Amyrtaeus

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Amyrtaeus
Amenirdisu; Amyrtaios of Sais, Greek Ἀμύρταῖος Σαΐτης
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign	5 years, 404 to October 399 BC, 28th Dynasty
Predecessor	Darius II
Successor	Nepherites I
Royal titulary Prenomen: ỉmn-ỉr-dỉ-s<w> Amun causes him to be given
Born	unknown
Died	October 399 BC
Burial	unknown
Monuments	none known

Amyrtaeus (or Amenirdisu) of Sais is the only king of the Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt and is thought to be related to the royal family of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. He ended the First Persian Occupation and reigned from 404 BC to 399 BC.

Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais who is known to have carried on a rebellion in 465–463 BC with the Libyan chief, Inarus (himself a grandson of Psamtik III), against the Satrap of Artaxerxes I. He is known from Aramaic and ancient Greek sources, and is mentioned in the Demotic Chronicle. He is not known to have left any monuments, and his name in Egyptian is only reconstructed from demotic notices.

Before assuming the throne of Egypt, Amyrtaeus had revolted against Darius II as early as 411 BC, leading a guerrilla action in the western Nile Delta around his home city of Sais. Following the death of Darius, Amyrtaeus declared himself king in 404 BC. According to Isocrates, Artaxerxes II assembled an army in Phoenicia under the command of Abrocomas to retake Egypt shortly after coming to the Persian throne, but political problems with his brother Cyrus the Younger prevented this from taking place, allowing the Egyptians sufficient time to throw off Achaemenid rule. While the rule of Amyrtaeus in the western Delta was established by 404 BC, Artaxerxes II continued to be recognized as king at Elephantine as late as 401 BC, but Aramaic papyri from the site refer to Regnal Year 5 of Amyrtaeus in September 400 BC. The Elephantine papyri also demonstrate that between 404 and 400 BC (or even 398) Upper Egypt remained under Persian control, while the forces of Amyrtaeus dominated the Delta.

Amyrtaeus was defeated in open battle by his successor, Nepherites I of Mendes, and executed at Memphis, an event which the Aramaic papyrus Brooklyn 13 implies occurred in October 399 BC.

Bibliography [link]

A. Lemaire, 'La fin de la première période perse in Égypte et la chronologie judéene vers 400 av. J.-C., Transeuphratène 9 (1995), 51-61.
O. Perdu, 'Saites and Persians (664-332),' in A.B. Lloyd (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt (Chichester, 2010), 140-58 (at 153-7).
J.D. Ray, 'Egypt: Dependence and Independence (425-343 B.C.), in Achaemenid History 1 (Leiden, 1987), 79-95.

Preceded by Darius II	Pharaoh of Egypt	Succeeded by Nepherites I

Pharaohs (list)

Dynastic Genealogies: 4^th
12^th
18^th
19^th
20^th
21^st
25^th
26^th
27^th
31^st
Ptolemaic

Protodynastic Period
(prior to 3150 BC)

Lower Egypt	Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh

Upper Egypt	Scorpion I Double Falcon Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer

Early Dynastic Period
(3150–2686 BC)

Dynasty I	Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird

Dynasty II	Hotepsekhemwy Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

Dynasty III	Djoser Sanakhte Sekhemkhet Khaba Qahedjet Huni

Dynasty IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis

Dynasty V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Shepseskare Neferefre Niuserre Menkauhor Djedkare Unas

Dynasty VI	Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II

1^st Intermediate Period
(2181–2040 BC)

Dynasties VII & VIII	Wadjkare Qakare Iby

Dynasties IX & X	Wakhare Khety I Meryibre Khety Merykare Kaneferre Nebkaure Akhtoy

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1782 BC)

Dynasty XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV

Dynasty XII	Amenemhet I Senusret I Amenemhet II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhet III Amenemhet IV Sobeknefru♀

2^nd Intermediate Period
(1782–1570 BC)

Dynasty XIII	Wegaf Ameny Intef IV Hor Sobekhotep II Khendjer Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sobekhotep IV Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini

Dynasty XIV	Nehesy

Dynasty XV	Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi I Khamudi

Dynasty XVI	Anather Yakobaam

Dynasty XVII	Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Intef V Intef VII Senakhtenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom
(1570–1070 BC)

Dynasty XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Tuthmosis I Tuthmosis II Tuthmosis III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Tuthmosis IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb

Dynasty XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀

Dynasty XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

3^rd Intermediate Period
(1069–525 BC)

Dynasty XXI	Smendes I Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Dynasty XXII	Sheshonq I Osorkon I Sheshonq II Takelot I Osorkon II Takelot II Sheshonq III Pami Sheshonq V Osorkon IV

Dynasty XXIII	Pedibastet Sheshonq IV Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamon Iuput

Dynasty XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenrenef

Dynasty XXV	Piankhi Shabaka Shebitku Taharqa Tanutamun

Dynasty XXVI	Psamtik I Nekau Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III

Late Period
(525–332 BC)

Dynasty XXVII	Cambyses II Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II

Dynasty XXVIII	Amyrtaeus

Dynasty XXIX	Nefaarud I Hakor

Dynasty XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II

Dynasty XXXI	Artaxerxes III Arses Darius III

Hellenistic Period
(332–30 BC)

Argead Dynasty (XXXII)	Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV

Ptolemaic Dynasty	Ptolemy I Soter I Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes I Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV♀ Cleopatra VII♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion

♀ indicates female pharaoh

Persondata
Name	Amyrtaeus
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

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