House of Wittelsbach

Country	Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece
Titles	Duke of Bavaria King of Bavaria Elector Palatine Holy Roman Emperor King of the Romans King of Denmark King of Sweden King of Norway King of Greece
Founder	Otto I, Count of Scheyern
Final sovereign	Ludwig III of Bavaria
Current head	Franz, Duke of Bavaria
Founding	1180
Dissolution	1918
Cadet branches	House of Palatinate-Simmern (extinct) House of Palatinate-Sulzbach (extinct) House of Palatinate-Neumarkt (extinct) House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (extinct) House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld

The Wittelsbach family is a European royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria.

Members of the family served as Dukes, Electors and Kings of Bavaria (1180–1918), Counts Palatine of the Rhine (1214–1803 and 1816–1918), Margraves of Brandenburg (1323–1373), Counts of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland (1345–1432), Elector-Archbishops of Cologne (1583–1761), Dukes of Jülich and Berg (1614–1794/1806), Kings of Sweden (1441–1448 and 1654–1720) and Dukes of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719).

The family also provided two Holy Roman Emperors (1328/1742), one King of the Romans (1400), two Anti-Kings of Bohemia (1619/1742), one King of Hungary (1305), one King of Denmark and Norway (1440) and a King of Greece (1832–1862).

The family's head, since 1996, is Franz, Duke of Bavaria.

Origin[link]

Berthold, Margrave in Bavaria (died 980), was the ancestor of Otto I, Count of Scheyern (died 1072), whose 3rd son Otto II, Count of Scheyern acquired the castle of Wittelsbach (near Aichach). The Counts of Scheyern left Burg Scheyern ("Scheyern Castle", constructed in about 940) in 1119 for Burg Wittelsbach ("Wittelsbach Castle").

Otto I's son Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern was father to the Count palatine of Bavaria Otto IV (died 1156), whose son Otto was invested with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1180 after the fall of Henry the Lion. Duke Otto's son Louis I, Duke of Bavaria acquired also the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1214.

Reign in the Holy Roman Empire[link]

Wittelsbach Coat of Arms: With the Palatinate the Wittelsbach acquired also the lion as heraldic symbol, with the county of Bogen the white and blue coloured lozenge flag was acquired in 1240

The Wittelsbach family was the ruling dynasty of the German territories of Bavaria from 1180 to 1918 and of the Electorate of the Palatinate from 1214 until 1805; in 1815 the latter territory was partly incorporated as Rhine Palatinate into Bavaria, which was elevated to a kingdom by Napoleon in 1806.

On Duke Otto II's death in 1253, the Wittelsbach possessions were divided between his sons: Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis II Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine. When Henry's branch died out in 1340 the duchy was reunited under Emperor Louis IV, a son of Duke Louis II.

The family provided two Holy Roman Emperors: Louis IV (1314–1347) and Charles VII (1742–1745), both members of the Bavarian branch of the family, and one German King with Rupert of the Palatinate (1400–1410), a member of the Palatinate branch.

The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II, Rupert I and Rupert II. Rudolf I this way became the ancestor of the older (Palatinate) line of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger (Bavarian) line, the descendants of Louis IV.

Bavarian branch[link]

The Bavarian branch kept the duchy of Bavaria until its extinction in 1777.

The Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but he had also released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. His sons succeeded him as Duke of Bavaria and Count of Holland and Hainaut. So for half a century, from 1323 until 1373, the younger branch of the dynasty also ruled Brandenburg in the north-east of Germany. In the south Tyrol was kept between 1342 and 1363. Between 1345 and 1432, they governed also in Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut in the north-west of the former German Empire. Tyrol was lost with the death of duke Meinhard and the following Peace of Schärding when Tyrol was finally renounced to the Habsburgs in 1369. In 1373 Otto, the last Wittelsbach regent of Brandenburg, released the country to the House of Luxembourg. On Duke Albert's death in 1404, he was succeeded in the Netherlands by his eldest son, William. A younger son, John III, became Bishop of Liège. However, on William's death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between John and William's daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut. This would be the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars and finally place the counties into Burgundian hands in 1432.

Trausnitz Castle of the Bavarian dukes

Emperor Louis IV had reunited Bavaria in 1340 but from 1349 onwards Bavaria was split among the descendants of Louis IV, who created the branches Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. With the Landshut War of Succession Bavaria was reunited in 1505 against the claim of the Palatinate branch under the Bavarian branch Bavaria-Munich.

The Wittelsbach dominions within the Holy Roman Empire (Bavaria, The Netherlands and Palatinate) AD 1373 are shown as      Wittelsbach, among the houses of      Luxembourg which acquired Brandenburg that year and      Habsburg which had acquired Tyrol in 1369

From 1549 to 1567 the Wittelsbach owned the County of Kladsko in Bohemia. A strict Catholic by upbringing, the Bavarian dukes were leaders of the German Counter-Reformation. From 1583 to 1761, the Bavarian branch of the dynasty provided the Prince-electors and Archbishops of Cologne and many other Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire. Wittelsbach princes served for example as Bishops of Regensburg, Freising, Liege, Münster, Hildesheim, Paderborn and Osnabrück, and as Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order.

In 1623 under Maximilian I the dukes were invested with the electoral dignity. His grandson Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria served also as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (1692–1706) and as Duke of Luxembourg (1712–1714). His son Emperor Charles VII was also king of Bohemia (1741–1743). With the death of Charles' son Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria the Bavarian branch died out in 1777.

Palatinate branch[link]

The Palatinate branch kept the Palatinate until 1918 and succeeded also in Bavaria in 1777. With the Golden Bull of 1356 the Counts Palatine were invested with the electoral dignity.

After the death of the Wittelsbach king Rupert of Germany in 1410 began the split of Palatinate lands under numerous branches such as Neumarkt, Simmern, Zweibrücken, Birkenfeld, Neuburg and Sulzbach.

Heidelberg Castle of the Electors of Palatinate

The one of cadet branches of the Palatinate branch kept also the Duchy of Jülich and Berg from 1614 onwards. When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609, the War of the Jülich succession broke out, ended by the 1614 Treaty of Xanten, which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg.

In 1619, the Protestant Frederick V, Elector Palatine was King of Bohemia but was defeated by the Catholic Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, a member of the Bavarian branch. As a result the Upper Palatinate had to be ceded to the Bavarian branch in 1623. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Treaty of Münster (also called the Peace of Westphalia) in 1648, a new additional electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine. During their exile Frederick sons, namely Prince Rupert of the Rhine, gained fame in England. The house of Palatinate of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg as heir to the Swedish throne ruled simultaneously the duchy of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719).

Also princes of the Palatinate branch served as Bishops of the Empire, also as Elector-Archbishops of Mainz and Elector-Archbishops of Trier.

The Electorate (1778) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1816)

After the extinction of the Bavarian branch, a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession, the Palatinate branch under Elector Charles Theodore succeeded in Bavaria in 1777.

With the death of Charles Theodore in 1799 all Wittelsbach land in Bavaria and the Palatinate was reunited under Maximilian IV Joseph, a member of the branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld. At the time there were two surviving branches of the Wittelsbach family: Zweibrücken (headed by Maximilian Joseph) and Birkenfeld (headed by Count Palatine William). Maximilian Joseph inherited Charles Thedore's title of Elector of Bavaria, while William was compensated with the title of Duke in Bavaria. The form Duke in Bavaria was selected because in 1506 primogeniture had been established in the House of Wittelsbach resulting in there being only one Reigning Duke of Bavaria at any given time. Maximillian Joseph assumed the title of king as Maximilian I Joseph on January 1, 1806. The new king still served as an Prince-elector until the Kingdom of Bavaria left the Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806).

Under Maximilian's descendants, Bavaria became the third most powerful German state, behind only Prussia and Austria. It was also far and away the most powerful secondary state. When the German Empire was formed in 1871, Bavaria became the new empire's second most powerful state after Prussia. The Wittlesbachs reigned as kings of Bavaria until Ludwig III issued the Anif declaration (German: Anifer Erklärung), Ludwig III on 12 November 1918 at Anif Palace, Austria,^[1] in which he released his soldiers and officials from their oath of loyalty to him, ended the 738-year rule of the House of Wittelsbach in Bavaria.^[2]

Reign outside the Holy Roman Empire[link]

With Duke Otto III of Lower Bavaria, who was a maternal grandson of Béla IV of Hungary and was elected antiking of Hungary and Croatia as Bela V (1305–1308) the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside the Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Otto had abdicated the Hungarian throne by 1308.

Palatinate branch[link]

Christopher III of the Palatinate branch was king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1440/1442–1448, but he left no descendants. The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654–1720 under Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII and Ulrika Eleonora.

The Wittelsbach princess Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714) was the mother of George I of Great Britain; she died as Heiress Presumptive of Great Britain a few weeks before the case of succession. The line of Jacobite succession is currently within the House of Wittelsbach. Franz, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria is recognised by the Jacobites as "Francis II".

The Wittelsbach prince Otto of Bavaria was elected king of newly independent Greece in 1832 and was forced to abdicate in 1862.

Bavarian branch[link]

Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, Prince of Asturias, a son of Maximilian II Emanuel, was the favored choice of England and the Netherlands to succeed as the ruler of Spain, young Charles II of Spain chose him as his heir. Due to the unexpected death of Joseph Ferdinand in 1699 the Wittelsbach did not come to power in Spain.

Kingdom of Sweden[link]

The Swedish Empire following the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658

Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated her throne on 5 June 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles X Gustavus, a member of the Wittelsbach branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken. It was the second term for the rule of the Wittelsbach in Sweden since already until 1448 Christopher III of the Palatinate branch was king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway.

Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the treaty of Roskilde in 1658. Charles' son, Charles XI, rebuilt the economy and refitted the army. His legacy to his son, Charles XII, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet. Charles XII was a skilled military leader and tactician. However, although he was also skilled as a politician, he was reluctant in making peace. Although Sweden achieved several large scale military successes early on, and won the most battles, the Great Northern War eventually ended in Sweden's defeat and the end of the Swedish Empire. Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. Her abdication in 1720 marked the end of the Wittelsbach rule in Sweden.

Kingdom of Greece[link]

Greece in 1843 after independence.

The Wittelsbach Otto I was made the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). Throughout his reign, Otto faced political challenges concerning Greece's financial weakness and the role of the government in the affairs of the Church. The politics of Greece of this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto’s ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers’ Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the (British) Royal Navy in 1850 and again in 1853, to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War, Otto’s standing amongst Greeks suffered. As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen and finally, in 1862, Otto was deposed while in the countryside.

The law of succession to the throne of Greece was defined by a supplementary article to the convention of 7 May 1832 awarding the Greek Throne to Otto I. It instituted a semi-salic order with an important rule prevented the union of the crown on the same head with any other crown, especially that of Bavaria. Under the terms of the succession law, a Wittelsbach claim to the throne would have passed on Otto's death in 1867 to his younger brother Luitpold, who was regent of Bavaria from 1886 to 1912; and after him to Ludwig who became king Ludwig III of Bavaria in 1913. At this point, tracing the claim becomes impossible as the same branch of the Wittelsbach became heir to both thrones, and a subsequent monarch or pretender should have issued a renunciation to one of the two thrones, which none did. In the end, neither Luitpold nor his son Ludwig actively pursued a claim to the Greek throne inherited from Otto I, and the throne of Bavaria itself disappeared in 1918, leaving the future of the claim to be decided by a further arrangement that never occurred.^[3]

Major members of the family[link]

Patrilineal descent[link]

Franz's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations.

1. Otto I, Count of Scheyern, 1044–1072
2. Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern, d. 1091
3. Otto IV, Count of Wittelsbach, 1083–1156
4. Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria, 1117–1183
5. Louis I, Duke of Bavaria, 1173–1231
6. Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria, 1206–1253
7. Louis II, Duke of Bavaria, 1229–1294
8. Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria, 1274–1319
9. Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine, 1300–1327
10. Rupert II, Elector Palatine, 1325–1398
11. Rupert of Germany, 1352–1410
12. Stefan, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken, 1385–1459
13. Louis I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1424–1489
14. Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1462–1514
15. Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1502–1532
16. Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1526–1569
17. Charles I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld, 1560–1600
18. Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld, 1598–1654
19. Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1637–1717
20. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1674–1735
21. Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Zweibrücken, 1724–1767
22. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, 1756–1825
23. Ludwig I of Bavaria, 1786–1868
24. Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, 1821–1912
25. Ludwig III of Bavaria, 1845–1921
26. Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 1869–1955
27. Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, 1905–1996
28. Franz, Duke of Bavaria, b. 1933

Bavarian branch[link]

• Louis V, Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke of Bavaria and Count of Tyrol (1323–1361)
• Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland and Hainaut (1347–1404)
• Isabeau de Bavière (1371–1435), queen-consort of France
• Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1417–1432)
• Albert IV, duke of Bavaria (1465–1508)
• Albert V, duke of Bavaria (1550–1579)
• Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1597–1651)
• Maria Anna, Dauphine of France (1660–1690)
• Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (1662–1726)
• Duchess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (1673–1731), Hereditary Princess of Tuscany and Governess of Siena,
• Clemens August of Bavaria (1700–1761)
• Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1724–1780)

Palatinate branch[link]

• Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1451–1476)
• Frederick III, Elector Palatine (1559–1576)
• Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1610–1623)
• Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1648–1680)
• Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619–1682)
• Sophia of the Palatine (1630–1714), Heiress of Great Britain
• Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine (1652–1722)
• Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (1690–1718)
• King Ludwig I of Bavaria (1825–1848)
• Princess Sophie of Bavaria (1805–1872), Archduchess of Austria
• Elisabeth in Bavaria (1837–1898) ("Sisi"), Empress of Austria
• Ludwig II of Bavaria (1864–1886)
• Marie Sophie (1841–1925), last queen of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Elizabeth of Bavaria (1876–1965), queen-consort of Albert I of Belgium
• Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein, b. 1967

Several other women in the family are known as Elisabeth of Bavaria.

Family tree[link]

File:Wittelsbach Dynasty Family Tree.JPG

Armory[link]

A full armorial of the Wittelsbachs can be found at the Armorial of the House of Wittelsbach in French.

See also[link]

• Kings of Germany family tree. The Wittelsbachs were the 11th dynasty to rule Germany and were related by marriage to all the others.
• List of rulers of Bavaria
• List of rulers of the Palatinate
• Asteroid 90712 Wittelsbach, named in the castle and dynasty's honour
• Wittelsbach Diamond
• Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918

External links[link]

• The Royal Family of Bavaria - House of Wittelsbach
• The Royal House of Bavaria
• Genealogy of the House of Wittelsbach
• Genealogy of the House of Wittelsbach from Genealogy.eu

References[link]

Duchess Helene in Bavaria
Hereditary Princess of Thurn and Taxis
Spouse	Maximilian Anton Lamoral, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Issue
Princess Louise of Hohenzollern Elisabeth, Duchess of Braganza Maximilian Maria, 7th Prince of Thurn and Taxis Albert, 8th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Full name
German: Caroline Therese Helene
House	House of Wittelsbach House of Thurn and Taxis
Father	Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria
Mother	Princess Ludovika of Bavaria
Born	(1834-04-04)4 April 1834 Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
Died	16 May 1890(1890-05-16) (aged 56) Regensburg, Kingdom of Bavaria
Burial	Gruftkapelle, Saint Emmeram's Abbey, Regensburg
Religion	Roman Catholic

Helene Caroline Therese, Duchess in Bavaria (4 April 1834, Munich, Bavaria – 16 May 1890, Regensburg, Bavaria) of the House of Wittelsbach, nicknamed Néné, was a Bavarian princess and, through marriage, temporarily the head of the Thurn and Taxis family.

Family[link]

Helene was the oldest daughter of Maximilian Joseph, Duke in Bavaria and Ludovika, Royal Princess of Bavaria. The family home was at Possenhofen Castle.

Marriage[link]

In 1853 she traveled with her mother Ludovika and her younger sister Elisabeth to the resort of Bad Ischl, Upper Austria with the hopes that she would become the bride of their cousin Franz Josef, then the emperor of Austria. He decided that he preferred Elisabeth instead. Helene was unusually pious, and would have fit into the Habsburg court well. She had one quality, though, that would not have been accepted: she was habitually late, and often missed trains and appointments.

Helene's husband Maximilian

After the failed engagement, she became depressed and Ludovika became concerned that Helene would take the veil and join a convent. Helene had almost come to terms with remaining single. At 22 years old she was considered to be an "old maid," but her mother arranged for her to meet the wealthy Maximilian Anton Lamoral, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis. Duke Max in Bavaria, Helene's father, invited the Thurn and Taxis family to Possenhofen for a hunting party, at which Prince Maximilian was introduced to Helene.

While the prince was vacationing at Possenhofen, he brought his marriage plans to his parents, who immediately agreed. The only difficulty involved was that although the Thurn and Taxis family were counted among the richest in the land, they were not considered social equals for a princess of royal blood and a member of the House of Wittelsbach. Because of this, King Maximilian II of Bavaria did not at first agree to a marriage between the two, but through Elisabeth's influence on the king, the marriage took place nevertheless. The wedding ceremony was held on 24 August 1858 at Possenhofen. To mark the occasion, the in-laws gave the bride a necklace worth 160,000 Gulden. Ironically, in spite of the earlier objections to the match, Helene is considered to have had the only happy marriage among the five Wittelsbach sisters.

Her daughter Louisa was born in 1859, followed by a second daughter, Elisabeth, in 1860. Shortly after the birth of her second child she traveled to Corfu to visit her sister Elisabeth, who was very ill. She returned by way of Vienna, where she reported to Franz Josef on the poor state of his wife.

She gave birth to the much-desired son in 1862, named Maximilian Maria, and in 1867 had another son named Albert.

Even though the couple had a happy marriage, it was overshadowed by the severe illness of her husband Maximilian, who had chronic kidney disease. Neither a course of treatment in Karlsbad nor the best doctors could save him. He died in 1867 at only 36 years of age.

Later life[link]

Helene took her mind off her sorrows with charitable activities. She received the guardianship of her children from the Austrian emperor. Her father-in-law began to include her in the business affairs of the House of Thurn and Taxis, seeing in her a support and successor. In this way she became the head of the family until her oldest son reached his majority.

In 1877 her youngest daughter Elisabeth married Prince Miguel of Braganza, the Miguelist claimant to the throne of Portugal. Elisabeth's health deteriorated after the birth of her first child, and she eventually died in 1881.

In 1879 Helene's oldest daughter Louise married the young Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. The couple had no children.

In 1883, her son Maximilian took over the leadership of the family business, but the well-trained young man fell ill. His heart had been weakened by scarlet fever in childhood, and he suffered from severe heart spasms. In 1885, he died of a pulmonary embolism. This left Helene the family head again, until 1888 when her son Albert reached his majority and took over the family businesses. Helene then retired and dedicated herself to her religious devotions.

She became very ill with stomach cancer in 1890, and her sister Elisabeth hurried to her side. Elisabeth was the last person to speak with Helene. Elisabeth's daughter Marie Valerie related in her diary, "Aunt Néné ... was glad to see Mama and said to her, 'Old Sisi' -- she and Mama almost always spoke English together. 'We two have had hard puffs in our lives,' said Mama. 'Yes, but we had hearts,' replied Aunt Néné."

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Styles of Helene, Hereditary Princess of Thurn and Taxis
Reference style	Her Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Ma'am

Titles and styles[link]

• 4 April 1834 – 24 August 1858 Her Royal Highness Duchess Helene in Bavaria
• 24 August 1858 – 16 May 1890 Her Royal Highness the Hereditary Princess of Thurn and Taxis

Ancestry[link]

Sources[link]

• Brigitte Hamann: Kaiserin wider Willen, 1981. ISBN 3-492-22990-5
• Conte Corti: Elisabeth. Die seltsame Frau, 1934. ISBN 3-222-10897-8
• Erika Bestenreiter: Sisi und ihre Geschwister, München 2004. ISBN 3-492-24006-2
• Sigrid-Maria Größing: Sisi und ihre Familie, Wien 2005. ISBN 3-8000-3857-9

External links[link]

Media related to Duchess Helene in Bavaria at Wikimedia Commons

Kingdom of Sweden

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Sweden

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This is a list of Swedish monarchs, that is, the Kings and ruling Queens of Sweden, including regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, up to the present time.

History[link]

The earliest record of what is generally considered to be a Swedish king appears in Tacitus' work Germania, c. 100 AD (the king of the Suiones). However, due to scant and unreliable sources before the 11th century, lists of succession traditionally start in the 10th century with king Olof Skötkonung, and his father Eric the Victorious, who also were the first Swedish kings to be baptized. There are, however, lists of Swedish pagan monarchs with far older dates, but in many cases these kings appear in sources of disputed historical reliability. These records notably deal with the legendary House of Yngling, and based on the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, Erik Segersäll and Olof Skötkonung have often been classified as belonging to the Swedish house of Ynglings. However, according to Icelandic sources this line of kings was broken (see Ingjald and Ivar Vidfamne), and trace them back to Sigurd Ring and Ragnar Lodbrok (whom Saxo, on the other hand, considered to belong to the House of Yngling). As there is no evidence that Eric and Olof ever used the Yngling name themselves, modern historians instead refer to their family as the House of Munsö, the Old Dynasty or the House of Uppsala.

In the 16th century, Johannes Magnus constructed a mythical line of Swedish kings, beginning with Magog, the son of Japheth, to demonstrate the antiquity of the Swedish throne. On the basis of his list, Eric XIV and Charles IX adopted their high ordinals; previous monarchs with those names are traditionally numbered counting backward from Eric XIV and Charles IX. In contemporary Swedish usage, medieval kings are usually not given any ordinal at all.

Sweden has been ruled by queens regnant on three separate occasions: by Margaret (1389–1412), Christina (1632–1654) and Ulrika Eleonora (1718–1720) respectively.

In addition to the list below, the Swedish throne was also claimed by the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1599 to 1660. Following his abdication Sigismund continued to claim the throne from 1599 to his death in 1632. After his death the claim was continued by his sons, Vladislaus IV (from 1632 to 1648) and John II Casimir (from 1648 to 1660).

The Swedish monarchs have been of the House of Bernadotte since 1818, based on the Swedish Act of Succession of 1810. The Constitution of 1809 assumed that the monarch would appoint his Cabinet as he saw fit, but growing calls for democratisation during the end of the 19th century made such an idea impossible to sustain. 1917 marks the end of any real political power for the Swedish monarch. The Constitution of 1974 codifies this development by removing all decision-making powers from the monarch, making it both de facto and de jure a ceremonial position. Today, it is the Government, not the King, which holds chief executive power.

In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic to equal primogeniture, to the benefit of princess Victoria (b. 1977), the current heir apparent of Sweden.

Monarchs and Regents of Sweden[link]

For lists of the prehistoric kings of Sweden see

• Mythical kings of Sweden
• Semi-legendary kings of Sweden

[edit] House of Munsö

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Eric the Victorious (Erik Segersäll) c. 970 – c. 995	100px	945?, son of Björn Eriksson	Sigrid the Haughty or 'Świętosława' of Poland	Sotdöd (died in sickness) in Old Uppsala[1] c. 995, aged about 50
Olof Skötkonung c. 995 – c. 1022		c. 980, son of Eric the Victorious	Estrid of the Obotrites	c. 1022, aged about 42
Anund Jacob (Anund Jakob) c. 1022–1050		25 July 1008 or 1010 son of Olof Skötkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites		c. 1050, aged about 40
Emund the Old (Emund den gamle) 1050–1060		Illegitimate son of Olof Skötkonung	Astrid Njalsdotter	1060

[edit] House of Stenkil and contemporary

      House of Stenkil

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Stenkil (Stenkil Ragnvaldsson) 1060–1066		Probably from Västergötland, son of Ragnvald Ulfsson (according to Hervarar saga)	Ingamoder Emundsdotter	Sotdöd (died in sickness) in "Svitjod", 1066
Eric Stenkilsson (Erik Stenkilsson) 1066–1067		son of Stenkil		1067, dies in a war against Eric the Pagan
Eric the Pagan (Erik Hedningen) 1066–1067				1067, dies in a war against Eric Stenkilsson
Halsten Stenkilsson (Halsten) 1067–1070		c. 1050 son of Stenkil		1084, aged about 34
Anund Gårdske 1070–1075		Coming from Garðaríki, (Kievan Rus'), although probably with ancestral links to Scandinavia
Håkan the Red (Håkan Röde) 1075–1079		Levene, Västergötland, c. 1040, son of Stenkil
Inge the Elder (Inge den äldre) 1079–1084, 1087–1105		son of Stenkil and Ingamoder Emundsdotter	Helena, sister of Blot-Sweyn	Died in sickness, 1105. First buried in Hånger, but then moved to Varnhem Abbey
Blot-Sweyn (Blot-Sven) 1084–1087				1087, ambushed by Inge the Elder's troops
1087–1105, Inge the Elder (Inge den äldre) (second period)
Philip Halstensson (Filip Halstensson) 1105–1118		son of king Halsten	Ingegerd, daughter of Harald Hardrada	Assumed to be buried in Vreta Abbey with his brother Inge II
Inge the Younger (Inge den yngre) 1110–1125		son of king Halsten	Ulvhild Håkansdotter	Östergötland, 1125, Accusations has it that he was poisoned by his wife with an "evil drink". Assumed to be buried in Vreta Abbey with his brother Philip
Ragnvald Knaphövde 1125–1126		Assumed to be related in some way to the House of Stenkil		1126, killed before accepted in Västergötland by the supporters of Magnus the Strong
1126-30 Magnus I of Sweden was ruling over the West Geats, and soon-to-be King Sverker was already ruling over the East Geats.

[edit] Houses of Sverker and Eric

      House of Stenkil
      House of Eric
      House of Sverker

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Sverker I the Elder (also called Clubfoot, Sverker den äldre or Klumpfot; king from 1125 in Östergötland), 1130–25 December 1156		of East Geatish ancestry, son of Cornube or Kol	Ulvhild Håkansdotter, Richeza of Poland	Murdered by his own coach on Christmas Day 1156 while going to church. Some appoint Magnus Henriksen to be behind the murder, buried at Alvastra Abbey
Eric (IX) the Saint (Erik den helige), 1156–18 May 1160		c. 1120, some appoint him to have West Geatish roots	Christina of Denmark	Killed by Magnus Henriksen as he came out of the church in Uppsala, 18 May 1160, aged about 40, enshrined in Uppsala Cathedral
Magnus II, 1160–1161		son of Henry and Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter (the granddaughter of Inge the Elder)	Married to his stepsister Brigida Haraldsdotter, the daughter of Harald IV (Gille) of Norway	Died in the battle of Örebro againtst Charles VII, 1161
Charles I (Karl Sverkersson), 1161–12 April 1167		1130, son of Sverker I the Elder and Ulvhild Håkansdotter	Christina Hvide, 1163	Killed by Canute I Ericson on Visingsö, 12 April 1167, aged about 37, buried at Alvastra Abbey
Canute I Ericson (Knut Eriksson) (1167–1173 not in Östergötland; from 1173 also in Östergötland), 1167–1195/1196		before 1150, son of Eric the Saint and Kristina (probably a granddaughter of Inge the Elder)	Cecilia Johansdotter	Died peacefully in 1195 or 1196, buried at Varnhem Abbey
Sverker II the Younger (Sverker den yngre), 1196–31 January 1208		born before 1167, probably already c. 1164 son of king Charles VII and queen Christine Stigsdatter of Hvide	Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide Ingegerd Birgersdotter of Bjelbo daughter of Birger Brosa	Died in the Battle of Gestilren, 17 July 1210, aged about 45, buried at Alvastra Abbey
Eric (X) (Erik Knutsson), 31 January 1208–10 April 1216		1180 son of Canute I Ericson	Richeza of Denmark (the daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark)	Died suddenly in fever on Näs Castle, Visingsö, 10 April 1216, aged about 36, buried at Varnhem Abbey
John I the Child (Johan Sverkersson unge), Spring 1216–10 March 1222		1201 son of Sverker II		Died on Visingsö, 10 March 1222, aged about 21, buried at Alvastra Abbey
Eric (XI) the Lisp and Lame (Erik läspe och halte), Summer 1222–28 or 29 November 1229		1216 son of king Erik X of Sweden and Richeza of Denmark	Catherine of Ymseborg	2 February 1250, aged about 34, buried at Varnhem Abbey
Canute II the Tall (Knut Långe) 28 or 29 November 1229 – 1234		son of Holmger who was "nepos" (nephew?) of Canute I Ericson	Helena Pedersdatter Strange	1234, buried at Sko kloster
Eric (XI) the Lisp and Lame (Erik läspe och halte), 1234–2 February 1250		1216 son of king Erik X of Sweden and Richeza of Denmark	Catherine of Ymseborg	2 February 1250, aged about 34, buried at Varnhem Abbey

[edit] House of Bjälbo

The House of Bjälbo is sometimes referred to as the House of Folkung

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Valdemar (Valdemar Birgersson) Spring 1250–22 July 1275		1239 son of Birger jarl and Ingeborg Eriksdotter (a daughter of Eric X)	Sophia of Denmark, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark	Died while imprisoned by his brother Magnus at Nyköping Castle, 26 December 1302, aged about 63, buried at Vreta Abbey or Riddarholmen Church
Magnus III Barnlock (Magnus Ladulås) 22 July 1275–18 December 1290		1240 son of Birger jarl and Ingeborg Eriksdotter (the daughter of Eric X)	Helwig of Holstein	Visingsö, 18 December 1290, aged about 50, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Birger (Birger Magnusson) 18 December 1290–March/April 1318		1280 son of Magnus III Ladislaus and Helwig of Holstein	Martha of Denmark, 1298	31 May 1321, in exile in Denmark, after murdering his brothers at Nyköping Banquet, aged about 41, buried at Ringsted, Zealand
Mats Kettilmundsson Regent 27 June 1318–8 July 1319 (not of the House of Bjälbo)		Unknown birthyear	None	May 1326, in Åbo, as hövitsman of Finland
Magnus IV Ericson (Magnus Eriksson) 8 July 1319–15 February 1364		Norway, 1316 son of Erik Magnusson (brother of Birger) and Ingeborg Håkonsdotter	Blanche of Namur,1335	Drowned in a shipwreck when seeking refuge with his son in Bømlofjord, Norway, 1 December 1374, aged about 58
Eric (XII) (Erik Magnusson) 17 October 1356–20 June 1359 (rival king until 1359; joint-rule with father months before death)		1339 son of Magnus IV Eriksson and Blanche of Namur	Beatrice of Bavaria	Generally believed that he and his wife died in the plague, 20 June 1359, aged about 20
Hacon (Håkan Magnusson) 15 February 1362–15 February 1364 (joint-rule with father)		1340 son of Magnus IV Eriksson and Blanche of Namur	Margrete Valdemarsdotter, 9 April 1363 in Copenhagen	Oslo, 11 September 1380, aged about 40, buried in Oslo

[edit] House of Mecklenburg

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Albert of Sweden (Albrekt av Mecklenburg) 15 February 1364–24 February 1389		Mecklenburg, c. 1338, son of Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg and Euphemia of Sweden	Richardis of Schwerin	Mecklenburg, 1 April 1412, aged about 74, buried in Mecklenburg

[edit] Monarchs during the Kalmar Union period and Regents (Riksföreståndare)

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Margaret (Margareta Valdemarsdotter) 24 February 1389–28 October 1412		Vordingborg Castle, 1353 daughter of Valdemar IV and Helvig of Sønderjylland	Haakon VI of Norway	Flensburg Fjord, 28 October 1412, aged about 55, buried in Roskilde Cathedral
Eric (XIII) (Erik av Pommern) 23 July 1396–24 September 1439 (deposed 1434–1435 and 1436)		Rügenwalde, Pomerania, 1382, son of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania and Mary of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Philippa of England	Rügenwalde Castle, 3 May 1459, aged about 77, buried in Rügenwalde, Pomerania
13 January 1435–4 May 1436 : Regent Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson (rikshövitsman) October 1438–Autumn 1440 : Regent Karl Knutsson Bonde later King Charles II
Christopher (Kristoffer av Bayern) Autumn 1441–6 January 1448		Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz in Bavaria, February 26, 1418 son of Duke John of Pfalz-Neumarkt and Catherine Vratislava	Dorothea of Brandenburg	Helsingborg, 5 January or 6 January 1448, aged 29, buried at Roskilde Cathedral
January–20 June 1448 : Regents Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna) and Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
Charles II (Karl Knutsson Bonde) 20 June 1448–24 February 1457, 9 August 1464–30 January 1465 and 12 November 1467–15 May 1470		Ekholmen Castle, 1408 or 1409 son of Knut Tordsson (Bonde) and Margareta Karlsdotter (Sparre av Tofta)	Birgitta Turesdotter (Bielke) (died before he became king) Katarina Karlsdotter Kristina Abrahamsdotter	15 May 1470, aged about 61 or 62, buried at Riddarholmen Church
March–23 June 1457 : Regents Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna), archbishop of Upsala, and Erik Axelsson (Tott)
Christian I (Kristian I) 23 June 1457–23 June 1464		Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, February 1426, son of Dietrich of Oldenburg and Helvig of Schauenburg	Dorothea of Brandenburg	Copenhagen, 21 May 1481, aged 55, buried at Roskilde Cathedral
9 August 1464–30 January 1465 Charles II (Karl Knutsson Bonde) (second period) 26 December 1464–11 August 1465 : Regent Kettil Karlsson (Vasa), bishop of Linköping 11 August 1465–18 October 1466 : Regent Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna) 18 October 1466–12 November 1467 : Regent Erik Axelsson (Tott)
12 November 1467 – 15 May 1470 Charles II (Karl Knutsson Bonde) (third period) 16 May 1470–6 October 1497 : Regent Sten Sture the Elder (Sten Sture den äldre)
John II ("Hans") 6 October 1497–August 1501		Aalborg Castle, 2 February 1455, son of Christian I and Dorothea of Brandenburg	Christina of Saxony	Aalborg Castle, 20 February 1513, aged 58, buried in Odense
12 November 1501–14 December 1503 : Regent Sten Sture the Elder 21 January 1504–31 December 1511 or 2 January 1512 : Regent Svante Nilsson (Svante Nilsson, herre till Ekesjö) Middle of January–23 July 1512 : Regent Erik Arvidsson Trolle 23 July 1512–3 February 1520 : Regent Sten Sture the Younger (Sten Sture den yngre)
Christian II the Tyrant (Kristian Tyrann) 1 November 1520–23 August 1521		Nyborg Castle, 1 July 1481 son of Hans and Christina of Saxony	Isabella of Austria	Kalundborg Castle, 25 January 1559, aged 77, buried in Odense

[edit] House of Vasa

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Gustav I (Gustav Vasa) 6 June 1523 – 29 September 1560 also as regent Gustav Eriksson (Vasa), 1521–1523		Rydboholm Castle or Lindholmen in Uppland, 12 May 1496 son of Erik Johansson and Cecilia Månsdotter	Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1531–1535) Margareta Leijonhufvud (1536–1551) Katarina Stenbock (1552–1560)	Tre Kronor (castle), 29 September 1560, aged 64, buried in Uppsala Cathedral
Eric XIV (Erik XIV) 29 September 1560 – 29 September 1568		Tre Kronor (castle), 13 December 1533 son of Gustav I and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg	Karin Månsdotter	Died (Poisoned) while imprisoned in Örbyhus Castle, 26 February 1577. Aged 43, buried at Västerås Cathedral
John III (Johan III) 30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592		Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud	Catherine Jagellonica (1562 – 1583), Gunilla Bielke (1585–1597)	Tre Kronor (castle), 17 November 1592, aged 54, buried at Uppsala Cathedral
Sigmund (Sigismund) 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599		Gripsholm Castle, 20 June 1566, son of John III and Catherine Jagellonica of Poland.	Anna of Austria (1592–1598), Constance of Austria (1605–1631)	Warsaw, Poland, 30 April 1632, aged 65, buried at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
Charles IX (Karl IX) 22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611 also as regent Duke Charles, 1599–1604		Tre Kronor (castle), 4 October 1550 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud	Maria of Palatinate-Simmern (1579–1589), Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1592–1611)	Nyköping Castle, 30 October 1611, aged 61, buried at Strängnäs Cathedral
Gustav II Adolph (Gustav II Adolf) 30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632		Tre Kronor (castle), 9 December 1594, son of Charles IX and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp.	Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg	6 November 1632, in the Battle of Lützen, Electorate of Saxony, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Christina (Kristina) 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654		Stockholm, 8 December[2] 1626, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg	Unmarried	Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

[edit] House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch of the House of Wittelsbach

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav) 6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660		Nyköping Castle, 8 November 1622, son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catharina of Sweden (daughter of Charles IX)	Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp	Gothenburg, 13 February 1660, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Charles XI (Karl XI) 13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697		Tre Kronor (castle), 24 November 1655 son of Charles X and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp	Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark	Tre Kronor (castle), 5 April 1697, aged 41, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Charles XII (Karl XII) 5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718		Tre Kronor (castle), 17 June 1682 son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder	Unmarried	Fredrikshald, Norway, 30 November 1718, aged 36, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Ulrica Eleanor (Ulrika Eleonora) 5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720		Tre Kronor (castle), 23 January 1688 daughter of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder	Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel	Stockholm, 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in Riddarholmen Church

[edit] House of Hesse

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Frederick (Fredrik I av Hessen) 24 March 1720 – 25 March 1751		Kassel, (in today's Germany), 23 April 1676 son of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Maria Amalia of Courland	Louise Dorothea of Prussia Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden	Stockholm, 25 March 1751, aged 74, buried in Riddarholmen Church

[edit] House of Holstein-Gottorp, a branch of the House of Oldenburg

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Adolph Frederick (Adolf Fredrik) 25 March 1751 – 12 February 1771		Gottorp, Schleswig, (in today's Germany), 14 May 1710 son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach	Louisa Ulrika of Prussia	Stockholm Palace, 12 February 1771, aged 60, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Gustav III 12 February 1771 – 29 March 1792		Stockholm, 24 January [O.S. 13 January] 1746 son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia	Sophia Magdalena of Denmark	Assassinated (shot in the back when he was on a masked ball at the opera, 16 March 1792). Died in Stockholm Palace, 29 March 1792, aged 46, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Gustav IV Adolph 29 March 1792 – 10 May 1809 with Charles, Duke of Södermanland as regent 1792–1796		Stockholm Palace, 1 November 1778 son of Gustav III and Sophie Magdalena	Frederica of Baden	St. Gallen, Switzerland, 7 February 1837, aged 58, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Charles XIII (Karl XIII) 6 June 1809 – 5 February 1818		Stockholm, 7 October 1748 son of Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia	Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp	Stockholm, 5 February 1818, aged 69, buried in Riddarholmen Church

[edit] House of Bernadotte

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Charles XIV John (Karl XIV Johan) 5 February 1818 – 8 March 1844		Pau, France, 26 January 1763 son of Jean Henri Bernadotte and Jeanne de Saint-Vincent	Désirée Clary	Stockholm Palace, 8 March 1844, aged 81, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Oscar I 8 March 1844 – 8 July 1859		Paris, France, 4 July 1799, son of Charles XIV John and Désirée Clary	Josephine of Leuchtenberg	Stockholm Palace, 8 July 1859, aged 60, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Charles XV (Karl XV) 8 July 1859 – 18 September 1872		Stockholm Palace, 3 May 1826 son of Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg	Louise of the Netherlands	Malmö, 18 September 1872, aged 46, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Oscar II 18 September 1872 – 8 December 1907		Stockholm, 21 January 1829 son of Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg	Sofia of Nassau	Stockholm, 8 December 1907, aged 78, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Gustaf V 8 December 1907 – 29 October 1950		Drottningholm Palace, 16 June 1858 son of Oscar II and Sofia of Nassau	Victoria of Baden	Drottningholm Palace, 29 October 1950, aged 92, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Gustaf VI Adolf 29 October 1950 – 15 September 1973		Stockholm, 11 November 1882 son of Gustav V and Victoria of Baden	Princess Margaret of Connaught Lady Louise Mountbatten	Helsingborg, 15 September 1973, aged 90, buried at Royal Burial Ground
Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973 – present		Haga Palace, 30 April 1946 son of Prince Gustav Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Silvia Sommerlath

References[link]

1. ^ Lagerqvist in Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 år ISBN 91-0-075007-7 p. 23
2. ^ Note that the birth date is December 8 in the Julian calendar, which was in effect in Sweden at the time, corresponding to December 18 in the Gregorian calendar.

• The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Vol.I. Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-521-47299-7).
• Morby John E. Dynasties of the World. Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-19-860473-4).
• Liljegren, Bengt. Rulers of Sweden. Historiska Media, 2004 (ISBN 91-85057-63-0).
• Lagerqvist Lars O., Åberg Nils. Kings and Rulers of Sweden. Vincent Publications, 2002 (ISBN 91-87064-35-9).

See also[link]

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