers. ... Shame on those who foment hatred towards the Jews, who foment hatred towards other nations.[58]
Failed assassinations[link]
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The first occasion was on 14 January 1918 in Petrograd, when assassins ambushed Lenin in his automobile after a speech. He and Fritz Platten were in the back seat when assassins began shooting, and "Platten grabbed Lenin by the head and pushed him down... Platten's hand was covered in blood, having been grazed by a bullet as he was shielding Lenin".[59]
The second event was on 30 August 1918, when the Socialist Revolutionary Fanya Kaplan approached Lenin at his automobile after a speech; he was resting a foot on the running board as he spoke with a woman. Kaplan called to Lenin, and when he turned to face her she shot at him three times. The first bullet struck his arm, the second bullet his jaw and neck, and the third missed him, wounding the woman with whom he was speaking; the wounds felled him and he became unconscious.[60] Fearing in-hospital assassins, Lenin was brought to his Kremlin apartment; physicians decided against removing the bullets lest the surgery endanger his recovery, which proved to be slow.
Pravda publicly ridiculed Fanya Kaplan as a failed assassin, a latter-day Charlotte Corday (the murderess of Jean-Paul Marat) who could not derail the Russian Revolution, reassuring readers that, immediately after surviving the assassination: "Lenin, shot through twice, with pierced lungs spilling blood, refuses help and goes on his own. The next morning, still threatened with death, he reads papers, listens, learns, and observes to see that the engine of the locomotive that carries us towards global revolution has not stopped working..."; despite unharmed lungs, the neck wound did spill blood into a lung.[61]
The Russian public remained ignorant of the gravity of the physical wounds of the Soviet Head of State[citation needed]. Other than from panegyrics of immortality (viz. the cult of personality[citation needed]), they knew nothing about the (second) failed assassination attempt, the assassin, Fanya Kaplan, or about Lenin's health[citation needed]. Historian Richard Pipes reports that "the impression one gains ... is that the Bolsheviks deliberately underplayed the event to convince the public that, whatever happened to Lenin, they were firmly in control". Moreover, in a letter to his wife (7 September 1918), Leonid Borisovich Krasin, a Tsarist and Soviet régime diplomat, describes the public atmosphere and social response to the failed assassination attempt on 30 August and to Lenin's survival:
As it happens, the attempt to kill Lenin has made him much more popular than he was. One hears a great many people, who are far from having any sympathy with the Bolsheviks, saying that it would be an absolute disaster if Lenin had succumbed to his wounds, as it was first thought he would. And they are quite right, for, in the midst of all this chaos and confusion, he is the backbone of the new body politic, the main support on which everything rests.[62]
A cult of personality originated from his having survived the second assassination attempt[citation needed]. This Lenin, per his intellectual origins and pedigree, disliked and discouraged as the revival of superstition; nevertheless, his health, as a fifty-three-year-old man, declined from the effects of the two bullet wounds, later aggravated by three strokes, culminating in his death.[63]
Red Terror[link]
Main article: Red Terror
File:Tov lenin ochishchaet.jpg
A picture saying, "Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth"
In response to Fanya Kaplan's failed assassination of Lenin on 30 August 1918, and the successful assassination of the Petrograd Cheka chief Moisei Uritsky, Stalin proposed to Lenin "open and systematic mass terror . . . [against] . . . those responsible"; the Bolsheviks instructed Felix Dzerzhinsky to commence a Red Terror, announced in the 1 September 1918 issue of the Krasnaya Gazeta (Red Gazette).[64] To that effect, among other acts, at Moscow, execution lists signed by Lenin authorised the shooting of 25 Tsarist ministers, civil servants, and 765 White Guards in September 1918.[65] In his Diaries in Exile, 1935, Leon Trotsky recollected that Lenin authorised the execution of the Russian Royal Family.[66] However, according to Greg King and Penny Wilson's investigation into the fate of the Romanovs, Trotsky's recollections on this matter, seventeen years after the events described, are unsubstantiated, inaccurate and contradicted by what Trotsky himself said on other occasions.[67] Most historians say there is enough evidence to prove Lenin ordered the killings.[68] According to the late Soviet historian Dmitri Volkogonov:[69]
Indirect evidence shows that the order to execute the royal family was given verbally by Lenin and Sverdlov. The object of 'exterminating the entire Romanov kin' is confirmed by the almost simultaneous murders of Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Feodorovna, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Prince Ivan Konstantinovich, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich, Prince Igor Konstantinovich and Count Vladimir Paley (son of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich), all of them in Alapaevsk, a hundred miles from Yekaterinburg.
Earlier, in October, Lev Kamenev and cohort, had warned the Party that terrorist rule was inevitable, given Lenin's assumption of sole command.[70] In late 1918, when he and Nikolai Bukharin tried curbing Chekist excesses, Lenin over-ruled them; in 1921, via the Politburo, he expanded the Cheka's discretionary death-penalty powers.[71][72]
The foreign-aided White Russian counter-revolution failed for want of popular Russian support, because the Bolshevik proletarian state, protected with "mass terror against enemies of the revolution", was socially organised against the previous capitalist establishment, thus class warfare terrorism in post–Tsarist Russia originated in working class (peasant and worker) anger against the privileged aristocrat classes of the deposed absolute monarchy.[73] During the Russian Civil War, anti-Bolsheviks faced torture and summary execution, and by May 1919, there were some 16,000 enemies of the people imprisoned in the Tsarist katorga labour camps; by September 1921 the prisoner populace exceeded 70,000.[74][75][76][77][78][79]
In pursuing their revolution and counter-revolution the White and the Red Russians committed atrocities, against each other and their supporting populaces, yet contemporary historians disagree about equating the terrorisms—because the Red Terror was Bolshevik Government policy (e.g. Decossackization) against given social classes, whilst the class-based White Terror was racial and political, against Jews, anti-monarchists, and Communists, (cf. White Movement).[80][81] Such numbers are recorded in cities occupied by the Bolsheviks:
In Kharkov there were between 2,000 and 3,000 executions in February–June 1919, and another 1,000–2,000 when the town was taken again in December of that year; in Rostov-on-Don, approximately 1,000 in January 1920; in Odessa, 2,200 in May–August 1919, then 1,500–3,000 between February 1920 and February 1921; in Kiev, at least 3,000 in February–August 1919; in Ekaterinodar, at least 3,000 between August 1920 and February 1921; In Armavir, a small town in Kuban, between 2,000 and 3,000 in August–October 1920. The list could go on and on.[82]
Professor Christopher Read states that though terror was employed at the height of the Civil War fighting, "from 1920 onwards the resort to terror was much reduced and disappeared from Lenin's mainstream discourses and practices".[2](p251) However, after a clerical insurrection in the town of Shuia, in a 19 March 1922 letter to Vyacheslav Molotov and the Politburo, Lenin delineated action against defiers of the decreed Bolshevik removal of Orthodox Church valuables: "We must... put down all resistance with such brutality that they will not forget it for several decades... The greater the number of representatives of the reactionary clergy and reactionary bourgeoisie we succeed in executing... the better."[83] As a result of this letter, historian Orlando Figes estimates that perhaps 8,000 priests and laymen were executed.[84] And the crushing of the revolts in Kronstadt and Tambov in 1921 resulted in tens of thousands of executions.[85]
Civil War[link]
Main article: Russian Civil War
In 1917, as an anti-imperialist, Lenin said that oppressed peoples had the unconditional right to secede from the Russian Empire; however, at end of the Civil War, the USSR annexed Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, because the White Movement used them as attack bases.[86] Lenin pragmatically defended the annexations as geopolitical protection against capitalist imperial depredations.[87]
To maintain the war-isolated cities, keep the armies fed, and to avoid economic collapse, the Bolshevik government established war communism, via prodrazvyorstka, food requisitioning from the peasantry, for little payment, which peasants resisted with reduced harvests. The Bolsheviks blamed the kulaks' withholding grain to increase profits; but statistics indicate most such business occurred in the black market economy.[88][89] Nonetheless, the prodrazvyorstka resulted in armed confrontations which the Cheka and Red Army suppressed with shooting hostages, poison gas, and labour-camp deportation; yet Lenin increased the requisitioning.[80][90][91]
The six-year long White–Red civil war, the war communism, the famine of 1921, which killed an estimated 5 million, and foreign military intervention reduced much of Russia to ruin, and provoked rebellion against the Bolsheviks, the greatest being the Tambov rebellion (1919–21). After the March 1921 left-wing Kronstadt Rebellion mutiny, Lenin replaced war communism with the New Economic Policy (NEP), and successfully rebuilt industry and agriculture. The NEP was his pragmatic recognition of the political and economic realities, despite being a tactical, ideological retreat from the socialist ideal; later, the doctrinaire Joseph Stalin reversed the NEP in consolidating his control of the Communist Party and the USSR.
Lenin and World Revolution[link]
As stated in his Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism Lenin's revolutionary project embraced not just Russia but the world. To implement world revolution the Third or Communist International was convened in Russia in 1919, to replace the discredited Second International.[92] Lenin dominated the first, second (1920) and third (1921) Congresses of the International and hoped to use the organisation as an agency of international socialist revolution.[93] After the failure of revolutionary ambitions in Poland, in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–21, and after various revolutions in Germany and Eastern Europe in 1919 had been crushed, Lenin, increasingly, saw that anti-colonial struggles in the Third World would be the foci of the revolutionary struggle. In 1923 Lenin said:
- The outcome of the struggle will be determined by the fact that Russia, India, China, etc,. account for the overwhelming majority of the population of the globe. And during the last few years it is this majority that has been drawn into the struggle for emancipation with extraordinary rapidity, so that in this respect there cannot be the slightest doubt what the final outcome of the world struggle will be. In this sense the complete victory of socialism is fully and absolutely assured.[94]
Lenin praised Chinese socialist revolutionary leader Sun Yatsen and his Kuomintang party for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun, his attempts on social reformation and congratulated him for fighting foreign Imperialism.[95][96][97] Sun also returned the praise, calling him a "great man", and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia.[98] Organised on Leninism,[99] the Kuomintang was a nationalist revolutionary party, which had been supported by the Soviet Union.
After Lenin's death in 1924, world revolution was soon rejected by his successor Joseph Stalin in favour of Socialism in One Country. This contributed to the split with Leon Trotsky.
Later life and death[link]
The mental strains of leading a revolution, governing, and fighting a civil war aggravated the physical debilitation consequent to the wounds from the attempted assassinations; Lenin retained a bullet in his neck, until a German surgeon removed it on 24 April 1922.[100] Among his comrades, Lenin was notable for working almost ceaselessly, fourteen to sixteen hours daily, occupied with minor, major, and routine matters. About the man at his life's end, Volkogonov said:
Lenin was involved in the challenges of delivering fuel into Ivanovo-Vosnesensk... the provision of clothing for miners, he was solving the question of dynamo construction, drafted dozens of routine documents, orders, trade agreements, was engaged in the allocation of rations, edited books and pamphlets at the request of his comrades, held hearings on the applications of peat, assisted in improving the workings at the "Novii Lessner" factory, clarified in correspondence with the engineer P. A. Kozmin the feasibility of using wind turbines for the electrification of villages... all the while serving as an adviser to party functionaries almost continuously.[101]
When already sick, Lenin remembered that, since 1917, he had only rested twice: once, whilst hiding from the Kerensky Provisional Government (when he wrote The State and Revolution), and whilst recovering from Fanya Kaplan's failed assassination.[102] In March 1922, when physicians examined him, they found evidence of neither nervous nor organic pathology, but, given his fatigue and the headaches he suffered, they prescribed rest. Upon returning to St. Petersburg in May 1922, Lenin suffered the first of three strokes, which left him unable to speak for weeks, and severely hampered motion in his right side; by June, he had substantially recovered. By August he resumed limited duties, delivering three long speeches in November. In December 1922, he suffered the second stroke that partly paralyzed his right side, he then withdrew from active politics. In March 1923, he suffered the third stroke that rendered him mute and bed-ridden until his death.
After the first stroke, Lenin dictated government papers to Nadezhda; among them was Lenin's Testament (changing the structure of the soviets), partly inspired by the 1922 Georgian Affair (Russian cultural assimilation of constituent USSR republics[citation needed]), and it criticised high-rank Communists, including Joseph Stalin, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Leon Trotsky. About the Communist Party's General Secretary (since 1922), Joseph Stalin, Lenin reported that the "unlimited authority" concentrated in him was unacceptable, and suggested that "comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post." His phrasing, "Сталин слишком груб", implies "personal rudeness, unnecessary roughness, lack of finesse", flaws "intolerable in a Secretary-General".
At Lenin's death, Nadezhda mailed his testament to the central committee, to be read aloud to the 13th Party Congress in May 1924. However, to remain in power, the ruling troika—Stalin, Kamenev, Zinoviev—suppressed Lenin's Testament; it was not published until 1925, in the United States, by the American intellectual Max Eastman. In that year, Trotsky published an article minimising the importance of Lenin's Testament, saying that Lenin's notes should not be perceived as a will, that it had been neither concealed, nor violated;[103] yet he did invoke it in later anti-Stalin polemics.[104][105]
Lenin died at 18.50 hrs, Moscow time, on 21 January 1924, aged 53, at his estate at Gorki settlement (later renamed Gorki Leninskiye). In the four days that the Bolshevik Leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin lay in state, more than 900,000 mourners viewed his body in the Hall of Columns; among the statesmen who expressed condolences to Russia (the USSR) was Chinese premier Sun Yat-sen, who said:
Through the ages of world history, thousands of leaders and scholars appeared who spoke eloquent words, but these remained words. You, Lenin, were an exception. You not only spoke and taught us, but translated your words into deeds. You created a new country. You showed us the road of joint struggle... You, great man that you are, will live on in the memories of the oppressed people through the centuries.[106]
Winston Churchill, who encouraged British intervention against the Russian Revolution, in league with the White Movement, to destroy the Bolsheviks and Bolshevism, said:
He alone could have found the way back to the causeway... The Russian people were left floundering in the bog. Their worst misfortune was his birth... their next worst his death.[107]
Three days after his death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honour, so remaining until 1991, when the USSR dissolved, yet the administrative area remains "Leningrad Oblast". In the early 1920s, the Russian cosmism movement proved so popular that Leonid Krasin and Alexander Bogdanov proposed to cryonically preserve Lenin for future resurrection, yet, despite buying the requisite equipment, that was not done.[108] Instead, the body of V. I. Lenin was embalmed and permanently exhibited in Lenin's Mausoleum, in Moscow, on 27 January 1924.
Despite the official diagnosis of death from stroke consequences, the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov reported that Lenin died of neurosyphilis, according to a publication by V. Lerner and colleagues in the European Journal of Neurology in 2004. The authors also note that "It is possible that future DNA technology applied to Lenin's preserved brain material could ultimately establish or disprove neurosyphilis as the primary cause of Lenin's death."[109]
In January 2011, United Russia party created a website «goodbyelenin.ru» with voting on a question whether Lenin's body should be buried.[110][111]
Personal life and characteristics[link]
According to Leon Trotsky, who knew him well:
- Lenin's outward appearance was distinguished by simplicity and strength. He was below the middle height, with the plebeian features of the Slavonic type of face, brightened by piercing eyes; and his powerful forehead and still more powerful head gave him a marked distinction.[112]
According to most reports, in his personal life Lenin was a modest and unassuming man. He liked children and cats and his enthusiasms included bicycling, amateur photography, chess, skating, swimming, hunting, music and hiking.[113] When in exile in Switzerland, Lenin, accompanied by his wife Krupskaya, developed a considerable passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks.[2](pp20, 64, 132–37) Lenin's personal life is documented in detail in his wife's book Memories of Lenin.[2](pp2, 301)
Writings[link]
Lenin was a prolific political theoretician and philosopher who wrote about the practical aspects of carrying out a proletarian revolution; he wrote pamphlets, articles, and books, without a stenographer or secretary, until prevented by illness.[114] He simultaneously corresponded with comrades, allies, and friends, in Russia and world-wide. His Collected Works comprise 54 volumes, each of about 650 pages, translated into English in 45 volumes by Progress Publishers, Moscow 1960–70.[115] The most influential include:
- What is to be Done? (1902) states that a revolution requires a professional vanguard party.
- Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916) explains why capitalism had not collapsed, as Marx had posited, presenting the First World War as a capitalist war for land, resources, and cheap labour.
- The State and the Revolution (1917) interprets the ideas of Marx and Engels, the October Revolution's theoretic basis, and opposes the social-democratic tendency as indecisive in effecting revolution.
- April Theses (1917) propose the socio-economic need for a socialist revolution.
- "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920) sharply criticizes the "ultra-left"
Soviet censorship of Lenin[link]
After Lenin's death, the USSR selectively censored his writings, to establish the dogma of the infallibility of Lenin, Stalin (his successor), and the Central Committee;[116] thus, the Soviet fifth edition (55 vols., 1958–65) of Lenin's œuvre deleted the Lenin–Stalin contradictions, and all that was unfavourable to the founder of the USSR.[117] The historian Richard Pipes published a documentary collection of letters and telegrams excluded from the Soviet fifth edition, proposing that edition as incomplete.[118]
Legacy[link]
| “ | As influential as he was in life, Lenin may have been more so in death. Over 100 million have lined up to view his mummified body. His memory has been used to support every change in Soviet policy and every new regime since his death. His theories inspired the successful revolutions of Fidel Castro, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi Minh; as well as countless other revolutionaries in countries full of oppressed and powerless people. | ” |
When Lenin died on January 21, 1924, near Moscow, he was acclaimed as "the greatest genius of mankind" and "the leader and teacher of the peoples of the whole world".[10] Historian J. Arch Getty has remarked that "Lenin deserves a lot of credit for the notion that the meek can inherit the earth, that there can be a political movement based on social justice and equality".[11] Time Magazine also named Lenin one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century,[119] and one of their top 25 political icons of all time; remarking that "for decades, Marxist-Leninist rebellions shook the world while Lenin's embalmed corpse lay in repose in the Red Square".[120] Following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, reverence for Lenin declined among the post-Soviet generations, yet he remains an important historical figure for the Soviet-era generations.[121]
According to the article in Encyclopædia Britannica written by Professor of Northern Illinois University Albert Resis:[122]
| “ | If the Bolshevik Revolution is-as some people have called it-the most significant political event of the 20th century, then Lenin must for good or ill be considered the century's most significant political leader. Not only in the scholarly circles of the former Soviet Union, but even among many non-Communist scholars, he has been regarded as both the greatest revolutionary leader and revolutionary statesman in history, as well as the greatest revolutionary thinker since Marx | ” |
In space, Lenin is commemorated by asteroid 852 Wladilena
Statues and city names[link]
Although many Eastern European countries have removed most statues of Lenin, Russia still retains some. Furthermore, also in 1991, after a contested vote between Communists and liberals, the Leningrad government reverted the city's name to St. Petersburg, whilst the surrounding Leningrad Oblast remained so named;[123] like-wise the city of Ulyanovsk (V. I. Lenin's birthplace) remains so named. Gyumri in Armenia was named Leninakan from 1924 to 1990, Khujand in Tajikistan Leninabad from 1936 to 1991.
Lenin’s Funeral Van and Lenin’s Locomotive[link]
Lenin’s locomotive U-127 (Russian Y-127) and Lenin’s funeral van No 1691 were preserved at what was the Museum of Lenin’s Funeral train. It is now the Museum of the Moscow Railway
In popular culture[link]
Film[link]
File:October film Lenin.jpg
Lenin as represented in Sergei Eisenstein's 1927 film October.
- Sergei Eisenstein's October: Ten Days That Shook the World (1927) became an influential celebratory dramatization of the 1917 October Revolution.
- Three Songs About Lenin (1934) is a documentary silent film by Russian filmmaker Dziga Vertov.
- Lenin appeared as a character in the Soviet films Lenin in October (1937) and Lenin in 1918 (1939), both directed by Mikhail Romm.
- Sergei Yutkevich directed a series of films about Lenin, featuring Maxim Straukh. These include The Man With the Gun (1938), Yakov Sverdlov (1940), Stories of Lenin (1957), Lenin in Poland (1966) and Lenin in Paris (1981).[124]
- Lenin was portrayed by Michael Bryant in the 1971 film Nicholas and Alexandra.
- All My Lenins (1997) is a historical comedy by Hardi Volmer.
Television[link]
- Lenin was portrayed by Patrick Stewart in the 1974 BBC miniseries Fall of Eagles.
- Lenin was portrayed by Kenneth Cranham in the 1983 BBC miniseries Reilly: Ace of Spies.
- Lenin was portrayed by Ben Kingsley in the 1988 television film Lenin: The Train.
See also[link]
|
References[link]
- ^ Триумф и Трагедия - И. В. Сталин: политический портрет. (Triumph and Tragedy - I. V. Stalin : A Political Portrait) Дмитрий Волкогонов (Dmitriy Volkogonov). Book 1, Part 1, PP. 95 - 114. Новости Publications. Moscow. 1989.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.
- ^ a b c Hill, Christopher (1971). Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-021297-6.
- ^ "Vladimir Lenin Was Part Jewish, Say Declassified KGB Files". Time. 13 June 2011. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2077413,00.html.
- ^ a b Ronald W. Clark, Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask, London: Faber and Faber (1989), p. 4.
- ^ "Moscow Museum Puts Lenin's Jewish Roots on Display". The New York Times (New York). 23 May 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/05/23/world/europe/AP-EU-Russia-Lenins-Secrets.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=lenin%20jewish&st=cse. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ Ronald W. Clark, Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask, London: Faber and Faber (1989), pp. 4, 9.
- ^ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, What Is To Be Done? (1902), Lenin Internet Archive.
- ^ Volkogonov, Dmitri. Lenin – A New Biography.
- ^ a b c d Lenin entry from the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1968
- ^ a b c d Biography (TV series) - Vladimir Lenin, Voice of Revolution, A&E Network, 2005, ASIN B000AABKX6
- ^ Service, Robert. Lenin: A Biography. London: Pan. ISBN 0-330-49139-3.
- ^ Danilov, Eugene (Moscow, 2007). Lenin: Secrets of Life and Death. Zebra E. p. 181. ISBN 978-5-17-043866-2.
- ^ J. Brooks and G. Chernyavskiy (2007) Lenin and the Making of the Soviet State. Bedford/St Martin's: Boston and New York
- ^ Vladimir Iyich Lenin, "New Economic Developments in Peasant Life," contained in Lenin: Collected Works, Volume 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972) pp. 11-73.
- ^ See page 11 of Lenin: Collected Works, Volume 1.
- ^ V. I. Lenin, "On the So-Called Market Question," contained in Lenin: Collected Works, Volume 1, pp. 75-125.
- ^ a b Lenin, Vladimir I. (1899). "The Development of Capitalism in Russia: The Process of the Formation of a Home Market for Large-Scale Industry". http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1899/devel/index.htm. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- ^ Paul Le Blanc (1908) Revolution, Democracy, Socialism, Selected Writings of Lenin. London, Pluto Press p. 9
- ^ Rupert Woodfin (2004) Introducing Marxism. Royston: Icon Books: 89–90
- ^ Rupert Woodfin (2004) Introducing Marxism. Royston: Icon Books, p. 91
- ^ Balaam, David N. and Veseth, Michael (2001). Introduction to International Political Economy (2 ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 76-78. ISBN 978-0-13-018349-1. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/ess_leninscritique.html. "Lenin developed a perspective on IPE that took Marx's class struggle, based on the mode of production, and used it to explain capitalism's international effects as transmitted through the production and finance structures of rich industrial countries to the poorer developing regions of the world. Lenin's famous summary of his views is Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917)."
- ^ Harding, Neil, Lenin's Political Thought (1986), p. 250.
- ^ Clar, Ronald W. Lenin: the Man Behind the Mask (1988) p. 154.
- ^ Paul Bowles (2007) Capitalism. Pearson: Harlow: 93
- ^ Lenin, V. I., Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (2000) New Delhi: LeftWord Books p. 34
- ^ a b c N. K. Krupskaya, Reminiscences of Lenin (1933), Krupskaya Internet Archive.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), p. 384.
- ^ Ronald W. Clark, Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask, London: Faber and Faber (1989), pp. 210–1.
- ^ a b c Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution (a.k.a. The April Theses) (1917), Lenin Internet Archive.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), p. 388.
- ^ A. J. P. Taylor, 'Introduction', in John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World, London: Penguin (1977), xviii.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), p. 387 n.
- ^ Read, Christopher (1996). From Czar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917–21. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–153. ISBN 0-19-521241-X.
- ^ (Russian) Biography of Grigory Aleksinsky, XPOHOC, www.hrono.ru
- ^ Trotsky, Leon. "The Month of The Great Slander". The History of the Russian Revolution; Volume 2,Chapter 27. http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-hrr/ch27.htm.
- ^ Lenin, Vladimir (1917). "The State and Revolution". http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/index.htm.
- ^ a b Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2008), p. 60.
- ^ Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2008), pp. 60–1.
- ^ V. I. Lenin, 'The Russian Revolution And Civil War: They Are Trying To Frighten Us With Civil War', Rabochy Put ('The Workers' Path') No. 12 (29 September 1917), Lenin Internet Archive.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), pp. 481, 491.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), pp. 489–90.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), p. 490.
- ^ John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World, London: Penguin (1977), p. 128. (Available online, courtesy of the Marxists Internet Archive.)
- ^ John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World, London: Penguin (1977), pp. 129–137. (Available online, courtesy of the Marxists Internet Archive.)
- ^ a b John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World, London: Penguin (1977), p. 143. (Available online, courtesy of the Marxists Internet Archive.)
- ^ a b Ronald W. Clark, Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask, London: Faber and Faber (1988), p. 279.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1996), p. 512.
- ^ Lenin "Collected Works", vol. 31, p. 516.
- ^ Lenin "Collected Works", vol. 30, p. 335.
- ^ LENINE'S MIGRATION A QUEER SCENE, The New York Times, 16 March 1918
- ^ "Women and Marxism - Lenin". Marxists.org. 2003-11-14. http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/subject/women/index.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ The Impact of Stalin's Leadership in the USSR, 1924–1941. Nelson Thornes. 2008. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7487-8267-3.
- ^ Leonard Shapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- ^ Leonard Bertram Schapiro. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970. ISBN 0-413-27900-6 p. 183. See also: Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions, V
- ^ a b Black Book of Communism, p. 79
- ^ Ronald W. Clark, Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask, London: Faber and Faber (1988), ISBN 978-0-06-015802-6, p. 456.
- ^ V. I. Lenin, 'Anti-Jewish Pogroms' (1919), Lenin Internet Archive.
- ^ Volkogonov, Dimitri. Lenin – A New Biography. New York: Free Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-02-933435-7.
- ^ Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution (Vintage Books, 1990) p. 807
- ^ Dr. V. Bonch-Bruevich, Lenin's attending physician, Tri Pokusheniia na V. Lenina, 1924.
- ^ Krassin, Lubov, Leonid Krassin: His Life and Work, by his wife (1929) Skeffington: London
- ^ Clark, Ronald, Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask (1988) p. 373
- ^ "Red Terror". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSterror.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ Gellately, Robert (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf. p. 57. ISBN 1-4000-4005-1.
- ^ Trotskii, Dnevniki i pis'ma, 100-1, cited in Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. Penguin Books. p. 638. ISBN 0-19-822862-7.
- ^ Greg King and Penny Wilson (2003) The Fate of the Romanovs. Hoboken, Wiley: 294
- ^ Adrian Blomfield. Russia exonerates Tsar Nicholas II The Telegraph, October 1, 2008.
- ^ Volkogonov, Dmitri (2006). Lenin: A New Biography. Free Press. p. 212. ISBN 0-02-933435-7.
- ^ Orlando Figes. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. Penguin Books, 1997 ISBN 0-19-822862-7 p. 630
- ^ Figes, Orlando (1998). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924. Penguin. p. 649. ISBN 0-14-024364-X.
- ^ Volkogonov, Dimitri. Lenin – A New Biography. New York: Free Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-02-933435-7.
- ^ Figes, Orlando (1998). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924. Penguin. pp. 524–25. ISBN 0-14-024364-X.
- ^ Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1-4000-4005-1 p. 65
- ^ Melgunov, Sergei, Red Terror in Russia (1975) Hyperion Pr, ISBN 0-88355-187-X. See: The Record of the Red Terror
- ^ Lincoln, W. Bruce, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (1999) Da Capo Press.pp. 383–385 ISBN 0-306-80909-5
- ^ Leggett, George (1987). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 0-19-822862-7.
- ^ Orlando Figes. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. Penguin Books, 1997 ISBN 0-19-822862-7 p. 647
- ^ Black Book of Communism, p. 80
- ^ a b "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Russian.
- ^ Black Book of Communism, p. 82
- ^ Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stephane Courtois, Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, page 106, ISBN 0-674-07608-7. Chapter 4: The Red Terror Black Book
- ^ Pipes, Richard (1996). The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Yale University Press. pp. 152–154. ISBN 0-300-06919-7.
- ^ Figes, Orlando (27 October 1996). "Censored by His Own Regime". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E1DB1230F934A15753C1A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2.
- ^ Donald Rayfield. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. Random House, 2004. ISBN 0-375-50632-2 p. 85
- ^ Pipes, Richard (1994). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. Vintage. pp. 141–166. ISBN 0-679-76184-5.
- ^ Lenin, Vladimir (1915). "The Revolutionary Proletariat and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination". http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/oct/16.htm.
- ^ "An exchange of letters on the BBC documentary Lenin's Secret Files". World Socialist Web Site. 6 March 1998. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070213155724/http://www.wsws.org/correspo/1998/mar1998/leni-m06.shtml. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- ^ Carr, E.H. (1966). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923, Part 2. p. 233. Chase, W.J. (1987). Workers, Society and the Soviet State: Labour and Life in Moscow 1918–1929. pp. 26–27. Nove, A. (1982). An Economic History of the USSR. p. 62. "Flewers, Paul, War Communism in Retrospect". http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Back/Wnext5/Warcomm.html.
- ^ Black Book of Communism pp. 92–97, 116–121.
- ^ "Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions, VII". Gmu.edu. http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/his1g.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ E. H. Carr (1979) The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin 1917–1929. London, Macmillan: 14
- ^ E.H. Carr (1979) The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin 1917–1929. London, Macmillan: 14, 16–17, 46–8
- ^ Lenin, quoted in Prabhat Patnaik "Introduction" to Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Revolution. New Delhi, Leftward Books, p. 8
- ^ Robert Payne (2008). Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China (reprint ed.). Brownell Press. p. 324. ISBN 1-4437-2521-8.
- ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 1980. p. 237. http://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov, ed. (1982). Great Soviet encyclopedia, Volume 25. Macmillan. http://books.google.com/books?id=mF0NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA237. Retrieved 2010-06-28. (Original from the University of Michigan)
- ^ Bernice A Verbyla (2010). Aunt Mae's China. Xulon Press. p. 358. ISBN 1-60957-456-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=lSVK8qxOsG8C&pg=PA170. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Jonathan Fenby (2005). Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost (illustrated ed.). Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 562. ISBN 0-7867-1484-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=GTgEPrlfvG4C&pg=PA337. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "LENIN UNDER THE KNIFE. - Surgeon Extracts a Bullet Which Troubled Him for Three Years. - View Article - NYTimes.com". New York Times. 1922-04-26. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9400E6D91739EF3ABC4E51DFB2668389639EDE. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ Триумф и Трагедия – И. В. Сталин: политический портрет. (Triumph and Tragedy – I. V. Stalin : A Political Portrait) Дмитрий Волкогонов (Dmitriy Volkogonov). Book 1, Part 1, pp. 114. Новости Publications. Moscow. 1989.
- ^ Триумф и Трагедия – И. В. Сталин: политический портрет. (Triumph and Tragedy – I. V. Stalin : A Political Portrait) Дмитрий Волкогонов (Dmitriy Volkogonov). Book 1, Part 1, pp. 111. Новости Publications. Moscow. 1989.
- ^ Trotsky, L. D., "Concerning Eastman's Book Since Lenin Died", Bolshevik 16; 1 September 1925; p. 68. Concerning Eastman's Book Since Lenin Died minimising its significance. "In several parts of his book, Eastman says that the Central Committee concealed from the Party a number of exceptionally important documents written by Lenin in the last period of his life (it is a matter of letters on the national question, the so-called 'will', and others); there can be no other name for this, than slander against the Central Committee of our Party. . . . Vladimir Ilyich did not leave any 'will', and the very character of his attitude towards the Party, as well as the character of the Party, itself, precluded any possibility of such a 'will'. What is usually referred to as a 'will' in the émigré and foreign bourgeois and Menshevik press (in a manner garbled beyond recognition) is one of Vladimir Ilyich's letters containing advice on organisational matters. The 13th Congress of the Party paid the closest attention to that letter, as to all of the others, and drew from it the conclusions appropriate to the conditions and circumstances of the time. All talk about concealing or violating a 'will' is a malicious invention."
- ^ Trotsky, Leon. My Life (1930) The Marxists Internet Archive
- ^ Trotsky, Leon (1932). On the Suppressed Testament of Lenin. The Marxists Internet Archive. http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1932/12/lenin.htm. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- ^ Gorin, Vadim, Lenin: A Biography (1983) Progress Publishers, pp. 469–70
- ^ Mauchline Roberts, Elizabeth, Lenin and the Downfall of Tsarist Russia (1966) p. 92.
- ^ See the article: А.М. и А.А. Панченко «Осьмое чудо света», in the book Панченко А.М. О русской истории и культуре. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2003. p. 433.
- ^ V. Lerner, Y. Finkelstein and E. Witztum, "The enigma of Lenin's (1870–1924) malady". European Journal of Neurology, 2004, 11: 371–376
- ^ "RUSSIE • En finir avec la momie de Lénine". Courrier international. 2011-01-21. http://www.courrierinternational.com/revue-de-presse/2011/01/21/en-finir-avec-la-momie-de-lenine. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ "Радио ЭХО Москвы :: Новости / Голосование за и против захоронения тела Владимира Ленина началось в интернете". Echo.msk.ru. 2011-01-22. http://www.echo.msk.ru/news/743877-echo.html. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ Leon Trotsky (1939) "Lenin" in The Encyclopædia Britannica (Fourteenth Edition): 911–914
- ^ Paul Le Blanc (2008) Revolution, Democracy, Socialism – Selected Writings of Lenin. London, Pluto Press: 24–5
- ^ Триумф и Трагедия – И. В. Сталин: политический портрет. (Triumph and Tragedy – I. V. Stalin : A Political Portrait) Дмитрий Волкогонов (Dmitri Volkogonov). Book 1, Part 1, pp. 110. Новости Publications. Moscow. 1989.
- ^ "Lenin Collected Works". Marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ Trotsky, Leon (1930). Volume Three: The Triumph of the Soviets; Appendix No. 1.
- ^ Figes, Orlando (27 October 1996). "Censored by His Own Regime". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E1DB1230F934A15753C1A960958260.
- ^ Pipes, Richard (1999). The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Yale University Press. pp. 2-3. ISBN 978-0-300-07662-2. "It has long been known to scholars that the fifth, the "complete" edition was in fact far from complete. The two-volume Trotsky Papers, based on the Trotsky Archive at the Harvard Houghton Library, brought to light a number of previously unpublished documents by Lenin. It was also apparent to Western scholars that in addition to omitting entire documents, the editors of the fifth edition had occasionally tampered with Lenin's texts, censoring passages which for one reason or another they judged unfit of republic consumption. But just how incomplete the fifth edition was did not become known until the breakup of the Soviet Union in late 1991, when President Boris Yeltsin ordered Russian archives to be removed from the control of the Communist Party and placed under the authority of state organs. It then transpired that the Central Party Archive, now renamed the Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History, or RTsKhIDNI, held no fewer than 6,7724 unpublished Lenin manuscripts—that is, twice the number included in the so-called complete collection!"
- ^ TIME 100: Vladimir Lenin by David Remnick, April 13, 1998.
- ^ Top 25 Political Icons: Lenin by Feifei Sun, Time, February 4, 2011
- ^ Pipes, Richard (May/June 2004). "Flight From Freedom: What Russians Think and Want". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040501facomment83302-p20/richard-pipes/flight-from-freedom-what-russians-think-and-want.html.
- ^ Resis, Albert. "Vladimir lenin". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335881/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ Maryland Government, St Petersburg/Leningrad Oblast
- ^ David Robinson (1981) World Cinema 1895–1980. London, Methuen: 223
Further reading[link]
- Blackledge, Paul (3 July 2006). "What was done". International Socialism (London: Socialist Workers Party (Britain)) (111). ISSN 1754-4653. http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=218&issue=111. Retrieved 2010-06-25. A review of Lars T Lih, Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context
- Cliff, Tony (1986). Building the Party: Lenin, 1893–1914. Haymarket Books. ISBN 1-931859-01-9.
- Felshtinsky, Yuri (2010). Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-95-2.
- Fischer, Louis (2001). The Life of Lenin. Orion Publishing Co.. ISBN 1-84212-230-4.
- Gellately, Robert (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4005-1.
- Gooding, John (2002). Socialism In Russia: Lenin and His Legacy, 1890–1991. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-97235-X.
- Hill, Christopher (1971). Lenin and the Russia Revolution. Pelican Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-14-021297-6.
- Kolakowski, Leszek and Falla, P. S. (2005). Main Currents of Marxism. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06054-3.
- Leggett, George (1987). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822862-7.
- Lih, Lars T. (2008) [2006]. Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context. Chicago: Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-931859-58-5.
- Lenin, Vladimir (2002). Revolution at the Gates: A Selection of Writings from February to October 1917 by V. I. Lenin. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-661-0.
- Pannekoek, Anton; Richey, Lance Byron (2003). Lenin as Philosopher. Marquette University Press. ISBN 0-87462-654-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=L89oAAAAMAAJ.
- Payne, Robert (1967). The Life And Death Of Lenin. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-41640-5.
- Pipes, Richard (1999). The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07662-2.
- Rappaport, Helen (2010). Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01395-1.
- Service, Robert (2002). Lenin: A Biography. Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00828-6.
- Shub, David (1965). Lenin: A Biography. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-020809-7.
- Toynbee, Arnold (July 1970). "A Centenary View of Lenin". International Affairs (Blackwell Publishing) 46 (3): 490–500. DOI:10.2307/2613225. JSTOR 2613225.
- Trotsky, Leon (1971). On Lenin: Notes Towards a Biography. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-50302-1.
- Tucker, Robert C. (1975). The Lenin Anthology. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-09236-4.
- Volkogonov, Dmitri (2006). Lenin: A New Biography. Free Press. ISBN 0-02-933435-7.
External links[link]
| Find more about Vladimir Lenin on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- Works by or about Vladimir Lenin in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Marx2Mao.org – Lenin Internet Library
- Lenin's speech (video) – Lenin's speech with subtitles
- Article on Lenin written by Trotsky for the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Reminiscences of Lenin by N. K. Krupskaya
- The Lenin Museum in Tampere, Finland
- Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions
- Lenin Internet Archive Biography includes interviews with Lenin and essays on the leader
- Mirrors of Moscow: Nikolai Lenin by Louise Bryant
- Nicolai Lenin His Life and Work by G. Zinovieff, Indiana State University
- The Personality and Power of Nikolai Lenin From Raymond Robins' Own Story by William Hard (1920)
- TIME 100: V.I. Lenin by David Remnick, 13 April 1998
- Re: Lenin in color – high quality edition on YouTube
- The Ghosts of Lenin Abound by The Moscow News Weekly, January 15, 2009
- Lenin's Fight to Defend Working-class Power and Revolutionary Internationalism by The Militant
- Lenin's Funeral Train in its own museum next to Paveletsky Rail Terminal
- Works by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin at Project Gutenberg
- Museum of Communists
- Marxists.org Lenin Internet Archive – Extensive compendium of writings, a biography, and many photographs
Selected works[link]
- Main website Lenin's Works
- Lenin's Speeches on Gramophone Records
- The Development of Capitalism in Russia
- What is to be Done? [1]
- One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
- Reply by N. Lenin to Rosa Luxemburg
- Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution
- Materialism and Empirio-Criticism
- The Right of Nations to Self-Determination
- Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
- The State and Revolution [2]
- How to Organise Competition?
- The April Theses [3]
- The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky
- Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder [4]
- Lenin's Testament
- Lenin's last letter to Stalin
- Lenin's Complete Collected Works, in 55 volumes. (Russian)
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by None |
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR 1917–1924 |
Succeeded by Alexey Rykov |
| Preceded by None |
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union 1922–1924 |
|
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by None |
Chairman of the Council of Labour and Defence 1918–1920 |
Succeeded by Himself as Chair of the Sovnarkom |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich |
| Alternative names | Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov, Владимир Ильич Ульянов (Ленин) (Russian) |
| Short description | Russian politician, led October Revolution |
| Date of birth | (1870-04-22)22 April 1870 |
| Place of birth | Simbirsk, Russia |
| Date of death | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) |
| Place of death | Moscow, Russia |
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Lenin
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http://ru.wn.com/Ленин, Владимир Ильич
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin
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23:34
Heirs of Vladimir Lenin: A Review of the 1917 Russian Revolution
thefilmarchived
Heirs of Vladimir Lenin: A Review of the 1917 Russian Revolution
thefilmarchive.org The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The Tsar was deposed and replaced by a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government. The February Revolution (March 1917) was a revolution focused around Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). In the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament or Duma assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar of Russia, abdicated. The Soviets (workers' councils), which were led by more radical socialist factions, initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule, but insisted on a prerogative to influence the government and control various militias. The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War, which left much of the army in a state of mutiny. A period of dual power ensued, during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of Soviets, led by socialists, had the allegiance of the lower-class citizens and the <b>...</b>
2:28
Lenin's speech on anti-Jewish pogroms [Engl. subt.] Lenin juduen kontrako pogromoei buruz
LiebknechtTB
Lenin's speech on anti-Jewish pogroms [Engl. subt.] Lenin juduen kontrako pogromoei buruz
[Darkmatter1985ri kopiatutako bideoa] ****************************************** www.icl-fi.org *************************************************** "Anti-Semitism means spreading enmity towards the Jews. When the accursed tsarist monarchy was living its last days it tried to incite ignorant workers and peasants against the Jews. The tsarist police, in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists, organised pogroms against the Jews. The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews. In other countries, too, we often see the capitalists fomenting hatred against the Jews in order to blind the workers, to divert their attention from the real enemy of the working people, capital. Hatred towards the Jews persists only in those countries where slavery to the landowners and capitalists has created abysmal ignorance among the workers and peasants. Only the most ignorant and downtrodden people can believe the lies and slander that are spread about the Jews. This is a survival of ancient feudal times, when the priests burned heretics at the stake, when the peasants lived in slavery, and when the people were crushed and inarticulate. This ancient, feudal ignorance is passing away; the eyes of the people are being opened. It is not the Jews who are the enemies of the working people. The enemies of the workers are the capitalists of all countries. Among the Jews there are working people, and they form <b>...</b>
2:09
Goodbye Lenin - Trailer #2
thecultbox
Goodbye Lenin - Trailer #2
Together with "The Lives of Others", there are the peaks of German cinema during 2000-2010. East Germany, the year 1989: A young man protests against the regime. His mother watches the police arresting him and suffers a heart attack and falls into a coma. Some months later, the GDR does not exist anymore and the mother awakes. Since she has to avoid every excitement, the son tries to set up the GDR again for her in their flat. But the world has changed a lot. Starring: Daniel Brühl, Katrin Saß, Chulpan Khamatova
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