Galle ගාල්ල காலி
—  City  —
Aerial view of Galle city
Galle ගාල්ල காலி
Coordinates: 6°3′0″N 80°13′0″E / 6.05°N 80.216667°E / 6.05; 80.216667
Country	Sri Lanka
Province	Southern Province
Government
• Mayor	Methsiri de Silva
Area
• Total	1,652 km2 (638 sq mi)
• Land	1,617 km2 (624 sq mi)
• Water	35 km2 (14 sq mi)
Population (2001)
• Total	105,865
• Density	613/km2 (1,590/sq mi)
Time zone	Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone (UTC+5:30)

Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country	Sri Lanka
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iv
Reference	451
Region **	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	1988 (10th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Galle (Sinhala: ගාල්ල;Tamil: காலி) (pronounced as one syllable in English, /ˈɡɔːl/ "Gaul", and as two in Sinhalese, [ɡaːlːə]) is a city situated on the southwestern tip of Sri Lanka, 119 km from Colombo. Galle is the capital city of Southern Province of Sri Lanka and it lies in Galle District.

Galle was known as Gimhathiththa (although Ibn Batuta in the 14th century refers to it as Qali^{[verification needed]}) before the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, when it was the main port on the island. Galle reached the height of its development in the 18th century, during the Dutch colonial period. The major river is Gin River (Gin Ganga) which starts from Gongala Kanda and passing villages such as Neluwa, Nagoda, Baddegama, Thelikada, and Wakwella, reaches the sea at Ginthota. In Wakwella over the river there is Wakwella Bridge, which is the longest bridge in Sri Lanka.

Galle is the best example of a fortified city built by Europeans in south and southeast Asia, showing the interaction between European architectural styles and south Asian traditions. The Galle fort is a world heritage site and the largest remaining fortress in Asia built by European occupiers. Other prominent landmarks in Galle include the natural harbor, the National Maritime Museum, St. Mary's Cathedral founded by Jesuit priests, one of the main Shiva temples on the island, and Amangalla the historic luxury hotel.

Galle is the main city in the most southerly part of the island, with a population of around 100 000, and is connected by rail to Colombo and Matara. On 26 December 2004 the city was devastated by the massive Boxing Day Tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that occurred a thousand miles away, off the coast of Indonesia. Thousands were killed in the city alone. Galle is home to a cricket ground, the Galle International Stadium, rebuilt after the tsunami. Test matches resumed there on December 18, 2007.

Rumassala in Unawatuna is a large mound-like hill, which forms the eastern protective barrier to the Galle harbour. Local tradition associates this hill with some events of the Ramayana.

History[link]

The port of Galle in 1754.

According to James Emerson Tennent, Galle was the ancient seaport of Tarshish, from which King Solomon drew ivory, peacocks and other valuables.
Cinnamon was exported from Sri Lanka as early as 1400 BC and the root of the word itself is Hebrew, so Galle may have been a main entrepot for the spice.^{[citation needed]}

Galle had been a prominent seaport long before western rule in the country. Persians, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Malays, Indians, and Chinese were doing business through Galle port. In 1411, the Galle Trilingual Inscription, a stone tablet inscription in three languages, Chinese, Tamil and Persian, was erected in Galle to commemorate the second visit to Sri Lanka by the Chinese admiral Zheng He.

The "modern" history of Galle starts in 1505, when the first Portuguese ship, under Lourenço de Almeida was driven there by a storm. However, the people of the city refused to let the Portuguese enter it, so the Portuguese took it by force.

In 1640, the Portuguese had to surrender to the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch built the present Fort in the year 1663. They built a fortified wall, using solid granite, and built three bastions, known as "Sun", "Moon" and "Star". After the British took over the country from the Dutch in the year 1796, they preserved the Fort unchanged, and used it as the administrative centre of Galle.

Governance[link]

The Galle Municipal Council governs the City of Galle. It was established under the Municipalities Ordinance of 1865. The first mayor of Galle was Wijeyananda Dahanayake, who was appointed in 1939. He later became the Prime Minister of Ceylon. The current Mayor of Galle is Methsiri de Silva, who was appointed on December 4, 2008. The main vision of Galle City is "Building of moderate city through the supply of relatively increased utility services to the citizens who pay taxes to the Municipal council [1]. The other vision is to brand Galle as "GreenCity-Greengalle [2]" to create and promote Galle as Sri Lanka's cool and healthy coastal city with clean green canopy. This is a historical place in Sri Lanka.

Climate[link]

Galle features a tropical rainforest climate. The city has no true dry season, though it is noticeably drier in the months of January and February. As is commonplace with many cities with this type of climate, temperatures show little variation throughout the course of the year. Average temperatures hovers at around 26 degrees Celsius throughout the year.

Demographics[link]

Galle is a sizeable city, by Sri Lankan standards, and has a population of 91 000, the majority of whom are of Sinhalese ethnicity. There is also a large Sri Lankan Moor minority, particularly in the fort area, who descend from Arab merchants that settled in the ancient port of Galle. Galle is also notable for its foreign population, both residents and owners of holiday homes.

Source: 2001 Census

Education[link]

Schools[link]

Galle is home to some of the oldest and leading schools in Sri Lanka. 29 government schools and 5 international schools are situated in Galle. All the government schools provide free education to the children. Some of the schools situated in Galle city are listed below.

Universities[link]

Faculty of Engineering, Galle

Two main faculties of University of Ruhuna are located in Galle. The Faculty of Engineering is located at Hapugala about 5 km from the city center. The faculty of Medicine is located at Karapitiya near the Karapitiya Teaching Hospital. The Medical faculty is also located at about 5 km from the city center. A study centre of the Open University of Sri Lanka is also located in Galle at Labuduwa junction.

• Faculty of Engineering
• Faculty of Medicine
• Study Centre of the Open University of Sri Lanka

Higher Education Institutes[link]

Advanced Technological Institute in Labuduwa, Galle was started in year 2000 and it was planned to offer Higher National Diploma in Information Technology - HNDIT and Higher National Diploma in Agriculture Technology - HNDT (Agri). Since then Labuduwa ATI has been a pioneer in technological education in Sri Lanka. National Institute of Business Management in Galle was established in 2010 to provide higher education opportunities in the fields of Information Technology and Business Management.

• Advanced Technological Institute (ATI)
• National Institute of Business Management (NIBM)

Transport[link]

Galle is served by Sri Lanka Railways' Coastal Line. Galle Railway Station is a major station on the line, and serves as the meeting point of the west-coast and south-coast segments of the line.

Twin cities[link]

View of the Galle International Cricket Stadium from the Dutch fort in Galle.

The City of Galle is twinned with:

Country	City	State / Region	Since
Netherlands	Velsen	North Holland	1988

Although not an official twin city, Melbourne, Australia 'adopted' Galle after the 2004 tsunami disaster, funding the reconstruction of its cricket ground and providing financial and other support.

Gallery[link]

See also[link]

• Galle fort
• National Maritime Museum (Galle)
• Galle Literary Festival
• Galle International Stadium

References[link]

• Galle Municipal Council
• A Historic tour through the city of Galle
• The old world's romantic city: Galle!
• Galle - A Port City in History
• Galle Shipwreck's (Article from Divaina)
• Galle harbour (Article from Divaina)
• Discover Sri Lanka - More information & images on Galle and Galle Fort
• Discover Sri Lanka - More information & images on Physical and historical Position of Galle

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Galle

• Audio interview with Galle resident about life in Galle (English)

External links[link]

• GalleLink ,The Way of Galle - More information about Galle
• Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications, UNESCO World Heritage
• Nil Manel Beach Resort Galle
• Galle Fort hotel
• Official website of the Sri Lanka Tourism Board
• Corridors of Oceanic Heritage: The Maritime Archaeology Museum, Galle

v t e Cities in Sri Lanka Capitals Colombo (commercial) Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (national) Other cities Anuradhapura Badulla Batticaloa Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Galle Hambantota Jaffna Kandy Kurunegala Maharagama Matara Moratuwa Negombo Nuwara Eliya Polonnaruwa Ratnapura Trincomalee

v t e Provincial capitals of Sri Lanka Colombo Kandy Galle Jaffna Trincomalee Kurunegala Anuradhapura Badulla Ratnapura

v t e World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka Anuradhapura · Central Highlands · Galle and its Fortifications · Golden Temple of Dambulla · Kandy · Polonnaruwa · Sigiriya · Sinharaja Forest Reserve

Coordinates: 6°02′02.97″N 80°12′58.77″E / 6.0341583°N 80.216325°E / 6.0341583; 80.216325

Richard Tee (November 24, 1943 - July 21, 1993) was a pianist, studio musician, singer and arranger.

Tee graduated from the High School of Music and Art and attended the Manhattan School of Music. Though better known as a studio and session musician,^[1] Tee led a jazz ensemble, the Richard Tee Committee, and was a founding member of the band Stuff. In 1981 he played the piano and keyboard for Simon and Garfunkel's Concert In Central Park.

Richard Tee was married to Eleana Steinberg Tee of Greenwich, Connecticut in Woodstock, New York, they were married by New York State Supreme Court Justice Bruce Wright.

Tee died of prostate cancer on July 21, 1993 in Cold Spring, New York.^[2]

Discography[link]

Richard Tee - solo[link]

• Strokin' (Columbia-Tappan Zee 1979)
• Natural Ingredients (Columbia-Tappan Zee 1980)
• The Best of Richard Tee (Columbia-Tappan Zee 1981)
• Contemporary Piano (DCI 1982)
• The Bottom Line (King Records 1985)
• Inside You (Columbia 1989)
• Real Time (One Voice 1992)
• Bottom Line 2003

with Hank Crawford[link]

• Mr. Blues Plays Lady Soul (1969)
• Help Me make It Through the Night (1972)
• We Got a Good Thing Goin' (1972)
• Wildflower (1973)

with George Benson[link]

• Tell It Like It Is (1969)
• Big Boss Band - George Benson with the Count Basie Orchestra - (1990)
• Love Remembers (1993)

with Grover Washington, Jr.[link]

• Inner City Blues (1971)
• All the King's Horses (1972)
• Soul Box/Vol. 2 (1973)
• Feels So Good (1975)
• Winelight (1980)
• Skylarkin' (1980)
• Come Morning (1981)
• The Best Is Yet to Come (1982)
• In Concert (1982)
• Inside Moves (1984)

with Cornell Dupree[link]

• Teasin' (1974)
• Coast to Coast (1988)
• Can't Get Through (1991)
• Child's Play (1992)
• Uncle Funky (1992)

with Stuff[link]

• Stuff (1976)
• More Stuff (1977)
• Stuff It (1978)
• Live Stuff (1978)
• Live In New York (1980)
• East (1981)
• Best Stuff (1981)

with Steve Gadd/ the Gadd Gang[link]

• Gadd About (1984)
• The Gadd Gang (1986)
• Here & Now (1988)
• Live at Bottom Line (1988)
• Gadd Gang (1991)

with various artists[link]

• Tune In, Turn On to the Hippest Commercials of the 60's (1967) - Benny Golson
• Soul Drums (1968) - Bernard Purdie
• Soul Rebel (1968) - Bob Marley
• Shirley Scott & The Soul Saxes (1969) - Shirley Scott
• Tell It Like It Is (1969) - George Benson
• I Heard That (1969) - Quincy Jones
• Lena & Gabor (Skye, 1969) - Lena Horne and Gábor Szabó
• Good Vibes (1969) - Gary Burton
• Cornucopia (Solid State, 1969) - Dizzy Gillespie
• Live at Freddie Jett's Pied Piper (1970) - Esther Phillips
• Everybody's Talkin' (1970) - King Curtis
• Suite 16 (1970) - Yusef Lateef
• Boys from Dayton (1971) - Snooky Young
• Blacknuss (1971) - Rahsaan Roland Kirk
• Salt Song (1971) - Stanley Turrentine
• Quiet Fire (1971) - Roberta Flack
• Push Push (1971) - Herbie Mann
• Young, Gifted and Black (1972) - Aretha Franklin
• Chuck Rainey Coalition (1972) - Chuck Rainey
• Sweet Buns & Barbecue (1972) - Houston Person
• Soul Is...Pretty Purdie (1972) - Bernard Purdie
• Alone Again (Naturally) (1972) - Esther Phillips
• The Weapon (1972) - David Newman
• The Final Comedown (1972) - Grant Green
• Blues Farm (1973) - Ron Carter
• Your Baby is a Lady (1973) - Jackie DeShannon
• Don't Mess with Mister T. (1973) - Stanley Turrentine
• Abandoned Luncheonette (1973) - Daryl Hall & John Oates
• In the Beginning (1974) - Hubert Laws
• AWB (1974) - Average White Band
• The Disco Kid (1975) - Van McCoy
• Anything Goes (Kudu, 1975) - Ron Carter
• Negril (1975) - Eric Gale
• The New York Connection (1975) Tom Scott
• Gone At Last (1975) Paul Simon
• "Lost Generation" (1975) Elliott Murphy
• Thirty Three & 1/3 (1976) - George Harrison
• The Case of the 3 Sided Dream in Audio Color (1976) - Rahsaan Roland Kirk
• Dinner Music (1976) Carla Bley
• End of a Rainbow (1976) Patti Austin
• The Real McCoy (1976) Van McCoy
• Firefly (CTI, 1977) - Jeremy Steig
• Havana Candy (CTI, 1977) - Patti Austin
• The Stranger (1977) Billy Joel
• The Atlantic Family Live in Montreaux 1977
• Multiprication Eric Gale 1978
• Intimate Strangers Tom Scott (1978)
• Warmer Communications (1978) Average White Band
• One Trick Pony - (1980) Paul Simon
• Apple Juice (1981) Tom Scott
• RIT Lee Ritenour 1981
• "The Concert in Central Park" (1981) Simon and Garfunkel
• Living Eyes (1981) Bee Gees
• Heartbreaker (1982) Dionne Warwick
• Blade Runner (1982) (Not OST) in "Memories of Green" song
• Fill Up The Night (1983) Sadao Watanabe
• Hearts and Bones (1983) Paul Simon
• An Innocent Man Billy Joel (1984)
• Universal Rhythm Ralph MacDonald 1984
• Underground (song) David Bowie (1986)
• So Peter Gabriel (1986)
• Streamlines Tom Scott 1987
• Sound Investment Flip Phillips & Scott Hamilton 1987
• Red Hot Rhythm & Blues (1987) Diana Ross
• At Home (1987) Janis Siegel
• The Camera Never Lies (1987) Michael Franks
• Close Up (1988) Dave Sanborn
• At Last (1989) Lou Rawls
• Street Smarts (1989) Eddie Gomez
• Midnight in San Juan (1989) Earl Klugh
• Bottom's Up Victor Bailey (1989)
• Vanishing Mariah Carey (1990)
• Star Time James Brown (1991)
• Upfront David Sanborn (1992)
• Queen of Soul: The Atlantic Recordings Aretha Franklin (1992)
• Legendary Lou Rawls Lou Rawls (1992)
• I'll Take Care of You Cissy Houston/Chuck Jackson (1992)
• Anthology: Down in Birdland Manhattan Transfer (1992)
• Evolution of Herbie Mann'" Herbie Mann (1993)
• Greatest Hits 80-94 Aretha Franklin (1993)
• Instant Soul: Legendary King Curtis King Curtis 1993
• Softly with these Songs: The Best... Roberta Flack 1993
• Friends Can Be Lovers Dionne Warwick (1993)
• Skyline Phil Carmen (1993)

References[link]

External links[link]

• For a more complete discography

Sadao Watanabe (渡辺 貞夫, Watanabe Sadao^?) (born Utsunomiya, Japan, February 1, 1933) is an influential Japanese jazz musician who plays the alto saxophone, sopranino saxophone and flute. He is known for his Bossa Nova recordings, although his work encompasses a large range of styles with collaborations from musicians all over the world. Sadao first began learning music at the age of 18, and started performing professionally in 1953. By 1958 he had firmly established himself as a world-class saxophonist having performed with leading musicians and quartets. In 1962 he left Japan to study at Berklee College of Music in Boston. In 1995 the college awarded him an honorary doctorate degree for his contributions to music.^[1] Among his more prestigious awards are the Order of the Rising Sun, the imperial medal of honour for his contribution to the arts, numerous cultural awards from around the world, the Fumio Nanri award, and his cities first honour award. In addition to his musical career, Watanabe has also published six photography books in Japan.^[2]

Discography[link]

As leader[link]

• 1961 SADAO WATANABE
• 1965 SADAO WATANABE PLAYS
• 1966 GOIN' HOME MODERN JAZZ ALBUM
• 1966 TAKT JAZZ JAZZ&BOSSA
• 1967: Sadao Watanabe & Charlie Mariano: Iberian Waltz (Denon)
• 1967 NABESADA & CHARLIE
• 1967 BOSSA BEAT COLLECTION
• 1967 JAZZ SAMBA
• 1967 MY ROMANCE
• 1967 BOSSA NOVA '67
• 1967 BOSSA NOVA CONCERT
• 1967 MUSIC BREAK
• 1967 ENCORE!! JAZZ & BOSSA / SADAO MEETS SHARPS & FLATS
• 1968 WE GOT A NEW BAG / SADAO AND CHARLIE AGAIN
• 1968 SADAO MEETS BRAZILIAN FRIENDS / SADAO & BRAZILIAN8
• 1968 SADAO PLAYS BEATLES AND BACHARACH
• 1969 SWING JOURNAL JAZZ WORKSHOP
• 1969 PASTORAL
• 1969 SONG BOOK
• 1969 SADAO WATANABE LIVE AT THE JUNK
• 1969: Dedicated to Charlie Parker with Terumasa Hino, Masanaga Harada, Fumio Watanabe, Kazuo Yashiro
• 1970 SADAO WATANABE AT MONTREUX JAZZ FESTIVAL
• 1970: Round Trip (Universe) with Jack DeJohnette, Miroslav Vitouš, Chick Corea
• 1970 COLLABORATION QUARTET with MASABUMI KIKUCHI SEXTET
• 1971 PAYSAGES
• 1972 SADAO WATANABE
• 1973 OPEN ROAD
• 1973 KENYA YA AFRICA MEETS INTER-AFRICAN THEATRE GROUP
• 1974 MBALI AFRICA LIVE
• 1974 SADAO WATANABE AT “PIT INN”
• 1975 SWISS AIR
• 1975 PAMOJA
• 1976: I’m Old Fashioned (Sony) with Ron Carter, Hank Jones
• 1976 SADAO WATANABE RECITAL
• 1977 MY DEAR LIFE
• 1977 BIRD OF PARADISE
• 1977 AUTUMN BLOW featuring LEE RITENOUR & HIS GENTLE THOUGHTS
• 1977: Birds of Passage (Elektra) with Ron Carter, George Duke, Hank Jones, Hubert Laws, Kazumi Watanabe, Tony Williams, Jimmy Haslip, Alex Acuña, Diana Acuna,
• 1978 CALIFORNIA SHOWER
• 1979 MORNING ISLAND
• 1980 HOW'S EVERYTHING
• 1981: Orange Express with Dave Grusin, George Benson, Bobby Broom, Marcus Miller, Budddy Williams
• 1983 FILL UP THE NIGHT
• 1983 CARNIVAL with Ron Carter, Hank Jones, Tony Williams
• 1984 RENDEZVOUS
• 1985 MAISHA
• 1985: Parker’s Mood with Seigen Ono, James Williams, Jeff Tain Watts, Charnett Moffett
• 1985 TOKYO DATING
• 1986 GOOD TIME FOR LOVE
• 1988 ELIS
• 1988 MADE IN CORACAO TOQUINHO
• 1989 FRONT SEAT
• 1991 SWEET DEAL
• 1992 A NIGHT WITH STRINGS
• 1993 EARTH STEP
• 1994 IN TEMPO
• 1993 A NIGHT WITH STRINGS Vol.2
• 1994 A NIGHT WITH STRINGS Vol.3 / SADAO PLAYS PARKER
• 1997 Go Straight Ahead ’n Make a Left with Bernard Wright, Charley Drayton, Mike Flythe,
• 1997 KUROI HITOMI SONG BOOK
• 1998 VIAJANDO
• 1999: Remembrance (verve) with Robin Eubanks, Billy Drummond, Jim Anderson, Cyrus Chestnut, Romero Lubambo, Christian McBride, Nicholas Payton
• 2000 SADAO 2000
• 2000 MINHA SAUDADE
• 2001 SADAO WATANABE MY DEAR LIFE 50th ANNIVERSARY COLLECTION
• 2003 WHEEL OF LIFE
• 200? SKETCHES OF NATURE
• 2005 ONE FOR YOU
• 2005 Broadcast Tracks '69-'72
• 2005 Sadao & Charlie Again
• 2007 BASIE'S AT NIGHT
• 2009 INTO TOMORROW

As sideman[link]

This section requires expansion.

With Chico Hamilton

• El Chico (Impulse!, 1965)

Honors[link]

• Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, 2005.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sadao Watanabe's official website
• Sadao Watanabe discography