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Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan సర్వేపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణ BR Kt OM FBA
President of India
In office 13 May 1962 – 13 May 1967
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) Indira Gandhi
Vice President	Zakir Hussain
Preceded by	Rajendra Prasad
Succeeded by	Zakir Hussain
Vice President of India
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 May 1962
President	Rajendra Prasad
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Zakir Hussain
Personal details
Born	(1888-09-05)5 September 1888 Thiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India
Died	17 April 1975(1975-04-17) (aged 86) Chennai, India
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Sivakamu, Lady Radhakrishnan
Children	Five daughters One son
Alma mater	Voorhees College Madras Christian College
Profession	Philosopher Professor
Religion	Hinduism

Dr Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan^[1]  pronunciation (help·info), OM, FBA (Telugu: సర్వేపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణ; 5 September 1888, Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu – 17 April 1975) was a scholar and statesman who was President of India from 1962 to 1967. He was the first Vice President of India (1952–1962).

One of India's most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan is thought of as having built a bridge between the East and the West by showing that the philosophical systems of each tradition are comprehensible within the terms of the other. He wrote authoritative exegeses of India's religious and philosophical literature for the English speaking world. His academic appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta (1921–1931) and Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics at Oxford University (1936–1952).

Among the many honours he received were a knighthood (1931), the Bharat Ratna (1954) and the Order of Merit in 1963. His birthday is celebrated in India as Teachers' Day on 5 September.

Early life and education[link]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born in a poor Telugu Niyogi family at Tiruttani, a town in then Madras Presidency, British India, now in Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, 84 km to the northwest of Madras (now Chennai). His mother tongue was Telugu.^[2] His father's name was Sarvepalli Veeraswami^[2] and his mother's name was Sitamma.^[2] His early years were spent in Tirutani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local zamindar (landlord). His primary education was at Primary Board High School at Tirutani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheral Mission School in Tirupati.^[3]

Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined Voorhees College in Vellore but switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17. He graduated from there in 1906 with a Master's degree in Philosophy, being one of its most distinguished alumni.^[4] Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".^[5] He was afraid that this M.A. thesis would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. Alfred George Hogg. Instead, Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on doing an excellent job.^{[citation needed]} Radhakrishnan's M.A. thesis was published when he was only 20.

Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than by choice. Being a financially constrained student at the time, when a cousin, after graduating from the same college, passed on his textbooks in philosophy to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academic course.^[6][7] Later on he felt deep interest in his subject and wrote many acclaimed works on philosophy, both Eastern and Western.

Marriage[link]

Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu,^[8] a distant cousin, at the age of 16.^[9] As per tradition the marriage was arranged by the family. The couple had five daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Gopal. Sarvepalli Gopal went on to a notable career as a historian. Sivakami died in 1956. They were married for over 51 years.^[10]

Career[link]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan drawn by Bujjai and signed by Radhakrishnan in Telugu as "Radhakrishnaiah".

In April 1909,Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. Thereafter, in 1918, Radhakrishnan was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore. By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics. He also completed his first book, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". Radhakrishnan's second book, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920.

In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta. Radhakrishnan represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period was the invitation to deliver the Hibbert Lecture on the ideals of life which he delivered at Harris Manchester College, Oxford in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as An Idealist View of Life.

In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Harris Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours,^[11] and formally invested with his honour by the Governor-General of India, the Earl of Willingdon, in April 1932.^[12] However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence,^[13]:9 preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'.

He was the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College. In 1939 Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).^[14] He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948.

When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946–52) and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India.

Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952.^[10] He was elected as the second President of India (1962–1967). When he became President, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, 5 September. He replied,

"Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if 5 September is observed as Teachers' Day."

His birthday has since been celebrated as Teachers' Day in India.^[15]

Along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust.

Philosophy[link]

Radhakrishnan stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to objectivity, were influenced by theological influences of their own culture.^[16] He wrote books on Indian philosophy according to Western academic standards, and made all efforts for the West to give serious consideration to Indian philosophy. In his book An Idealist View of Life, he made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought. He is well known for his commentaries on the Prasthana Trayi namely, the Bhagavadgita, the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutra.

"Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment" "When we think we learn we cease to know" "A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though no one resembles him."

Awards[link]

Radhakrishnan was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1931.^[11] He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1938. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954^[17] and the Order of Merit in 1963. He received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1961 and the Templeton Prize in 1975, a few months before his death. He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University. In 1989, the university instituted the Radhakrishnan Scholarships in his memory. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".^{[citation needed]}

Radhakrishnan was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature for five consecutive years from 1933–1937, although he did not win. His nominator was Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.^[18]

Works by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan[link]

• Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol.1, 738 pages. Vol 2, 807 pages. Oxford University Press.
• The Hindu View of Life (1926), 92 pages
• An Idealist View of Life (1929), 351 pages

• Review: E.A. Burtt (Cornell University), The Philosophical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2, (Mar., 1935), pp. 205–207

"Those who have read the author's previous volumes or have heard him speak are accustomed to associate with him warmth and vigor of style, penetrating flashes of keen analysis, and detailed familiarity with past and present philosophies in both east and west. In these respects none will find the book disappointing."

• Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages
• Religion and Society (1947), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 242 pages
• The Bhagavadgītā: with an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes (1948), 388 pages
• The Dhammapada (1950), 194 pages, Oxford University Press
• The Principal Upanishads (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited
• Recovery of Faith (1956), 205 pages
• A Source Book in Indian Philosophy (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press

• Review: E.A. Burtt (Cornell University), The Philosophical Review, Vol. 67, No. 3, (July 1958), pp. 411–412

"I believe this is the first time I have written a review when no negative criticism of any kind seemed to me warranted. ... No one interested in Indian thought who does not expect to master the original materials can dispense with this book."

• Religion, Science & Culture (1968), 121 pages

Works on Radhakrishnan[link]

Several books have been published on Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan:

References[link]

Anand, Mamta. S. Radhakrishnan His Life and Works. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 2006. Print.

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

• "The Legend of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"
• "Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan- The philosopher president", Press Information Bureau, Government of India
• "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)" by Michael Hawley, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

v t e Presidents of India Prasad Radhakrishnan Hussain Giri Ahmed Reddy Singh Venkatraman Sharma Narayanan Kalam Patil

v t e Vice Presidents of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan · Zakir Hussain · V. V. Giri · Gopal Swarup Pathak · Basappa Danappa Jatti · Muhammad Hidayatullah · R. Venkataraman · Shankar Dayal Sharma · K. R. Narayanan · Krishan Kant · Bhairon Singh Shekhawat · Mohammad Hamid Ansari

v t e Bharat Ratna laureates Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) C. Rajagopalachari (1954) C. V. Raman (1954) Bhagwan Das (1955) Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya (1955) Jawaharlal Nehru (1955) Govind Ballabh Pant (1957) Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958) Bidhan Chandra Roy (1961) Purushottam Das Tandon (1961) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1962) Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963) Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) Indira Gandhi (1971) V. V. Giri (1975) K. Kamaraj (1976) Mother Teresa (1980) Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1983) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) M. G. Ramachandran (1988) B. R. Ambedkar (1990) Nelson Mandela (1990) Rajiv Gandhi (1991) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) Morarji Desai (1991) Abul Kalam Azad (1992) J. R. D. Tata (1992) Satyajit Ray (1992) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997) Gulzarilal Nanda (1997) Aruna Asaf Ali (1997) M. S. Subbulakshmi (1998) Chidambaram Subramaniam (1998) Jayaprakash Narayan (1998) Ravi Shankar (1999) Amartya Sen (1999) Gopinath Bordoloi (1999) Lata Mangeshkar (2001) Bismillah Khan (2001) Bhimsen Joshi (2008)

T. S. Radhakrishnan (born November 5, 1957) is an Indian composer and music producer of devotional music and film music from Ernakulam, Kerala. He has composed over 150 devotional albums.^[1] His albums have been collaborations with leading Indian singers such as Dr. K J Yesudas, P. Leela, P. Susheela, S. Janaki, P Jayachandran, K.S. Chitra, Hariharan, Manjari, Unni Menon, among others.^[1] He has collaborated on 70 albums or more with lyricists RK Damodaran, PC Aravindan, and Chowalloor Krishnankutty.^[2]

He was trained in Carnatic music by Tripunithura K.C. Kalyanasundaram Bhagavathar,^[1] Tanjore Subramania Bhagavathar,^[3] and Dr. S. Ramanathan.^[1]

He composed his first album "Harisri Prasadam" with ten songs in 1980 collaborating with Malayalam lyricist RK Damodaran and singers P Jayachandran, Kanhagad Ramachandran, Kavalam Sreekumar, Junior Mehaboob and Usha Manoharan.^[1] His earliest collaborations with Dr. K J Yesudas were the albums "Ganga Theertham Vol 1"^[4] in 1989 and "Thulasi Theertham" in 1990,^[5] both produced by Yesudas' label Tharangini.

Radhakrishnan played bass guitar for the western music band Hijackers for eight years before he began composing devotional music.^[1]

Awards[link]

On May 11, 2006 he was conferred the title "Bhakthiganopasakasri" for 25 years of composing devotional music by the Ernakulam Grama Jana Samooham^[6] and accepted the award from Dr. K J Yesudas.^[7]

References[link]

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