Puno
Cathedral of Puno located on the Plaza de Armas
Nickname(s): Capital folklorica del Peru y Sud America (folkloric capital of Peru and South America)
Puno Location in Peru
Coordinates: 15°50′36″S 70°01′25″W / 15.84333°S 70.02361°W / -15.84333; -70.02361
Country	Peru
Region	Puno Region
Province	Puno Province
Government
• Mayor	Luis Butron Castillo
Elevation	3,860 m (12,421 ft)
Population
• Total	100,168
Time zone	UTC-5

Puno is a city in southeastern Peru, located on the shore of Lake Titicaca. It is the capital city of the Puno Region and the Puno Province with a population of approximately 100,000. The city was established in 1668 by viceroy Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro as capital of the province of Paucarcolla with the name San Juan Bautista de Puno. The name was later changed to San Carlos de Puno, in honor of king Charles II of Spain. Puno has several churches dating back from the colonial period, they were built to service the Spanish population and evangelize the natives.^{[citation needed]}

Overview[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Puno is an important agricultural and livestock region; particularly of South American camelids (llamas and alpacas) which graze on its immense plateaus and plains. Much of the city economy relies on the black market, fueled by cheap goods smuggled in from Bolivia. Puno is served by the Inca Manco Capac International Airport in nearby Juliaca.

Floating Islands

Puno is situated between the shores of Lake Titicaca and the mountains surrounding the city. There is less than 2 miles of flat land between the shores and the foothills, which has caused the growing city to continue to expand upwards onto the hillsides. As a result, the town's less developed and poorest areas, which are high on the hillsides, often have very steep streets, which are generally not paved and cannot be accessed by automobile.

Up one of these streets is the Kuntur Wasi viewpoint, which has a huge metal sculpture of a condor. There are some 700 steps to climb to reach the sculpture but the view across the city and Lake Titicaca beyond is breathtaking.

Puno is known as the "Capital folklórica del Perú" (folkloric capital of Peru) due to its wealth of artistic and cultural expressions, particularly dance. They are most notable during the celebrations of the Feast of the "Virgen de la Candelaria" and the Regional Competition of Autochthonous Dances. Puno's access to Lake Titicaca is surrounded by 41 floating islands. To this day, the Uros people maintain and live on these man-made islands, depending on the lake for their survival, and are a large tourist destination.

Puno is the first major hub in the constant migration of indigenous peoples of the Andes to the larger cities of Peru. It is the largest city in the Southern Altiplano and is the recipient of new residents from surrounding smaller agricultural communities of poorer class of people seeking better opportunities for education and employment. As such, Puno is served by several small Institutes of Technology, Education and other technical or junior college-type facilities. Additionally it is home to what is commonly referred to as the "UNA" or the Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, which was founded in 1856.

Weather and Climate[link]

As Puno is located at such a high elevation, it experiences more extreme weather conditions than would be expected for its sub-tropical latitude. The average annual temperature is about 15 °C, and the weather never gets overly warm. During the winter months from June to August, night-time temperatures usually drop well below 0 °C. At this high altitude, the rays of the sun are very strong. Most of the annual precipitation occurs during the southern hemisphere summer, with the winter months being very dry.

Folklore[link]

Music and dance are typical parts of the Puno folklore. The most important dances are the Wifala de Asillo, the Ichu Carnival, the Llamerada, the Pujllay of Santiago, the Tuntuna, the Khashua de Capachica, the Machu-tusuj, the Kcajelo, the Diablada, and the Pandilla Puneña.

Handicrafts[link]

Textiles and other products created from alpaca, llama, or sheep wool are characteristic of the area. They also make musical instruments like the siku (wind instrument) and the charango. The Toritos de Pucara are the most impressive ceramic pieces made.

Gallery[link]

See also[link]

• Lake Titicaca rail ferry
• PeruRail
• Esteves (island)

External links[link]

• Puno on DiscoverPeru
• Travel Information about Puno
• Puno travel guide from Wikitravel

v t e Peruvian cities with a population of over 100,000 Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Chiclayo Chimbote Chincha Alta Cusco Huancayo Huánuco Huaraz Ica Iquitos Juliaca Lima Piura Pucallpa Puno Sullana Tacna Talara Tarapoto Trujillo

Coordinates: 15°50′36″S 70°01′25″W / 15.84333°S 70.02361°W / -15.84333; -70.02361

Virgin of Candelaria
Virgin of Candelaria, Saint Patron of the Canary Islands.[1]
Honored in	Roman Catholic Church
Major shrine	Basilica of Candelaria (Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria), Tenerife (Spain)
Feast	August 14–15 (on Tenerife and the Canary Islands)[2] and on 2 February (also on this day in Tenerife, although minor festival).
Attributes	dark skin; baby in her right hand and a candle in her left hand
Patronage	Canary Islands as well as Tenerife; Oruro and La Paz (Bolivia), Medellín (Colombia), Puno (Peru), and Mayagüez (Puerto Rico)

The cult of the Virgin of Candelaria or Our Lady of Candelaria (Virgen de Candelaria, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria), popularly called La Morenita, celebrates an apparition of the Virgin Mary on the island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands (Spain). The center of worship is located in the city of Candelaria in Tenerife. She is depicted as a Black Madonna. Its main temple and Royal Basilica Marian Shrine of Our Lady of Candelaria (Basilica of Candelaria), is considered the main church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the Canary Islands.^[3] She is the patron saint of the Canary Islands.^[1] Her feast is celebrated on February 2 (Candlemas) and August 15, this patronal feast on Canary Islands.

Legend and appearance[link]

According to a legend recorded by Alonso de Espinosa in 1594, a statue of the Virgin Mary, bearing a child in one hand and a green candle in the other (hence "Candelaria"), was discovered on the beach of Chimisay (Güímar) by two Guanche goatherds in 1392.^[4] This occurred before the Castilian conquest of the island (the island was not fully conquered until 1496).

One of the shepherds tried to throw a stone at the statue, but his arm became paralyzed; the other tried to stab the statue with a knife but ended up stabbing himself.^[1][4] The statue was taken by the local Guanche mencey, Acaymo, to the cueva de Chinguaro.

Later, was recognized by Antón, a Guanche who had been enslaved and converted to Christianity by the Castilians, as the Virgin Mary when he returned to Tenerife. He told the mencey of his conversion and the statue was thus venerated by the Guanches, who translated the statue to the cave of Achbinico (also known as San Blas - "Saint Blaise").^[1] However, the statue was stolen and taken away to Lanzarote. It was brought back after the statue caused various events to occur on Lanzarote, but later returned to Tenerife.^[4]

At first, aboriginals identified with the appearance of their goddess Chaxiraxi (the mother of the gods), but later the Christian conquerors explained that the image was the Virgin Mary.

The original image was a medieval gothic sculpture that many scientists have linked with the Knights Templar and the Priory of Sion, not only for its dark color, but also for his clothes, which are very similar to those of the Virgin of Lluch (patron saint of Mallorca) and the Virgin of Montserrat (patron saint of Catalonia).

Veneration[link]

Annual performance to honor Our Lady of Candelaria at Socorro Beach, Güímar. The men in fur capes represent the native Guanches.

The first mass was celebrated at Achbinico on February 2, 1497, and the Adelantado Alonso Fernández de Lugo ordered the construction of a hermitage there, but it was not built until 1526, during the rule of Pedro Fernández de Lugo.^[5] This was the site of the Basilica of Our Lady of Candelaria.^[4] The basilica was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in the 19th century.^[4] The statue itself was lost when a tsunami carried it out to sea in 1826; the present statue is a copy by Fernando Estévez.^[4] The image of the Virgin is dressed in rich robes of different colors and jewels.

She was declared patroness of the Canary Islands in 1559, by Clement VIII (and principal patroness in 1867).^[1] Between October 1964 and January 1965, the Diocese of Tenerife conducted the largest pilgrimage took place in the history of the Canary Islands, the transfer of the image of the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of Canary Islands) for all municipalities and cities island of Tenerife.

The cult of the Virgin of Candelaria swept America due to the emigration of canaries to this continent. The canaries took the devotion as a symbol of their culture, something very similar to the diffusion of the cult of St. Patrick by the United States by Irish emigrants.

She is widely venerated in South America and the Caribbean, where she is the patroness of Oruro (Bolivia), Medellín (Colombia) (which was founded as Villa de Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria de Medellín) and Mayagüez (Puerto Rico) (which was founded as Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Mayagüez). There is an image of her at San Antonio, Texas, center of an isleño community, as well. In the Caribbean African diaspora religion Santería, the Virgin of Candelaria was syncretised with the Yoruba goddess called by the names Iansan and Oya. In coastal Brazil Candelaria, called Nossa Senhora das Candeias in Portuguese, is syncretised with the Yoruba Goddess Oshun.

In the Cathedral of San Fernando of Texas (the oldest Catholic cathedral in the United States) is a replica of the Virgin of Candelaria, which is accurate to the venerated in the Canary Islands. This is because the city of San Antonio was founded by canaries.

In the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth (Israel) place where tradition says the Gabriel announced to Virgin Mary her motherhood, is a mosaic of the Virgin of Candelaria, patron saint of the Canary Islands,^[6] along with those of other Marian devotions famous in Spain.^[7] The mosaic of the Virgin of Candelaria was opened by the same bishop of the Diocese of Tenerife.

Sanctuary[link]

Basílica of Candelaria (Tenerife)

A statue of the Guanche mencey Añaterve. Candelaria, Tenerife, at his side, there are eight more statues.

The Sanctuary includes Candelaria Basilica of the Virgin of Candelaria and the Holy Cave Achbinico (the latter was the first of its worship, along with Cave Chinguaro).

Basilica of Candelaria[link]

The current basilica dates back of 1959 and it was constructed on a former hermitage. Since the image of the Virgin was appearing in beach of Chimisay, around 1392, the first great Sanctuary to the Virgin of Candelaria was the constructed one in 1668. Later with the increase of the peregrinations of the devout and due to the fire that destroyed the ancient basilica, there was a need to construct a bigger church (the current basilica), which has capacity for 5.000 persons.

Cueva de Achbinico[link]

Also so called Cave of San Blas, it was the first Christian church of the Canaries, in this place the original inhabitants of the Canary Isles worshiped the Virgin of Candelaria. This cave is behind Candelaria's Basilica and is visited by pilgrims, which are in the habit of taking and leaving flushed candles and making requests of the Virgin. Inside the cave there is a reply in bronze of the Virgin of Candelaria. Achbinico's cave has great importance not only for religious, but also historical reasons, since in the cave baptisms of guanches have been performed.

The strange letters in the original carving of the Virgin[link]

Moreover, in the carved drapery of the Virgin of Candelaria original existed some strange letters whose meaning is still unknown. These were:

• Girdle in the neck: ETIEPESEPMERI
• On the left sleeve: LPVRINENIPEPNEIFANT
• At the bottom of the robe: EAFM IPNINI FMEAREI
• In the belt: NARMPRLMOTARE
• In the mantle, in the right arm: OLM INRANFR TAEBNPEM Reven NVINAPIMLIFINIPI NIPIAN
• At the edge of the left hand: EVPMIRNA ENVPMTI EPNMPIR VRVIVINRN APVI MERI PIVNIAN NTRHN
• On the back in the queue: NBIMEI ANNEIPERFMIVIFVE

Syncretism[link]

The Virgin of Candelaria is identified or syncretized with other holy entities from other religions:^[8]

• In Guanche mythology, the Virgin of Candelaria was identified Chaxiraxi, and her son Chijoraji.
• In Cuban Santería, the Virgin of Candelaria is identified with Oyá.
• In Brazilian Candomblé, the Virgin of Candelaria is identified with Oshun.
• In the Hindu religion, the Virgin of Candelaria is Kali, the black patron goddess of the city of Calcutta in India.
• For Andean religions, this dedication is linked to the cult to the Pachamama (Mother Earth).

Gallery[link]

• 

  Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria

• 

  Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Virgen de la Candelaria

• 

  Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria

• 

  Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria

• 

  Virgen de la candelaria de 1781 en el Santuario del Socavón (Proximo a denominarse basilica del socavon en Bolivia)

• 

  Imagen de la Virgen de la Candelaria en el Escudo de la Ciudad de Medellín, Colombia.

See also[link]

• Basilica of Candelaria
• Cristo de La Laguna
• Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria
• es:Virgen de la Candelaria (Islas Canarias) (Spanish Wikipedia)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website of the Dominicans of the Basilica of Candelaria
• Virgen de Candelaria (Spanish)
• The Black Madonna: Virgin of Candelaria
• Virgin of Candelaria Festival at WN

v t e Cultural domain of Canary Islands History Guanches · Pre-colonial times · Treaty of Alcáçovas · First Battle of Acentejo · Kingdom of the Canary Islands · Battle of Aguere · Second Battle of Acentejo · Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) · Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) · Spanish transition · Autonomous community Languages Canarian (Spanish) · Gomeran Whistle Mythology Gara and Jonay · Achamán · Achuguayo · Achuhucanac · Chaxiraxi · Chijoraji · Guayota · Magec · Maxios · Tibicena Sports Bola canaria · Canarian wrestling · Juego del Palo · Salto del pastor · Open Lanzarote Island · Open Costa Adeje Cuisine Almogrote · Canarian arepa · Canarian wrinkly potatoes · Gofio · Malvasia · Majorero · Miel de palma · Mojo · Pasteles · Ropa vieja · Sancocho · Sangria · Tropical beer · Wines Musical instruments Chácaras · Timple Traditions Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife · Carnival of Las Palmas · Bajada (festival) · Cavalcade of Magi · Holy Week · Virgin of Candelaria · Cristo de La Laguna · Akelarre Symbols places of the Canary Islands Teide · Auditorio de Tenerife · Garajonay · Caldera de Taburiente Category

Ramon Ayala is a bajo sexto player from Donna, Texas, who currently resides in the Rio Grande Valley. He is the son of Pedro Ayala. His progressive style and technique has earned him the 2009 Bajo Sexto Player of the Year Award from the South Texas Conjunto Association.^[1][2] In 2009 he celebrated his 45th career anniversary.^[3]

Career[link]

Ramon Ayala started playing the accordion in 1951. Ramon Ayala learned the drums 1954. In 1955, he picked-up the bajo sexto where his father Pedro Ayala El Monarca del Acordeón showed him his first two chords. By 1956 Ramon Ayala and his brother Pedro Ayala Jr., who played accordion, joined their father in Pedro Ayala y Su Conjunto. Since 1956 Ramon Ayala has gone on to record for over a dozen studios releasing 88 recordings in album, 45, cassette, and cd formats. Ramon Ayala recorded with Freddy Fender, Paulino Bernal, Esteban Jordan among others. To date he has released 105 recordings.

References[link]

External links[link]

• http://www.thev247.com/entertainment/ayala-1194-conjunto-pedro.html
• The Arhoolie Foundation 1
• The Arhoolie Foundation 2
• The Arhoolie Foundation 3

Dong Puno is a Filipino television public affairs host,^[1] media executive, newspaper columnist, and lawyer.

Early life[link]

Ricardo Puno, Jr. was born on January 20, 1946 in Manila. Puno was previously Senior Vice President for News and Current Affairs of the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation and Executive Vice President of the ABS-CBN News Channel. On top of that, he wrote articles for his column "My Viewpoint" first on The Philippine Star and later The Manila Times. He was host for a public affairs program, Viewpoints, shown on ANC.

He is the senior partner of the Puno and Puno Law Offices, Vice President-General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of the nation's flag-carrier, the Philippine Airlines (1986–1990 and 1978–1983) and a member of the Philippine Panel for International Air Negotiations (1979–1990). He holds a Bachelor's of Arts degree (cum laude) from Ateneo de Manila University (1965), a Bachelor of Laws degree (cum laude and salutatorian) from the same University in 1969 and a Master of Laws degree from the Harvard Law School. He was also a past president of the Manila Overseas Press Club.

When President Joseph Estrada assumed power, Puno was appointed Press Secretary and ran unsuccessfully for a Senate seat in the 2001 senatorial race. After this debacle, he returned to the media profession and re-assumed his old position at ABS-CBN, but lost it anew after he chose to anchor the network's reformatted national late-night newscast Insider with Ces Oreña-Drilon in 2004. However, due to low ratings, the said newscast was canceled and was replaced by Bandila which marked the return of Korina Sanchez to the local newscasting scene. (Drilon then joined Bandila.) He then ran unsuccessfully for the lone congressional seat of Muntinlupa City in 2007 against Congressman Ruffy Biazon. With Biazon term-limited (he ran and lost for a Senate seat), Puno again contested the seat in the 2010 election against Biazon's father, Senator Rodolfo Biazon, but lost garnering 27% of the vote against Biazon's 46%.

On February 2011, he joined AksyonTV and started hosting a weekly political commentary program called De Kalibre.

He is the recipient of various awards in the fields of media and law: the 1985 TOYM awardee for Media and a KBP Golden Dove awardee (Best Male Host for Magazine Show, 1999; Ka Doroy Achievement Award, 1993 and the Best Public Affairs Show, 1990).

His program, Viewpoint, won the Catholic Mass Media Awards as Best Public Affairs Programs for three consecutive years (1984, 1985 and 1986) and was elevated to the Hall of Fame. His television shows (Dong Puno Live, Viewpoint & Focus) have also received recognition from the Gawad CCP Para sa Telebisyon and Star Awards for Television.

Personal life[link]

A son of former Minister of Justice under the Marcos administration, Ricardo C. Puno, Sr. and a brother of current Department of Interior and Local Government Secretary, Ronaldo "Ronnie" Puno, he is married to Clodelsa del Castillo and they have two biological sons Ricky (born 1969) and Donnie (born 1970), an adopted son Randolf (born 1991) and three grandchildren Tana (born 1990), Sandro (born 1996) and Santi (born 2002).

He is currently the president of Guagua National Colleges in Guagua, Pampanga.

Filmography[link]

Television series[link]

• Viewpoint (1984–1994; GMA Network)
• Business Today (1990–1994; GMA Network)
• Dong Puno Live (1995–2000; ABS-CBN)
• Dong Puno Tonight (2003)
• Insider (2005–2006; ABS-CBN)
• Viewpoints (2006–2007; ABS-CBN News Channel)
• Kalibre 41 (2011; AksyonTV)
• News5 Debates: Hamon sa Pagbabago (2011–present; TV5 and AksyonTV)
• Dong Puno De Kalibre (2011-present; AksyonTV)

References[link]