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food \food\, n. [OE. fode, AS. f[=o]da; akin to Icel. f[ae][eth]a, f[ae][eth]i, Sw. f["o]da, Dan. & LG. f["o]de, OHG. fatunga, Gr. patei^sthai to eat, and perh. to Skr. p[=a] to protect, L. pascere to feed, pasture, pabulum food, E. pasture. [root]75. Cf. Feed, Fodder food, Foster to cherish.] 1. What is fed upon; that which goes to support life by being received within, and assimilated by, the organism of an animal or a plant; nutriment; aliment; especially, what is eaten by animals for nourishment. [1913 Webster]
Note: In a physiological sense, true aliment is to be distinguished as that portion of the food which is capable of being digested and absorbed into the blood, thus furnishing nourishment, in distinction from the indigestible matter which passes out through the alimentary canal as f[ae]ces. [1913 Webster]
Note: Foods are divided into two main groups: nitrogenous, or proteid, foods, i.e., those which contain nitrogen, and nonnitrogenous, i.e., those which do not contain nitrogen. The latter group embraces the fats and carbohydrates, which collectively are sometimes termed heat producers or respiratory foods, since by oxidation in the body they especially subserve the production of heat. The proteids, on the other hand, are known as plastic foods or tissue formers, since no tissue can be formed without them. These latter terms, however, are misleading, since proteid foods may also give rise to heat both directly and indirectly, and the fats and carbohydrates are useful in other ways than in producing heat. [1913 Webster]
2. Anything that instructs the intellect, excites the feelings, or molds habits of character; that which nourishes. [1913 Webster]
This may prove food to my displeasure. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
In this moment there is life and food For future years. --Wordsworth. [1913 Webster]
Note: food is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds, as in food fish or food-fish, food supply. [1913 Webster]
food vacuole (Zool.), one of the spaces in the interior of a protozoan in which food is contained, during digestion.
food yolk. (Biol.) See under Yolk.
Syn: Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; victuals; provisions; meat. [1913 Webster] - food \food\, v. t. To supply with food. [Obs.] --Baret. [1913 Webster]
- food n 1: any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue [syn: food, nutrient] 2: any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment; "food and drink" [syn: food, solid food] 3: anything that provides mental stimulus for thinking [syn: food, food for thought, intellectual nourishment]
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Maryland
Maryland () is an American state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland has the highest median household income of any state, with a median income of $70,545. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it, the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State are occasionally used.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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New Delhi
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the state of Oregon. As of July 2009, it has an estimated population of 582,130, making it the 30th most populous in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Approximately 2.2 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States as of July 2006.
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Soy
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Steam
Steam is either mist (as seen from a kettle), or the gas phase of water (water vapor).
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Fred Buttel
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George W Bush
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Hippocrates
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either. Up to 80% of the food is obtained by gathering.
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Justus von Liebig
Justus von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry. As a professor, he devised the modern laboratory-oriented teaching method, and for such innovations, he is regarded as one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. He is known as the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient, and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops. He also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef bouillon cube.
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Louis Pasteur
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Olivier De Schutter
Olivier De Schutter is a legal academic and human rights expert. A Harvard graduate now resident in Belgium, he was appointed UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food by the Human Rights Council in March 2008 and assumed his functions on 1 May 2008. He still teaches international human rights law, EU law and legal theory at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium, as well as at the College of Europe. He is also a visiting professor at Columbia University.
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Richard Doll
Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll CH OBE FRS (28 October 1912 – 24 July 2005) was a British physiologist who became the foremost epidemiologist of the 20th century, turning the subject into a rigorous science. He was a pioneer in research linking smoking to health problems. With Ernst Wynder, Bradford Hill and Evarts Graham, he was credited with being the first to prove that smoking caused lung cancer and increased the risk of heart disease. German researchers had previously discovered this link in the 1930s, but that work was not widely known until recently. He also did pioneering work on the relationship between radiation and leukemia as well as that between asbestos and lung cancer, and alcohol and breast cancer.
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Richard Peto
Sir Richard Peto FRS (born 1943) is Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology at the University of Oxford.
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Sandwich
A sandwich is a food item, often consisting of two or more slices of bread with one or more fillings between them, or one slice of bread with a topping or toppings, commonly called an open sandwich. Sandwiches are a widely popular type of lunch food, typically taken to work or school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. They generally contain a combination of salad vegetables, meat, cheese, and a variety of sauces. The bread can be used as it is, or it can be coated with any condiments to enhance flavor and texture. They are widely sold in restaurants and cafes.
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Vegetarians
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Fast Food High (2003)
"Fast Food High (2003)" Actors
- Alison Pill
- Sarah Gadon
- Joe Dinicol
- John White
- Sabrina Grdevich
- Vik Sahay
- Kyle Schmid
- Kevin Tighe
- John Kapelos
- Gil Bellows
- Paul Bates
- Hume Baugh
- Lawrence Bayne
- J. Adam Brown
- Maggie Castle
"Fast Food High (2003)" Director
RELEASE
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- Khymos
- Apparatus
- Red Algae
- Lota
- Spherification
- Texturas
- Nature's Recipe
- Heston
- The Larder Chef
- Alchemy
- Exeter Opening
- Christcookies
- Quinoa
- Temporary
- Junkfood
- Daddycation
- Exeter Ending
- First Supper
- Last Supper
- A Prayer Before Tea
- Jaswinder
- Freebonky
- Chef's Special
- Zawinul
- Arve's Part
- Steady Eddie
- Too Wierd?
- Floater
- Whistler
- Medallion
- Technojoshi
- Forever Is a Dream
- Naive Players
- No
- Lady Miss Ann
- Fountains of My Mind
- Coming Back
- What It Seems to Be
- Inside the Mirror
- Marbled Wings
- Traveling Light
- Leaves
- Here We Go Again
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Food Fight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Published: 28 Feb 2008
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
An abridged history of American-centric warfare, from WWII to present day, told through the foods of the countries in conflict. For a breakdown of the actual battles portrayed in the film, visit: www.touristpictures.com For the official cheat sheet (breakdown of the foodstuffs), visit: www.touristpictures.com Now, to answer some FAQs... - The food in this film was consumed either by myself or my dog after shooting. None of the cast went to waste. - The software used was photoshop and after effects. - The film took me 3 months to do. - Although it seems like stop motion, most of it was stop motion created within After effects, using keyframe animation. I am basically moving the food around within the the program, frame by frame, which is the same as traditional stop motion, only it's digital.
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Fast Food Lasagna - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Published: 26 Apr 2011
- Updated: 25 Jun 2012
LIKE/FAV We got 45 burgers, a whole bunch of liquor and bacon.... this is Fast Food Lasagna. Buy TSHIRTS!! Click Here! shop.epicmealtime.com Like on Facebook! www.facebook.com Follow on Twitter! www.twitter.com
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Top 10 Worst Foods - Nutrition By Natalie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 15 Jun 2007
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Be My Friend - www.myspace.com Nutrition by Natalie Top Ten Worst Foods Natalie counts down the 10 worst foods you could eat. Chances are if you eat an average American diet, you ate at least three of these today. In a fast food nation, eating healthy food becomes difficult to do. Yet a poor diet contributes to low energy, obesity, stress, health problems and high medical bills. If you eat better, you will feel better and this video discusses some of the foods you should avoid. Please visit Natalies website at www.nutritionbynatalie.com This video was produced by Psychetruth http www.youtube.com www.livevideo.com
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Man v. Food - BBQ Shrimp in New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 27 Jan 2009
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Adam travels to the Big Easy where he dives into a classic New Orleans Dish - BBQ shrimp. New episodes of Man v. Food air Wednesday nights at 10PM, only on the Travel Channel. travelchannel.com
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Man v. Food - Mega Burgers in Detroit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 04 Nov 2009
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Adam visits Mallie's in Detroit, Michigan, where his appetite is pitted against a burger as big as a car tire! All new episodes of Man v. Food air Wednesdays at 10pm E/P only on Travel Channel. www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Man_v_Food
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Street Food - Beijing - 14 July 08 - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Published: 14 Jul 2008
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
China's economy is expanding at an astounding rate - but its waistlines are too. The food of the streets tells the story of a culture torn between tradition and modernity, the customs of an ancient past competing with the convenience age of the new. What will survive and what will be lost? In a China which has gone within two generations from mass starvation to mass obesity, what does the future hold?
http://wn.com/Street_Food_Beijing_14_July_08_Part_1
Common - The Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 24 Sep 2009
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Awesome Artist!
http://wn.com/Common_The_Food
Oliver! - Food, Glorious Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 11 May 2007
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Song : Food, Glorious Food From the 1969(?) musical Oliver!
http://wn.com/Oliver!_Food,_Glorious_Food
Food Wishes Recipes - Inside-Out Grilled Cheese Sandwich - Ultimate Cheese Sandwich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 05 May 2010
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Learn how to make the Ultimate Cheese Sandwich Recipe! Visit foodwishes.com to get more info, and watch over 350 free video recipes. Thanks and enjoy!
http://wn.com/Food_Wishes_Recipes_Inside-Out_Grilled_Cheese_Sandwich_Ultimate_Cheese_Sandwich
Jan Svankmajer - Food Pt:1 (1992)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Published: 17 Jan 2008
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Jan Švankmajer (born 4 September 1934 in Prague) is a Czech surrealist artist. His work spans several media. He is known for his surreal animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Tim Burton, Terry Gilliam, The Brothers Quay and many others. Švankmajer has gained a reputation over several decades for his distinctive use of stop-motion technique, and his ability to make surreal, nightmarish and yet somehow funny pictures. He is still making films in Prague at the time of writing. Švankmajer's trademarks include very exaggerated sounds, often creating a very strange effect in all eating scenes. He often uses very sped-up sequences when people walk and interact. His movies often involve inanimate objects coming alive and being brought to life through stop-motion. Food is a favourite subject and medium. Stop-motion features in most of his work, though his feature films also include live action to varying degrees. A lot of his movies, like the short film Down to the Cellar, are made from a child's perspective, while at the same time often having a truly disturbing and even aggressive nature. In 1972 the communist authorities banned him from making films, and many of his later films were banned. He was almost unknown in the West until the early 1980s. Today he is one of the most celebrated animators in the world. His best known works are probably the feature films Alice (1988), Faust (1994), Conspirators of Pleasure (1996), Little Otik (2000 <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Jan_Svankmajer_Food_Pt1_1992
Man v. Food - Primanti's in Pittsburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Published: 09 Dec 2008
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Adam visits Primanti Bros., a local Pittsburgh hotspot where he feasts on a mega-sized sandwich filled with meat, egg, cheese, slaw, and fries! New episodes of Travel Channel's Man v. Food air Wednesday nights at 10PM, only on Travel Channel! travelchannel.com
http://wn.com/Man_v_Food_Primanti's_in_Pittsburgh
Fast Food Sushi - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Published: 07 Dec 2010
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Taking sushi and fast food to the next level. Buy TSHIRTS!! Click Here! epicmealtime.com Like on Facebook! www.facebook.com Follow on Twitter! www.twitter.com Next time we eat a gun - submitted by hellogoldenboy
http://wn.com/Fast_Food_Sushi_Epic_Meal_Time
Food Matters Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 11 Mar 2008
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
www.foodmatters.tv "Let thy Food be thy Medicine and thy Medicine be thy Food." -- Hippocrates That's the message from the founding father of modern medicine echoed in the controversial new documentary film 'Food Matters' from first- time Producer-Directors James Colqhuoun and Laurentine ten Bosch. "With nutritionally-depleted foods, chemical additives and ourtendency to rely upon pharmaceutical drugs to treat what's wrong with our malnourished bodies, it's no wonder that modern society is getting sicker. 'Food Matters' sets about uncovering the trillion dollar worldwide "Sickness Industry" and giving people some scientifically verifiable solutions for curing disease naturally." - James And in what promises to be the most contentious idea put forward, the filmmakers have interviewed several world leaders in nutrition and natural healing who claim that not only are we harming our bodies with improper nutrition, but that the right kind of foods, supplements and detoxification can be used to treat chronic illnesses as fatal as terminally diagnosed cancer. 'Food Matters' is to be launched globally via the internet using full screen video technology. The film's official website can be found at http
http://wn.com/Food_Matters_Official_Trailer
Food, Inc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 11 Feb 2009
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
ROBERT KENNER FILM
http://wn.com/Food,_Inc
Food Ad Tricks: Helping Kids Understand Food Ads on TV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 04 Feb 2008
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
A segment from the popular series "Buy Me That." We'll meet a "makeup artist for food," who surprises us all with this behind-the-scenes look at how burgers (and fries) are made to look their best for television.
http://wn.com/Food_Ad_Tricks_Helping_Kids_Understand_Food_Ads_on_TV
Fault Lines - Fast food, fat profits: Obesity in America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:15
- Published: 19 Nov 2010
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
english.aljazeera.net Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Follow us on Facebook: facebook.com Follow us on Tumblr: ajfaultlines.tumblr.com Obesity in America has reached a crisis point. Two out of every three Americans are overweight, one out of every three is obese. One in three are expected to have diabetes by 2050. Minorities have been even more profoundly affected. African-Americans have a 50 per cent higher prevalence of obesity and Hispanics 25 per cent higher when compared with whites. How did the situation get so out of hand? On this week's episode of Fault Lines, Josh Rushing explores the world of cheap food for Americans living at the margins. What opportunities do people have to eat healthy? Who is responsible for food deserts and processed food in American schools? Fault Lines finds food revolutions taking place and speaks with the people that are fighting back.
http://wn.com/Fault_Lines_Fast_food,_fat_profits_Obesity_in_America
Food Vocabulary - by ELF Learning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 20 Aug 2010
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
CD at: elflearning.jp Download at: www.cdbaby.com ----------- 24 food flash cards for EFL/ESL learners and children. Can you say the food fast enough? Keep trying until you can!
http://wn.com/Food_Vocabulary_by_ELF_Learning
![Food Inc - Official Trailer [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120715053619im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5eKYyD14d_0/0.jpg "Food Inc - Official Trailer [HD]")
Food Inc - Official Trailer [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Published: 29 Apr 2009
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Release Date: 12 June 2009 Genre: Documentary Cast: Michael Pollan, Eric Schlosser Director: Robert Kenner Writer: Robert Kenner Studio: Magnolia Pictures Plot: An unflattering look inside America's corporate controlled food industry. Subscribe Now: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Food_Inc_Official_Trailer_HD_
FOOD BATTLE 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:15
- Published: 23 Sep 2011
- Updated: 25 Jun 2012
WATCH BLOOPERS + DELETED BATTLE: bit.ly FOOD BATTLE 2011 SHIRT: bit.ly For the sixth consecutive year, Anthony and Ian fight to the death to prove which of their favorite foods can do more every day tasks. Who will win? Who will DIE? ------------------------------------ Hey it's our very own website: smosh.com Oh and our Facebook page facebook.com Want to know when we're filming and/or pooping? Now you can: twitter.com
http://wn.com/FOOD_BATTLE_2011
Food: The Ultimate Secret Exposed - PT 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 30 Jul 2010
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
www.infowars.com Alex Jones addresses one of the darkest modes of power the globalists have used to control the population-- food. The adulteration of the planet's staple crops, genetically-altered species and intentionally-altered water, food and air all amount to a Eugenics operation to weaken the masses and achieve full spectrum domination. People the world over, but especially in the United States are under chemical attack. Deadly and dangerous toxins ranging from Aspartame to Fluoride, GMO, Mercury-tainting, pesticides, cross-species chimeras, plastic compounds in chicken, high fructose corn syrup, cloned meat, rBGH and new aggressive GM species of salmon have all entered into our diets and environments-- whether we want it or not. Many of these substances knowingly cause or are linked with sterility, low birth weight, miscarriages, smaller or deformed offspring, as well as organ failure, cancer, brain tumors and Death itself, what you DON'T know about on your grocery shelves can hurt you. Further, Alex demonstrates that a pattern of buried studies, fraudulent statistics and a will reduce global population all point to the deliberate criminal poisoning of the food and water supply. Suffer no fools and warn those you love about need to stop their food from being used as a Depopulation-weapon against us all. Please share this important video with everyone, so the truth about these substances can be known.
http://wn.com/Food_The_Ultimate_Secret_Exposed_PT_1_2
Sesame Street: Cookie Monster Sings 'Hey Food'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Published: 06 Aug 2008
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
For more videos and games check out our new website at www.sesamestreet.org In this video, Cookie Monster sings with the band. Sesame Street is a production of Sesame Workshop, a nonprofit educational organization which also produces Pinky Dinky Doo, The Electric Company, and other programs for children around the world.
http://wn.com/Sesame_Street_Cookie_Monster_Sings_'Hey_Food'
*New* Fast Food Nation Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Published: 22 Sep 2006
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Out in theaters November 17th. A dramatic feature based on material from the incendiary book Fast Food Nation, a no-holds-barred exploration of the fast food industry that ultimately revealed the dark side of the "All American Meal." www.foxsearchlight.com
http://wn.com/*New*_Fast_Food_Nation_Trailer
Lemon Demon - Toy Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 18 Jan 2009
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
www.lemondemon.com I found a box of awesome toy plastic food items at Target for $2.50 and it was worth every penny Shot with help from Alora Lanzillotta and Dave Kitsberg.
http://wn.com/Lemon_Demon_Toy_Food
WN / Aruna Mirasdar
WN / Aruna Mirasdar
PIB of India
WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
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PIB of India
WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
Public Domain / Daderot
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WN / Yolanda Leyba
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photo: AP
12 Jul 2012
Photos from Kate Middleton and Prince William’s honeymoon leaked online Wednesday and are stirring up controversy. The royal couple spent their honeymoon on the north island of the Seychelles...
photo: AP / Drug Enforcement Administration
13 Jul 2012
LOS ANGELES: US and Mexican authorities have unearthed a 240-yard-long drug smuggling tunnel under their joint border in the state of Arizona, the latest such find in the violence-scarred region, US...
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Jeff Atherton
14 Jul 2012
Iran could prevent even "a single drop of oil" passing through the Strait of Hormuz if its security is threatened, country's naval commander has said, as tensions simmer over Tehran's...
photo: NASA
14 Jul 2012
A solar storm is racing toward Earth this weekend, but scientists say not to worry. The blast of charged solar particles was due to arrive on Saturday morning and last through Sunday as it slams into...
photo: AP
13 Jul 2012
LAGOS, Nigeria -- A truck carrying fuel veered off the road into a ditch, caught fire and exploded in Nigeria's oil-rich delta Thursday, killing at least 95 people who had rushed to the scene to...
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
12 Jul 2012
Tweet NEW DELHI: Global food commodity prices are expected to remain high over the next decade on account of rising consumption and declining agricultural production, the latest OECD-FAO Agricultural...
photo: WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
10 Jul 2012
Want to shed those extra flab? Then, cut your food into quarters before taking a bite, scientists say. Researchers at Arizona State University in the US found that people eat less when presented with...
photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
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FACED with rising childhood obesity, parents are opting for health over Happy Meals at kids' parties. Forget burgers and sugary drinks, DIY fruit platters and carrot sticks are proving...
The Wichita Eagle
DENVER — I never thought of Denver as much of a foodie destination, though Frasca, a 30-minute drive away in Boulder, gets heaps of well-deserved praise. But on a weekend trip a few months ago, I encountered a few meals — and a few drinks — that have me eager to return. The LoDo...(size: 5.3Kb)
Food Min proposes 10 pc duty on sugar imports
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Indian Express
The Food Ministry has proposed imposing 10 per cent import duty on sugar as the country has surplus domestic production. The zero import duty regime expired on June 30. The government had...(size: 1.2Kb)
The Examiner
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Track sees new food sites as top bet
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Times Union
SARATOGA SPRINGS — New dining options, including a beer garden, are set for Saratoga Race Course patrons. The Saratoga Beer Garden will be the centerpiece of the area just outside...(size: 1.2Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
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How to photograph food with your phone
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The Guardian
Smartphones mean everyone's David Bailey when dinner arrives. Here's some professional advice from Per-Anders Jorgensen Food photography. Photograph: Per-Anders Jorgensen...(size: 3.1Kb)
The Times of India
Indian food works OK in college cafeteria: Tyler Cowen Print this article Share on Reditt Google BookmarksNewsvineLive BookmarksTechnoratiYahoo BookmarksBlogmarksDel.icio.usApnaCircle Tweet The author has posted comments on this articleJul 15, 2012, 07.30AM IST By Stephen J Dubner & Steven Levitt...(size: 5.2Kb)
The urban prepper: Basic food supply
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The Examiner
Related topics preppersdoomsday preppers Advertisement There are some people who believe that if they stock up on certain items from their local grocery store such as canned vegetables, canned milk, sugar, flour and cereal that it will get them by in cases of emergency. They also believe that if...(size: 8.0Kb)
For other uses, see Food (disambiguation).
| Part of a series on |
| Meals |
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| Common meals |
| Components & courses |
| Related concepts |
Food is any substance[1] consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells in an effort to produce energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.
Historically, people secured food through two methods: hunting and gathering, and agriculture. Today, most of the food energy consumed by the world population is supplied by the food industry.
Food safety and food security are monitored by agencies like the International Association for Food Protection, World Resources Institute, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, and International Food Information Council. They address issues such as sustainability, biological diversity, climate change, nutritional economics, population growth, water supply, and access to food.
The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), recognizing the "right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food", as well as the "fundamental right to be free from hunger".
Contents |
Food sources[link]
Almost all foods are of plant or animal origin. Cereal grain is a staple food that provides more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop. Maize, wheat, and rice - in all of their varieties - account for 87% of all grain production worldwide.[2]
Other foods not from animal or plant sources include various edible fungi, especially mushrooms. Fungi and ambient bacteria are used in the preparation of fermented and pickled foods like leavened bread, alcoholic drinks, cheese, pickles, kombucha, and yogurt. Another example is blue-green algae such as Spirulina.[3] Inorganic substances such as baking soda and cream of tartar are also used to chemically alter an ingredient.
Plants[link]
Many plants or plant parts are eaten as food. There are around 2,000 plant species which are cultivated for food, and many have several distinct cultivars.[4]
Seeds of plants are a good source of food for animals, including humans, because they contain the nutrients necessary for the plant's initial growth, including many healthful fats, such as Omega fats. In fact, the majority of food consumed by human beings are seed-based foods. Edible seeds include cereals (maize, wheat, rice, et cetera), legumes (beans, peas, lentils, et cetera), and nuts. Oilseeds are often pressed to produce rich oils - sunflower, flaxseed, rapeseed (including canola oil), sesame, et cetera.[5]
Seeds are typically high in unsaturated fats and, in moderation, are considered a health food, although not all seeds are edible. Large seeds, such as those from a lemon, pose a choking hazard, while seeds from apples and cherries contain a poison (cyanide).
Fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants, including the seeds within. Many plants have evolved fruits that are attractive as a food source to animals, so that animals will eat the fruits and excrete the seeds some distance away. Fruits, therefore, make up a significant part of the diets of most cultures. Some botanical fruits, such as tomatoes, pumpkins, and eggplants, are eaten as vegetables.[6] (For more information, see list of fruits.)
Vegetables are a second type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food. These include root vegetables (potatoes and carrots), leaf vegetables (spinach and lettuce), stem vegetables (bamboo shoots and asparagus), and inflorescence vegetables (globe artichokes and broccoli and other vegetables such as cabbage or cauliflower. .[7]
Animals[link]
Main articles: Animal source foods and Food chain
Animals are used as food either directly or indirectly by the products they produce. Meat is an example of a direct product taken from an animal, which comes from muscle systems or from organs. Food products produced by animals include milk produced by mammary glands, which in many cultures is drunk or processed into dairy products (cheese, butter, et cetera). In addition, birds and other animals lay eggs, which are often eaten, and bees produce honey, a reduced nectar from flowers, which is a popular sweetener in many cultures. Some cultures consume blood, sometimes in the form of blood sausage, as a thickener for sauces, or in a cured, salted form for times of food scarcity, and others use blood in stews such as civet.[8]
Some cultures and people do not consume meat or animal food products for cultural, dietary, health, ethical, or ideological reasons. Vegetarians do not consume meat. Vegans do not consume any foods that are or contain ingredients from an animal source.
Production[link]
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Traditionally, food was obtained through agriculture. With increasing concern in agribusiness over multinational corporations owning the world food supply through patents on genetically modified food, there has been a growing trend toward sustainable agricultural practices. This approach, partly fueled by consumer demand, encourages biodiversity, local self-reliance and organic farming methods.[9] Major influences on food production include international organizations (e.g. the World Trade Organization and Common Agricultural Policy), national government policy (or law), and war.[10]
In popular culture, the mass production of food, specifically meats such as chicken and beef, has come under fire from various documentaries, most recently Food, Inc, documenting the mass slaughter and poor treatment of animals, often for easier revenues from large corporations. Along with a current trend towards environmentalism, people in Western culture have had an increasing trend towards the use of herbal supplements, foods for a specific group of person (such as dieters, women, or athletes), functional foods (fortified foods, such as omega-3 eggs), and a more ethnically diverse diet.[11]
Several organisations have begun calling for a new kind of agriculture in which agroecosystems provide food but also support vital ecosystem services so that soil fertility and biodiversity are maintained rather than compromised. According the International Water Management Institute and UNEP, well-managed agroecosystems not only provide food, fibre and animal products, they also provide services such as flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, erosion control and habitats for plants, birds fish and other animals.[12]
Taste perception[link]
Main article: Taste
Animals, specifically humans, have five different types of tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. As animals have evolved, the tastes that provide the most energy (sugar and fats) are the most pleasant to eat while others, such as bitter, are not enjoyable.[13] Water, while important for survival, has no taste.[14] Fats, on the other hand, especially saturated fats, are thicker and rich and are thus considered more enjoyable to eat.
Sweet[link]
Generally regarded as the most pleasant taste, sweetness is almost always caused by a type of simple sugar such as glucose or fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose, a molecule combining glucose and fructose.[15] Complex carbohydrates are long chains and thus do not have the sweet taste. Artificial sweeteners such as sucralose are used to mimic the sugar molecule, creating the sensation of sweet, without the calories. Other types of sugar include raw sugar, which is known for its amber color, as it is unprocessed. As sugar is vital for energy and survival, the taste of sugar is pleasant.
The stevia plant contains a compound known as steviol which, when extracted, has 300 times the sweetness of sugar while having minimal impact on blood sugar.[16]
Sour[link]
Sourness is caused by the taste of acids, such as vinegar in alcoholic beverages. Sour foods include citrus, specifically lemons, limes, and to a lesser degree oranges. Sour is evolutionarily significant as it is a sign for a food that may have gone rancid due to bacteria.[17] Many foods, however, are slightly acidic, and help stimulate the taste buds and enhance flavor.
Salty[link]
Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function.
Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically speaking, salt has been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion, thus working as a preservative. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.[18]
Bitter[link]
Bitterness is a sensation often considered unpleasant characterized by having a sharp, pungent taste. Dark, unsweetened chocolate, caffeine, lemon rind, and some types of fruit are known to be bitter.
Umami[link]
Umami, the Japanese word for delicious, is the least known in Western popular culture, but has a long tradition in Asian cuisine. Umami is the taste of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate or MSG.[15] It is characterized as savory, meaty, and rich in flavor. Salmon and mushrooms are foods high in umami. Meat and other animal byproducts are described as having this taste.
Cuisine[link]
Many cultures have a recognizable cuisine, a specific set of cooking traditions using various spices or a combination of flavors unique to that culture, which evolves over time. Other differences include preferences (hot or cold, spicy, etc.) and practices, the study of which is known as gastronomy. Many cultures have diversified their foods by means of preparation, cooking methods, and manufacturing. This also includes a complex food trade which helps the cultures to economically survive by way of food, not just by consumption. Some popular types of ethnic foods include Italian, French, Japanese, Chinese, American, Cajun, Thai, and Indian cuisine. Various cultures throughout the world study the dietary analysis of food habits. While evolutionarily speaking, as opposed to culturally, humans are omnivores, religion and social constructs such as morality, activism, or environmentalism will often affect which foods they will consume. Food is eaten and typically enjoyed through the sense of taste, the perception of flavor from eating and drinking. Certain tastes are more enjoyable than others, for evolutionary purposes.
Presentation[link]
Main article: Food presentation
Aesthetically pleasing and eye-appealing food presentations can encourage people to consume foods. A common saying is that people "eat with their eyes." Food presented in a clean and appetizing way will encourage a good flavor, even if unsatisfactory.[19][20]
Contrast in texture[link]
Texture plays a crucial role in the enjoyment of eating foods. Contrasts in textures, such as something crunchy in an otherwise smooth dish, may increase the appeal of eating it. Common examples include adding granola to yogurt, adding croutons to a salad or soup, and toasting bread to enhance its crunchiness for a smooth topping, such as jam or butter.[21]
Contrast in taste[link]
Another universal phenomenon regarding food is the appeal of contrast in taste and presentation. Opposite flavors, such as sweet and saltiness, tend to go well together, such as in kettle corn and with nuts.
Food preparation[link]
Main article: Outline of food preparation
While many foods can be eaten raw, many also undergo some form of preparation for reasons of safety, palatability, texture, or flavor. At the simplest level this may involve washing, cutting, trimming, or adding other foods or ingredients, such as spices. It may also involve mixing, heating or cooling, pressure cooking, fermentation, or combination with other food. In a home, most food preparation takes place in a kitchen. Some preparation is done to enhance the taste or aesthetic appeal; other preparation may help to preserve the food; others may be involved in cultural identity. A meal is made up of food which is prepared to be eaten at a specific time and place.[22]
Animal preparation[link]
The preparation of animal-based food usually involves slaughter, evisceration, hanging, portioning, and rendering. In developed countries, this is usually done outside the home in slaughterhouses, which are used to process animals en masse for meat production. Many countries regulate their slaughterhouses by law. For example, the United States has established the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, which requires that an animal be stunned before killing. This act, like those in many countries, exempts slaughter in accordance to religious law, such as kosher, shechita, and dhabiĥa halal. Strict interpretations of kashrut require the animal to be fully aware when its carotid artery is cut.[23]
On the local level, a butcher may commonly break down larger animal meat into smaller manageable cuts, and pre-wrap them for commercial sale or wrap them to order in butcher paper. In addition, fish and seafood may be fabricated into smaller cuts by a fish monger. However fish butchery may be done on board a fishing vessel and quick-frozen for preservation of quality.[24]
Cooking[link]
Main article: Cooking
The term "cooking" encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavor or digestibility of food. Cooking technique, known as culinary art, generally requires the selection, measurement, and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure in an effort to achieve the desired result. Constraints on success include the variability of ingredients, ambient conditions, tools, and the skill of the individual cook.[25] The diversity of cooking worldwide is a reflection of the myriad nutritional, aesthetic, agricultural, economic, cultural, and religious considerations that affect it.[26]
Cooking requires applying heat to a food which usually, though not always, chemically changes the molecules, thus changing its flavor, texture, appearance, and nutritional properties.[27] Cooking certain proteins, such as egg whites, meats, and fish, denatures the protein, causing it to firm. There is archaeological evidence of roasted foodstuffs at Homo erectus campsites dating from 420,000 years ago.[28] Boiling as a means of cooking requires a container, and has been practiced at least since the 10th millennium BC with the introduction of pottery.[29]
Cooking equipment[link]
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Main article: Cookware and bakeware
There are many different types of equipment used for cooking.
Ovens are mostly hollow devices that get very hot (up to 500 °F) and are used for baking or roasting and offer a dry-heat cooking method. Different cuisines will use different types of ovens; for example, Indian culture uses a Tandoor oven, which is a cylindrical clay oven which operates at a single high temperature.[30] Western kitchens use variable temperature convection ovens, conventional ovens, toaster ovens, or non-radiant heat ovens like the microwave oven. Classic Italian cuisine includes the use of a brick oven containing burning wood. Ovens may be wood-fired, coal-fired, gas, electric, or oil-fired.[31]
Various types of cook-tops are used as well. They carry the same variations of fuel types as the ovens mentioned above. Cook-tops are used to heat vessels placed on top of the heat source, such as a sauté pan, sauce pot, frying pan, or pressure cooker. These pieces of equipment can use either a moist or dry cooking method and include methods such as steaming, simmering, boiling, and poaching for moist methods, while the dry methods include sautéing, pan frying, and deep-frying.[32]
In addition, many cultures use grills for cooking. A grill operates with a radiant heat source from below, usually covered with a metal grid and sometimes a cover. An open pit barbecue in the American south is one example along with the American style outdoor grill fueled by wood, liquid propane, or charcoal along with soaked wood chips for smoking.[33] A Mexican style of barbecue is called barbacoa, which involves the cooking of meats such as whole sheep over an open fire. In Argentina, an asado (Spanish for "grilled") is prepared on a grill held over an open pit or fire made upon the ground, on which a whole animal or smaller cuts are grilled.[34]
[edit] Raw food preparation
Main article: Raw foodism
Certain cultures highlight animal and vegetable foods in their raw state. Salads consisting of raw vegetables or fruits are common in many cuisines. Sashimi in Japanese cuisine consists of raw sliced fish or other meat, and sushi often incorporates raw fish or seafood. Steak tartare and salmon tartare are dishes made from diced or ground raw beef or salmon, mixed with various ingredients and served with baguettes, brioche, or frites.[35] In Italy, carpaccio is a dish of very thinly sliced raw beef, drizzled with a vinaigrette made with olive oil.[36] The health food movement known as raw foodism promotes a mostly vegan diet of raw fruits, vegetables, and grains prepared in various ways, including juicing, food dehydration, sprouting, and other methods of preparation that do not heat the food above 118 °F (47.8 °C).[37] An example of a raw meat dish is ceviche, a Latin American dish made with raw meat that is "cooked" from the highly acidic citric juice from lemons and limes along with other aromatics such as garlic.
Restaurants[link]
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Main article: Restaurant
Restaurants employ trained chefs who prepare food, and trained waitstaff to serve the customers. The term restaurant is credited to the French from the 19th century, as it relates to the restorative nature of the bouillons that were once served in them. However, the concept pre-dates the naming of these establishments, as evidence suggests commercial food preparation may have existed during the age of the city of Pompeii, and urban sales of prepared foods may have existed in China during the Song Dynasty. The coffee shops or cafés of 17th century Europe may also be considered an early version of the restaurant.[38] In 2005, the population of the United States spent $496 billion for out-of-home dining. Expenditures by type of out-of-home dining were as follows: 40% in full-service restaurants, 37.2% in limited service restaurants (fast food), 6.6% in schools or colleges, 5.4% in bars and vending machines, 4.7% in hotels and motels, 4.0% in recreational places, and 2.2% in others, which includes military bases.[39]
Food manufacturing[link]
Main article: Food manufacture
Packaged foods are manufactured outside the home for purchase. This can be as simple as a butcher preparing meat, or as complex as a modern international food industry. Early food processing techniques were limited by available food preservation, packaging, and transportation. This mainly involved salting, curing, curdling, drying, pickling, fermenting, and smoking.[40] Food manufacturing arose during the industrial revolution in the 19th century.[41] This development took advantage of new mass markets and emerging new technology, such as milling, preservation, packaging and labeling, and transportation. It brought the advantages of pre-prepared time-saving food to the bulk of ordinary people who did not employ domestic servants.[42]
At the start of the 21st century, a two-tier structure has arisen, with a few international food processing giants controlling a wide range of well-known food brands. There also exists a wide array of small local or national food processing companies.[43] Advanced technologies have also come to change food manufacture. Computer-based control systems, sophisticated processing and packaging methods, and logistics and distribution advances can enhance product quality, improve food safety, and reduce costs.[42]
Commercial trade[link]
International exports and imports[link]
The World Bank reported that the European Union was the top food importer in 2005, followed at a distance by the USA and Japan. Food is now traded and marketed on a global basis. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing season.[44] Between 1961 and 1999, there was a 400% increase in worldwide food exports.[45] Some countries are now economically dependent on food exports, which in some cases account for over 80% of all exports.[46]
In 1994, over 100 countries became signatories to the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in a dramatic increase in trade liberalization. This included an agreement to reduce subsidies paid to farmers, underpinned by the WTO enforcement of agricultural subsidy, tariffs, import quotas, and settlement of trade disputes that cannot be bilaterally resolved.[47] Where trade barriers are raised on the disputed grounds of public health and safety, the WTO refer the dispute to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which was founded in 1962 by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. Trade liberalization has greatly affected world food trade.[48]
Marketing and retailing[link]
Main article: Food marketing
Food marketing brings together the producer and the consumer. It is the chain of activities that brings food from "farm gate to plate".[49] The marketing of even a single food product can be a complicated process involving many producers and companies. For example, fifty-six companies are involved in making one can of chicken noodle soup. These businesses include not only chicken and vegetable processors but also the companies that transport the ingredients and those who print labels and manufacture cans.[50] The food marketing system is the largest direct and indirect non-government employer in the United States.
In the pre-modern era, the sale of surplus food took place once a week when farmers took their wares on market day into the local village marketplace. Here food was sold to grocers for sale in their local shops for purchase by local consumers.[26][42] With the onset of industrialization and the development of the food processing industry, a wider range of food could be sold and distributed in distant locations. Typically early grocery shops would be counter-based shops, in which purchasers told the shop-keeper what they wanted, so that the shop-keeper could get it for them.[26][51]
In the 20th century, supermarkets were born. Supermarkets brought with them a self service approach to shopping using shopping carts, and were able to offer quality food at lower cost through economies of scale and reduced staffing costs. In the latter part of the 20th century, this has been further revolutionized by the development of vast warehouse-sized, out-of-town supermarkets, selling a wide range of food from around the world.[52]
Unlike food processors, food retailing is a two-tier market in which a small number of very large companies control a large proportion of supermarkets. The supermarket giants wield great purchasing power over farmers and processors, and strong influence over consumers. Nevertheless, less than 10% of consumer spending on food goes to farmers, with larger percentages going to advertising, transportation, and intermediate corporations.[53]
Prices[link]
Main articles: 2007–2008 world food price crisis and Food vs. fuel
It was reported on March 24, 2008, that consumers worldwide faced rising food prices.[54] Reasons for this development include changes in the weather and dramatic changes in the global economy, including higher oil prices, lower food reserves, and growing consumer demand in China and India.[54] In the long term, prices are expected to stabilize.[54] Farmers will grow more grain for both fuel and food and eventually bring prices down.[54] Already this is happening with wheat,[55][56] with more crops to be planted in the United States, Canada, and Europe in 2009. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization projects that consumers still have to deal with more expensive food until at least 2018.[54]
It is rare for the spikes to hit all major foods in most countries at once. Food prices rose 4% in the United States in 2007, the highest increase since 1990, and are expected to climb as much again in 2008. As of December 2007, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls. In China, the price of pork jumped 58% in 2007. In the 1980s and 1990s, farm subsidies and support programs allowed major grain exporting countries to hold large surpluses, which could be tapped during food shortages to keep prices down. However, new trade policies have made agricultural production much more responsive to market demands, putting global food reserves at their lowest since 1983.[54]
Food prices are rising, wealthier Asian consumers are westernizing their diets, and farmers and nations of the third world are struggling to keep up the pace. The past five years have seen rapid growth in the contribution of Asian nations to the global fluid and powdered milk manufacturing industry, which in 2008 accounted for more than 30% of production, while China alone accounts for more than 10% of both production and consumption in the global fruit and vegetable processing and preserving industry. The trend is similarly evident in industries such as soft drink and bottled water manufacturing, as well as global cocoa, chocolate, and sugar confectionery manufacturing, forecast to grow by 5.7% and 10.0% respectively during 2008 in response to soaring demand in Chinese and Southeast Asian markets.[57]
Rising food prices over recent years have been linked with social unrest around the world, including rioting in Bangladesh and Mexico,[58] and the Arab Spring.
As investment[link]
Institutions such as hedge funds, pension funds and investment banks like Barclays Capital, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley[58] have been instrumental in pushing up prices in the last five years, with investment in food commodities rising from $65bn to $126bn (£41bn to £79bn) between 2007 and 2012, contributing to 30-year highs. This has caused price fluctuations which are not strongly related to the actual supply of food, according to the United Nations.[58] Financial institutions now make up 61% of all investment in wheat futures. According to Olivier De Schutter, the UN special rapporteur on food, there was a rush by institutions to enter the food market following George W Bush's Commodities Futures Modernization Act of 2000.[58] De Schutter told the Independent in March 2012: "What we are seeing now is that these financial markets have developed massively with the arrival of these new financial investors, who are purely interested in the short-term monetary gain and are not really interested in the physical thing – they never actually buy the ton of wheat or maize; they only buy a promise to buy or to sell. The result of this financialisation of the commodities market is that the prices of the products respond increasingly to a purely speculative logic. This explains why in very short periods of time we see prices spiking or bubbles exploding, because prices are less and less determined by the real match between supply and demand."[58] In 2011, 450 economists from around the world called on the G20 to regulate the commodities market more.[58]
Some experts have said that speculation has merely aggravated other factors, such as climate change, competition with bio-fuels and overall rising demand.[58] However, some such as Jayati Ghosh, professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, have pointed out that prices have increased irrespective of supply and demand issues: Ghosh points to world wheat prices, which doubled in the period from June to December 2010, despite there being no fall in global supply.[58]
Famine and hunger[link]
Food deprivation leads to malnutrition and ultimately starvation. This is often connected with famine, which involves the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. Rationing is sometimes used to distribute food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war.[10]
Starvation is a significant international problem. Approximately 815 million people are undernourished, and over 16,000 children die per day from hunger-related causes.[59] Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is measured using famine scales.[60]
Food aid[link]
Main article: Food aid
Food aid can benefit people suffering from a shortage of food. It can be used to improve peoples' lives in the short term, so that a society can increase its standard of living to the point that food aid is no longer required.[61] Conversely, badly managed food aid can create problems by disrupting local markets, depressing crop prices, and discouraging food production. Sometimes a cycle of food aid dependence can develop.[62] Its provision, or threatened withdrawal, is sometimes used as a political tool to influence the policies of the destination country, a strategy known as food politics. Sometimes, food aid provisions will require certain types of food be purchased from certain sellers, and food aid can be misused to enhance the markets of donor countries.[63] International efforts to distribute food to the neediest countries are often coordinated by the World Food Programme.[64]
Safety[link]
Main article: Food safety
File:HACCP Seven Principles.png
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Flowchart
Foodborne illness, commonly called "food poisoning", is caused by bacteria, toxins, viruses, parasites, and prions. Roughly 7 million people die of food poisoning each year, with about 10 times as many suffering from a non-fatal version.[65] The two most common factors leading to cases of bacterial foodborne illness are cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food from other uncooked foods and improper temperature control. Less commonly, acute adverse reactions can also occur if chemical contamination of food occurs, for example from improper storage, or use of non-food grade soaps and disinfectants. Food can also be adulterated by a very wide range of articles (known as "foreign bodies") during farming, manufacture, cooking, packaging, distribution, or sale. These foreign bodies can include pests or their droppings, hairs, cigarette butts, wood chips, and all manner of other contaminants. It is possible for certain types of food to become contaminated if stored or presented in an unsafe container, such as a ceramic pot with lead-based glaze.[65]
Food poisoning has been recognized as a disease since as early as Hippocrates.[66] The sale of rancid, contaminated, or adulterated food was commonplace until the introduction of hygiene, refrigeration, and vermin controls in the 19th century. Discovery of techniques for killing bacteria using heat, and other microbiological studies by scientists such as Louis Pasteur, contributed to the modern sanitation standards that are ubiquitous in developed nations today. This was further underpinned by the work of Justus von Liebig, which led to the development of modern food storage and food preservation methods.[67] In more recent years, a greater understanding of the causes of food-borne illnesses has led to the development of more systematic approaches such as the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), which can identify and eliminate many risks.[68]
Recommended measures for ensuring food safety include maintaining a clean preparation area with foods of different types kept separate, ensuring an adequate cooking temperature, and refrigerating foods promptly after cooking.[69]
Foods that spoil easily, such as meats, dairy, and seafood, must be prepared a certain way to avoid contaminating the people for whom they are prepared. As such, the general rule of thumb is that cold foods (such as dairy products) should be kept cold and hot foods (such as soup) should be kept hot until storage. Cold meats, such as chicken, that are to be cooked should not be placed at room temperature for thawing, at the risk of dangerous bacterial growth, such as Salmonella or E. coli.[70]
Allergies[link]
Main article: Food allergy
Some people have allergies or sensitivities to foods which are not problematic to most people. This occurs when a person's immune system mistakes a certain food protein for a harmful foreign agent and attacks it. About 2% of adults and 8% of children have a food allergy.[71] The amount of the food substance required to provoke a reaction in a particularly susceptible individual can be quite small. In some instances, traces of food in the air, too minute to be perceived through smell, have been known to provoke lethal reactions in extremely sensitive individuals. Common food allergens are gluten, corn, shellfish (mollusks), peanuts, and soy.[71] Allergens frequently produce symptoms such as diarrhea, rashes, bloating, vomiting, and regurgitation. The digestive complaints usually develop within half an hour of ingesting the allergen.[71]
Rarely, food allergies can lead to a medical emergency, such as anaphylactic shock, hypotension (low blood pressure), and loss of consciousness. An allergen associated with this type of reaction is peanut, although latex products can induce similar reactions.[71] Initial treatment is with epinephrine (adrenaline), often carried by known patients in the form of an Epi-pen or Twinject.[72][73]
Other health issues[link]
Human diet was estimated to cause perhaps around 35% of cancers in a human epidemiological analysis by Richard Doll and Richard Peto in 1981.[74] These cancer may be caused by carcinogens that are present in food naturally or as contaminants. Food contaminated with fungal growth may contain mycotoxins such as aflatoxins which may be found in contaminated corn and peanuts. Other carcinogens identified in food include heterocyclic amines generated in meat when cooked at high temperature, polyaromatic hydrocarbons in charred meat and smoked fish, and nitrosamines generated from nitrites used as food preservatives in cured meat such as bacon.[75]
Anticarcinogens that may help prevent cancer can also be found in many food especially fruits and vegetable. Antioxidants are important groups of compounds that may help remove potentially harmful chemicals. It is however often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase or decrease cancer risk since many food, such as beef steak and broccoli, contain low concentrations of both carcinogens and anticarcinogens.[75]
Diet[link]
Main article: Diet (nutrition)
Cultural and religious diets[link]
Dietary habits are the habitual decisions a person or culture makes when choosing what foods to eat.[76] Many cultures hold some food preferences and some food taboos. Dietary choices can also define cultures and play a role in religion. For example, only kosher foods are permitted by Judaism, halal foods by Islam, and in Hinduism beef is restricted.[77] In addition, the dietary choices of different countries or regions have different characteristics. This is highly related to a culture's cuisine.
Diet deficiencies[link]
Main article: Avitaminosis
Dietary habits play a significant role in the health and mortality of all humans. Imbalances between the consumed fuels and expended energy results in either starvation or excessive reserves of adipose tissue, known as body fat.[78] Poor intake of various vitamins and minerals can lead to diseases that can have far-reaching effects on health. For instance, 30% of the world's population either has, or is at risk for developing, iodine deficiency.[79] It is estimated that at least 3 million children are blind due to vitamin A deficiency.[80] Vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy.[81] Calcium, Vitamin D, and phosphorus are inter-related; the consumption of each may affect the absorption of the others. Kwashiorkor and marasmus are childhood disorders caused by lack of dietary protein.[82]
Moral, ethical, and health conscious diets[link]
Many individuals limit what foods they eat for reasons of morality, or other habit. For instance, vegetarians choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees. Others choose a healthier diet, avoiding sugars or animal fats and increasing consumption of dietary fiber and antioxidants.[83] Obesity, a serious problem in the western world, leads to higher chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, and many other diseases.[84] More recently, dietary habits have been influenced by the concerns that some people have about possible impacts on health or the environment from genetically modified food.[85] Further concerns about the impact of industrial farming (grains) on animal welfare, human health, and the environment are also having an effect on contemporary human dietary habits. This has led to the emergence of a movement with a preference for organic and local food.[86]
Nutrition and dietary problems[link]
Between the extremes of optimal health and death from starvation or malnutrition, there is an array of disease states that can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. Deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to various health problems such as scurvy, obesity, or osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases as well as psychological and behavioral problems. The science of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.
Nutrients in food are grouped into several categories. Macronutrients are fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Micronutrients are the minerals and vitamins. Additionally, food contains water and dietary fiber.
As previously discussed, the body is designed by natural selection to enjoy sweet and fattening foods for evolutionary diets, ideal for hunters and gatherers. Thus, sweet and fattening foods in nature are typically rare and are very pleasurable to eat. In modern times, with advanced technology, enjoyable foods are easily available to consumers. Unfortunately, this promotes obesity in adults and children alike.
Legal definition[link]
Some countries list a legal definition of food. These countries list food as any item that is to be processed, partially processed, or unprocessed for consumption. The listing of items included as foodstuffs include any substance intended to be, or reasonably expected to be, ingested by humans. In addition to these foodstuffs, drink, chewing gum, water, or other items processed into said food items are part of the legal definition of food. Items not included in the legal definition of food include animal feed, live animals (unless being prepared for sale in a market), plants prior to harvesting, medicinal products, cosmetics, tobacco and tobacco products, narcotic or psychotropic substances, and residues and contaminants.[87]
Types of food[link]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica definition
- ^ "ProdSTAT". FAOSTAT. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx. Retrieved 2008.
- ^ McGee, 333–334.
- ^ McGee, 253.
- ^ McGee, Chapter 9.
- ^ McGee, Chapter 7.
- ^ McGee, Chapter 6.
- ^ Davidson, 81–82.
- ^ Mason
- ^ a b Messer, 53–91.
- ^ http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Ome-Pop/Popular-Culture-Food-and.html
- ^ Boelee, E. (Ed) Ecosystems for water and food security, 2011, IWMI, UNEP
- ^ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/28063.php
- ^ "Why does pure water have no taste or colour?". The Times Of India. 2004-04-03. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/598799.cms.
- ^ a b New Oxford American Dictionary
- ^ The sweetness multiplier "300 times" comes from subjective evaluations by a panel of test subjects tasting various dilutions compared to a standard dilution of sucrose. Sources referenced in this article say steviosides have up to 250 times the sweetness of sucrose, but others, including stevioside brands such as SweetLeaf, claim 300 times. 1/3 to 1/2 teaspoon (1.6–2.5 ml) of stevioside powder is claimed to have equivalent sweetening power to 1 cup (237 ml) of sugar.
- ^ States "having an acid taste like lemon or vinegar: she sampled the wine and found it was sour. (of food, esp. milk) spoiled because of fermentation." New Oxford American Dictionary
- ^ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Food-Preservatives.html
- ^ http://www.brain-food.org/blog/you-first-eat-with-your-eyes
- ^ Food Texture, Andrew J. Rosenthal
- ^ Rosenthal, Andrew J (1999-02-28). Food Texture: Measurement and Perception. ISBN 978-0-8342-1238-1. http://books.google.com/?id=aJBIbvClWfcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Food+texture#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Mead, 11–19
- ^ McGee, 142–143.
- ^ McGee, 202–206
- ^ McGee Chapter 14.
- ^ a b c Mead, 11–19.
- ^ McGee
- ^ Campbell, 312.
- ^ McGee, 784.
- ^ Davidson, 782–783
- ^ McGee, 539,784.
- ^ McGee, 771–791
- ^ Davidson, 356.
- ^ Asado Argentina
- ^ Davidson, 786–787.
- ^ Robuchon, 224.
- ^ Davidson, 656
- ^ Davidson, 660–661.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture
- ^ Aguilera, 1–3.
- ^ Miguel, 3.
- ^ a b c Jango-Cohen
- ^ Hannaford
- ^ The Economic Research Service of the USDA
- ^ Regmi
- ^ CIA World Factbook
- ^ World Trade Organization, The Uruguay Round
- ^ Van den Bossche
- ^ Wansink, Marketing Nutrition, 501–3.
- ^ Smith, 501–3.
- ^ Benson
- ^ Humphery
- ^ Magdoff, Fred (Ed.) "[T]he farmer's share of the food dollar (after paying for input costs) has steadily declined from about 40 percent in 1910 to less than 10 percent in 1990."
- ^ a b c d e f CNN "[Food prices rising across the world" 24 March 2008
- ^ Reuters
- ^ GMA News
- ^ May 2008, Global Trends: – Food Production and Consumption: The China Effect, IBISWorld
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The real hunger games: How banks gamble on food prices – and the poor lose out". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-real-hunger-games-how-banks-gamble-on-food-prices--and-the-poor-lose-out-7606263.html. Retrieved April 01, 2012.
- ^ World Health Organization
- ^ Howe, 353–372
- ^ World Food Programme
- ^ Shah
- ^ Kripke
- ^ United Nations World Food program
- ^ a b National Institute of Health, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
- ^ Hippocrates, On Acute Diseases.
- ^ Magner, 243–498
- ^ USDA
- ^ http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/basics/index.html
- ^ http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Chicken_Food_Safety_Focus/index.asp
- ^ a b c d National Institute of Health
- ^ About Epipen, Epipen.com
- ^ About Twinject, Twinject.com
- ^ Doll, R.; Peto, R. (1981). "The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66 (6): 1191–1308. PMID 7017215. edit
- ^ a b Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet. National Academy Press. 1996. ISBN 0-309-05391-9.
- ^ Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think
- ^ Simoons
- ^ Nicklas
- ^ Merson, 245
- ^ Merson, 231.
- ^ Merson, 464.
- ^ Merson, 224.
- ^ Carpenter
- ^ Merson, 266–268.
- ^ Parekh, 187–206.
- ^ Schor
- ^ United Kingdom Office of Public Sector Information
References[link]
- Aguilera, Jose Miguel and David W. Stanley. Microstructural Principles of Food Processing and Engineering. Springer, 1999. ISBN 0-8342-1256-0.
- Asado Argentina. About Asado Argentina. Retrieved from http://www.asadoargentina.com/about-asado-argentina/ on 2007-05-28.
- Campbell, Bernard Grant. Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations. Aldine Transaction: 1998. ISBN 0-202-02042-8.
- Carpenter, Ruth Ann; Finley, Carrie E. Healthy Eating Every Day. Human Kinetics, 2005. ISBN 0-7360-5186-4.
- Davidson, Alan. The Oxford Companion to Food. 2nd ed. UK: Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005. . Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0200e/a0200e00.htm on 2006-09-29.
- Hannaford, Steve. Oligopoly Watch: Top 20 world food companies. Retrieved from http://www.oligopolywatch.com/2005/10/06.html on 2006-09-23.
- Howe, P. and S. Devereux. Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales: A Proposal for an Instrumental Definition of Famine. 2004.
- Humphery, Kim. Shelf Life: Supermarkets and the Changing Cultures of Consumption. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-62630-7.
- Jango-Cohen, Judith. The History Of Food. Twenty-First Century Books, 2005. ISBN 0-8225-2484-8.
- Jurgens, Marshall H. Animal Feeding and Nutrition. Kendall Hunt, 2001. ISBN 0-7872-7839-4.
- Kripke, Gawain. Food aid or hidden dumping?. Oxfam International, March 2005. Retrieved from http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/briefingpapers/bp71_food_aid_240305 on 2007-05-26.
- Lawrie, Stephen; R A Lawrie. Lawrie's Meat Science. Woodhead Publishing: 1998. ISBN 1-85573-395-1.
- Magdoff, Fred; Foster, John Bellamy; and Buttel, Frederick H. Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment. September 2000. ISBN 1-58367-016-5.
- Mason, John. Sustainable Agriculture. Landlinks Press: 2003. ISBN 0-643-06876-7.
- Merson, Michael H.; Black, Robert E.; Mills, Anne J. International Public Health: Disease, Programs, Systems, and Policies. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005.
- McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.
- Mead, Margaret. The Changing Significance of Food. In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (Ed.), Food and Culture: A Reader. UK: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91710-7.
- Messer, Ellen; Derose, Laurie Fields and Sara Millman. Who's Hungry? and How Do We Know?: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation. United Nations University Press, 1998. ISBN 92-808-0985-7.
- National Institute of Health. Food poisoning. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia F. May 11, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/pdf/foodallergy.pdf on 2006-09-29.
- Nicklas, Barbara J. Endurance Exercise and Adipose Tissue. CRC Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8493-0460-1.
- Parekh, Sarad R. The Gmo Handbook: Genetically Modified Animals, Microbes, and Plants in Biotechnology. Humana Press,2004. ISBN 1-58829-307-6.
- Regmi, Anita (editor).Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade. Market and Trade Economics Division, Economic Research Service, USDA, May 30, 2001. stock #ERSWRS01-1.
- Schor, Juliet; Taylor, Betsy (editors). Sustainable Planet: Roadmaps for the Twenty-First Century. Beacon Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8070-0455-3.
- Shah, Anup. Food Dumping (Aid) Maintains Poverty. Causes of Poverty. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Poverty/FoodDumping.asp on 2006-09-29.
- Simoons, Frederick J. Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present. ISBN 0-299-14250-7.
- Smith, Andrew (Editor). “Food Marketing,” in Oxford Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink,, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
- The Economic Research Service of the USDA. Global Food Markets: Briefing Rooms. Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ on 2006-09-29.
- United Kingdom Office of Public Sector Information. Food Safety Act 1990 (c. 16). Retrieved from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900016_en_2.htm#mdiv1 on 2006-11-08.
- United States Department of Agriculture, USDA Economic Research Service: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America. "Briefing Rooms, Food CPI, Prices and Expenditures: Food Expenditure Tables". Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/CPIFoodAndExpenditures/Data/ on 2007-06-06.
- Van den Bossche, Peter. The Law and Policy of the bosanac Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-82290-4.
- World Food Programme. Breaking out of the Poverty Trap: How We Use Food Aid. Retrieved from http://www.wfp.org/food_aid/introduction/index.asp?section=12&sub_section=1 on 2006-09-29.
- World Health Organization. WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en/ on 2006-09-29.
- World Trade Organization. The Uruguay Round. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/trade_resources/history/wto/urug_round.htm on 2006-09-29.
Further reading[link]
- Collingham, E. M. The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food (2011)
- Katz, Solomon. The Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, (Scribner, 2003)
- Marion Nestle: Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health, University Presses of California, revised and expanded edition 2007, ISBN 0-520-25403-1
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| Jan Švankmajer | |
|---|---|
 Jan Švankmajer with Crystal Globe in the 2009 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival |
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| Born | (1934-09-04) September 4, 1934 (age 77) Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Spouse | Eva Švankmajerová |
Jan Švankmajer (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈʃvaŋkmajɛr]; born 4 September 1934) is a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his surreal animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Terry Gilliam, the Brothers Quay, and many others.[1]
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Jan Švankmajer was born in Prague. An early influence on his later artistic development was a puppet theatre he was given for Christmas as a child. He studied at the College of Applied Arts in Prague and later in the Department of Puppetry at the Prague Academy of Performing Arts. He contributed to Emil Radok's film Doktor Faust in 1958 and then began working for Prague's Semafor Theatre where he founded the Theatre of Masks. He then moved on to the Laterna Magika multimedia theatre, where he renewed his association with Radok. This theatrical experience is reflected in Švankmajer's first film The Last Trick, which was released in 1964. Under the influence of theoretician Vratislav Effenberger Švankmajer moved from the mannerism of his early work to classic surrealism, first manifested in his film The Garden (1968), and joined the Czechoslovakian Surrealist Group.[2]
He was married to Eva Švankmajerová, an internationally known surrealist painter, ceramicist, and writer until her death in October 2005. Švankmajerová collaborated on several of her husband's movies, including Alice, Faust, and Otesánek. They had two children, Veronika (b. 1963) and Václav (b. 1975, an animator).
Švankmajer has gained a reputation over several decades for his distinctive use of stop-motion technique, and his ability to make surreal, nightmarish, and yet somehow funny pictures. He continues to make films in Prague.
Švankmajer's trademarks include very exaggerated sounds, often creating a very strange effect in all eating scenes. He often uses fast-motion sequences when people walk or interact. His movies often involve inanimate objects being brought to life through stop-motion. Many of his films also include clay objects in stop-motion, otherwise known as clay animation. Food is a favourite subject and medium.
Stop-motion features in most of his work, though recently his feature films have included much more live action sequences than animation.
Many of his movies, like the short film Down to the Cellar, are made from a child's perspective, while at the same time often having a truly disturbing and even aggressive nature. In 1972 the communist authorities banned him from making films, and many of his later films were suppressed. He was almost unknown in the West until the early 1980s.
Today Švankmajer is one of the most celebrated animators in the world. Among his best known works are the feature films Alice (1988), Faust (1994), Conspirators of Pleasure (1996), Little Otik (2000) and Lunacy (2005), a surreal comic horror based on two works of Edgar Allan Poe and the life of Marquis de Sade. The two stories by Poe, "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" and "The Premature Burial", provide Lunacy its thematic focus, whereas the life of Marquis de Sade provides the film's blasphemy. Also famous (and much imitated) is the short Dimensions of Dialogue (1982), selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time.[3] His films have been called "as emotionally haunting as Kafka's stories.[4] His latest film is Surviving Life from 2010.
His next project is called Insects (Hmyz).[5] It has a projected budget of 40 million CZK and a preliminary release set to 2015. The film will be based on the play Pictures from the Insects' Life by Karel Čapek, which Švankmajer describes as following: "This Čapek´s play is a very misanthropic, and I always liked it — bugs behave as a human beings, and people behave as insects. It also reminds one a lot of Franz Kafka and his famous Metamorphosis."[6]
Filmography[link]
Feature-length films[link]
| Year | English title | Original title | Source material | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Alice | Něco z Alenky | Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll | |
| 1994 | Faust | Lekce Faust | The Faust legend, Goethe's Faust and Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe | |
| 1996 | Conspirators of Pleasure | Spiklenci slasti | Original story | |
| 2000 | Little Otik | Otesánek | Otesánek by Karel Jaromír Erben | |
| 2005 | Lunacy | Šílení | "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" and "The Premature Burial" by Edgar Allan Poe | |
| 2006 | The Ossuary & Other Tales Kimstim collection | Animated and subbed short works included in the film: The Last Trick (color, 11:30 mins.); Don Juan (color, 31 mins.); The Garden (B&W, 19 mins.); Historia Naturae (color, 9 mins.); Johann Sebastian Bach (B&W, 9:30 mins.); The Ossuary (B&W, 10 mins.); Castle of Otranto (color, 17 mins.); Darkness/Light/Darkness (color, 8 mins.); Many Games (color, 12 mins.). | ||
| 2010 | Surviving Life | Přežít svůj život | Original story | |
| 2015 | Insects | Hmyz | Pictures from the Insects' Life by Karel Čapek and Josef Čapek |
Short films[link]
| Year | English title | Original title | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | The Last Trick | Poslední trik pana Schwarcewalldea a pana Edgara | |
| 1965 | Johann Sebastian Bach: Fantasy in G minor | Johann Sebastian Bach: Fantasia G-moll | |
| 1965 | A Game with Stones | Spiel mit Steinen | |
| 1966 | Punch and Judy | Rakvičkárna | Also known as The Coffin Factory and The Lych House |
| 1966 | Et Cetera | ||
| 1967 | Historia Naturae (Suita) | ||
| 1968 | The Garden | Zahrada | |
| 1968 | The Flat | Byt | |
| 1968 | Picnic with Weissmann | Picknick mit Weissmann | |
| 1969 | A Quiet Week in the House | Tichý týden v domě | |
| 1970 | Don Juan | Don Šajn | |
| 1970 | The Ossuary | Kostnice | About the Sedlec Ossuary |
| 1971 | Jabberwocky | Žvahlav aneb šatičky slaměného Huberta | Based on "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll |
| 1972 | Leonardo's Diary | Leonardův deník | |
| 1973-79 | Castle of Otranto | Otrantský zámek | |
| 1980 | The Fall of the House of Usher | Zánik domu Usherů | Based on "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe |
| 1982 | Dimensions of Dialogue | Možnosti dialogu | |
| 1983 | Down to the Cellar | Do pivnice | |
| 1983 | The Pendulum, the Pit and Hope | Kyvadlo, jáma a naděje | Based on "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe and "A Torture by Hope" by Auguste Villiers de L'Isle-Adam |
| 1988 | Virile Games | Mužné hry | Also known as The Male Game |
| 1988 | Another Kind of Love | Music video for Hugh Cornwell | |
| 1988 | Meat Love | Zamilované maso | |
| 1989 | Darkness/Light/Darkness | Tma, světlo, tma | |
| 1989 | Flora | ||
| 1989 | Animated Self-Portraits | Portmanteau film by 27 filmmakers | |
| 1990 | The Death of Stalinism in Bohemia | Konec stalinismu v Čechách | |
| 1992 | Food | Jídlo |
Animation and gadgets[link]
| Year | English title | Original title | Director |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | Dinner for Adele | Adéla ještě nevečeřela | Oldřich Lipský |
| 1981 | The Mysterious Castle in the Carpathians | Tajemství hradu v Karpatech | Oldřich Lipský |
| 1982 | Ferat Vampire | Upír z Feratu | Juraj Herz |
| 1984 | Three Veterans | Tři veteráni | Oldřich Lipský |
See also[link]
- Jiří Trnka, Czech animator and puppeteer
- Karel Zeman, Czech animator and filmmaker
- Jiří Barta, Czech stop-motion animator
- Ladislaw Starewich, Polish animator and puppeteer
- List of stop motion films
References[link]
- ^ Solomon, Charles (1991-07-19). "Brooding Cartoons From Jan Svankmajer". LA Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-19/entertainment/ca-2291_1_political-cartoon. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ Jan Švankmajer: The Complete Short Films. BFI Booklet.
- ^ Gilliam, Terry (April 27, 2001). "Terry Gilliam Picks the Ten Best Animated Films of All Time". London: The Guardian. http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,479022,00.html.
- ^ Nytimes
- ^ "CineMart selection 2011". filmfestivalrotterdam.com. Rotterdam International Film Festival. http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/professionals/cinemine/cinemart-selection-2011/. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
- ^ Zemanová, Irena (2011-05-06). "Švankmajer in Preproduction on Čapek´s Insects". Film New Europe. http://www.filmneweurope.com/news/czech/production-%C5%A0vankmajer-in-preproduction-on-%C4%8Capek%C2%B4s-insects. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
Further reading[link]
- Peter Hames: Dark Alchemy: The Films of Jan Svankmajer, Praeger Paperback, 1995, ISBN 0-275-95299-1. Second updated edition published in 2007, ISBN 1-905674-45-7. Peter Hames is an expert on history of Central European cinema.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jan Švankmajer |
- Jan Švankmajer at the Internet Movie Database
- The Animation of Jan Svankmajer at Keyframe - the Animation Resource
- Overview of his work
- (Polish) Jan Švankmajer - PL
- On Svankmajer's Faust
- The Works of Jan Svankmajer
- Downing the Folk-Festive: Menacing Meals in the Films of Jan Svankmajer
- Czech Animation, priv. blog
- An article and filmography on Svankmajer
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Svankmajer, Jan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1934-09-04 |
| Place of birth | Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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