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Achankovil River
http://wn.com/Achankovil_River -
Addu Atoll
Addu Atoll (local administrative code Seenu) is the southernmost atoll of the Maldives.
http://wn.com/Addu_Atoll -
Alappuzha
Alappuzha (), traditionally known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as Venice of the East by Marco Polo (1292). It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Raja Kesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classical Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, as well as with other parts of India. The famous Chettikulangara temple is at Mavelikkara in Alappuzha district. Arthunkal church and Edathuva church are famous christian worship centres in the district.
http://wn.com/Alappuzha -
Alappuzha District
http://wn.com/Alappuzha_District -
Alappuzha district
For the town with the same name, see Alappuzha.
http://wn.com/Alappuzha_district -
Alleppey
http://wn.com/Alleppey -
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, ), abbreviated A.P., is a state situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. The State has the second longest coastline among all the States in India. The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu, while other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh are Urdu, English, Tamil, and Hindi.
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Assam
http://wn.com/Assam -
Bharananganam
Bharananganam, an important pilgrim centre in South India, is located on the banks of Meenachil river, 5 km east of Pala in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala.
http://wn.com/Bharananganam -
Bihar
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
http://wn.com/Bihar -
BSNL
http://wn.com/BSNL -
Calicut
http://wn.com/Calicut -
Chandigarh
Chandigarh (, ) is a union territory of India, that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name was coined from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu Goddess Chandi, present in the city's vicinity. It is occasionally referred to as The City Beautiful. Chandigarh Capital Region (CCR) including Mohali, Panchkula and Zirakpur had a combined population of 1,165,111 (1.16 million) as per the 2001 census. Earlier the Chandigarh Capital region was also called 'Tricity' because of Panchkula and Mohali as adjacent cities but with mushrooming of other towns like Zirakpur, Kharar etc. with considerable population it is better called 'Chandigarh Capital Region'.
http://wn.com/Chandigarh -
Chennai Central
Chennai Central () erstwhile Madras Central , is the main railway terminus in Chennai (Madras). It is the home of the Southern Railway and the most important rail hub in South India. Trains from here connect the city to New Delhi and prominent state capitals of India like Bhopal, Lucknow, Jaipur, Mumbai, Patna, Kolkata, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram etc. Madras Central is also the main hub for the Chennai Suburban Railway system. The building of the railway station, one of the landmarks of Chennai(Madras), was designed by the architect Henry Irwin.
http://wn.com/Chennai_Central -
Chhattisgarh
http://wn.com/Chhattisgarh -
Chirayinkeezhu taluk
Chirayinkeezhu Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the northern part of the Thiruvananthapuram distrct.
http://wn.com/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk -
Chittur
Chittur is a small town in Palakkad district of Kerala, South India.It is situated on the banks of "chittur puzha" which is oterwise called as "sokanasini"."sokanasini is a major tributory of "bharatha puzha". It is located at a distance of around 15 km towards south of Palakkad town. Chittur is a residential town blessed with its natural beauty of Paddy fields and coconut trees. The town has many good educational institutions. Some of them are
http://wn.com/Chittur -
CNBC
CNBC (officially the Consumer News and Business Channel until 1991) is a satellite and cable television business news channel in the U.S., owned and operated by NBC Universal. The network and its international spinoffs cover business headlines and provide live coverage of financial markets. The combined reach of CNBC and its siblings is 390 million viewers around the world. In 2007, the network was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the U.S., worth roughly $4 billion. It is headquartered in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
http://wn.com/CNBC -
Cochin
http://wn.com/Cochin -
Cora Divh
http://wn.com/Cora_Divh -
Daman and Diu
http://wn.com/Daman_and_Diu -
Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
http://wn.com/Delhi -
Devikulam
Devikulam is a small hill station about 16 km from Munnar in the Idukki District of the southern state of Kerala in India. It is 1800 m above sea level.
http://wn.com/Devikulam -
Edapally
http://wn.com/Edapally -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Eloor
http://wn.com/Eloor -
Ernakulam
:This article is about the town of Ernakulam, See Ernakulam district.
http://wn.com/Ernakulam -
Ernakulam district
Ernakulam District () is a district of the state of Kerala in southern India. The district headquarters is located at Kakkanad. The district includes the important seaport of Kochi.
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Ernakulam District
http://wn.com/Ernakulam_District -
Goa
http://wn.com/Goa -
Gokarna, India
http://wn.com/Gokarna_India -
Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram. The Government of Kerala was formed in November 1st, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
http://wn.com/Government_of_Kerala -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Gujarat
Gujarat (, , , ) is a state in India. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India. It is home to major ports in India's ancient and modern history, leading it to become one of the main trade and commerce center of India. Lothal, one of the world's first ports, is located in Gujarat. Mohandas Gandhi, considered as India's "father of the nation", was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British rule. Even today, Gujarat has one of the fastest growing economies in India.
http://wn.com/Gujarat -
Guruvayoor
http://wn.com/Guruvayoor -
Guruvayoor Temple
http://wn.com/Guruvayoor_Temple -
Guruvayur
Guruvayur () (also written Guruvayoor and sometimes referred to as Guruvayunkere) is a bustling pilgrim town and a municipality in Thrissur district of the Indian state of Kerala. It lies 25 km to the northwest of Thrissur city.
http://wn.com/Guruvayur -
Haryana
Haryana (, , , ) is a state in India. Historically, it has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab. The name Haryana means the Abode of God from Sanskrit Hari (the Hindu God Vishnu) and ayana (home), although it may also refer to the lush green landscape of the state (from Sanskrit harit meaning green).
http://wn.com/Haryana -
Himachal Pradesh
http://wn.com/Himachal_Pradesh -
Home gardens
http://wn.com/Home_gardens -
Idukki district
Idukki district () is one among the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. The district headquarters is located at [http://www.idukki.nic.in/ Kuyilimala] in Painavu.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Israel
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Jharkhand
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Kadavoor
Kadavoor is a small village at the eastern border of Ernakulam district in Kerala, India. It is located about twenty kilometres away from the near by towns Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam and Thodupuzha. Kadavoor - blessed by the nature's gifts: heavy rain, calm air and green earth - is a nest for any living being.
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Kalamassery
Kalamassery () is a suburb of Cochin city in the state of Kerala, India. It is a municipality and town in India in the Ernakulam district of the southern state of Kerala. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
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Kanhangad
Kanhangad () is a city and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 28 km from the district headquarters of Kasaragod. Kanhangad is also known as the Commercial Hub of Kasaragod district. Spiritual centers Nithyanandashram and Anandashram, located here have attracted people from different parts of the world. The tourist spot Bekal Fort is also located within its proximity.
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Kanjirappally
[http://www.kanjirappallyonline.com/history.html Kanjirappally] is a taluk and a town in Kottayam district, in the state of Kerala, India. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholics.
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Kannur
:For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District.
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Kannur District
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Kannur district
:For the city with the same name, see Kannur.
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Kannur University
Kannur University was established in 1996 to provide development of higher education in Kasaragod, Kannur, and Wayanad districts of Kerala, India. The main campus is located in Mangattuparamba in the Kannur District. The Information Technology Education Centre in Kasaragod (ITEC Kasaragod) provides postgraduate courses in computer science and features sophisticated computing laboratories.
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Karnataka
Karnataka (, pronounced ) is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973.
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Karunagapally
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Karunagappalli
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, ) is a Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala, India and is situated 27 km north of Kollam City Centre. The taluk centre is Karunagappally town.
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Kasaragod district
Kasaragod () is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala.
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Kasaragod District
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Kasaragod Town
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Kerala
Kasaragod (,), is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of Kasaragod District as well as of Kasaragod Taluk. The city was formerly called Kanjirakuttom. Kasaragod is also the northernmost municipality of Kerala.
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Kerala Backwaters
Kerala (Malayalam: , {{audio|Ml-Kerala.ogg|) is a state in India. It is located on the south-western region of the country. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act bringing together the areas where Malayalam was the dominant language.
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Kerala Government
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Kerala High Court
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Kochi
High Court of Kerala is the highest court in the Indian state of Kerala and in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. The High Court of Kerala is headquartered at Kochi. Drawing its powers from the Constitution of India, the High Court has the power to issue directions, orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for ensuring the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution to citizens or for other specified purposes. The High Court is empowered with original, appellate and revisional jurisdiction in civil as well as criminal matters, and the power to answer references to it under some statutes. The High Court has the superintendence and visitorial jurisdiction over all courts and tribunals of inferior jurisdiction covered under its territorial jurisdiction.
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Kochi UA
Kochi (Malayalam: , ), formerly known as Cochin (the erstwhile colonial name), is a major city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city is one of the principal seaports of the country and is located in the district of Ernakulam. It has a population of 564,589, with an extended metropolitan population of about 1.5 million, making it the largest urban agglomeration in the state and the second largest city in Kerala after the state capital. Kochi is also the one of the few cities in India without a Hindu majority.
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Kollam
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Kollam District
Kollam () (Anglicised name: Quilon, pronounced koy-lon) is a city, a municipal corporation, and headquarters of Kollam District in the Indian state of Kerala. Kollam is the fourth largest city of Kerala and is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It lies north of the state capital of Thiruvanathapuram. The city lies on the shores of Ashtamudi Lake. It is the southern gateway to the Kerala Backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination.
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Kollam district
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Kottarakkara
:For the town with the same name, see Kollam.
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Kottayam
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Koyilandi
:This article is about the city of Kottayam, See Kottayam district also.
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Koyilandy
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Kozhencherry
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Badagara(Vatakara ) and is on NH 17.
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Kozhikode
Kozhencherry is a small town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India. It is on the banks of river Pampa. It is a commercial centre with many of the Banks and trade companies have their establishments here. It is believed that once the Kovilans of Thekencore kingdom's ruled this area. Kozhencherry used to be a part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom.
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Kozhikode District
:For the district with the same name, see Kozhikode District.
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Kozhikode district
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Kumarakom
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Lakshadweep
Kumarakom is a tourist village in Kottayam district, Kerala, India. It is a cluster of little islands on the Vembanad Lake in Kerala.
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Madhya Pradesh
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Madras
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Maharashtra
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Mahé, India
Maharashtra (Marathi: , ) is a state located in West India. The word Maharashtra comes from the words Maha meaning Great and Rashtra meaning Nation, thus rendering the name Maharashtra (Great Nation). It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. It is the richest state in India, contributing to 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.2% of its GDP in year 2005-06.
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Malabar District
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Maldives
Malabar District was an administrative district of Madras Presidency in British India and independent India's Madras State. The British district included the present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad (excluding the Chittur Taluk), and Chavakad Taluk of Thrissur District (former part of Ponnani Taluk) in the northern part of Kerala state. The district lay between the Arabian Sea on the west, South Canara District on the north, the Western Ghats to the east, and the princely state of Cochin to the south. The district covered an area of 15,009 km (5795 square miles), and extended 233 km (145 miles) along the coast and 40-120 kilometers (25-75 miles) inland. The name Mala-bar means the "hill country".
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Mallappally
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Manipur
Mallappally, a village of 20 km2, situates in the Pathanamthitta district, in Kerala State, India. It is also a Taluk/Revenue Block headquarters. Mallappally holds the distinction of being the Taluk with the lowest population among all the Taluks in the State.. Though a village, it has all the features and facilities of an urban centre.
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Meghalaya
Manipur ( ) is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Myanmar to the east. It covers an area of .
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Mizoram
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Munnar
Mizoram Mizoram literally means land of the Mizo people and it is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987.The capital of Mizoram is Aizawl.
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Muthanga
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Muvattupuzha
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Muziris
Muvattupuzha () is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 15 km from the town.The Geographical Classification of this region is Midland.
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Mysore
:Muziris is also a genus of jumping spiders.
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Nagaland
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Nelliampathi
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Nileshwaram
Nelliampathi is a popular hill station 60 km away from Palakkad in Kerala a small state in south India. It is surrounded by tea and coffee plantations and has excellent weather conditions. The journey to Nelliampathi itself is an experience. The only route is from Nemmara, from where the first town of Nelliampathi, namely Kaikatty junction, is at a distance of 26 km. At the 9th kilometer is the Pothundi Dam, a small irrigation dam which provides water for the rice fields in the surrounding area. The dam is at the foot of the Nelliampathi hills. From here, the road winds up for the next 17 km, with many hairpin turns on the way. Immediately after Pothundy dam, comes the government forest, where one can see massive teak trees. The road is very narrow and requires a skilled driver behind the wheel. On the way, one can see wild animals like monkey, deer and porcupine. The view of the Pothundy dam from the height is a breathtaking sight. There will be many waterfalls by the roadside during the rainy season.
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Nilgiri Hills
Nileshwaram (), also known as Nileshwar, is a municipality in the Kasaragod District of Kerala state, South India. It is one of the three municipalities of Kasaragod district, the other two being Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Nileshwaram lies between two rivers, Nileshwaram and Karyangodu. To the west is the Arabian Sea.
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North Malabar
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Orissa
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Pakistan
Odisha (), or Orissa, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 at Kanika Palace, Cuttack, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Odia speakers. 1 April is therefore celebrated as Utkal Divas (Odisha Day).
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Palni Hills
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Pamba River
The Palni Hills () (also Palani Hills) are a mountain range in Tamil Nadu state of South India. The Palni Hills are an eastward extension of the Western Ghats ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. The Palni Hills adjoin the high Anamalai range on the west, and extend east into the plains of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of . The highest part of the range is in the southwest, and reaches 1,800-2,500 metres (5,906-8,202 feet) elevation; the eastern extension of the range is made up of hills 1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) high.
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Paravur Taluk
Pamba River is the third longest river in the South Indian state of Kerala and the longest river in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. Sabarimala temple dedicated to Lord Ayyappa is located on the banks of the river Pamba.
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Parumala
North Paravur is the capital of Paravur Taluk in Ernakulam district. Paravur Taluk lies in the north western part of Ernakulam district bordering to Thrissur district. The surrounding taluks are Kochi to the west consisting of Vypin Island, Kodungallore to the north, Aluva to the east consisting of Angamaly,Nedumbassery and Aluva, Kanayanur to the south consisting of Cochin City. Paravur is a part of Kochi urban agglomeration area. The western parts of taluk are coastal areas with cultivations like prawn and pokkali rice. The eastern parts are fertile lands. The heavy industries of Kochi is located in Udyogmandal area of taluk.
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Peermade
Parumala is a small town in Pathanamthitta district in Kerala, India. This is an island in Pampa River. Mannar is a small town across the Pampa river near Parumala.
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Periyar River
Peermade, also transliterated as Perumade, Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 meters above sea level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
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Periyar river
The Periyar River is the longest river in the state of Kerala, India, with a length of 244 km. The Periyar is known as The lifeline of Kerala; it is one of the few perennial rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns. The Idukki Dam on the Periyar generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power.
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Persia
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Persian Gulf
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Pondicherry
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Portuguese India
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Punjab, India
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Rajasthan
Punjab ( , ) (pronounced ) is a state in northwest India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, Chandigarh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state capital is Chandigarh, which is administered separately as a Union Territory because it is also the capital of Haryana. Other major cities of Punjab include Mohali, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Bathinda, Rajpura Patiala and Jalandhar.
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Ramakkalmedu
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Ranni
{| align="right"
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Salem, Tamil Nadu
: For the village with the same name, see Ranni village
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Saudi Arabia
Salem () is a city and a corporation in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, located in the north central part of the southernmost state of India. It is the 5th largest Municipal Corporation and Urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu next to Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Trichy.
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Sikkim
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Taliparamba
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Tamil Nadu
Taliparamba (also known as Perimchellur) is a city and a municipality in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It consists of 47 villages which are spread over an area of 1330.56 square kilometres (513.73 square miles). It stretches from the coastal area of Ramanthali to Nuchiyard and Vayathur villages, touching the Karnataka border.
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Tattamangalam
Tamil Nadu (, ) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the States of Puducherry, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
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Technopark Kerala
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Thalassery
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Thiruvananthapuram
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Thodupuzha
Thiruvananthapuram (), also known as Trivandrum (Anglicised name), is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys.With almost 745,000 inhabitants per the 2001 census, it is the largest and most populous city in Kerala; the wider urban agglomeration has a population of more than one million. Apart from being the IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports, Thiruvananthapuram ranks first in the number of international tourists in Kerala also.
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Thrissur District
Thodupuzha () is a town and a municipality in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 62 km from Ernakulam.Geographical Classification of Thodupuzha Region is Midland or Idanad.
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Thrissur district
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Tripura
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United Arab Emirates
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Uttar Pradesh
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Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh (, {{Lang-ur|), pronounced , "Northern Province"), often referred to as U.P., is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 190 million people,
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Valapattanam River
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Varkala
Valapattanam River is the largest river in the Kannur district, located in the South Indian state of Kerala. Valapattam town is located on its bank. The famous Muthappan temple is also on the bank of the river.
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Wagamon
Varkala (Malayalam : ) is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 51 kilometres (approx. 32 miles) north-west of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 37 km south-west of Kollam.
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Wayanad
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Wayanad district
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West Bengal
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Adivasi
Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups believed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India.
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Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Moutatthu "Adoor" Gopalakrishnan Unnithan (born 3 July 1941) is a National Award winning Indian film director, script writer, and producer. Adoor Gopalakrishnan had a major role in revolutionizing Malayalam cinema. Adoor's first film Swayamvaram (1972) pioneered the new wave cinema movement in Kerala. Most of his films go to festivals around the world, and are released in Kerala. All the eleven films he directed, from Swayamvaram to Oru Pennum Randaanum, were screened at several International film festivals and won him several National and International awards. He won National Film Awards fifteen times, Kerala State Film Awards seventeen times and also won several International Film Awards. He won the prestigious British Film Institute award for Elippathayam. Adoor received the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2006. The Nation honoured Adoor for his valuable contributions to Indian cinema by awarding him the highest cinema award of India, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2004. He is one among the very few Indian film makers who are well known in the international film fraternity.
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Anju Bobby George
MedalCountry|
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Ashoka the Great
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Asoka
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Asoka the Great
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Ayyankali
Ayyankali (1863–1941) was a leader of the Indian lower caste Dalits known as the Untouchables. He pioneered many reforms to improve the lives of the Dalits. In 1937 he was praised by Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Venganoor, Ayyankali's home town. In November 1980, Indira Gandhi unveiled sculptor Ezra David's commorative statue of Ayyankali at Kawdiyar square, in Trivandrum.
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Bharath Gopi
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Brahmin
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Cochin Haneefa
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Dravidians
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Eudoxus of Cyzicus
:Another article treats of Eudoxus of Cnidus.
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Eustachius De Lannoy
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Francisco de Almeida
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G. Aravindan
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G. Sankara Kurup
G. Sankara Kurup, ( , born June 3, 1901, Nayathode, Kerala, India - February 2, 1978, Vappalassery,Angamaly,Ernakulam, Kerala), better known as Mahakavi G (The Great Poet G), was the first winner of the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award . He won the prize in 1965 for his collection of poems in Malayalam Odakkuzhal (The bamboo flute, 1950). With part of the prize money he established the literary award Odakkuzhal in 1968. He was also the recipient of the Soviet Land Nehru Award, in 1967, and the Padma Bhushan in 1968.
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Hansraj Bhardwaj
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Herodotus
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I. M. Vijayan
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Jimmy George
Jimmy George (born March 8, 1955 in Peravoor, died November 30, 1987) was a legend in professional volleyball from Kerala, India. He was the first Indian volleyball player to become a professional and played club volleyball in Italy.He is considered to be one of the ten best volleyball players of all times.
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K. M. Beenamol
Kalayathumkuzhi Mathews Beenamol, popularly known as K M Beenamol (born August 15, 1975, Kombidinjal, a village in Kerala, India) is an international athlete from India. She became the third Indian women to reach an Olympics semi-final since P. T. Usha (1984 LA Olympics in 400m Hurdles, Shiny Wilson in 800m in 1984 LA Olympics.[http://www.indianathletics.org/results/olympics.html] Until she won the first heat at the Sydney Olympics 2000, Beenamol was largely unknown. She won the gold medal in women's 800m and the 4x400m women's relay in the 2002 Asian Games held at Busan. Beenamol also made history with her brother K. M. Binu, when they became the first Indian siblings to win medals in a major international competition. Binu won a silver medal in men's 800m race. She was a joint winner of India's highest sporting honour, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in the year 2002-2003 along with Anjali Ved Pathak Bhagwat. In 2004, she was awarded the Padma Shri.
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K. M. George
Karimpumannil Mathai George, popularly known as Dr. K. M. George, is an eminent Malayalam writer and educator. He was awarded Padma Shri in 1988 and Padma Bhushan in 2001.
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Kamaladas
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Kaniyar
The '''Kaniyar ' people are located in the districts of Bangalore, Mysore, Chamarajanagar, Mandya, Hassan of Karnataka state, India.
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Kumaran Asan
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M. Mukundan
M. Mukundan() is one of the pioneers of modernity in Malayalam literature. He was born on 10 September 1942 at Mayyazhi in Mahe, a one-time French territory in Kerala. He served as the president of Kerala Sahitya Akademi from October 2006 until March 2010.
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M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Madathil Thekkepaattu Vasudevan Nair ()(b.August 9, 1933), popularly known as MT, is a renowned Indian author, screenplay writer and filmmaker. He was born in Kudallur, a small village in the present day Palakkad District, which was under the Malabar District in the Madras Presidency of the British Raj. He spent his early days in Punnayurkulam village of present day Thrissur District. He is one of the most prolific and versatile writers in modern Malayalam literature. His novels, short stories and screenplays speak of the pain and anguish of the Kerala society in the post independence India. He has won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay four times for: Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha, Kadavu, Sadayam, and Parinayam, which is the most by any in screen play category.
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Malayali
The Malayali people (also spelled Malayalee; ; ; plural: Malayalikal) are a group of people who speak Malayalam, originating from the Indian state of Kerala. The Malayali identity is primarily linguistic, although in recent times the definition has been broadened to include emigrants of Malayali descent who partly maintain Malayali cultural traditions, even if they do not regularly speak the language. While the majority of Malayalis belong to Kerala, significant populations also exist in other parts of India, the Middle East, Europe and North America. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 96.7% of the total population of that state. Hence the word Keralite is often used in the same context, though a proper definition is ambiguous.
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Mammootty
Mammootty () (born Muhammad Kutty on 7 September 1953) is an award-winning Indian actor who works mainly in Malayalam cinema. He has also acted in a few English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films. During a career spanning more than three decades, he has acted in more than 300 films as lead actor, and has been successful in both mainstream and parallel cinema.
http://wn.com/Mammootty -
Manu (Hinduism)
In various Hindu traditions, Manu is a title accorded to the progenitor of mankind, and also the very first king to rule this earth, who saved mankind from the universal flood. The word Man surely originates from Manu or "Manav" in Sanskrit. He was absolutely honest which was why he was initially known as "Satyavrata" (One with the oath of truth).
http://wn.com/Manu_(Hinduism) -
Mappila
:This is an article about Mappila Muslims. For other uses, see Mappila (disambiguation). If you are looking for Nasrani Mappilas of Kerala see Syrian Malabar Nasrani.
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Marthanda Varma
http://wn.com/Marthanda_Varma -
Mohanlal
Mohanlal Vishwanathan Nair (born 21 May 1960), known mononymously as Mohanlal () is an Indian film actor and producer who works mainly in Malayalam cinema. He has won four National Film Awards (including two for Best Actor), nine Kerala State Film Awards, and ten Filmfare Awards. In 2001 the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri for his contributions to Indian cinema. In 2009, he was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel by the Territorial Army, the first instance of an Indian actor receiving an honorary military rank. In 2010, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit bestowed an honorary doctorate upon him.
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Muslim Mappila
http://wn.com/Muslim_Mappila -
Muslims of Kerala
http://wn.com/Muslims_of_Kerala -
Nambudiri
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Narayana Guru
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Nedumudi Venu
Nedumudi Venu () (born 22 May 1948) is a popular Malayalam film actor from Kerala, India. He has also written screenplays and has directed one film.
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O. V. Vijayan
Ootupulackal Velukkuty Vijayan () (July 2, 1930 – March 30, 2005) was an Indian author and cartoonist, who was an important figure in modern Malayalam literature. Best known for his first novel Khasakkinte Itihasam, Vijayan has six novels, nine short-story collections, and nine collections of essays, memoirs and reflections.
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Oduvil Unnikrishnan
Oduvil Unnikrishnan (13 February 1944 - 27 May 2006) was an award winning Malayalam movie actor known for his versatile acting skills, known for his portrayal of classical ancient aristocratic personalities in Malayalam cinema with his unique provincial linguistic style, expressions and dialect. He was noted as a serious as well as comic actor.
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Oommen Chandy
Oommen Chandy () (born 31 October 1943 in Kumarakom) is an Indian politician. He was the Chief Minister of Kerala from 2004 to 2006, and he has been the Leader of the Opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly since 2006.
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P. T. Usha
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Pliny the Elder
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Preeja Sreedharan
Preeja Sreedharan (born February 13, 1982 at Mullakkanam, Kerala) is an Indian long-distance runner.
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Prem Nazir
Abdul Khader (7 April 1926 - 16 January 1989), (), better known by his stage name Prem Nazir, was a Malayali Indian film actor. He is considered as one of the all time popular actors in Malayalam cinema. He is referred to as Nithya haritha nayakan (Ever green hero) of Malayalam film industry.
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Raja Ravi Varma
Raja Ravi Varma () (April 29, 1848 - October 2, 1906) was an Indian painter from the princely state of Travancore who achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. His paintings are considered to be among the best examples of the fusion of Indian traditions with the techniques of European academic art.
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S. K. Pottekkatt
Sankaran Kutty Pottekkatt (), popularly known as S. K. Pottekkatt, (March 13, 1913 – August 6, 1982) was a famous Malayalam writer. He is the author of nearly sixty books which include ten novels, twenty-four collections of short stories, three anthologies of poems, eighteen travelogues, four plays, a collection of essays and a couple of books based on personal reminiscences. Pottekat won the Jnanpith Award in 1980 for the novel Oru Desathinte Katha (The Story of a Locale). His works have been translated into English, Italian, Russian, German and Czech, besides all major Indian languages.
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Saint Alphonsa
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Shiny Wilson
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Sreesanth
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Suresh Gopi
Suresh Gopi (born 25 June 1960) is a National Award-winning Malayalam film actor who is famous for his roles in police dramas. He is noted for his leading roles as much as his character roles. He is also famous for his philanthropic efforts.
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T. C. Yohannan
Thadathuvila Chandapillai Yohannan (born 19 May 1947), better known as T. C. Yohannan, is a former Indian long jumper who held the national record in long jump for nearly 3 decades and represented India in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada. He hails from the state of Kerala. Yohannan will be known for the new dimension he gave to long jump in India in 1974, the occasion was the Teheran Asian Games of 1974. Yohannan cleared a distance of 8.07 metres at the Teheran Asian Games for a new Asian record. That one leap, into history gave Yohannan a permanent place not only in the record books but in the annals of the Indian athletics. It was a performance rated at par with that of Milkha Singh's record breaking run in the Rome Olympics.
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Tamil people
Tamil people (), also called Tamils or Tamilians, are a linguistic and ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in Southern India and the north-eastern region of Sri Lanka. They speak Tamil (), with a recorded history going back two millennia. Emigrant communities are found across the world, notably Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Canada, and the UK. The Tamils are mostly Hindus with sizable Christian and Muslim populations.
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Thilakan
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Thomas the Apostle
Thomas the Apostle, also called Doubting Thomas or Didymus (meaning "Twin") was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is best known for disbelieving Jesus' resurrection when first told of it, then proclaiming "My Lord and my God" on seeing Jesus in . He was perhaps the only Apostle who went outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel. He is also believed to have crossed the largest area, which includes the Persian Empire and India.
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Tinu Yohannan
Tinu Yohannan (born 18 February 1979) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed fast medium bowler. He plays first class cricket for Kerala. He is the first Kerala Ranji player to play Test and one day cricket for India.
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Tipu Sultan
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V. P. Sathyan
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V.S. Achuthanandan
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Vasco Da Gama
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Wood's despatch
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BBC Documentary filmed in Kerala, India - Bullsurfing (High Quality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:00
- Published: 08 Jul 2011
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
BBC documentary filmed in Kerala, India as part of the series Colin and Graham's Excellent Adventures. In this episode they travel to Kerala and take part in the sports of kabaddi and bullsurfing.
http://wn.com/BBC_Documentary_filmed_in_Kerala,_India_Bullsurfing_High_Quality
24 Year Old kerala Girl In The Bus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Published: 30 Mar 2012
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
24 Year Old kerala Girl In The Bus
http://wn.com/24_Year_Old_kerala_Girl_In_The_Bus
KERALA POLICE SUPER FIGHT AT ROAD ,,,,, ANZY SASTHAMCOTTA ......ANZY ELECTRONICS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Published: 06 Nov 2011
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
IVAN ITHU ARHIKKUNNU .... THANKS KERALA POLICE
http://wn.com/KERALA_POLICE_SUPER_FIGHT_AT_ROAD_,,,,,_ANZY_SASTHAMCOTTA_ANZY_ELECTRONICS
Kerala Tourism Video - The Travel Planners
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Published: 30 Jan 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
Best Tourist Places in India, Top 10 tourist places in kerala, famous tourist attractions in kerala, Best tour operator in India, Must see place in the world, Kerala Tourism, South India Tourism, Kerala Tourist Destinations, What to see in Kerala, Kerala Tourism Attractions, Travel to India through The Travel Planners
http://wn.com/Kerala_Tourism_Video_The_Travel_Planners
Garam Masala Kerala Style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Published: 27 Jul 2012
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
you can find detailed recipes at my website and also find many videos with recipes at www.vahrehvah.com simple easy and quick recipes and videos of Indian Pakistani and Asian Oriental foods
http://wn.com/Garam_Masala_Kerala_Style
Interview with Singer Sudeep Kumar(Best Singer in Kerala FIlm Awards 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Published: 27 Jul 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
Interview with Singer Sudeep Kumar(Best Singer in Kerala FIlm Awards 2012)-Varthaprabhatham Special
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Singer_Sudeep_KumarBest_Singer_in_Kerala_FIlm_Awards_2012
Mohanlal in London to watch Olympics 2012, Mohanlal wishing Kerala Players for their victory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Published: 28 Jul 2012
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
Interview:Mohanlal in London to watch Olympics 2012, Mohanlal wishing Kerala Players for their victory
http://wn.com/Mohanlal_in_London_to_watch_Olympics_2012,_Mohanlal_wishing_Kerala_Players_for_their_victory
Pearl spot - karimeen fry kerala style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Published: 29 Jul 2012
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
you can find detailed recipes at my website and also find many videos with recipes at www.vahrehvah.com simple easy and quick recipes and videos of Indian Pakistani and Asian Oriental foods
http://wn.com/Pearl_spot_karimeen_fry_kerala_style
Kerala - Gods own Country
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 15 Jul 2008
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
Kerala Tourism Video - showing the real beauty of Kerala. National Geographic Traveler selected Kerala as one of the top 50 places of the world to visit.
http://wn.com/Kerala_Gods_own_Country
Kerala Parotta - Malabar Paratha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Published: 25 Jul 2012
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
kerala parota or malabar paratha,Porotta made easy with vahchef you can find detailed recipes at my website and also find many videos with recipes at www.vahrehvah.com simple easy and quick recipes and videos of Indian Pakistani and Asian Oriental foods
http://wn.com/Kerala_Parotta_Malabar_Paratha
Watch his talents - Kerala School Kalolsavam 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Published: 20 Jan 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
Watch talent of a kid - Kerala School Kalolsavam 2012
http://wn.com/Watch_his_talents_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2012
Boy from Kozhikode married German girl in Kerala style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
Marriage function of Kozhikode native boy and a German girl in Kerala Style
http://wn.com/Boy_from_Kozhikode_married_German_girl_in_Kerala_style
Special Programme: Moral Policing in Kerala, Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Published: 12 Jun 2012
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
Special Programme on Moral Policing in Kerala
http://wn.com/Special_Programme_Moral_Policing_in_Kerala,_Part_1
Actor Salim Kumar against Kerala Film Awards 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Published: 23 Jul 2012
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
Actor Salim Kumar against Kerala Film Awards 2012,Salim Kumar to move High Court against film award. Salim Kumar says that Director Blessy is not eligible for Best Director Award because his movie Pranayam was a copy of an Australian movie named "Innocence"
http://wn.com/Actor_Salim_Kumar_against_Kerala_Film_Awards_2012
Rich Kerala Paratha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Published: 27 Jul 2012
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
you can find detailed recipes at my website and also find many videos with recipes at www.vahrehvah.com simple easy and quick recipes and videos of Indian Pakistani and Asian Oriental foods this is rich version of kerala paratha
http://wn.com/Rich_Kerala_Paratha
Actor Dileep's reaction after winning Kerala State Film Awards for Best Actor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Published: 19 Jul 2012
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
Actor Dileep's first reaction after winning Kerala State Film Awards 2012 for Best Actor for his performance in the movie "Vellaripravinte Changathi"
http://wn.com/Actor_Dileep's_reaction_after_winning_Kerala_State_Film_Awards_for_Best_Actor
Kerala Monsoon:Beauty of Rain in Thamarassery Churam (Wayanad churam)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Published: 17 Jul 2012
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Monsoon Beauty of Kerala:Beauty of Rain in Thamarassery Churam (Wayanad churam)
http://wn.com/Kerala_MonsoonBeauty_of_Rain_in_Thamarassery_Churam_Wayanad_churam
Painted Fruits available in Kerala Market create health hazards including Cancer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Published: 18 Jul 2012
- Updated: 21 Jul 2012
Invitation to Cancer: Painted Fruits available in Kerala Market
http://wn.com/Painted_Fruits_available_in_Kerala_Market_create_health_hazards_including_Cancer
Kadala Curry Black Channa Masala Kerala Style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 27 Jul 2012
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
you can find detailed recipes at my website and also find many videos with recipes at www.vahrehvah.com simple easy and quick recipes and videos of Indian Pakistani and Asian Oriental foods,kadala curry made with black channa also called desi channa,in kerala
http://wn.com/Kadala_Curry_Black_Channa_Masala_Kerala_Style
Kerala Cafe full malayalam movie 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 139:23
- Published: 07 Jul 2012
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
Direction: Renjith & Crew
http://wn.com/Kerala_Cafe_full_malayalam_movie_2009
Kerala Sports Minister's junket sparks outrage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 05 Jul 2012
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
Kerala Sports Minister Ganesh Kumar has landed himself in fresh controversy over his proposed travel to London during the Olympics when many atheletes from the State are yet to receive their dues. The defiant minister has rubbished the allegations saying the government will pay all the dues to athletes on Thursday (July 5). He claimed it was a conspiracy hatched by the opposition to malign him.
http://wn.com/Kerala_Sports_Minister's_junket_sparks_outrage
TP murder case: Kerala turning into a lunatic asylum, laments superstar Mohanlal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 21 May 2012
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
Superstar Mohanlal laments the loss of values in Kerala following the brutal murder of TP Chandrasekharan. "Can the people who commit murder in cold blood, ever create life?, the actor asks. "Is Kerala becoming a madhouse?" he cries in anguish. Let us pause a moment and think over the words of wisdom that this great actor has to offer.
http://wn.com/TP_murder_case_Kerala_turning_into_a_lunatic_asylum,_laments_superstar_Mohanlal
Kerala CPI State Secretary Pannyan Raveendran lashes out against MM Mani
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Published: 03 Jun 2012
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Kerala CPI State Secretary Pannyan Raveendran lashes out against CPI(M) Idukki District Secretary MM Mani, his controversial speech and asks CPI(M) to take action against his
http://wn.com/Kerala_CPI_State_Secretary_Pannyan_Raveendran_lashes_out_against_MM_Mani
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photo: AP / Bernat Armangue
30 Jul 2012
LONDON - Maria Sharapova had less trouble winning her first-round tennis match at the Olympics on Sunday than getting something to eat in the cafeteria in the...
photo: WN / sweet
29 Jul 2012
Fish oil is the best supplement which can fight heart diseases, ease arthritis, and even stave off blindness, nutritionists have said. Researchers believe that intake of fish oil supplements are good...
photo: AP / Matt Slocum
30 Jul 2012
Swimmer's final length – faster than Ryan Lochte's – has raised doubts, but there is no evidence against her except her speed Ye Shiwen of China with her gold medal after winning the women's 400m...
photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
31 Jul 2012
Ben Adler on July 31, 2012 - 12:11 AM ET There is a famous saying, frequently misattributed to Albert Einstein, that "insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different...
photo: AP
31 Jul 2012
Zeenews Bureau Beirut: As the battle between the Syrian government and rebels entered the fourth day, rebel fighters used tanks that were captured by them from the Syrian government forces and tried...
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photo: WN / Geeta
31 Jul 2012
Keralites who put off their visit to their home owing to non-availability of seats and exorbitant airfare in the Gulf-Kerala sector may be able to reconsider their decision with Air India gearing up...
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
31 Jul 2012
The government will consider the Kerala Cartoon Academy’s proposal to set up a memorial to cartoonist Shankar, Finance Minister K.M. Mani has said. He was inaugurating a three-day exhibition of...
photo: WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
30 Jul 2012
SHARE AND DISCUSS Tweet Thekkady, a luxurious stay in the wild Thekkady in Kerala, offers a great opportunity to find animal sightings in the deciduous forests along with some interesting luxury...
Kerala Travel Mart draws huge response
01 Aug 2012
The Telegraph India
Kannur (Kerala), Aug 1 (PTI): A...(size: 0.2Kb)
The Siasat Daily
August 01: Special police investigating the Shukkoor murder case arrested a senior Kerala Communist Party of India-Marxist leader, P Jayarajan, in connection with the murder of Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) worker Abdul Shukkoor. A notice has been served on Jayarajan by the special police...(size: 2.3Kb)
Kerala CPI-M leader arrested in murder case
01 Aug 2012
Newstrack India
Tweet Thiruvananthapuram, Aug 1 (IANS) Veteran Kerala Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) leader P. Jayarajan was Wednesday arrested and jailed in connection with the murder of Indian Union Muslim League worker Abdul Shukoor in February this year....(size: 2.8Kb)
Kerala CPM leader Jayarajan arrested for murder
01 Aug 2012
Zeenews
Zeenews Bureau Thiruvananthapuram: The Kerala Police on Wednesday arrested CPI(M) Kannur district secretary P Jayarajan in connection with the murder of IUML activist Abdul...(size: 1.1Kb)
IBN Live
Thiruvananthapuram: A senior Kerala Communist Party of India-Marxist leader has been arrested in connection with the murder of Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) worker Abdul Shukkoor. CPI-M leader P Jayarajan was arrested by...(size: 1.5Kb)
Kerala feels pinch of upcountry power outage
01 Aug 2012
Zeenews
Thiruvananthapuram: Failure of power transmission in northern and eastern parts of the country yesterday had a cascading effect on down south Kerala with the state finding it difficult to maintain peak hour demand last night with...(size: 1.5Kb)
The Hindu
The government will go on appeal against the High Court order striking down its policy decision to deny bar licences to three-star hotels and impose distance restrictions on sanctioning new bars. The decision...(size: 1.4Kb)
The Hindu
K.R. Jyotilal, Vice-Chancellor of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), has suspended University Registrar P.B. Pushpalatha pending inquiry into complaints of dereliction of duty. P.K. Rajeevan, Professor at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, has been handed over the charge of Registrar. He...(size: 2.7Kb)
Putting Kerala to work
31 Jul 2012
The Hindu
Kerala’s achievements have long been celebrated by development economists — high literacy rates, including among girls, low infant mortality rates and so on. There has also been a spate of writings highlighting the ills of Kerala society. Critics have pointed to the high rates of...(size: 8.3Kb)
0.920 (Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea[note] on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.[4]
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index[5][6] in India, higher than that of most developed countries[7] The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent.[8] It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village.[9] A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country.[10] Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state.[11] Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.[12][13][14][15]
Kerala is a top tourist destination in India;[16] backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery are the major attractions. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"[17] and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".[18] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".[17] The Kerala Government Tourism Department, a government department in charge of promoting tourism has adopted the slogan God's Own Country for its campaigns.
Contents
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Etymology[link]
The name Kerala is pronounced [ˈkeːraɭa] in the local language, Malayalam.[19] Two thousand years ago, one of three states in the region was called ‘’Cheralam’’ in Classical Tamil. The leading native Malayali linguist and historian of the language, K. M. George, concurred with previously published beliefs that ‘Chera’ and ‘Kera’ are variants of the same word.[20][21] On the other hand, what the ancient meaning of chera was is nowadays a matter of dispute. A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by north Indian emperor Asoka the Great references Kerala as Keralaputra.[22] The Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei references Kerala's Chera territory as Cerobothra.
History[link]
Main article: History of Kerala
Prehistory[link]
Main article: Pre-history of Kerala
Evidence of Kerala's early human occupation includes Dolmens of the Neolithic era, in the Marayur area. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage), and ara (dolmen).[23]
Rock-engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to Late Neolithic eras around 5000 B.C.[24][25][26] The use of a specific Indus script pictogram in these caves suggests some relationship with the Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[27]
Kerala was a major spice exporter as early as 3,000 BCE, according to Sumerian Records.[28][29]
Ancient period[link]
The word "Kerala" is first mentioned (as "Keralaputra") in a third century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka.[30] Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.[31] In the 1st century BCE, Tamil-speaking Dravidians established the Chera Dynasty that ruled northern Kerala and western Tamil Nadu[32] from a capital at Vanchi. Southern Kerala was ruled by the Pandyan Kingdom, with a trading port variously identified by ancient Western sources as "Nelcynda" ("Neacyndi")[33] The Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas alternatively controlled the region in later times.
In the last centuries BCE, the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices; especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces;[34] contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper.[35] One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Kerala is identified on the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only known surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[36]
Kerala was identified by the name Malabar in early days. Muziris, Berkarai, Nelcynda etc. were the principle ports of that time.[37] Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.[38] Jewish connection with Kerala started as early as 573 BC.[39][40] Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before 4th century B.C, as Herodotus (B.C. 484-413) noted that the goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.[37] They intermarried with local people and with this admixture the large Muslim Mappila community of Kerala developed.[41] In the 4th century, some Christians also migrated from Persia and joined the early Malabar Christian community here.[42] Mappila was an honorific title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim immigration could be ascribed to the denotation of respective communities as Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas.[43][44] According to the legends of these communities, the earliest mosque,[45] synagogue(1568 C.E.),[46] and Christian churches[47] in India were built in Kerala. The proportion of Muslims, Christians and Jews were relatively small at this early stage; they co-existed harmoniously with a mutual acceptance between each other and the local Hindu society, aided with the commercial benefit begotten from this relation.[41]
Early medieval period[link]
Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is obscure,[30] a Later Chera Kingdom was established c. 800–1102, primarily with the help of Arab spice merchants. This is also called the Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram, as it was founded by Kulasekhara Varman, a Hindu Vaishnavaite alwar saint. Ay kings ruled southern Kerala, but by the 10th century the Ay kingdom declined and became a part of the Later Chera Kingdom.[48] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period.[49]
The Kulasekhara dynasty came to an end by twelfth century, weakened by the invasions and military subjugations of Rashtrakutas, Later Pandyas, and Later Cholas.[35] However, King Ravi Varma Kulashekhara of the southern Venad kingdom was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India. But, after his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state fractured into small warring principalities governed by Nair-Brahmin chieftains.[citation needed] From these, the kingdoms of Venad (Quilon), Kolathiri (Cannanore), Kozhikode (Calicut) Samuthiri and Kochi (Cochin) emerged.[citation needed]
Colonial era[link]
The western spice-trade, especially in pepper, became increasingly lucrative. Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.[50][51][52] On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy of Portuguese India, with headquarters at Kochi. The Portuguese had taken advantage of conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade, and established forts at Kannur, Cochin and Kollam but the Saamoothiri of Kozikode and his admiral Kunjali Marakkar resisted, and in 1571 the Portuguese were defeated at Chaliyam fort.
The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who took advantage of continuing conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade. The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. An agreement was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, in which the Dutch promised not to attack Travancore. This agreement was signed at Mavelikkara, so it is known as the Mavelikkara treaty. The Dutch were allied to French forces in the transcontinental Napoleonic Wars; forces of the British East India Company marched against them from Calicut and took their surrender and possessions on 20 October 1795. In 1766, Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala; his son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Tipu ultimately ceded Malabar District and South Kanara to the Company in the 1790s; the Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795. Malabar and South Kanara became part of the Madras Presidency.[53]
There were major revolts in Kerala against British rule in the 20th century, until Independence was achieved. They include the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in Travancore.[54] Other actions by Kerala's political and spiritual leaders protested against social traditions such as untouchability, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes; Malabar soon did likewise, and Cochin followed with a similar proclamation in 1948, after Independence. In the 1921 Moplah Rebellion, Mappila Muslims rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj.[55]
Post Colonial period[link]
After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950 (Republic Day), Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947.
On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.[56] In 1957, elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held, and a reformist, Communist-led government came to power, under E. M. S. Namboodiripad.[56] It was the first time a Communist government was democratically elected to power anywhere in the world. It initiated pioneering land reforms, leading to lowest levels of rural poverty in India.[57]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Kerala
See also: Climate of India
Kerala is wedged between the Lakshadweep sea and the Western Ghats. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 77°22',[58][59] Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. The state has a coast of length 590 km (370 mi)[60] and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 km (22–75 miles). Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, Kerala lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate; hence, most of the state is subject to comparatively little seismic and volcanic activity.[61] Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala’s terrain.
The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow. Forty-one of Kerala’s west-flowing rivers, and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad (hence also known Palghat), where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500 m (4920 ft) above sea level, while the highest peaks reach above 2,500 m (8200 ft). Anamudi, the highest peak in South India, is at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft). Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains comprising central Kerala, dominated by rolling hills and valleys.[58] Generally ranging between elevations of 250–1,000 m (820–3300 ft), the eastern portions of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills include such formations as Agastya Mala and Anamala.
Kerala’s western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries, and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters. Lake Vembanad, Kerala’s largest body of water, dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in area. Around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala.[62] The most important of Kerala’s forty-four rivers include the Periyar (244 km), the Bharathapuzha (209 km), the Pamba (176 km), the Chaliyar (169 km), the Kadalundipuzha River (130 km), the Valapattanam (129 km) and the Achankovil (128 km). The average length of the rivers of Kerala is 64 km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rains.[58] These conditions result in the nearly year-round water logging of such western regions as Kuttanad, 500 km2 of which lies below sea level. As Kerala's rivers are small and lack deltas, they are more prone to environmental factors. The rivers also face problems such as sand mining and pollution.[63] The state experiences several natural hazards such as landslides, floods, lightning and droughts. The state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history. The course of the river Periyar was changed, and the Arabian Sea receded several miles. The Kuttanad region became cultivable, and the Muziris (Kodungalloor) harbour became defunct. A new harbour was developed at Kochi.[64][65]
Climate[link]
With 120–140 rainy days per year[66]:80, Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon and northeast winter monsoon.[67] About 65 percent of the rainfall occurs during the first season (June to August) corresponding to the southwest monsoon and the rest during the second season (September to December) corresponding to northeast monsoon.[67] Southwest monsoon: The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch. The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats in Kerala, thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. Northeast monsoon: The distribution of pressure patterns are reversed during this season and the cold winds from North-India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it in the east coast of peninsular India. In Kerala, The influence of this monsoon is seen towards southern districts only.[68] Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107 mm (122 in.) annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in.); the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in.) of orographic precipitation, the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails.
During summer, Kerala is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.[69]:26, 46, 52 The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.[58] Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.[69]:65
| Climate data for Kerala | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
30 (86) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
34 (93) |
34 (93) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
30 (86) |
31 (88) |
34 (93) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 22 (72) |
23 (73) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
22 (72) |
22 (72) |
| Source: [70] | |||||||||||||
Adjacent states[link]
 |
Arabian Sea | Karnataka | Karnataka | |
| Arabian Sea |  |
Tamil Nadu | ||
 Kerala East |
||||
 |
||||
| Arabian Sea | Tamil Nadu | Tamil Nadu |
Flora and fauna[link]
Main article: Flora and fauna of Kerala
| State animal | Indian elephant |  |
| State bird | Great Hornbill |  |
| State tree | Coconut tree |  |
| State flower | Cassia fistula |  |
Much of Kerala's notable biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Western Ghats. Almost one fourth of India's 10,000 plant species are found in the state. Among the almost 4,000 flowering plant species (1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala and 159 threatened) are 900 species of medicinal plants.[72][73]:11
Its 9,400 km2 of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations—100 km2). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.[73]:12 Two of the world’s Ramsar Convention listed wetlands—Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km2 of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century,[74]:6–7 much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from clearfelling. Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: 102 species of mammals (56 of which are endemic), 453 species of birds, 202 species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of reptiles (139 of them endemic), and 89 species of amphibians (86 endemic).[72] These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinization, and resource extraction.[75]
Eastern Kerala’s windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats. Here, sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia), anjili, mullumurikku (Erythrina), and Cassia number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm (a type of climbing palm), and aromatic vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides).[73]:12 Living among them are such fauna as Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Nilgiri Tahr, Common Palm Civet, and Grizzled Giant Squirrel.[73]:12, 174–175 Reptiles include the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), viper, python, and Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) . Kerala's birds are legion—Malabar Trogon, the Great Hornbill, Kerala Laughingthrush, Darter, and Southern Hill Myna are several emblematic species. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu (stinging catfish) and Choottachi (Orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus) are found.[73]:163–165
Subdivisions[link]
Main articles: Districts of Kerala and Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala
Kerala's fourteen districts are distributed among Kerala's six historical regions: North Malabar (Far-north Kerala), South Malabar (northern Kerala), Kochi (central Kerala), Northern Travancore, Central Travancore (southern Kerala) and Southern Travancore (Far-south Kerala).
| Code[76] | District | Region | Population(2011)[77] | Area (as at 2001)[77] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KS | Kasaragod | Malabar | 1,302,600 | 1,992 km2 (769 sq mi) |
| KN | Kannur | Malabar | 2,525,637 | 2,966 km2 (1,145 sq mi) |
| WA | Wayanad | Malabar | 816,558 | 2,131 km2 (823 sq mi) |
| KZ | Kozhikode | Malabar | 3,089,543 | 2,345 km2 (905 sq mi) |
| MA | Malappuram | Malabar | 4,110,956 | 3,550 km2 (1,370 sq mi) |
| PL | Palakkad | Malabar | 2,810,892 | 4,480 km2 (1,730 sq mi) |
| TS | Thrissur | Kochi | 3,110,327 | 3,032 km2 (1,171 sq mi) |
| ER | Ernakulam | Kochi | 3,279,860 | 2,951 km2 (1,139 sq mi) |
| ID | Idukki | Travancore | 1,107,453 | 4,479 km2 (1,729 sq mi) |
| KT | Kottayam | Travancore | 1,979,384 | 2,203 km2 (851 sq mi) |
| AL | Alappuzha | Travancore | 2,121,943 | 1,414 km2 (546 sq mi) |
| PT | Pathanamthitta | Travancore | 1,195,537 | 2,462 km2 (951 sq mi) |
| KL | Kollam | Travancore | 2,629,703 | 2,498 km2 (964 sq mi) |
| TV | Thiruvananthapuram | Travancore | 3,307,284 | 2,192 km2 (846 sq mi) |
Kerala's 14 districts, which serve as the administrative regions for taxation purposes, are further subdivided into 63 taluks; these have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records.Taluks of kerala are further divided into 1453 revenue villages.[78] Consequent to the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the Local self-government Institutions are to function as the third tier of Government and it constitutes 14 District Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats, 978 Grama Panchayats, 60 Municipalities, 5 Corporations and 1 Township.[79] Mahé, a part of the Indian union territory of Pondicherry (Puducherry), is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches.
| List of Major cities in Kerala | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City | District | Population |
 Kozhikode  Kollam |
|||||
| 1 | Thiruvananthapuram | Thiruvananthapuram | 752,490 | ||||||
| 2 | Kochi | Ernakulam | 601,574 | ||||||
| 3 | Kozhikode | Kozhikode | 432,097 | ||||||
| 4 | Kollam | Kollam | 349,033 | ||||||
| 5 | Thrissur | Thrissur | 315,596 | ||||||
| 6 | Alappuzha | Alappuzha | 174,164 | ||||||
| 7 | Palakkad | Palakkad | 131,019 | ||||||
| Source: 2011 Census of India [80] | |||||||||
| List of cities in Kerala based on the population.(not based on urban agglomeration population) | |||||||||
Government[link]
Main article: Government of Kerala
Following the Constitution of India, the State of Kerala has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its governance; universal suffrage is granted to state residents. The government structure is organized into the traditional three branches: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
- Legislature: The unicameral legislature, the Kerala Legislative Assembly, comprises elected members and special office bearers (the Speaker and Deputy Speaker) elected by the members from among themselves. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. Kerala has 140 Assembly constituencies.[81] The state sends 20 members to the Lok Sabha and 9 to the Rajya Sabha.[82]
- Executive: The Governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state, and is appointed by the President of India.[83][84] The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with extensive executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor on advice of the Chief Minister. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.
- Judiciary: The judiciary consists of the Kerala High Court and a system of lower courts. The High Court, located at Ernakulam, has a Chief Justice along with 26 permanent and two additional (pro tempore) justices. Kerala High Court also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.
Local Governance: Though the local self-government bodies namely, Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations existed in Kerala since 1959, the major initiative to decentralize the governance in Kerala was started only in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction. With the enactment of Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act in the year 1994, the state entered a new era of local self-governance. Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local-government with Gram panchayat, Block panchayat and District Panchayat forming the hierarchy. The acts ensure clear cut demarcation of power among these institutions. However, Kerala Municipality Act envisages a single tier system for urban areas, with the institution of Municipality designed at par with Gram panchayat of the former system. Substantial administrative, legal and financial powers are delegated these bodies to ensure efficient decentralization. As per the present norms, the state government devolves about 40 per cent of the state plan outlay to the local government. The state has pioneered in many of these steps to empower local self-governance and it acted as a turning point in the nation's history of decentralization.[85]
Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (India) (UDF—led by the Indian National Congress) and the Left Democratic Front (Kerala) (LDF—led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). At present, the UDF is the ruling coalition in government; Oommen Chandy of the INC is the Chief Minister of Kerala and V.S. Achuthanandan of the LDF is the Chief Opposition leader. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala due to the comparatively strong presence of labour unions.[86][87]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Kerala
See also: Category:Industries based in Kerala
| Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 42,860 |
| 1985 | 75,200 |
| 1990 | 140,980 |
| 1995 | 387,620 |
| 2000 | 697,920 |
| 2005 | 1,025,080[88] |
Since independence, Kerala was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy. Since the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and job creation. In fiscal year 2007–2008, nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was 
162,414.79 crore (US$32.4 billion). Recent GSDP growth (9.2% in 2004–2005 and 7.4% in 2003–2004) has been robust compared to historical averages (2.3% annually in the 1980s and between 5.1%[89]:8 and 5.99%[90] in the 1990s).[89]:8 The state clocked 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005 compared with 4.80% nationally.[91] Relatively few such enterprises are major corporations or manufacturers.[69] Kerala's Human Development Index rating is the highest in India.[92] This apparently paradoxical "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of very high human development and not much high economic development results from the strong service sector.[69]:48[93]:1
Kerala's economy depends on emigrants working in foreign countries (mainly in the Persian Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia) and remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.[12][13][14] As of 2008, the Gulf countries altogether have a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of USD 6.81 billion,[94] which is more than 15.13% of Remittance to India in 2008, the highest among Indian States.
The service sector (including tourism, public administration, banking and finance, transportation, and communications—63.8% of GSDP in 2002–2003) and the agricultural and fishing industries (together 17.2% of GSDP) dominate the economy.[90][95] Nearly half of Kerala's people are dependent on agriculture alone for income.[96] Some 600 varieties[73]:5 of rice (Kerala's most important staple food and cereal crop)[97]:5 are harvested from 3105.21 km2 (a decline from 5883.4 km2 in 1990)[97]:5 of paddy fields; 688,859 tonnes are produced per annum.[96] Other key crops include coconut (899,198 ha), tea, coffee (23% of Indian production,[98]:13 or 57,000 tonnes[98]:6–7), rubber, cashews, and spices—including pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes (1999–2000 estimate); 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590 km coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.
Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.[99]
Traditional industries manufacturing such items as coir, handlooms, and handicrafts employ around one million people. Around 180,000 small-scale industries employ around 909,859 Keralites; 511 medium and large scale manufacturing firms are located in Kerala. A small mining sector (0.3% of GSDP)[95] involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite.[96] Home gardens and animal husbandry also provide work for hundreds of thousands of people. Other major sectors are tourism, manufacturing, and business process outsourcing. As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches; each branch served 10,000 persons, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.[100] On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have banking facility in every village.[101] Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;[102] underemployment, low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female participation rate are chronic issues,[103]:5, 13 [104] as is the practice of Nokku kooli, 'wages for looking on'.[105] By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[106]
The state's 2005–2006 budget was 219 billion.[107] The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to 111,248 million in 2005, up from 63,599 million in 2000. Its non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala as assessed by the Indian Finance Commissions reached 10,809 million in 2005, nearly double the 6,847 million revenues of 2000.[108] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to gross state domestic product (GSDP) has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, impacting social services.[109]
The state treasury has suffered loss of thousands of millions of rupees thanks to the state staging over 100 hartals annually in recent times. A record total of 223 hartals were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over 2000 crore.[110]
Agriculture[link]
Kerala produces 97% of national output of pepper and accounts for 85% out of the area under natural rubber in the country. Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices — including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg — comprise a critical agricultural sector. A key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields. Nevertheless, home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalized, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises all provide work for around 32 lakh (3.2 million) of Kerala's 55 lakh (5.5 million) households. The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the "Sunandini".
Fisheries[link]
Fisheries contribute about 3% of the total economy of the state. The natural landforms of the state endow Kerala with a huge output of marine and freshwater fish haul each year. About 10.85 lakh people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries.The state alone yields 6.75 lakh tonnes of fish every year
Transport[link]
Roads[link]
Main article: Roads in Kerala
Kerala has 145,704 kilometres (90,536 mi) of roads (4.2% of India's total). This translates to about 4.62 kilometres (2.87 mi) of road per thousand population, compared to an all India average of 2.59 kilometres (1.61 mi). Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road.
Roads in Kerala includes 1,524 km of National highway (2.6% of nation's total), 4341.6 km of state highway and 18900 km of district roads.[111] Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through two national highways, NH 47, and NH 17 and eastern side is accessible through various State Highways. There is also a Hill Highway (Kerala) proposed, to make easy access to eastern hills.
NH 17 connects Edapally (Kochi) to Panvel (Maharashtra) and is the longest stretch of national highway through the state. The other major national highway passing through the state is National Highway 47 which connects Salem to Kanyakumari and passes through the major towns and cities like Palakkad, Thrissur, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. The Salem-Kochi stretch of this highway is a part of North-South Corridor of the Indian highway system. The length of the National Highway 47 (India) through Kerala is 416.8 km.[112] NH 49 (Kochi – Dhanushkodi), NH 208 (Kollam – Thirumangalam), NH 212 (Kozhikode – Mysore), NH 213 (Kozhikode – Palakkad), NH 220 (Kollam – theni) are the other national highways serving the state of Kerala.
The Department of Public Works is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways system and major district roads.The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala; it also oversees few major district roads.[113][114]
Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Kerala's road density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population density. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving. [115]
Railways[link]
Today the Indian Railways' Southern Railway line runs through the state, connecting most major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of Idukki and Wayanad.
Dates of beginning of railway transport in various sections of the state are given below:-
- Beypore-Tirur (12 March 1861); Shoranur-Ernakulam (1902);m Shenkottai-Punalur (26 November 1904); Punalur-Thiruvananthapuram (4 November 1931); Ernakulam-Kottayam (1956); Kottayam-Kollam (1958); Thiruvananthapuram-Kanyakumari (1979); Thrissur-Guruvayur (1994).[116]
The railway network in the state is controlled by three divisions of Southern Railway, namely Trivandrum Railway Division, Palakkad Railway Division and Madurai Railway Division. Eranakulam Junction is the busiest railway station in the state and second busiest in the Southern Railway Zone after Chennai Central. Kerala's major railway stations are Kannur, Kozhikode, Shornur Junction, Palakkad Junction, Thrissur, Angamaly For Kalady, Ernakulam Town, Ernakulam Junction, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Tiruvalla, Chengannur, Kayamkulam Junction, Kollam Junction and Thiruvananthapuram Central.
Airports[link]
Kerala has three major international airports, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. A fourth international airport is proposed at Kannur.[117] Thiruvananthapuram's Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city. The Cochin International Airport is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.[118]
Inland water transport in Kerala[link]
Kerala, with numerous backwaters, is one of the States in India where waterways are successfully used for commercial Inland Water Transport. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels. There are 67 navigable rivers in Kerala. The total length of the Inland Waterways in the State is 1687 km. The main constraints to the expansion of Inland Water transport in the State are lack of depth in the waterway caused by silting, lack of maintenance of navigation system and bank protection, accelerated growth of the water hyacinth, lack of modern inland craft terminals and cargo handling system. A 205 km canal, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kollam.[119]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Kerala
Ethnicity[link]
See also: Ethnic groups in Kerala and Racial history of Malabar
The 31.8 million[121] Keralites are predominantly of Malayali descent, while the rest is mostly made up of Jewish and Arab elements in both culture and ancestry. Kerala's 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis, 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east.[122]:10–12
Languages[link]
Malayalam is Kerala's official language; Konkani, Tamil, Tulu, Kannada, Hindi, Mahl and various Adivasi (Tribal) languages are also spoken by ethnic minorities especially in the south-western region.
| Population trend[123][124] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1951 | 13,549,000 |
|
|
| 1961 | 16,904,000 | 24.8% | |
| 1971 | 21,347,000 | 26.3% | |
| 1981 | 25,454,000 | 19.2% | |
| 1991 | 29,099,000 | 14.3% | |
| 2001 | 31,841,000 | 9.4% | |
| 2011 | 33,388,000 | 4.9% | |
| Source: 2001 Census of India[123] | |||
Kerala is home to 3.44% of India's population; at 819 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India, which is at a population density of 325 persons per km2.[125] Kerala's rate of population growth is India's lowest,[126] and Kerala's decadal growth (9.42% in 2001) is less than half the all-India average of 21.34%.[127] Whereas Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991, the population stood at less than 32 million by 2001. Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[58]
Females comprise 51.42% of the population; males form the remaining 48.58% of the population.[128]:26
Religions[link]
Kerala's principal religions are Hinduism (56.2%), Islam (24.7%), and Christianity (19.0%).[129] In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.[130]
According to 2001 Census of India figures, 56% of Kerala's residents are Hindus, 24% are Muslims, 19% are Christians, and the remaining 1% follows other religions.[129] The major Hindu castes are Ezhavas, Nairs, Nambudiri and Dalits. Rest of the Hindu castes including those in the list of Other Backward Class (OBC) are minority communities. Notably, steps taken by many progressive and tolerant Hindu kings[131] over the years and movements like that of Vaikunda Swami [132] and Narayana Guru for social reform and tolerance helped to establish Kerala as one of the most socially progressive states in India. The Abrahamic religions attest to Kerala's prominence as a major trade centre. Islam and Judaism arrived in Kerala through Arab traders.[133] Muslims of Kerala, generally referred to as Moplahs, mostly follow the Shafi'i Madh'hab under Sunni Islam. The major Moplah denominations are Sunni, Mujahid and Jama'at-e-Islami. A significant Jewish community existed in Kerala until the 20th century when most of them migrated to Israel leaving only a handful of families.[134] The Paradesi Synagogue at Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth. Christianity is believed to have reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of St Thomas, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ[135][136][137][138][139] The major Christian denominations are Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Protestant.
| Religion in Kerala[129] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
56.2% | ||
| Islam |
|
24.7% | ||
| Christianity |
|
19.0% | ||
| Others |
|
1.1% | ||
Jainism has a considerable following in the Wayanad district. Buddhism was dominant at the time of Ashoka the Great but vanished by the 8th century CE.[140]
Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries, starting with the Kerala Gulf boom, and is uniquely dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.[12][13][14]
Kerala government states gender relations are among the most equitable in India[Need quotation to verify],[141] despite discrepancies among low caste men and women.[142]:1 Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, some Ezhavas and the Muslims around North Malabar used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam, although this practice ended in the years after Indian independence. Other Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and the Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[143] Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.[144]
Human Development Index[link]
Kerala's human development indices— primary level education, health care and elimination of poverty—are among the best in India. According to a 2005–2006 national survey, Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates (94.59%) among Indian states[8] and life expectancy (74 years) was among the highest in India in 2011.[145] Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 69% (1970–1971) to 19% (1993–1994); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 36% between the 1970s and 1980s.[146] By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[106] These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.[147][148] This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.[69][92]:48
Kerala has the highest life expectancy in the country which is nearly 75 years and 78 years respectively for males and females. The life expectancy of Kerala is similar to developed nations in the world that shows the facilities for treatment and health. Kerala's healthcare system has garnered international acclaim. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation designated Kerala the world's first "baby-friendly state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas[149] For example, more than 95% of Keralite births are hospital-delivered.[150]:6 Aside from ayurveda (both elite and popular forms),[151]:13 siddha, and many endangered and endemic modes of traditional medicine, including kalari, marmachikitsa and vishavaidyam, are practiced. Some occupational communities such as Kaniyar were known as native medicine men in relation with practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation.[152] These propagate via gurukula discipleship,[151]:5–6 and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments,[151]:15 and are partly responsible for drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists.
A steadily aging population (11.2% of Keralites are over age 60[92]) and low birthrate (18 per 1,000)[153] make Kerala one of the few regions in the developing world to have undergone the "demographic transition" characteristic of such developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway.[93]:1 In 1991, Kerala's total fertility rate (children born per women) was the lowest in India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians 1.78, and Muslims 2.97.[154] Kerala's female-to-male ratio (1.058) is significantly higher than that of the rest of India.[93][155]:2 sub-replacement fertility level and infant mortality rate is lower compared to other states (estimated at 12[69][153]:49 to 14[156]:5 deaths per 1,000 live births).
However, Kerala's morbidity rate is higher than that of any other Indian state—118 (rural Keralites) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding all India figures are 55 and 54 per 1,000, respectively.[156]:5Yet this is likely explained by the fact that, as mentioned above, Kerala has a higher ratio of senior citizens than India. Kerala's 13.3% prevalence of low birth weight is substantially higher than that of First World nations.[153] Outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid among the more than 50% of Keralites who rely on 3 million water wells is a problem worsened by the widespread lack of sewers.[157]:5–7
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Kerala
Following the instructions of the Wood's despatch of 1854, both the princely states, Travancore and Cochin, launched mass education drives with the support from different agencies mainly based on castes and communities and introduced a system of grant-in-aid to attract more private initiatives. However, none of the government schools gave admission to the children belonging to the low-castes till 1914 and early the initiative of the private schools especially those run by Christian managements to admit the Dalits, opened the door for social mobility in Kerala. Social leaders like Narayana Guru and Ayyankali also initiated educational missions among the lower castes in Kerala. In order to ensure the social reformation of own Communities, organization like Nair Service Society of Nairs, SNDP of Ezhavas, Muslim Mahajana Sabha of Malabar Muslims, Yoga Kshema Sabha of Nambudiris and different congregations of Christian churches competed to open maximum number of schools in the pre-independence period and this inter-community competition led to considerable improvement in the enrollment of students, mass educational levels, employment opportunities and position of power. Compared to Travancore and Cochin regions, Malabar lagged in the educational achievements during this period.[158]
Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in education and it was the 1st state in India to be recognized as a totally literate state in 1991, though the effective literacy rate was 90 per cent at that time. The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and now it is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.[159] It has the highest literacy rate among the states of India. State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.[160] According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km, far ahead of national averages.[161]
Kerala's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government. The educational system prevailed in the state schooling is for 10 years which is streamlined into lower primary, upper primary and secondary school stages with a 4+3+3 pattern.[159] After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—liberal arts, commerce or science.[citation needed] Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional under-graduate(UG) programmes.
Schools and colleges are run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Many of the schools owned by private sector are aided by government. Majority of the public schools are affiliated to Kerala State Education Board. Other familiar educational boards are Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self financing schools, while government and government aided schools offer English or Malayalam[citation needed].
No fees (or a nominal fees) are required in schools run by or aided by government. Fees concerning the higher and technical education are very low; the ratio of recovery of government's revenue expenditure was 2.6% in 2006–2007.[162] However, the lacking of fees or low fees does not imply low educational cost, as the students incur other costs of several types (examination fees, special fees, material costs, clothing travelling, private tuition). In fact, according to the 61st round of National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households resulted to be more than twice the national average ( 41 for Kerala, 18 for India).Urban India spending, on the contrary, resulted to be greater than Kerala's ( 74 for India, 66 for Kerala). However, the survey reveals that the rural-urban difference in expenditure on education by households was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[163]
A few universities in Kerala are Kannur University, Mahatma Gandhi University, University of Calicut, University of Kerala, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.[164] Premiere educational institutions in Kerala are Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, one of the thirteen Indian Institutes of Management, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). Kerala also has a National law school which is known as the National University of Advanced Legal Studies.Center for Development Studies offers M Phil and PhD level courses of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including results—series expansion for trigonometric functions.
Culture[link]
A mohiniattam performance
Main articles: Arts of Kerala and Culture of Kerala
Culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of Indian culture.[165] It has been elaborated upon through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.[166] However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has caused to develop some distinctive outlook in every spheres of culture like lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and different social institutions.[165]
Origin of dance and music in Kerala could be traced to the tribal art forms and folk songs which were performed in those early days to propitiate the local deities.[167] With the arrival of Aryan Brahmins in Kerala (8th century CE[168]), who were instrumental in the development of many semi-classical art forms of Kerala, Hindu temples and associated institutions took over the role of development of many ritualistic art forms; emergence of new temple arts like Koodiyattom, Koothu and Kathakali have to be seen in this context.[167] Koodiyattom, which emerged as a popular temple art by 9th century,[169] is a Sanskrit theatre tradition,[170] and is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[171] Kerala natanam, an offshoot of Kathakali, Kaliyattam, Mohiniaattam (dance of the enchantress), Theyyam, Thullal and Padayani are other popular performing arts of Kerala. Of these, Kathakali and Mohiniattam are the most recognized Indian Classical Dance traditions from Kerala.
Some non-Hindu religious dances are also popular in Kerala like Margamkali, Parisamuttu and chavittu nadakom of Christians and Oppana of Muslims. Oppana has its roots in the Arab dances and it combines dance, rhythmic hand clapping, and ishal vocalizations.[172] Margam Kali is a traditional group dance form traceable back to 17th century, originally performed during Syrian Christian festivals.[173] Nowadays, many of these art forms are largely performed during marriage ceremonies or at youth festivals only. Contemporary art and performance styles including those employing mimicry and parody are also popular now.[citation needed]
Development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with temple culture of Kerala.[174] Development of indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala.[174] Carnatic music dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's popularization of the genre in the 19th century.[175][176] Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances. Melam (including the paandi and panchari variants) is a more percussive style of music; it is performed at Kshetram centered festivals using the chenda. Melam ensembles comprise up to 150 musicians, and performances may last up to four hours. Panchavadyam is a different form of percussion ensemble, in which up to 100 artists use five types of percussion instrument.[citation needed] Kerala's visual arts range from traditional murals to the works of Raja Ravi Varma, the state's most renowned painter.[174] Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collection of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; Vadakkan Pattukal(Northern Ballads), Thekkan pattukal(Southern Ballads), Vanchi pattukal(Boat Songs), Mappila Pattukal(Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal(Church songs) are a few of them.[177]
Malayalam calendar (Also known as Kollavarsham), a solar calendar started from 825 C.E. in Kerala serves as the official calendar of Kerala and finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities. Kerala's most popular dish is Rice and curry.[citation needed] The sadhya (feast) is traditionally served on green banana leaves. Such dishes as idli, payasam, pulisherry, puttukadala, or PuttuPayarPappadam, puzhukku, rasam, and sambar are typical. Keralites—both men and women alike—traditionally don flowing and unstitched garments. These include the mundu, a loose piece of cloth wrapped around men's waists. Women typically wear the sari, a long and elaborately wrapped banner of cloth, wearable in various styles. Presently, North Indian dresses such as Salwar kameez are also popular among women in Kerala.[citation needed]
Elephants have been an integral part of culture of Kerala. Kerala is the home to largest domesticated elephant population in India; about 700 Indian elephants, owned by temples as well as individuals, are mainly employed for the processions associated with about 10,000 festivals annually.[178] In literature, they are also referred to as the 'sons of the sahya. Elephant is the state animal of Kerala[78] and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala.
Malayalam literature is medieval in origin and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), and the 17th century poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose. The "triumvirate of poets" (Kavithrayam), Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more lyrical mode.[citation needed]
In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup have made valuable contributions to the Malayalam literature. Later, such Keralite writers as O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, and Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy, whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller[179] The God of Small Things is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem, have gained international recognition.[180]
Kerala in early Sanskrit literature[link]
The oldest of the surviving Hindu Puranas, the Tushar Purana, sets the story of the first of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Matsya Avatar, and King Manu (King Satyavrata, mankind's ancestor), among Kerala's Malaya Mountains.[181][182][183]
The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.[8] Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata also make a few references to Kerala.[165]
The legendary king Mahabali is said to have ruled from Kerala in a reign of universal happiness and prosperity. On his passing away he was appointed ruler of the netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana, the fifth avatar of Lord Vishnu. There is a belief that, Once a year, during the Onam festival, he returns to Kerala.
In the religious texts known as the Puranas, Kerala is Parasurama Kshetram ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama was a warrior sage and an Avatar of Mahavishnu. When he threw his battle axe from Gokarna into the sea at Kanyakumari, the land of Kerala arose from the waters.[184] Tradition says that Parasurama minted gold coins called Rasi, sowed some of them in Travancore and buried the surplus in cairns.[185] Similar legends link Parasurama to the Pandyan dynasty.[186]
The Kollam Era of the Malayalam calendar is also known as "Parasurama-Sacam".[187] The Travancore Rajas claim descent from Chera King Bhanu Bikram, who, according to legend, was raised to the throne by Parasurama.[188] In the Keralolpathi, Parasurama chose the goddess Durga (Kali) as guardian of Kerala's sea-shore.[189]
Media[link]
Main article: Media in Kerala
The National Family Health Survey – 3, conducted in 2007 ranked Kerala as a state with the highest media exposure in India. Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages,[190] but principally Malayalam and English. The most widely circulating Malayalam-language newspapers are Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam,Siraj Daily,Mangalam, Chandrika,thejas,Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi and Deshabhimani. Major Malayalam periodicals include Mathrubhumi, India Today Malayalam, Madhyamam weekly, Grihalakshmi, Vanitha, Dhanam, Chithrabhumi, and Bhashaposhini.
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. Some of the popular Malayalam television channels are Asianet, Surya TV, Mazhavil Manorama, Indiavision, Kairali TV, Manorama News, Amrita TV, Reporter, Jaihind and Jeevan TV. All India Radio, the national radio service, reaches much of Kerala via its Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Kozhikode and Kannur Malayalam-language broadcasts. Television serials, reality shows and the Internet have become a major source of entertainment and information for the people of Kerala. A Malayalam version of Google News was launched in September 2008.[191] Regardless, Keralites maintain high rates[quantify] of newspaper and magazine subscriptions. A sizeable "people's science" movement has taken root in the state, and such activities as writers' cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.[93][192]:2
BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Tata Docomo and Aircel are the major cell phone service providers in the state.[193] Broadband internet services are widely available throughout the state; some of the major ISPs are BSNL, Asianet Satellite communications, Reliance Communications, Airtel and VSNL. According to the Telecom Regulatory Commission of India(TRAI) report, as of January 2012 total number of wireless phone subscribers in kerala is about 34.3 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 3.2 million. According this report, the telephone density of the state is 107.77 as on 31st January 2012.[193] Unlike in many other States, urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.[194]
Malayalam films carved a niche for itself in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.[195] Malayalam cinema takes a wide variety of themes in its making and it is far ahead of Hindi or Tamil cinema in terms of its artistic value, due to the reflection of social consciousness attributed to the literary connection it had from 1960s.[196] It has been producing both parallel and mainstream cinema for years and won national recognition by winning the Presidents Awards for the cinemas Chemmeen, Nirmalyam and Swayamvaram. Directors from Kerala like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, John Abraham, G. Aravindan have made considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. Kerala has also given birth to numerous talented actors such as Bharath Gopi, Prem Nazir, Mammotty, Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Murali, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Cochin Haneefa, Thilakan and Nedumudi Venu. Movies produced in Hindi, Tamil and English (Made in Hollywood) are popular among Keralites. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.[197] Since 1980s, actors Mammootty and Mohanlal have dominated the movie industry; Mammootty has won 3 national awards while Mohanlal has 2 in his credit.[198]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Kerala
Several ancient ritualised arts are Keralite in origin. These include kalaripayattu—kalari ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and payattu ("exercise" or "practice"). Among the world's oldest martial arts, oral tradition attributes kalaripayattu's emergence to Parasurama.[199] Other ritual arts include theyyam and poorakkali.
Cricket and Soccer are the most popular sports in the state.[200] Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricket team played for the city in the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2011. The team was disbanded after one season due to conflict of interests among its promoters. Two Kerala Ranji Trophy players gained test selection in recent years. Sreesanth has represented India since 2005.[201] Among other Keralite cricketers is Tinu Yohannan, son of Olympic long jumper T. C. Yohannan.[202][203][204] Notable Kerala footballers include I. M. Vijayan, C. V. Pappachan, V. P. Sathyan, and Jo Paul Ancheri.[205][206]
Other popular sports include badminton, volleyball and kabaddi. Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state are P. T. Usha, T. C. Yohannan, Suresh Babu, Shiny Wilson, K. M. Beenamol, M. D. Valsamma, Anju Bobby George and Preeja Sreedharan. Volleyball is another popular sport[207] and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast. Jimmy George was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.[208]
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Kerala
Kerala is situated on the lush and tropical Malabar Coast. Kerala is one of the popular tourist destinations in India. Its culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"[17] and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".[18] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".[17][209][210] Kerala's beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife sanctuaries are the major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.[211][212]
Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination.[213] But 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism as an industry and it was the first state in India to do so.[214] Aggressive marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state, laid the foundation for the growth of the tourism industry.[215] In the decades that followed, Kerala's tourism industry was able to transform the state into one of the niche holiday destinations in India. Many innovative marketing strategies were used and the advertisements branded Kerala with a catchy tagline Kerala- God's Own Country.[215] Today, Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.[215] In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourist arrivals, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing destinations in the world.[216] In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.[217]
Kerala has also pioneered health and medical tourism in India and has attained international attention in this segment. Though the idea of health tourism in Kerala is heavily concentrated on Ayurveda, it is also a good destination for other forms of treatment including Allopathy and Homeopathy.[218] Ayurvedic tourism became very popular since 1990s and private agencies like Kottakkal Arya Vydyasala played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of Tourism Department.[213] Kerala is known for its ecotourism initiatives and in this segment it promotes mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the Western Ghats as the major products.[219]
The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy which is currently growing at a rate of 13.31%.[220] The revenue from tourism increased 5 fold between 2001–2011 and crossed 190 billion mark in 2011. Moreover, the industry provides employment opportunity to 1.2 million people.[217]
The most popular tourist attractions in the state are beaches, backwaters and hill stations. Major beaches are at Kovalam, Varkala, Kappad, Muzhappilangad and Bekal. Popular hill stations are at Munnar, Wayanad, Wagamon, Peermade, Nelliampathi and Ponmudi.[221] Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife sanctuaries and two national parks; Periyar Tiger Reserve, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary, and Eravikulam National Park are the most popular among them.[222] The "backwaters" is an extensive network of interlocking rivers (41 west-flowing rivers), lakes, and canals that center around Alleppey, Kumarakom, Kollam and Punnamada (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August). Cities such as Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode are popular centres for their shopping and traditional theatrical performances.
Kerala is also a center of Heritage and religious tourism sites. Padmanabhapuram Palace and the Mattancherry Palace are two notable heritage sites. The state is also famous for the large number of festivals (about 10,000 per year) it celebrates; of these, Onam and Thrissur Pooram attracts a large inflow of foreign tourists. According to a survey conducted among foreign tourists, Elephants, fireworks display and huge crowd are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram.[223] The main pilgrim tourist spots of Kerala are Sabarimala Temple, Aranmula Temple, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Guruvayoor Temple, Chettikulangara Temple, Vadakumnathan Temple, Sarkara Devi Temple, Padanilam Parabrahma Temple, Beemapally mosque, Malayattoor Saint Thomas Church, Parumala Church (Pathanamthitta) and St. Francis Church, Kochi[224] Saint Alphonsa Church, Bharananganam is also a destination of pilgrimage tourism.
Gallery[link]
-
Temple at Aranmula (Pathanamthitta)
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Thiruvathira Kali During Onam.jpg
Thiruvathira kali: a dance performed by women in Kerala during Onam and Thiruvaathira festivals.
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Onappottan, a cultural image of Kerala, related to Onam.
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Maramon Convention: Asia's biggest Christian gathering
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Paddy fields of Kerala in Sultan Bathery
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A typical houseboat in the Kerala backwaters near Alleppey.jpg
A house boat on the backwaters near Alleppey in Kerala
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Resorts dot the length and breadth of Kerala.
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Sunset at Varkala Beach
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Kalaripayattu.JPG
Kalaripayattu a martial art of Kerala
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forest river in wayanad
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Thrissur Pooram festival
See also[link]
.svg){kind=small}
Notes[link]
^ The International Hydrographic Organisation defines the border between Lakshadweep Sea and Arabian sea by a line running from Sadashivgad Lt. on West Coast of India (14°48′N 74°07′E / 14.8°N 74.117°E / 14.8; 74.117) to Corah Divh (13°42′N 72°10′E / 13.7°N 72.167°E / 13.7; 72.167) and thence down the West side of the Lakshadweep and Maldive Archipelagos to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives.[225] However, the official website of Government of Kerala and Government of India states that Kerala is boardered on the west by Arabian Sea.
- ^ α: Around the 9th century, the Cheras fell from power. Several small kingdoms (swaroopams) formed under the leadership of chieftains, filling the resulting political vacuum.[52]
Citations[link]
- ^ Census of India, 2011. Census Data Online, Population.
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/9-litercy-26-30.pdf
- ^ http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2005/malayalamdevelopmentchandraj1.html
- ^ "Cities best to earn a living are not the best to live: Survey". The Times Of India. 26 November 2007. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-26/news/27682663_1_cities-entertainment-indicus-analytics. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Human Development Index rose 21 per cent; Kerala tops chart". CNBC. 21 October 2011. http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/human-development-index-rose-21-per-cent-kerala-tops-chart_603650.html.
- ^ "HDI in India rises by 21%: Kerala leads the race". FirstPost. 21 October 2011. http://www.firstpost.com/india/hdi-in-india-rises-by-21-kerala-leads-gujarat-far-behind-114044.html.
- ^ United Nations Human Development Report: Kerala, India; 2005
- ^ a b c "Literacy – official website of Govt of Kerala". http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2818&Itemid=2263. Retrieved 3 October 2011. (1st) The breakup shows 94.2 for males and 87.86 for females.
- ^ "Financial inclusion plans: Kerala becomes the first state in India to have banking facility in every village". Times of India. 1 October 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-you-can-bank-on-every-village-in-Kerala/articleshow/10194261.cms. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
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- ^ One such legend one names the spear thrower as Vadimbalamba Ninrapandyan; in another, he is Ukkira Pandiyan, who obtains the spear from the Sivan of Madura. See Mythological origins of Kerala
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- ^ "India Squad Profiles: Tinu Yohannan". BBC Sport. 20 June 2002. http://0-news.bbc.co.uk.innopac.up.ac.za/sport2/hi/cricket/england/england_v_india_2002/india_player_profiles/2049702.stm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
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- ^ AIFF Award Player of the Year – All India Football Federation
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- ^ "Jimmy George". Sports Portal. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. http://0-web.archive.org.innopac.up.ac.za/web/20080514040141/http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=667&moduleid=&maincatid=59&subid=0&comid=55. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Kerala : National Geographic Traveler selects Kerala as ‘one of the 50 must see destinations of a lifetime’". Travel Portal of India. 27 January 2009. http://www.travelportalofindia.com/2009/07/kerala-national-geographic-traveler-selects-kerala-as-one-of-the-50-must-see-destinations-of-a-lifetime/. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Kerala - God's Own Country". Kerala Homestays. 27 January 2009. http://www.keralahomestaysonline.com/main/kerala.asp. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf
- ^ "Tourist statistics – 2008". Government of Kerala, Tourism Department. http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Tourist-Statistics2008.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ a b Santhanam K (27 January 2002). "An ideal getaway". The Hindu Magazine (Chennai, India: The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/27/stories/2002012700400800.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Tourism beckons". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 11 May 2004. http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100040100.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
- ^ a b c Dasgupta Devashish (2011). Tourism Marketing. Pearson Education India. p. 203. ISBN 9788131731826. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC.
- ^ "Tourist Statistics — 2006" (PDF). Department of Tourism. Government of Kerala. 2006. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195845/http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TS2006.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ a b "Tourist inflow to Kerala crosses 10 million mark". Business-Standard. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tourist-inflow-to-kerala-crosses-10-million-mark/474524/.
- ^ G. Lakshmi (2008). New Governance Paradigm. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 219–220. ISBN 9788178357157. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xoRFL5lqbq8C.
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- ^ "Tourist Statistics — 2005 (Provisional)" (PDF). Department of Tourism. Government of Kerala. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195846/http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Tapan K Panda (2007). Tourism Marketing. ICFAI Books. pp. 173–177. ISBN 9788131404690. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4A0j6ZlJQfkC.
- ^ M.R. Biju (2006). Sustainable Dimensions Of Tourism Management. Mittal Publications. pp. 151–165. ISBN 9788183241298. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AkAdvTbg0dEC.
- ^ "The stars of Pooram show are jumbos". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 26 May 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/26/stories/2006052610410500.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Manohar Sajnani (2003). Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 196–205. ISBN 9788178350189. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C.
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External links[link]
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| Pannian Raveendran | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Pannian Raveendran | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-12-22) 22 December 1945 (age 66) Kannur, Kerala |
| Political party | CPI |
| Spouse(s) | Ratnavally |
| Children | 3 sons |
| Residence | Thiruvananthapuram |
| As of September 23, 2006 Source: [1] |
|
Pannian Raveendran (born 22 December 1945) is the state secretary of Kerala State Committee of Communist Party of India (CPI). He was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Trivandrum constituency of Kerala .
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pannyan Raveendran |
| Preceded by P. K. Vasudevan Nair |
Member of Parliament from Thiruvananthapuram 2005–2009 |
Succeeded by Shashi Tharoor |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Raveendran, Pannian |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 22 December 1945 |
| Place of birth | Kannur, Kerala |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about a Communist Party of India politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Pannyan_Raveendran
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannyan_Raveendran
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Actor Dileep's reaction after winning Kerala State Film Awards for Best Actor
asianetnews
Actor Dileep's reaction after winning Kerala State Film Awards for Best Actor
Actor Dileep's first reaction after winning Kerala State Film Awards 2012 for Best Actor for his performance in the movie "Vellaripravinte Changathi"
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Kadala Curry Black Channa Masala Kerala Style
vahchef
Kadala Curry Black Channa Masala Kerala Style
you can find detailed recipes at my website and also find many videos with recipes at www.vahrehvah.com simple easy and quick recipes and videos of Indian Pakistani and Asian Oriental foods,kadala curry made with black channa also called desi channa,in kerala
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