Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968), was a United States Supreme Court case which ruled that a Texas statute criminalizing public intoxication did not violate the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. It was a 5-4 decision, and the majority opinion was by Justice Thurgood Marshall. Justice Hugo Black and Byron White each wrote separate concurring opinions, and Justice Abe Fortas dissented.

The court's majority concluded that, Powell, the defendant who was convicted of public intoxication, "was convicted, not for being a chronic alcoholic, but for being in public while drunk on a particular occasion." Therefore, the Texas statute was not criminalizing the condition of alcoholism alone, but instead punishing the defendant for his public behavior. The majority distinguished the case from the earlier case Robinson v. California, which ruled that drug addiction alone as a disease could not be criminalized.

Texas (ⁱ/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km²), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.

During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.

Ronald Powell is a United States special agent for the Justice Department's Office of Inspector General. One notable concern of his was the investigation of former U.S. Department of Justice ethics advisor Jesselyn Radack, an attorney with the Department's Professional Responsibility Advisory Office.

On December 7, 2001, John De Pue, a counter-terrorism prosecutor, contacted Radack's office for advice as to whether the FBI could interrogate the recently detained "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh even though his father had retained an attorney for him. Radack advised him that the proposed interrogation would not be authorized by law, in that the applicable guidelines required Lindh's attorney's consent. On December 9, 2001, FBI agent Christopher Reimann proceeded forward with the interrogation of Lindh at Camp Rhino. The next day, De Pue contacted Radack's office to inform her that the interrogation went forward and sought further advice. Radack documented her advice in a series of e-mails.

Scott Powell was born in Dallas, Texas, on August 13, 1948. He was a founding member of Sha Na Na, which began at Columbia University in 1969, under the name The Kingsmen. The group's name was later changed to avoid confusion with another band of the same name.

Powell performed with Sha Na Na at the Woodstock Festival and in Japan and Europe. He was known as Santini on the Sha Na Na television series, which aired from 1977 to 1981. He sang many Elvis Presley songs on the show. He was also in the movie Grease with Sha Na Na, singing lead on the song Hound Dog. When Powell left the group in 1981, he went back to Columbia and took premedical courses.

As of August 2007, Powell is a Board Certified Orthopedic Surgeon, and with partner Bill Stetson, founded Stetson Powell Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, which has two locations in California. He provides such services as tennis elbow release, arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and total shoulder replacement.

He serves in many capacities in the medical field, including being active in the Arthroscopy Association of North America, the American Orthopedic Society of Sports Medicine, and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.

Gary Armstrong Powell (born 11 November 1969) is a British drummer. He is primarily the drummer for The Libertines, as well as doing the same for the band formed by his bandmate Carl Barat after the Libertines split, Dirty Pretty Things and Guyanese artist, Eddy Grant. He also played with the New York Dolls for their 2004 reunion shows.

He joined The Libertines in 2001 after being introduced to the frontmen Carl Barât and Pete Doherty by their then-manager Banny Poostchi.

Powell has worked with British talents such as JME and Skepta, stating that he wants to return to his roots on his next solo studio outing.

He has also been composing show music for fashion designers Todd Lynn and Roland Mouret for London and Paris fashion weeks.

Gary is also the founding member of the band The Invasion Of... and the main contributing writer.

Gary has one son, Wolfe (born June 2009), with long term partner Jude.