- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Esperanto
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
-
esperanto \Es`pe*ran"to\, n. An artificial language, intended to be universal, devised by Dr. Zamenhof, a Russian, who adopted the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto" in publishing his first pamphlet regarding it in 1887. The vocabulary is very largely based upon words common to the chief European languages, and sounds peculiar to any one language are eliminated. The spelling is phonetic, and the accent (stress) is always on the penult. A revised and simplified form, called Ido was developed in 1907, but Esperanto remained at the end of the 20th century the most popular artificial language designed for normal human linguistic communication. -- Es`pe*ran"tist, n. [Webster 1913 Suppl. +PJC ]
Esperanto By Mark Feeney, Globe Staff, 05/12/99 A surprising 2 million speakers worldwide get their words' worth from the 'planned language' created in the 19th century People were thinking big in the late 19th century. They utopianized, they universalized, they created Zionism, the modern Olympics, the Socialist International. Thinking big back then sometimes meant thinking weird. Inundate the planet with a dark bubbly syrup? Try Coca-Cola. Chew 80 times before swallowing your food? Fletcherism, as the practice was called, was once more popular than Coke. A universal language? Say "esperanto." Unlike Coke, esperanto has not conquered the world. Unlike Fletcherism, neither has it disappeared. In the late 20th century, it remains on the tip of surprisingly many tongues. Esperanto? It's Greek to me: esperanto was invented by Dr. Ludwig L. Zamenhof, an optometrist, in 1887. A Polish Jew, Zamenhof grew up in Bialystok, a city where Russian, Polish, German, and Yiddish were commonly spoken. Zamenhof had a knack for languages (he spoke eight, not counting esperanto). He was also very much a product of his era. It occurred to him that if different peoples all spoke the same tongue, they might get along better. He decided to invent one - not a language to replace other languages, but one to supplement them, so that everyone, regardless of native tongue, might be able to communicate with one another. Zamenhof began working on his project when he was 15 and spent 13 years perfecting it. He presented his new language in a book called "Dr. esperanto's International Language." "esperanto" means "one who hopes." Esperanto derives its vocabulary from various European languages: Latin, Greek, and Romance and Germanic tongues. The grammar is regular and greatly simplified. The spelling is phonetic, and nouns have no genders. Its regularity and simplicity make it easy to learn. "In the beginning": "En la komenco Dio kreis la cielon kaj teron" is the esperanto translation of the first 10 words from the King James Version of the Bible ("In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"). First, there was Volapuk: esperanto is neither the first nor only constructed language. The idea goes back at least to the 17th century and the philosopher Rene Descartes. It derived further intellectual credence from the Enlightenment belief in universal systems and the primacy of reason. However, it wasn't until the late 19th century that the first constructed languages appeared. Volapuk, invented by a Catholic priest, the Rev. J. M. Schleyer, predates esperanto by nearly a decade. It attracted several hundred thousand practitioners, but once the novelty wore off, Volapuk quickly lost out to Esperanto. Both languages eventually gave birth to "improved" versions, known, respectively, as Idiom Neutral and Ido (short for Esperandido), but neither really took hold. Other invented languages include Solresol, based on the musical scale; Timerio, a numerical language; Glosa, an attempt to create an international language using as few words as possible; and Interlingua, which is derived from English and Romance languages. Diego Marani, a translator for the European Council of Ministers in Brussels, has drawn considerable attention with his Europanto, a playful blend of English and various European languages (see sidebar). Lights! Camera! esperanto!: An esperanto film canon exists, albeit consisting of only one title, "Incubus," a 1965 fantasy/sci-fi feature starring a pre-"Star Trek" William Shatner. The "Incubus" Web site (http://www.incubusthefilm.com) makes noises about a forthcoming video release, but no dates are given. What's so funny about peace, love, and esperanto?: Elvis Costello commissioned esperanto liner notes for his album "Blood and Chocolate." The East is Esperantist: There are an estimated 2 million Esperantists in the world, and they live in at least 86 countries. Historically, the movement has been strongest in Central Europe. As Miko Sloper, director of the Esperanto League for North America (ELNA), points out, "You travel a hundred miles in any direction there and you might need to speak some other language to be understood. It's very practical to have a common language, and for obvious political reasons most people there certainly didn't want it to be Russian." Though the World esperanto Association (UEA) is headquartered in Rotterdam, more than half the world's Esperanto speakers are now believed to live in China. The language's popularity there stems from a 40-part instructional series broadcast on Chinese television in the early '90s. Large pockets of Esperantists also exist in Korea and Japan. Truth, justice, and the esperanto way: ELNA, the leading esperanto organization in this country, is located in El Cerrito, Calif. The Bay Area is the closest thing America has to an esperanto hotbed, thanks largely to San Francisco State University, whose annual Summer esperanto Workshop celebrates its 30th anniversary in July. Locally, the esperanto Society of New England has about 50 members. One hobbit, one orc, one elf, one dwarf - one language?: J. R. R. Tolkien, who taught philology at Oxford University when not writing "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings," gave esperanto his endorsement, sort of. \ "My advice to all who have the time or inclination to concern themselves with the international language movement would be: `Back esperanto loyally.'" Friends in high places: At least six Nobel Prize winners have been Esperantists. So was Yugloslavia's postwar ruler Josip Broz Tito. Esperanto? Ho, ho, ho: The language's image as a sort of verbal vegetarianism has meant that esperanto often serves as a linguistic fall guy. Isaac Bashevis Singer once denounced modern Hebrew "as soulless esperanto." Fran Lebowitz writes in one of her humor pieces, "The writer is to the real world what esperanto is to the language world - funny, maybe, but not that funny." You can judge a language by its enemies: Hitler derided Esperanto in "Mein Kampf." Stalin labeled it "the language of spies." US Senator Joseph McCarthy accused Esperantists of being communists. You can judge a language by its literature: PEN, the international writers organization, has an esperanto chapter. Some 30,000 titles have been published in the language. "People write novels in esperanto," says Humphrey Tonkin, professor of humanities at the University of Hartford and past president of the UEA. "There's quite a lot of poetry. As with any other language, there are good novels and bad novels, good poetry and bad poetry." Among authors translated into esperanto are Dante, Tolstoy, Goethe, Ibsen, and Sartre. Bill Gates does not speak esperanto: Sun Microsystems originally advertised its Java computing system as "the Esperanto of computer languages." Then again, maybe he does: The number of esperanto Web sites - for instance, there's http://esperanto.wunderground.com, which offers weather forecasts in esperanto - would suggest the language has a disproportionately high following among the digerati. "It kind of makes intuitive sense, " says Sloper, that people who use artificial languages on-screen would be intrigued by an artificial language in the rest of their lives (actually, Esperantists prefer the term "planned language"). David Wolff, an Acton software engineer who's the president of ELNA, agrees. "Programmers are used to looking for solutions to things, looking for ways to fix problems, and looking especially for ways that are inexpensive and effective. esperanto is that kind of a solution. You follow simple rules. It's easy to get into and to learn it, and it clearly solves a specific kind of problem." Waiting for the "fina venko": "We're still a little club, in a way, and there's a camaraderie to that," says Sloper. "Esperantists speak of the `fina venko,' or `final victory.' The concept is that eventually every moderately educated person on the earth will know Esperanto enough to, say, be able to order a cup of coffee in it. Is that going to happen? I don't really care. It would be nice if everyone knew esperanto, but already there are enough people who do so that we have a community. "There are directories of Esperantists all over the world, and when someone is traveling to a foreign country it will frequently happen that an Esperantist will write or e-mail a fellow Esperantist and be invited to stay in his home. Does that happen with people who speak just English? I don't think so." --Mark Feeney [This story ran on page F01 of the Boston Globe on 05/12/99. Copyright 1999 Globe Newspaper Company.] (available at http://www.esne.net/ligoj/boston_globe_article.htm) [PJC] - esperanto n 1: an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
Loading suggestions ...
- 1421 Esperanto
- 1462 Zamenhof
- Adjective
- Affricate consonant
- Agglutination
- Alveolar consonant
- Alveolar nasal
- Alveolar tap
- Alveolar trill
- Amateur radio
- Americas
- Amikeca Reto
- Anarchism in Spain
- Anationalism
- Angoroj
- Antoni Grabowski
- Arabic language
- Argentina
- Article (grammar)
- Artificial island
- Artistic language
- ASCII
- Atlantean language
- Autodidacticism
- Ayatollah Khomeini
- B-movie
- Back vowel
- Baha'i Faith
- Bahá'í Faith
- Bahá'í literature
- Baldur Ragnarsson
- Behaviour
- Bialystok
- Bible
- Bilabial consonant
- Bilabial nasal
- Blade Trinity
- Blissymbols
- Boulogne-sur-Mer
- Brazil
- Breve
- Brithenig
- Calque
- Canada
- Canton (flag)
- Cardinal vowels
- Carmel Mallia
- Catalan nationalist
- Charlie Chaplin
- Chick Publications
- China
- Chinese whispers
- Christadelphian
- Christian cross
- Circumflex
- Claude Piron
- Clause
- Close vowel
- Cologne, Germany
- Common noun
- Commons Ĉefpaĝo
- Conditional mood
- Conlang X-SAMPA
- Consonant
- Constructed language
- Constructed script
- Copula (linguistics)
- Culture
- Curriculum
- Damin
- Deathworld
- Demonstrative
- Deuterocanonical
- Diacritic
- Dialogue
- Dictionary
- Diphthong
- Diphthongs
- Direct object
- Dothraki language
- E@I
- East Asia
- Eastern Europe
- Edmond Privat
- Elision
- Engineered language
- English language
- Enochian
- EoLA
- ESP-Disk
- Esperantido
- Esperantist
- Esperanto
- Esperanto alphabet
- Esperanto authors
- Esperanto club
- Esperanto culture
- Esperanto etymology
- Esperanto film
- Esperanto grammar
- Esperanto Island
- Esperanto library
- Esperanto literature
- Esperanto magazine
- Esperanto music
- Esperanto phonology
- Esperanto profanity
- Esperanto symbols
- Esperanto vocabulary
- Esperanto Wikipedia
- Esperanto-USA
- Esperantujo
- Ethnic group
- Ethnologue
- Europe
- European Union
- Feature film
- Fernando de Diego
- Fictional language
- Filipino language
- Final Fantasy XI
- Finland
- Finnish people
- Finvenkismo
- Fluency
- Francoist Spain
- French language
- Fricative consonant
- Fritz Lang
- Front vowel
- Future tense
- Gaston Waringhien
- Gattaca
- German (language)
- German language
- Germanic languages
- Glosa
- Glottal consonant
- Glottal stop
- Google Translate
- Grammar
- Grammatical mood
- Grammatical number
- Grammatical tense
- Greek language
- Hallelujah
- Harry Harrison
- Head (linguistics)
- Helmar Frank
- Help IPA
- Hindi
- History of Esperanto
- Hitler
- Humphrey Tonkin
- Hungary
- Ido
- Ilaksh
- Imperial Japan
- Incubus (1965 film)
- Indigenous Dialogues
- Infinitive
- Inflection
- Information flow
- Interlingua
- International Jewry
- Iran
- Ireland
- ISO 639-1
- ISO 639-2
- ISO 639-3
- Isolating languages
- Ithkuil
- Jack T. Chick
- James Connolly
- Japan
- Jean Forge
- Jean Piaget
- Jewish conspiracy
- John C. Wells
- Joseph Stalin
- Jouko Lindstedt
- Julio Baghy
- Junulara E-Semajno
- Jussive mood
- Jägermeister
- Kalman Kalocsay
- Kazimierz Bein
- Keyboard layouts
- Klingon language
- Korea
- Krzysztof Penderecki
- Kurso de Esperanto
- Kēlen
- L. L. Zamenhof
- La Espero
- Langmaker
- Language family
- Language game
- Latin script
- Lernu!
- Letter (alphabet)
- Lexicon
- Lidia Zamenhof
- Lingua franca
- Lingua Franca Nova
- Lingua Ignota
- Linguistic typology
- Linguistics
- Livingston Island
- Loglan
- Lojban
- Lou Harrison
- Láadan
- M. Bison
- Magazine
- Mandarin Chinese
- Marjorie Boulton
- Maurice René Fréchet
- Mein Kampf
- Metropolis (film)
- Mexico
- Michael Everson
- Micronation
- Microsoft Windows
- Mid vowel
- Military simulation
- Modern Greek
- Modern Hebrew
- Mojibake
- Monato
- Mouse (computing)
- Musical language
- Muztar Abbasi
- N ?efpa?o
- N Ĉefpaĝo
- N. Borovko
- Na'vi language
- Nadsat
- Nasal consonant
- Nazi Germany
- Nemere István
- Neuropsychology
- Neutral Moresnet
- Nigeria
- Nobuo Uematsu
- Noun
- Novial
- Occidental language
- Official language
- Oomoto
- Open vowel
- Ophthalmology
- Opposing force
- Palatal approximant
- Palatal consonant
- Part of speech
- Pasporta Servo
- Past tense
- Pastor
- Pen pal
- Phoneme
- Phonology
- Phrase
- Poetry
- Polish language
- Pope Benedict XVI
- Pope John Paul II
- Portal Esperanto
- Portal Language
- Poul Anderson
- Pragmatics
- Prefix (linguistics)
- Preposition
- Present tense
- Propaedeutics
- Prose
- Proto-Esperanto
- Pseudonym
- Psychology
- Q ?efpa?o
- Q Ĉefpaĝo
- Qian Xuantong
- Qom
- Quaker
- Quenya
- Qur'an
- Rauma, Finland
- Raumism
- Raymond Schwartz
- Recorder
- Red flag
- Reformed Esperanto
- Reinhard Selten
- Relexification
- Reto Rossetti
- Richard H. Geoghegan
- Riism
- Road to Singapore
- Romance language
- Romance languages
- Root (linguistics)
- Russian Empire
- Russian language
- S ?efpa?o
- S Ĉefpaĝo
- Sambahsa
- San Marino
- SATB
- SATEB
- Science
- Scotland
- Second language
- Secondary school
- Semantics
- Semivowel
- Senate of Brazil
- Sexism
- Shadaloo
- Sidney S. Culbert
- Sindarin
- Slang
- Slavic languages
- Slovianski
- Solresol
- Soviet Union
- Spanish Civil War
- Spanish language
- Spiritism
- Spokil
- Stainless Steel Rat
- Stop consonant
- Stress (linguistics)
- Subject–verb–object
- Suffix
- Swahili language
- Tanakh
- TEJO
- Teonaht
- Textbook
- The Great Dictator
- The Holocaust
- Tibor Sekelj
- Tivadar Soros
- Togo
- Toki Pona
- Tone (linguistics)
- Totalitarian
- Toño del Barrio
- Tradition
- Trill consonant
- Tsolyáni language
- Ulrich Lins
- UNESCO
- Unicode
- Unicode Standard
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- Universal language
- University of Geneva
- University of Kansas
- Unua Libro
- Urban area
- Urbi et orbi
- Vasili Eroshenko
- Velar consonant
- Verb
- Vikipedio ?efpa?o
- Vikipedio Ĉefpaĝo
- Vladimir Varankin
- Vocabulary
- Voiced alveolar stop
- Voiced bilabial stop
- Voiced velar stop
- Voiceless velar stop
- Volapük
- Vowel
- Václav Havel
- Warsaw
- Warsaw ghetto
- Website
- Wenedyk
- Western Europe
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia IPA
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Media help
- Wikispecies Ĉefpaĝo
- Wikt ?efpa?o
- Wikt Ĉefpaĝo
- William Auld
- William Shatner
- World Almanac
- World government
- World war
- WP IPA
- Writing system
- X-convention
- Yrjö Väisälä
- Zamenhof Day
- Zed Islands
- Ziko van Dijk
- Zompist.com
- Éirígí
- Þórbergur Þórðarson
- Ĉ
- Ĝ
- Ĥ
- Ĵ
- Ŝ
- Ŭ
-
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Bialystok
http://wn.com/Bialystok -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
Francoist Spain
http://wn.com/Francoist_Spain -
Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Korea
http://wn.com/Korea -
Livingston Island
Livingston Island (historical Russian name Smolensk, ) is an Antarctic island in the South Shetland Islands, Western Antarctica lying between Greenwich Island and Snow Islands. This island was known to sealers as early as 1819, and the name Livingston, although of unknown derivation, has been well established in international usage since the 1820s.
http://wn.com/Livingston_Island -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Neutral Moresnet
Neutral Moresnet was a tiny Belgian-Prussian condominium that existed from 1816 to 1920 between present-day Belgium and Germany. It is now the Belgian city of Kelmis. Today, it is especially of interest to Esperantists because of initiatives to found an Esperanto-speaking state on the territory in the early 20th century.
http://wn.com/Neutral_Moresnet -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria -
San Marino
San Marino, officially the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( ; ), is a country situated on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave, in Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of almost 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. One of the European microstates, along with Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, and Malta, San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
http://wn.com/San_Marino -
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Togo
http://wn.com/Togo -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
http://wn.com/Warsaw -
Warsaw ghetto
http://wn.com/Warsaw_ghetto
-
1462 Zamenhof
http://wn.com/1462_Zamenhof -
Ayatollah Khomeini
http://wn.com/Ayatollah_Khomeini -
Baldur Ragnarsson
Baldur Ragnarsson (born 25 August 1930) is an Icelandic poet and author of Esperanto works. He was a teacher and a superintendent of schools in Iceland.
http://wn.com/Baldur_Ragnarsson -
Charlie Chaplin
actor
http://wn.com/Charlie_Chaplin -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Claude Piron
Claude Piron (26 February 1931 – 22 January 2008), a linguist and psychologist, was a translator for the United Nations (from Chinese, English, Russian and Spanish into French) from 1956 to 1961.
http://wn.com/Claude_Piron -
Edmond Privat
Edmond Privat (17 August 1889 - August 28, 1962) was a Francophone Swiss Esperantist. A historian, university professor, author, journalist and peace activist, he was a graduate of the University of Geneva and a lecturer for the World Peace Foundation. His collective works consist of original dramas, poems, stories, textbooks and books about the Esperanto movement.
http://wn.com/Edmond_Privat -
Esperantist
An Esperantist is a person who speaks or uses Esperanto. Etymologically, an Esperantist is someone who hopes (from Esperanto esperanto "a hoping one", "someone who hopes", from esperi "to hope"). Although definitions of "Esperantist" vary, according to the Declaration of Boulogne, a document agreed at the first World Congress of Esperanto, an Esperantist is someone who speaks Esperanto and uses it for any purpose. An Esperantist is also a person who participates in Esperanto culture.
http://wn.com/Esperantist -
Fritz Lang
http://wn.com/Fritz_Lang -
Gaston Waringhien
Gaston Waringhein (July 20, 1901 - December 20, 1991) was a French linguist, lexicographer, and Esperantist. He wrote poems as well as essays and books on linguistics. He was chairman of the Akademio de Esperanto.
http://wn.com/Gaston_Waringhien -
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
http://wn.com/Germanic_languages -
Harry Harrison
:For the radio personality, see Harry Harrison (radio).
http://wn.com/Harry_Harrison -
Helmar Frank
Helmar Gunter Frank, born February 19, 1933, is a German mathematician and pedagogist. He was among the first scientists to apply mathematical methods in teaching and psychology. He established a method to measure intelligence on an absolute and homogeneous scale rather than by comparison between individuals.
http://wn.com/Helmar_Frank -
Hitler
http://wn.com/Hitler -
Humphrey Tonkin
Humphrey R. Tonkin (born December 2, 1939) is professor of English, president emeritus of the University of Hartford in Connecticut, and a dedicated Esperantist. Born in Truro, UK, Tonkin is a dual citizen of the U.K. and the U.S. He earned his undergraduate degree from Cambridge University and his PhD from Harvard University. His academic specialities include the English Renaissance and Edmund Spenser, as well as language use and international languages.
http://wn.com/Humphrey_Tonkin -
Jack T. Chick
Jack Thomas Chick (born April 13, 1924) is an American publisher, writer and comic book artist, and has been called the most published comic book author in the world. His company, Chick Publications, claims to have sold over 750 million comic-style tracts (known as Chick Tracts), comic books, videos, books, and posters designed to promote Protestant evangelism from a fundamentalist point of view. Many of these are controversial, as they accuse Catholics, Freemasons, Muslims and many other groups with murder and conspiracies, while Chick maintains his views are simply politically incorrect.
http://wn.com/Jack_T_Chick -
Jean Forge
http://wn.com/Jean_Forge -
Jean Piaget
http://wn.com/Jean_Piaget -
John C. Wells
John Christopher Wells (born 11 March 1939 in Bootle, Merseyside) is a British phonetician and Esperanto teacher. Wells is affiliated with University College London, where until his retirement in 2006 he held the departmental chair in phonetics.
http://wn.com/John_C_Wells -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Julio Baghy
Julio Baghy (13 January 1891, Szeged – 18 March 1967, Budapest) was a Hungarian actor and one of the leading authors of the Esperanto movement. He is the author of several famous novels but it is particularly in the field of poetry that he proved his mastery of Esperanto.
http://wn.com/Julio_Baghy -
Kazimierz Bein
http://wn.com/Kazimierz_Bein -
Krzysztof Penderecki
http://wn.com/Krzysztof_Penderecki -
L. L. Zamenhof
Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof ( in English; born Leyzer Leyvi Zamengov, December 15, 1859 – April 14, 1917) was an ophthalmologist, philologist, and the inventor of Esperanto, a constructed language designed for international communication.
http://wn.com/L_L_Zamenhof -
Lidia Zamenhof
Lidia Zamenhof (in Esperanto, sometimes Lidja; 1904–1942) was the youngest daughter of Ludwik Zamenhof, the creator of the international auxiliary language, Esperanto. She was born 29 January 1904 in Warsaw, then in the Russian Empire. She was an active promoter of Esperanto as well as of Homaranismo, a form of religious humanism first defined by her father.
http://wn.com/Lidia_Zamenhof -
M. Bison
M. Bison, is a video game character created by Capcom. First introduced in Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, he is a recurring character in the Street Fighter series of fighting games, acting as the final boss and primary antagonist of the Street Fighter II and Street Fighter Alpha series.
http://wn.com/M_Bison -
Marjorie Boulton
Marjorie Boulton (born 7 May 1924) is a British author and poet writing in both English and Esperanto. Author of Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto— a biography of L. L. Zamenhof published in 1960 by Routledge & Kegan Paul of London — she also wrote The Anatomy of Poetry, The Anatomy of Prose, The Anatomy of Drama, The Anatomy of the Novel and The Anatomy of Language.
http://wn.com/Marjorie_Boulton -
Maurice René Fréchet
http://wn.com/Maurice_René_Fréchet -
Muztar Abbasi
Allama Muztar Abbasi (Born 1931 in Murree - Died 26th Feb. 2004 in Islamabad) was a Pakistani Muslim scholar belonged to the Dhund Abbasi tribe of the Murree Hills and Abbottabad District. He was a patron of Esperanto language in Pakistan. He was patron in chief Pakistan Esperanto Association (PakEsA). He translated the Quraan into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Muhammad.
http://wn.com/Muztar_Abbasi -
Nobuo Uematsu
is a Japanese video game composer, best known for scoring the majority of titles in the Final Fantasy series. He is regarded as one of the most famous and respected composers in the video game community. Uematsu, a self-taught musician, began playing the piano at the age of eleven or twelve, with Elton John as his biggest influence.
http://wn.com/Nobuo_Uematsu -
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI (; ; ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded John Paul II.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XVI -
Pope John Paul II
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II -
Poul Anderson
http://wn.com/Poul_Anderson -
Raymond Schwartz
http://wn.com/Raymond_Schwartz -
Reinhard Selten
Reinhard Selten (born 5 October 1930) is a German economist.
http://wn.com/Reinhard_Selten -
Reto Rossetti
Reto Rossetti (11 April 1909 - 20 September 1994) was an Esperantist professor. He was Italian-Swiss and retained his nationality, although he lived all his life in Britain. His professional career as a teacher in art colleges culminated as Head of the art education department at Bristol university. His elder brother was Cezaro Rossetti, author of Kredu min, sinjorino! (''Believe me, Ma'am!''). He died at Gosport.
http://wn.com/Reto_Rossetti -
Richard H. Geoghegan
Richard Henry Geoghegan () (8 January 1866 – 27 October 1943) was an Englishman of Irish descent. As a young man he lived for a while in Washington State and then moved to Alaska. Geoghegan was a remarkable philologist and apparently the first English-speaking Esperantist.
http://wn.com/Richard_H_Geoghegan -
Shadaloo
http://wn.com/Shadaloo -
Sidney S. Culbert
Sidney Spence Culbert (1913 - October 28, 2003) was a linguist, psychologist and Esperantist. Born in Miles City, Montana, Culbert moved to Tacoma, Washington with his family in 1923 and lived in Tacoma and Seattle for most of his life.
http://wn.com/Sidney_S_Culbert -
Spanish Civil War
http://wn.com/Spanish_Civil_War -
Tivadar Soros
http://wn.com/Tivadar_Soros -
Vasili Eroshenko
http://wn.com/Vasili_Eroshenko -
Vladimir Varankin
Vladimir Valentinovich Varankin (12 November 1902 – 3 October 1938) was a Russian writer of literature in Esperanto, an instructor of western European history, and director of the Moscow Ped. Instituto for foreign languages. He wrote the novel Metropoliteno.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Varankin -
Václav Havel
http://wn.com/Václav_Havel -
William Auld
http://wn.com/William_Auld -
William Shatner
William Alan Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, recording artist, and author. He gained worldwide fame and became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, captain of the USS Enterprise, in the science fiction television series ' from 1966 to 1969, ' from 1973 to 1974, and in seven of the subsequent Star Trek feature films from 1979 to 1994. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek as well as several co-written novels set in the Star Trek universe. He has also authored a series of science fiction novels called TekWar that were adapted for television.
http://wn.com/William_Shatner -
Þórbergur Þórðarson
http://wn.com/Þórbergur_Þórðarson
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- The Journey
- The Castle
- The Duel
- The Cloister
- The Decision
- The Prisoner
- Danse Macabre
- The Duel
- The Decision
- The Cloister
- On Down the Road
- Never Again
- Perhaps One Day
- Statue of Liberty
- Gypsy
- City
- Roses
- Move Away
- Getting Along
- Waiting Till the Day
- Emma
- You're the One
- You Are the Best
- Only a Miracle
- Something That You Said
- All Good Things
- Love Affair
- Turning Point
- Glad That You Were Mine
- Don't Let Love Pass Away
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The One Show does Esperanto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Published: 12 Jan 2010
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Feature about Esperanto, from The One Show, 11th January 2010. Presented by Arthur Smith, features Tim Morley, and Terry & Anica Page. First broadcast on BBC1 on Monday 11th January 2010
http://wn.com/The_One_Show_does_Esperanto
Freundeskreis: Esperanto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Published: 20 Oct 2008
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
Nine designers worked on the lavish mixture of styles for the Stuttgart band "Freundeskreis" - producing a four-minute animation in a record-breaking two weeks.
http://wn.com/Freundeskreis_Esperanto
Part 1 - Esperanto Encounter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Published: 02 Jan 2008
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
A chance meeting with an Esperanto traveller. An Introduction to Esperanto. www.melburno.org.au
http://wn.com/Part_1_Esperanto_Encounter
BBC Radio 4 feature about Esperanto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:52
- Published: 07 Aug 2010
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Paul Gubbins on BBC Radio 4's Saturday Live, talking about Esperanto (7th August 2010)
http://wn.com/BBC_Radio_4_feature_about_Esperanto
Esperanto and Esperantists (Full Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Published: 17 Dec 2008
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
A short documentary on Esperanto and the people who speak it. This film was part of a student documentary workshop held in Toronto. If you have any questions you can contact me at soroosh@rogers.com. Enjoy the video and don't hesitate to leave comments.
http://wn.com/Esperanto_and_Esperantists_Full_Version
Esperanto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Published: 14 May 2009
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
www.lingq.com Steve Kaufmann talks about Esperanto and French Immersion
http://wn.com/Esperanto
Esperanto Short Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Published: 07 Nov 2011
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
A Short experimental student film shot in South Africa - Directed by Ian Morgan (2010),
http://wn.com/Esperanto_Short_Film
The Stuff of Genius- Esperanto: The LL Zamenhof Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Published: 01 Jun 2011
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
LL Zamenhof was fascinated by language from a young age. He also believed the majority of human conflict arose from miscommunication. Tune in to learn how Zamenhof used his Stuff of Genius to build a universal language. howstuffworks.com http itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/The_Stuff_of_Genius_Esperanto_The_LL_Zamenhof_Story
How is Esperanto easier to learn than other languages
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 26 Jun 2009
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
Esperanto is phonetic, that means the spelling is very easy. Grammatical rules have no exceptions. Vocabulary can be learnt relatively quickly even by people who don't speak a European language thanks to the wide use of prefixes and suffixes. Esperanto is a bit like Lego. On this video you'll see 2 issues of El Popola Cinio, the Chinese magazine entirely in Esperanto. This is the third part of a talk I made a couple of years ago for future language teachers at the University of Sydney. It is read by my friend Pat.
http://wn.com/How_is_Esperanto_easier_to_learn_than_other_languages
Santa's Christmas: Learn Esperanto with subtitles - Story for Children "BookBox.com"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Published: 09 May 2012
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
Santa has fallen ill. He is worried the children will not get gifts but a surprise awaits him. For more stories and more languages visit: www.bookbox.com Download the Free BookBox iPhone App in English: itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Santa's_Christmas_Learn_Esperanto_with_subtitles_Story_for_Children_BookBoxcom
Esperanto, the Aggressor Language
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
Esperanto, the Aggressor Language From the 1950s through the 1970s, Esperanto was used by the US Army for war games, as the language of the "Maneuver Enemy", also known as the "Aggressor". The goal was an added touch of realism, with the enemy speaking a "foreign" language. Spanish was the original candidate for Aggressor's national language, but it was soon superseded by Esperanto. Learn more at bit.ly The Universal Language is a new documentary from Academy Award-nominated director Sam Green (The Weather Underground). This 30-minute film traces the history of Esperanto, an artificial language that was created in the late 1800s by a Polish eye doctor who believed that if everyone in the world spoke a common tongue, humanity could overcome racism and war. Fittingly, the word "Esperanto" means "one who hopes."
http://wn.com/Esperanto,_the_Aggressor_Language
Incubus Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 11 Oct 2006
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
This is the trailer for the re-release of Incubus, starring William Shatner(1965). This is an outstanding film shot entirely in the language Esperanto. You can buy the DVD at www.incubusthefilm.com And it's well worth it.
http://wn.com/Incubus_Trailer
Esperanto Anthem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Published: 28 Jan 2008
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
"La Espero" (The Hope)
http://wn.com/Esperanto_Anthem
The First Well: Learn Esperanto with subtitles - Story for Children "BookBox.com"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Published: 05 Oct 2011
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
A warrior sets out in search of water to save his kingdom from drought. He brings home what they think is a 'water-seed'. For more stories and more languages visit: www.bookbox.com itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/The_First_Well_Learn_Esperanto_with_subtitles_Story_for_Children_BookBoxcom
Stephen Kellogg & the Sixers - Shady Esperanto and the Young Hearts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Published: 09 Oct 2009
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
"Shady Esperanto and the Young Hearts" from the album 'The Bear'. Directed by SK6ERS drummer Boots Factor and filmed in 4 hours with the help of 400 of our new best friends from alma matter Umass... (Music and Lyrics by Stephen Kellogg)
http://wn.com/Stephen_Kellogg_the_Sixers_Shady_Esperanto_and_the_Young_Hearts
Megaman Zero 4 - Area Zero (Opening Stage 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Published: 31 Mar 2008
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
This song is a little sad, but it gives sign of Natural life. Apparently, this is the place where the space colony Eurasia crashed The Opening Stage 2 of MMZ 4 blue-bomber.jvmwriter.org Megaman Zero and all other copyrighted and Registered Material is property of their respectful owners(Capcom,etc.)
http://wn.com/Megaman_Zero_4_Area_Zero_Opening_Stage_2
Zippy the Zebra: Learn Esperanto with subtitles - Story for Children "BookBox.com"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Published: 01 Feb 2012
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
Zippy the Zebra, is totally bugged with fleas. Find out how Zippy gets rid of these fleas with the help of his new friends. For more stories and more languages visit: www.bookbox.com itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Zippy_the_Zebra_Learn_Esperanto_with_subtitles_Story_for_Children_BookBoxcom
Shady Esperanto And The Young Hearts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Published: 18 Oct 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Music video by Stephen Kellogg & The Sixers performing Shady Esperanto And The Young Hearts.
http://wn.com/Shady_Esperanto_And_The_Young_Hearts
Learn (No) Esperanto with Professoro Esperanto!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Published: 05 Mar 2006
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
July 25,2009: I've changed the video title to accurately reflect the content. March 21, 2007: It's been a year since I've uploaded this, and it surprises me how folks take the video seriously. o_0 ---------------------------- This is a short made by classmates and I for an honors class over two years ago. The project was supposedly on a "failed idea." We did it on Esperanto. It's up to you to determine whether or not Esperanto is a failed idea. We wanted to make something absurd and get an obscenely good grade for it. The idea of having sock puppets spout gibberish in Esperanto executed that goal perfectly. And we got away with more than I imagined for that project. The internet is no longer safe from it.
http://wn.com/Learn_No_Esperanto_with_Professoro_Esperanto!
Esperanto video: Interview with a Buddhist monk and tour of monastery / Budhista monaĥa intervjuo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:19
- Published: 11 May 2012
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
More details: fi3m.com Click "CC" to enable subtitles in English or original Esperanto. While travelling in China, I made it to the Silk Road just outside of Xi'an and was invited to get a tour of a monastery given by a local monk. He also happens to be an Esperanto speaker, so we did the video entirely in that language! Huge thanks to Goŝka for transcribing the entire video to Esperanto for me, and to Chuck Smith for double checking and copying it to a subtitle file.
http://wn.com/Esperanto_video_Interview_with_a_Buddhist_monk_and_tour_of_monastery_Budhista_monaĥa_intervjuo
Esperanto TV - TV Esperanto Bjalistoko.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Published: 01 Dec 2008
- Updated: 11 Jun 2012
Elsendo de TV Esperanto
http://wn.com/Esperanto_TV_TV_Esperanto_Bjalistokoflv
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Mythos : 03 Esperanto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 11 Jun 2010
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
If you like the soundtrack, buy it to support Capcom!
http://wn.com/Remastered_Tracks_Rockman_Zero_Mythos_03_Esperanto
The Whispering Palms: Learn Esperanto with subtitles - Story for Children "BookBox.com"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Published: 18 Nov 2011
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
Mori helps her parents in their activities so that they can live in harmony with nature. For more stories and more languages visit: www.bookbox.com itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/The_Whispering_Palms_Learn_Esperanto_with_subtitles_Story_for_Children_BookBoxcom
Creative Commons
GFDL / Erinaceto
www.SaveTibet.org /
Loading results ...
photo: WN / Denise Yong
18 Jul 2012
Until recently Neanderthals, who disappeared between 30,000 and 24,000 years ago, were thought to be predominantly meat-eaters. However, evidence of dietary breadth is growing as more sophisticated...
photo: AP
18 Jul 2012
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Wednesday mourned the death of yesteryear Bollywood superstar Rajesh Khanna....
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Cale Hatch
17 Jul 2012
The ship is part of the Fifth Fleet, which has increased its patrols in the Gulf region because of heightened tensions with Iran. Both the US and Iran have warned each other against provocative naval...
photo: AP / Oded Balilty
17 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Guest Writer Gilad Atzmon Israeli Generals expressed dismay yesterday over a violent assault on a senior Air Force officer perpetrated by a gang of soldiers. Ynet reported yesterday...
photo: NASA
19 Jul 2012
The Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland has calved an iceberg twice the size of Manhattan, scientists say. Images from a Nasa satellite show the island breaking off a tongue of ice that extends at...
Irish Times
LORNA SIGGINS, Western Correspondent WHAT DO Peig Sayers, P��draig �� Conaire���s little black donkey, Hungarian school children and 1916 leader James Connolly all have in common? All have a strong link with the language of Esperanto, which is the subject of an international conference in Galway...(size: 4.4Kb)
Xinhua
ULAN BATOR, July 2 (Xinhua) -- A cultural and art festival entitled " The Hopeful Grassland " was launched here by a Chinese publishing group on Monday, marking the debut of a series of activities dedicated to popularizing Esperanto. Lu Cairong, deputy director of China International Publishing...(size: 2.0Kb)
Documentary gives voice to elusive Esperanto
03 May 2012
The Columbus Dispatch
Related Items Films by Sam Green...(size: 11.4Kb)
Esperanto vs the middlemen: James Saft
22 Mar 2012
The Guardian
(James Saft is a Reuters columnist. The opinions expressed are his own) By James Saft March 22 (Reuters) - If you think the advent of a common tongue in banking will solve the problems of finance, you are probably disappointed that Esperanto did not usher in a new age of world peace. Just as...(size: 15.8Kb)
Esperanto speakers celebrate 125th anniversary
14 Jan 2012
BBC News
Esperanto speakers from all over the world are celebrating the 125th birthday of the international language in Staffordshire. The venue, Wedgwood Memorial College in Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, has been the headquarters of the Esperanto Association of...(size: 1.6Kb)
esperanto
01 Jan 2012
IMC
»Aggiungi un commento Original Thumbnail Download PDF Ultime Features Massacri sociali: corteo antirazzista il 17-12Mer, 14/12/2011 - 13:32 Sciopero e presidio permamente contro esselungaDom, 27/11/2011 - 23:10 Incendio in Cascina TorchieraVen, 25/11/2011 - 00:18 Resistere agli sfratti!Mer,...(size: 12.1Kb)
Esperanto passage from Shatner Rules translated
02 Dec 2011
The Examiner
William Shatner's career has been long and varied. Aside from the projects we all know (Star Trek, Boston Legal) Shatner worked in some, shall we say, less memorable roles. Perhaps his most unusual film (in a list that includes such gems as Kingdom of the Spiders) is Incubus, the first - and thus...(size: 6.6Kb)
Vietnam to host 2012 World Congress of Esperanto
30 Oct 2011
The Saigon Times
The Vietnam Esperanto Society announced that the 97th World Congress of Esperanto (UK97) will be held in Vietnam for the first time from July 28 to August 4 next year, reports VietnamPlus. Nguyen Van...(size: 1.3Kb)
Brunch on a budget at Esperanto
09 Sep 2011
The Examiner
On the corner of 9th Street and Avenue C lies Esperanto, a Brazilian and South American Bistro that’s always bustling on weekend afternoons. Their outdoor tables provide the perfect atmosphere for a relaxing meal, and their brunch deal can’t be beat. You get a choice of entreé, a...(size: 4.7Kb)
This article is about the language. For other uses, see Esperanto (disambiguation).
| Esperanto | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
||||
| Created by | L. L. Zamenhof | |||
| Date | 1887 | |||
| Setting and usage | International auxiliary language | |||
| Users | Native: 200 to 1,000 (1996) L2 users: 10,000 to 2,000,000 |
|||
| Purpose | ||||
| Writing system | Latin (Esperanto alphabet) | |||
| Sources | Vocabulary from Romance and Germanic languages; phonology from Slavic languages | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Regulated by | Akademio de Esperanto | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1 | eo | |||
| ISO 639-2 | epo | |||
| ISO 639-3 | epo | |||
|
||||
|
|
|---|
|
Language
|
|
|
|
Related topics
|
|
Wikimedia
|
Esperanto (help·info) is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.[1] Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto (Esperanto translates as "one who hopes"), the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, in 1887. Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy-to-learn and politically neutral language that transcends nationality and would foster peace and international understanding between people with different regional and/or national languages.
Estimates of Esperanto speakers range from 10,000 to 2,000,000 active or fluent speakers, as well as native speakers, that is, people who learned Esperanto from their parents as one of their native languages. Esperanto is spoken in about 115 countries. Usage is particularly high in Europe, East Asia, and South America.[2] The first World Congress of Esperanto was organized in France in 1905. Since then congresses have been held in various countries every year with the exception of years in which there were world wars. Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperanto was recommended by the French Academy of Sciences in 1921 and recognized in 1954 by UNESCO (which later, in 1985, also recommended it to its member states). In 2007 Esperanto was the 32nd language that adhered to the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)".[3] As of October 2011, the Esperanto Wikipedia had the 27th highest count of Wikipedia articles.[4] Esperanto is currently the language of instruction of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino.[5] There is evidence that learning Esperanto may provide a superior foundation for learning languages in general, and some primary schools teach it as preparation for learning other foreign languages. On February 23, 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language.
Contents
|
History[link]
Main article: History of Esperanto
Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof, an ophthalmologist of mixed cultural heritage from Bialystok, then part of the Russian Empire. According to Zamenhof, he created this language to foster harmony between people from different countries. His feelings and the situation in Bialystok may be gleaned from an extract from his letter to Nikolai Borovko:[6]
The place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Bialystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such a town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews and so on. This was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an 'anguish for the world' in a child. Since at that time I thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, so I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil.—L. L. Zamenhof, in a letter to N. Borovko, ca. 1895
After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw in July 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empire and Eastern Europe, then in Western Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first world congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars. Since the Second World War, they have been attended by an average of over 2,000 and up to 6,000 people.
Zamenhof's name for the language was simply La Internacia Lingvo "the International Language".[7]
Reactions of 20th-century totalitarian regimes to Esperanto[link]
As a potential vehicle for international understanding, Esperanto attracted the suspicion of many totalitarian states. The situation was especially pronounced in Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
In Germany, there was additional motivation to persecute Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish. In his work, Mein Kampf, Hitler mentioned Esperanto as an example of a language that would be used by an International Jewish Conspiracy once they achieved world domination.[8] Esperantists were killed during the Holocaust, with Zamenhof's family in particular singled out for murder.[9]
In the early years of the Soviet Union, Esperanto was given a measure of government support, and the Soviet Esperanto Association was an officially recognized organization.[10] However, in 1937, Stalin reversed this policy. He denounced Esperanto as "the language of spies" and had Esperantists exiled or executed. The use of Esperanto was effectively banned until 1956.[10]
After the Spanish Civil War, Francoist Spain persecuted the Anarchists and Catalan nationalists among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive[11] but in the 1950s, the Esperanto movement was tolerated again.
Official use[link]
Esperanto has never been a secondary official language of any recognized country. However, there were plans at the beginning of the 20th century to establish Neutral Moresnet as the world's first Esperanto state. Qian Xuantong, a Chinese linguist, promoted the replacement of Chinese with Esperanto.[12] In addition, the self-proclaimed artificial island micronation of Rose Island used Esperanto as its official language in 1968.[13]
The US Army has published military phrase books in Esperanto,[14] to be used in war games by mock enemy forces. In the summer of 1924, the American Radio Relay League adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language, and hoped that the language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible.
Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, a left-wing cultural association, or Education@Internet, which has developed from an Esperanto organization; most others are specifically Esperanto organizations. The largest of these, the World Esperanto Association, has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and UNESCO, which recognized Esperanto as a medium for international understanding in 1954.[15] Esperanto is also the first language of teaching and administration of one university, the International Academy of Sciences San Marino.[5]
Linguistic properties[link]
Classification[link]
As a constructed language, Esperanto is not genealogically related to any ethnic language. It has been described as "a language lexically predominantly Romance, morphologically intensively agglutinative, and to a certain degree isolating in character".[16] The phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics are based on the western Indo-European languages. The phonemic inventory is essentially Slavic, as is much of the semantics, while the vocabulary derives primarily from the Romance languages, with a lesser contribution from the Germanic languages and minor contributions from Slavic languages and Greek. Pragmatics and other aspects of the language not specified by Zamenhof's original documents were influenced by the native languages of early speakers, primarily Russian, Polish, German, and French.
Typologically, Esperanto has prepositions and a free pragmatic word order that by default is subject–verb–object. Adjectives can be freely placed before or after the nouns they modify, though placing them before the noun is more common. New words are formed through extensive prefixing and suffixing.
Phonology[link]
Main article: Esperanto phonology
Esperanto has 23 consonants, 5 vowels, and 2 semivowels that combine with the vowels to form 6 diphthongs. (The consonant /j/ and semivowel /i̯/ are both written j, and the uncommon consonant /dz/ is written with the digraph dz.[17]) Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words. Stress is always on the second-last vowel in fully Esperanto words unless a final vowel o is elided, which occurs mostly in poetry. For example, familio "family" is [fa.mi.ˈli.o], with the stress on the second i, but when the word is used without the final o (famili’), the stress remains on the second i: [fa.mi.ˈli].
Consonants[link]
The 23 consonants are:
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | h | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||
The sound /r/ is usually trilled [r], but may be tapped [ɾ]. The /v/ is normally pronounced like English v, but may be pronounced [ʋ] (between English v and w) or [w], depending on the language background of the speaker. A semivowel /u̯/ normally occurs only in diphthongs after the vowels /a/ and /e/, not as a consonant /w/. Common, if debated, assimilation includes the pronunciation of nk as [ŋk] and kz as [ɡz].
A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position (as in stranga, "strange") and four in medial position (as in instrui, "teach"). Final clusters are uncommon except in foreign names, poetic elision of final o, and a very few basic words such as cent "hundred" and post "after".
Vowels[link]
Esperanto has the five cardinal vowels found in such languages as Spanish, Swahili, Filipino, Modern Hebrew, and Modern Greek:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
There are also two semivowels, /i̯/ and /u̯/, which combine with the cardinal vowels to form six falling diphthongs: aj, ej, oj, uj, aŭ, and eŭ (nearly the same as the diphthongs of Filipino).
Since there are only five vowels, a good deal of variation in pronunciation is tolerated. For instance, e commonly ranges from [e] (French é) to [ɛ] (French è). These details often depend on the speaker's native language. A glottal stop may occur between adjacent vowels in some people's speech, especially when the two vowels are the same, as in heroo "hero" ([he.ˈro.o] or [he.ˈro.ʔo]) and praavo "great-grandfather" ([pra.ˈa.vo] or [pra.ˈʔa.vo]).
Writing system[link]
Main article: Esperanto orthography
The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Latin script, using a one-sound-one-letter principle. It includes six letters with diacritics: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (with circumflex), and ŭ (with breve). The alphabet does not include the letters q, w, x, or y, which are only used when writing unassimilated foreign terms or proper names.
The 28-letter alphabet is:
All unaccented letters are pronounced approximately as in the IPA, with the exception of c. Esperanto j and c have Central European values largely unfamiliar to English speakers: Esperanto j has a y sound, as in hallelujah or Jägermeister, and c has a ts sound, as in Penderecki or Václav Havel. The accented letters are a bit like h-digraphs in English: Ĉ is pronounced like English ch, and ŝ like sh. Ĝ is the g in gem, ĵ a zh sound, as in fusion or French Jacques, and the rare ĥ is like the h in the Yiddish pronunciation of Hanukkah.
| Letter | c | ĉ | ĝ | ĥ | ĵ | ŝ | ŭ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | x | ʒ | ʃ | u̯ (in diphthongs) |
Writing diacritic letters[link]
The letters with diacritics (found in the "Latin-Extended A" section of the Unicode Standard) once caused problems with printing and computing. This was particularly true with the five letters with circumflexes, as they do not occur in any other language. The diacritics are normally only a problem now with computing situations such as internet chat groups and databases that are limited to ASCII characters.
There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an "h-convention", which replaces ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ with ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, and u, respectively. If used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, ch as c followed by h or as ĉ, and would fail to render, for example, the word senchava properly. A more recent "x-convention" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an x (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, and ux.
There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically substitutes x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding diacritic letters (EK for Microsoft Windows is one example).[18] Another example is the Esperanto Wikipedia, which uses the x-convention for input: when a contributor types cx when editing an article, it will appear as the correct ĉ in the article text.
Grammar[link]
Main article: Esperanto grammar
Esperanto words are derived by stringing together prefixes, roots, and suffixes. This process is regular, so that people can create new words as they speak and be understood. Compound words are formed with a modifier-first, head-final order, as in English (compare "birdsong" and "songbird," and likewise, birdokanto and kantobirdo).
The different parts of speech are marked by their own suffixes: all common nouns end in -o, all adjectives in -a, all derived adverbs in -e, and all verbs in one of six tense and mood suffixes, such as the present tense -as.
Plural nouns used as grammatical subjects end in -oj (pronounced like English "oy"), whereas their direct object forms end in -on. Plural direct objects end with the combination -ojn (rhymes with "coin"); -o- indicates that the word is a noun, -j- indicates the plural, and -n indicates the accusative. Adjectives agree with their nouns; their endings are plural -aj (pronounced "eye"), accusative -an, and plural accusative -ajn (rhymes with "fine").
|
|
The suffix -n, besides indicating the direct object, is used to indicate movement and a few other things as well.
The six verb inflections consist of three tenses and three moods. They are present tense -as, future tense -os, past tense -is, infinitive mood -i, conditional mood -us and jussive mood -u (used for wishes and commands). Verbs are not marked for person or number. Thus, kanti means "to sing", mi kantas means "I sing", vi kantas means "you sing", and ili kantas means "they sing".
|
|
Word order is comparatively free. Adjectives may precede or follow nouns; subjects, verbs and objects may occur in any order. However, the article la "the", demonstratives such as tiu "that" and prepositions (such as ĉe "at") must come before their related nouns. Similarly, the negative ne "not" and conjunctions such as kaj "and" and ke "that" must precede the phrase or clause that they introduce. In copular (A = B) clauses, word order is just as important as in English: "people are animals" is distinguished from "animals are people".
Vocabulary[link]
Main article: Esperanto vocabulary
The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined by Lingvo internacia, published by Zamenhof in 1887. This book listed 900 roots; these could be expanded into tens of thousands of words using prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto dictionary, Universala Vortaro, which had a larger set of roots. The rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed; it was recommended, however, that speakers use most international forms and then derive related meanings from these.
Since then, many words have been borrowed, primarily (but not solely) from the Western European languages. Not all proposed borrowings become widespread, but many do, especially technical and scientific terms. Terms for everyday use, on the other hand, are more likely to be derived from existing roots; komputilo "computer", for instance, is formed from the verb komputi "compute" and the suffix -ilo "tool". Words are also calqued; that is, words acquire new meanings based on usage in other languages. For example, the word muso "mouse" has acquired the meaning of a computer mouse from its usage in English. Esperanto speakers often debate about whether a particular borrowing is justified or whether meaning can be expressed by deriving from or extending the meaning of existing words.
Some compounds and formed words in Esperanto are not entirely straightforward; for example, eldoni, literally "give out", means "publish", paralleling the usage of certain Western European languages (such as German). In addition, the suffix -um- has no defined meaning; words using the suffix must be learned separately (such as dekstren "to the right" and dekstrumen "clockwise").
There are not many idiomatic or slang words in Esperanto, as these forms of speech tend to make international communication difficult—working against Esperanto's main goal.
Useful phrases[link]
Below are listed some useful Esperanto words and phrases along with IPA transcriptions:
| English | Esperanto | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| Hello | Saluton | [sa.ˈlu.ton] |
| Yes | Jes | [ˈjes] |
| No | Ne | [ˈne] |
| Good morning | Bonan matenon | [ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte.non] |
| Good evening | Bonan vesperon | [ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron] |
| Good night | Bonan nokton | [ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton] |
| Goodbye | Ĝis revido | [dʒis re.ˈvi.do] |
| What is your name? | Kio estas via nomo? | [ˈki.o es.tas ˈvi.a ˈno.mo] |
| My name is Marc | Mia nomo estas Marko. | [mi.a 'no.mo es.tas 'mar.ko] |
| How are you doing? | Kiel vi fartas? | [ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas] |
| Do you speak Esperanto? | Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton? | [ˈtʃu vi pa.ˈro.las es.pe.ˈran.ton] |
| I don't understand you | Mi ne komprenas vin | [mi ˈne kom.ˈpre.nas vin] |
| All right | Bone | [ˈbo.ne] |
| Okay | Ĝuste | [ˈdʒus.te] |
| Thank you | Dankon | [ˈdan.kon] |
| You're welcome | Ne dankinde | [ne.dan.ˈkin.de] |
| Please | Bonvolu | [bon.ˈvo.lu] |
| Bless you | Sanon! | [ˈsa.non] |
| Congratulations | Gratulon | [ɡra.ˈtu.lon] |
| I love you | Mi amas vin | [mi ˈa.mas vin] |
| One beer, please | Unu bieron, mi petas | [ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron, mi ˈpe.tas] |
| What is that? | Kio estas tio? | [ˈki.o es.tas ˈti.o] |
| That is a dog | Tio estas hundo | [ˈti.o es.tas ˈhun.do] |
| Peace! | Pacon! | [ˈpa.tson] |
Sample text[link]
The following short extract gives an idea of the character of Esperanto.[19] (Pronunciation is covered above; the Esperanto letter j is pronounced like English y.)
- Esperanto:
- «En multaj lokoj de Ĉinio estis temploj de la drako-reĝo. Dum trosekeco oni preĝis en la temploj, ke la drako-reĝo donu pluvon al la homa mondo. Tiam drako estis simbolo de la supernatura estaĵo. Kaj pli poste, ĝi fariĝis prapatro de la plej altaj regantoj kaj simbolis la absolutan aŭtoritaton de feŭda imperiestro. La imperiestro pretendis, ke li estas filo de la drako. Ĉiuj liaj vivbezonaĵoj portis la nomon drako kaj estis ornamitaj per diversaj drakofiguroj. Nun ĉie en Ĉinio videblas drako-ornamentaĵoj, kaj cirkulas legendoj pri drakoj.»
- English translation:
- In many places in China, there were temples of the dragon-king. During times of drought, people would pray in the temples that the dragon-king would give rain to the human world. At that time the dragon was a symbol of the supernatural. Later on, it became the ancestor of the highest rulers and symbolised the absolute authority of the feudal emperor. The emperor claimed to be the son of the dragon. All of his personal possessions carried the name "dragon" and were decorated with various dragon figures. Now dragon decorations can be seen everywhere in China and legends about dragons circulate.
Education[link]
The majority of Esperanto speakers learn the language through self-directed study, online tutorials, and correspondence courses taught by volunteers. In more recent years, free teaching websites like lernu! have become popular.
Esperanto instruction is occasionally available at schools, including four primary schools in a pilot project under the supervision of the University of Manchester, and by one count at 69 universities.[20] However, outside China and Hungary, these mostly involve informal arrangements rather than dedicated departments or state sponsorship. Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest had a department of Interlinguistics and Esperanto from 1966 to 2004, after which time instruction moved to vocational colleges; there are state examinations for Esperanto instructors.[21][22] The Senate of Brazil passed a bill in 2009 that would make Esperanto an optional part of the curriculum in public schools. As of 2010 the bill has not yet been passed by the Chamber of Deputies.[23][24][25]
Various educators have estimated that Esperanto can be learned in anywhere from one quarter to one twentieth the amount of time required for other languages.[26] Claude Piron, a psychologist formerly at the University of Geneva and Chinese–English–Russian–Spanish translator for the United Nations, argued that Esperanto is far more intuitive than many ethnic languages. "Esperanto relies entirely on innate reflexes [and] differs from all other languages in that you can always trust your natural tendency to generalize patterns. [...] The same neuropsychological law [—called by] Jean Piaget generalizing assimilation—applies to word formation as well as to grammar."[27]
The Institute of Cybernetic Pedagogy at Paderborn (Germany) has compared the length of study time it takes natively French-speaking high-school students to obtain comparable 'standard' levels in Esperanto, English, German, and Italian.[28] The results were:
- 2000 hours studying German = 1500 hours studying English = 1000 hours studying Italian (a Romance language like French) = 150 hours studying Esperanto.
Language acquisition[link]
Main article: Propaedeutic value of Esperanto
Four primary schools in Britain, with some 230 pupils, are currently following a course in "propaedeutic Esperanto"—that is, instruction in Esperanto to raise language awareness and accelerate subsequent learning of foreign languages—under the supervision of the University of Manchester. As they put it,
- Many schools used to teach children the recorder, not to produce a nation of recorder players, but as a preparation for learning other instruments. [We teach] Esperanto, not to produce a nation of Esperanto-speakers, but as a preparation for learning other languages.[29]
Studies have been conducted in New Zealand,[30] United States,[31][32][33] Germany,[34] Italy[35] and Australia.[36] The results of these studies were favorable and demonstrated that studying Esperanto before another foreign language expedites the acquisition of the other, natural, language. This appears to be because learning subsequent foreign languages is easier than learning one's first foreign language, while the use of a grammatically simple and culturally flexible auxiliary language like Esperanto lessens the first-language learning hurdle. In one study,[37] a group of European secondary school students studied Esperanto for one year, then French for three years, and ended up with a significantly better command of French than a control group, who studied French for all four years. Similar results have been found for other combinations of native and second languages, as well as for arrangements in which the course of study was reduced to two years, of which six months is spent learning Esperanto.[38]
Community[link]
Geography and demography[link]
Esperanto is by far the most widely spoken constructed language in the world.[39] Speakers are most numerous in Europe and East Asia, especially in urban areas, where they often form Esperanto clubs.[40] Esperanto is particularly prevalent in the northern and eastern countries of Europe; in China, Korea, Japan, and Iran within Asia;[41] in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico in the Americas;[42] and in Togo in Africa.[43]
Number of speakers[link]
An estimate of the number of Esperanto speakers was made by Sidney S. Culbert, a retired psychology professor at the University of Washington and a longtime Esperantist, who tracked down and tested Esperanto speakers in sample areas in dozens of countries over a period of twenty years. Culbert concluded that between one and two million people speak Esperanto at Foreign Service Level 3, "professionally proficient" (able to communicate moderately complex ideas without hesitation, and to follow speeches, radio broadcasts, etc.).[44] Culbert's estimate was not made for Esperanto alone, but formed part of his listing of estimates for all languages of over one million speakers, published annually in the World Almanac and Book of Facts. Culbert's most detailed account of his methodology is found in a 1989 letter to David Wolff.[45] Since Culbert never published detailed intermediate results for particular countries and regions, it is difficult to independently gauge the accuracy of his results.
In the Almanac, his estimates for numbers of language speakers were rounded to the nearest million, thus the number for Esperanto speakers is shown as two million. This latter figure appears in Ethnologue. Assuming that this figure is accurate, that means that about 0.03% of the world's population speaks the language. Although it is not Zamenhof's goal of a universal language, it still represents a level of popularity unmatched by any other constructed language.
Marcus Sikosek (now Ziko van Dijk) has challenged this figure of 1.6 million as exaggerated. He estimated that even if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed, assuming one million Esperanto speakers worldwide would lead one to expect about 180 in the city of Cologne. Van Dijk finds only 30 fluent speakers in that city, and similarly smaller-than-expected figures in several other places thought to have a larger-than-average concentration of Esperanto speakers. He also notes that there are a total of about 20,000 members of the various Esperanto organizations (other estimates are higher). Though there are undoubtedly many Esperanto speakers who are not members of any Esperanto organization, he thinks it unlikely that there are fifty times more speakers than organization members.[40]
Finnish linguist Jouko Lindstedt, an expert on native-born Esperanto speakers, presented the following scheme[46] to show the overall proportions of language capabilities within the Esperanto community:
- 1,000 have Esperanto as their native language.
- 10,000 speak it fluently.
- 100,000 can use it actively.
- 1,000,000 understand a large amount passively.
- 10,000,000 have studied it to some extent at some time.
In the absence of Dr. Culbert's detailed sampling data, or any other census data, it is impossible to state the number of speakers with certainty. According to the website of the World Esperanto Association:
- Numbers of textbooks sold and membership of local societies put the number of people with some knowledge of the language in the hundreds of thousands and possibly millions.[47]
In 2009 Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven used 2001 year census data[48] from Hungary[49] and Lithuania as a base for an estimate, resulting in approximately 160,000 to 300,000 to speak the language actively or fluently throughout the world, with about 80,000 to 150,000 of these being in the European Union.
Native speakers[link]
Main article: Native Esperanto speakers
Ethnologue relates estimates that there are 200 to 2000 native Esperanto speakers (denaskuloj), who have learned the language from birth from their Esperanto-speaking parents.[42] This usually happens when Esperanto is the chief or only common language in an international family, but sometimes occurs in a family of devoted Esperantists.[50]
Culture[link]
File:Cover Monato 2007.jpg
Monato, the most popular Esperanto news magazine. (The large print reads "15 years after the fall of the empire".)
Esperanto speakers can access an international culture, including a large body of original as well as translated literature. There are over 25,000 Esperanto books, both originals and translations, as well as several regularly distributed Esperanto magazines. Esperanto speakers use the language for free accommodations with Esperantists in 92 countries using the Pasporta Servo or to develop pen pal friendships abroad through the Esperanto Pen Pal Service.[51]
Every year, 1,500–3,000 Esperanto speakers meet for the World Congress of Esperanto (Universala Kongreso de Esperanto).[52][53]
Historically, much Esperanto music, such as Kaj Tiel Plu, has been in various folk traditions.[54] There is also a variety of classical and semi-classical choral music, both original and translated, as well as large ensemble music that includes voices singing Esperanto texts. Lou Harrison, who incorporated styles and instruments from many world cultures in his music, used Esperanto titles and/or texts in several of his works, most notably La Koro-Sutro (1973). David Gaines used Esperanto poems as well as an excerpt from a speech by Dr. Zamenhof for his Symphony No. 1 (Esperanto) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1994–98). He wrote original Esperanto text for his Povas plori mi ne plu (I Can Cry No Longer) for unaccompanied SATB choir (1994).
There are also shared traditions, such as Zamenhof Day, and shared behaviour patterns. Esperantists speak primarily in Esperanto at international Esperanto meetings.
Detractors of Esperanto occasionally criticize it as "having no culture". Proponents, such as Prof. Humphrey Tonkin of the University of Hartford, observe that Esperanto is "culturally neutral by design, as it was intended to be a facilitator between cultures, not to be the carrier of any one national culture". The late Scottish Esperanto author William Auld wrote extensively on the subject, arguing that Esperanto is "the expression of a common human culture, unencumbered by national frontiers. Thus it is considered a culture on its own."[55]
Noted authors in Esperanto[link]
Main article: Esperanto authors
Some authors of works in Esperanto are:
|
|
Popular culture[link]
Main article: Esperanto in popular culture
 |
This "In popular culture" section may contain minor or trivial references. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances, and remove trivial references. (March 2012) |
Esperanto has been used in a number of films and novels. Typically, this is done either to add the exotic flavour of a foreign language without representing any particular ethnicity, or to avoid going to the trouble of inventing a new language. The Charlie Chaplin film The Great Dictator (1940) showed Jewish ghetto shop signs in Esperanto, to create the atmosphere of some 'foreign' East European country without referencing any particular East European language. Road to Singapore (also 1940) has a song in Esperanto.[citation needed]
Two full-length feature films have been produced with dialogue entirely in Esperanto: Angoroj, in 1964, and Incubus, a 1965 B-movie horror film. Canadian actor William Shatner learned Esperanto to a limited level so that he could star in Incubus, although Esperantists have stated that Shatner (a native of Montreal) speaks the language with a French accent. In Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) shop and road signs in Esperanto appear in many background scenes.[citation needed]
Other amateur productions have been made, such as a dramatisation of the novel Gerda Malaperis (Gerda Has Disappeared). A number of "mainstream" films in national languages have used Esperanto in some way, such as Gattaca (1997), in which Esperanto can be overheard on the public address system.[citation needed]
The 1939 film Idiot's Delight takes place in an unnamed European country, where the 'locals' speak Esperanto, and there are also Esperanto words and sentences written, like a sign reading Autobuso.[citation needed]
Similarly, in the 1994 film Street Fighter, Esperanto is the native language of the fictional country of Shadaloo, and in a barracks scene, the soldiers of villain M. Bison sing a rousing Russian Army-style chorus, the "Bison Troopers Marching Song", in the language. Esperanto is also spoken and appears on signs in the film Blade: Trinity.[citation needed]
Esperanto is used as the universal language in the far future of Harry Harrison's Stainless Steel Rat and Deathworld stories. Poul Anderson's story "High Treason" takes place in a future where Earth became united politically while still divided into many languages and cultures, and Esperanto became the language of its space armed forces, fighting wars with various extraterrestrial races. Therefore, in this future Esperanto is especially identified as a military language, and has gained a specialized vocabulary of military terms, as well as an extensive soldiers' slang.[citation needed]
The opening song 'Memoro de la Ŝtono' in the popular Video Game Final Fantasy XI was written in Esperanto. This was the first game in the series that was online and the composer Nobuo Uematsu felt that Esperanto was a good language to symbolize worldwide unity. The piece has been performed worldwide.[citation needed]
Science[link]
In 1921 the French Academy of Sciences recommended using Esperanto for international scientific communication.[56] A few scientists and mathematicians, such as Maurice Fréchet (mathematics), John C. Wells (linguistics), Helmar Frank (pedagogy and cybernetics), and Nobel laureate Reinhard Selten (economics) have published part of their work in Esperanto. Frank and Selten were among the founders of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino, sometimes called the "Esperanto University", where Esperanto is the primary language of teaching and administration.[citation needed]
Goals of the movement[link]
Zamenhof's intention was to create an easy-to-learn language to foster international understanding. It was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, as a universal second language, not to replace ethnic languages. This goal was widely shared among Esperanto speakers in the early decades of the movement. Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nations or other international organizations.
Those Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperanto adopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are commonly called finvenkistoj, from fina venko, meaning "final victory", or pracelistoj, from pracelo, meaning "original goal".[57] Those who focus on the intrinsic value of the language are commonly called raŭmistoj, from Rauma, Finland, where a declaration on the near-term unlikelihood of the "fina venko" and the value of Esperanto culture was made at the International Youth Congress in 1980.[58] These categories are, however, not mutually exclusive.
The Prague Manifesto (1996) presents the views of the mainstream of the Esperanto movement and of its main organisation, the World Esperanto Association (UEA).[59]
Symbols and flags[link]
Main article: Esperanto symbols
The earliest flag, and the one most commonly used today, features a green five-pointed star against a white canton, upon a field of green. It was proposed to Zamenhof by Irishman Richard Geoghegan, author of the first Esperanto textbook for English speakers, in 1887. The flag was approved in 1905 by delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer. A version with an "E" superimposed over the green star is sometimes seen. Other variants include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white Christian cross superimposed upon the green star, and that for Leftists, with the color of the field changed from green to red.[60]
In 1987, a second flag design was chosen in a contest organized by the UEA celebrating the first centennial of the language. It featured a white background with two stylised curved "E"s facing each other. Dubbed the "jubilea simbolo" (jubilee symbol),[61] it attracted criticism from some Esperantists, who dubbed it the "melono" (melon) because of the design's elliptical shape. It is still in use, though to a lesser degree than the traditional symbol, known as the "verda stelo" (green star).[62]
Politics[link]
Esperanto has been placed in many proposed political situations. The most popular of these is the Europe – Democracy – Esperanto, which aims to establish Esperanto as the official language of the European Union. The Irish political party Éirígí has recently adopted the green star as its emblem partly in support of Esperanto as an international language instead of English. The party derives its position on Esperanto from the Irish socialist leader James Connolly, who supported its use.[63]
Religion[link]
Esperanto has served an important role in several religions, such as Oomoto from Japan and the Baha'i Faith from Iran, and has been encouraged by others, like Spiritism.
Oomoto[link]
The Oomoto religion encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers and includes Zamenhof as one of its deified spirits.[64]
Bahá'í Faith[link]
The Bahá'í Faith encourages the use of an auxiliary international language. While endorsing no specific language, some Bahá'ís see Esperanto as having great potential in this role.[65] L. L. Zamenhof's daughter Lidja became a Bahá'í,[66] and various volumes of the Bahá'í literatures and other Baha'i books have been translated into Esperanto. In 1973, the Bahá'í Esperanto-League for active Bahá'í supporters of Esperanto was founded.
Spiritism[link]
In 1908, spiritist Camilo Chaigneau wrote an article named "Spiritism and Esperanto" in the periodic "La Vie d'Outre-Tombe" recommending the use of Esperanto in a "central magazine" for all spiritists and esperantists.[67]
Esperanto then became actively promoted, at least in Brazil, by spiritists. The Brazilian Spiritist Federation publishes Esperanto coursebooks, translations of Spiritism's basic books, and encourages Spiritists to become Esperantists.[68]
Bible translations[link]
The first translation of the Bible into Esperanto was a translation of the Tanakh or Old Testament done by L. L. Zamenhof. The translation was reviewed and compared with other languages' translations by a group of British clergy and scholars before its publication at the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1910. In 1926 this was published along with a New Testament translation, in an edition commonly called the "Londona Biblio". In the 1960s, the Internacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj tried to organize a new, ecumenical Esperanto Bible version.[69] Since then, the Dutch Remonstrant pastor Gerrit Berveling has translated the Deuterocanonical or apocryphal books in addition to new translations of the Gospels, some of the New Testament epistles, and some books of the Tanakh or Old Testament. These have been published in various separate booklets, or serialized in Dia Regno, but the Deuterocanonical books have appeared in recent editions of the Londona Biblio.
Christianity[link]
Christian Esperanto organizations include two that were formed early in the history of Esperanto:
- 1910 – The International Union of Catholic Esperantists. Two Roman Catholic popes, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, have regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual urbi et orbi blessings at Easter and Christmas each year since Easter 1994.[citation needed]
- 1911 – The International Christian Esperantists League.
Individual churches using Esperanto include:
- The Quaker Esperanto Society, with activities as described in an issue of "The Friend"[70]
- 1910 – First Christadelphian publications in Esperanto.[71][72]
- There are instances of Christian apologists and teachers who use Esperanto as a medium. Nigerian Pastor Bayo Afolaranmi's "Spirita nutraĵo" (spiritual food) Yahoo mailing list, for example, has hosted weekly messages since 2003.[73]
Chick Publications, publisher of Protestant fundamentalist themed evangelistic tracts, has published a number of comic book style tracts by Jack T. Chick translated into Esperanto, including "This Was Your Life!" ("Jen Via Tuta Vivo!")[74]
Islam[link]
Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran called on Muslims to learn Esperanto and praised its use as a medium for better understanding among peoples of different religious backgrounds. After he suggested that Esperanto replace English as an international lingua franca, it began to be used in the seminaries of Qom. An Esperanto translation of the Qur'an was published by the state shortly thereafter.[75][76] In 1981, its usage became less popular when it became apparent that followers of the Bahá'í Faith were interested in it.[75]
Criticism[link]
Main article: Criticism of Esperanto
Esperanto was conceived as a language of international communication, more precisely as a universal second language.[77] Since publication, there has been debate over whether it is possible for Esperanto to attain this position, and whether it would be an improvement for international communication were it to do so; Esperanto proponents have also been criticized for diverting public funds to encourage its study over more "useful national languages".[78]
Since Esperanto is a planned language, there have been many criticisms of minor points.[79] An example is Zamenhof's choice of the word edzo over something like spozo for "husband, spouse",[80] or his choice of the Classic Greek and Old Latin singular and plural endings -o, -oj, -a, -aj over their Medieval contractions -o, -i, -a, -e. (Both these changes were adopted by the Ido reform, though Ido dispensed with adjectival agreement altogether.) Some more common examples of general criticism include the following:
- Esperanto has not yet achieved the hopes of its founder to become a universal second language. Although many promoters of Esperanto stress the successes it has had, the fact remains that well over a century since its publication, the Esperanto-speaking community remains comparatively tiny with respect to the world population. In the case of the United Kingdom, for instance, Esperanto is rarely taught in schools, because it is regarded by the government as not meeting the needs of the national curriculum.[81] Many critics see its aspirations for the role of a preponderant international auxiliary language as doomed because they believe it cannot compete with English in this regard.[82]
- The vocabulary and grammar are based on major European languages, and are not universal. Simultaneously, the vocabulary, diacritic letters,[80] and grammar are too dissimilar from the major Western European languages,[citation needed] and therefore Esperanto is not as easy as it could be for speakers of those languages to learn, even though it is much easier to learn than any other European language.[83][84] The "too European" criticism is often specific to a few points such as adjectival agreement and the accusative case (generally such obvious details are all that reform projects suggest changing),[citation needed] but sometimes it is more general: Both the grammar and the 'international' vocabulary are difficult for many Asians, among others, and give an unfair advantage to speakers of European languages.[85] One attempt to address this issue is Lojban, which draws from the six most populous languages, Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, English, Hindi, Russian, and Spanish, and whose grammar is designed for computer parsing.[86] Attempts to address the "not European enough" criticism include the younger planned languages Ido and Interlingua.[87]
- Esperanto simultaneously has no culture[88] and it is culturally European. Although it has a large international literature, Esperanto does not encapsulate a specific culture. Its vocabulary and semantics are derived from European languages. Both infuse the language with a European world view.[89]
- The vocabulary is too large. Rather than deriving new words from existing roots, large numbers of new roots are adopted into the language with the intent of being internationally accommodating when in reality the language only caters to European languages. This makes the language more difficult for non-Europeans than it needs to be.[85] A similar argument is made by many Esperanto speakers, not against the language itself but against the way it is (in their view) misused by many (mostly European) speakers; they argue that compounds or derivations should be used whenever possible, and new root words borrowed only when absolutely necessary.[90][91]
- Esperanto asymmetry in gender formation makes it sexist.[88] Most kin terms and titles are masculine by default and only feminine when so specified. There have been many attempts to address this issue, of which one of the better known is iĉism[92] (used by the Esperantist writer Jorge Camacho),[93] from which Riism derived.
- Esperanto is, looks, and/or sounds artificial. This criticism is often due to the letters with circumflex diacritics, which some find odd or cumbersome.[88] Others claim that an artificial language will necessarily be deficient, due to its very nature,[94] although the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has found that Esperanto fulfills all the requirements of a living language.[95]
Modifications[link]
Main article: Esperantido
Though Esperanto itself has changed little since the publication of the Fundamento de Esperanto (Foundation of Esperanto), a number of reform projects have been proposed over the years, starting with Zamenhof's proposals in 1894 and Ido in 1907. Several later constructed languages, such as Universal, were based on Esperanto.
In modern times, attempts have been made to eliminate perceived sexism in the language. One example of this is Riism. However, as Esperanto has become a living language, changes are as difficult to implement as in ethnic languages.
Eponymous entities[link]
There are many geographical and astronomical features named after Esperanto, or after its creator L. L. Zamenhof. These include Esperanto Island in Zed Islands off Livingston Island,[96] and the asteroids 1421 Esperanto and 1462 Zamenhof discovered by Finnish astronomer and Esperantist Yrjö Väisälä.
See also[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Esperanto" article dated 2010-08-18, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Akademio de Esperanto
- Distributed Language Translation
- Comparison between Esperanto and Ido
- Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua
- Comparison between Esperanto and Novial
- Encyclopedia of Esperanto
- EoLA
- ESP-Disk
- Esperantic Studies Foundation
- Esperanto library
- Esperanto magazine
- Esperanto Wikipedia
- Esperantujo
- Indigenous Dialogues
- North American Summer Esperanto Institute
- Semajno de Kulturo Internacia
References[link]
- ^ Zasky, Jason (2009-07-20), "Discouraging Words", Failure Magazine, http://failuremag.com/index.php/feature/article/discouraging_words/, "But in terms of invented languages, it’s the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that’s a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers."
- ^ Overview of the spread of Esperanto speakers worldwide.
- ^ Official European CEFR papers in Esperanto.
- ^ Ranking of Wikipedias by number of articles Retrieved on 2011-10-04
- ^ a b "Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj (AIS) San-Marino". Ais-sanmarino.org. http://www.ais-sanmarino.org/. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ The letter is quoted in Esperanto: The New Latin for the Church and for Ecumenism, by Ulrich Matthias. Translation from Esperanto by Mike Leon and Maire Mullarney
- ^ "Esperanto". Ling.ohio-state.edu. 2003-01-25. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~hana/esr/. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Adolf Hitler (1924). "Mein Kampf". Volume 1, Chapter XI. http://www.hitler.org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv1ch11.html. Retrieved 2007-05-22. "As long as the Jew has not become the master of the other peoples, he must speak their languages whether he likes it or not, but as soon as they became his slaves, they would all have to learn a universal language (Esperanto, for instance!), so that by this additional means the Jews could more easily dominate them!"
- ^ "About ESW and the Holocaust Museum". Esperantodc.org. 1995-12-05. http://esperantodc.org/esw6.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b "Donald J. Harlow, The Esperanto Book, chapter 7". Donh.best.vwh.net. http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española, Toño del Barrio and Ulrich Lins. Paper for the International Congress on the Spanish Civil War, (Madrid, 27–29 November 2006).
- ^ The Languages of China by S. Robert Ramsey
- ^ Chaudhary, M. A.; Chaudhary, Gautam (2009). Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-8220-233-7.
- ^ "''The Maneuver Enemy'' website". Kafejo.com. 2004-06-02. http://www.kafejo.com/lingvoj/auxlangs/eo/maneuver/. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Unesco and Esperanto". Uea.org. 2010-06-08. http://www.uea.org/info/angle/an_ghisdatigo.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Blank, Detlev (1985). Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einführung ("International Planned Languages. An Introduction"). Akademie-Verlag. ISSN 0138-55 X.
- ^ Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto, §17, 22
- ^ EK
- ^ Maire Mullarney Everyone's Own Language, p147, Nitobe Press, Channel Islands, 1999
- ^ "Esperanto en universitatoj". Uea.Org. 2003-04-17. http://uea.org/agadoj/instruado/pirlot.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "enhavo". Web.archive.org. 2009-10-27. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027105835/http://geocities.com/bujdosoivan/tarte.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Elte Btk". Webcitation.org. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/bujdosoivan/okt.htm%233&date=2009-10-25+16:42:39. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ PLS 27/08 (Senate).
- ^ PL-6162/2009 (Chamber of Deputies).
- ^ Entidades manifestam apoio à proposta de incluir ensino de Esperanto na grade de disciplinas da rede pública (Portuguese) Agência Senado
- ^ "Is Esperanto four times easier to learn?". Esperanto-USA. http://esperanto-usa.org/?q=node/77. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Piron, Claude: "The hidden perverse effect of the current system of international communication", published lecture notes
- ^ Flochon, Bruno, 2000, « L'espéranto », in Gauthier, Guy (ed.) Langues: une guerre à mort, Panoramiques. 4e trim. 48: 89-95. Cited in François Grin, L'enseignement des langues étrangères comme politique publique (French)
- ^ "Springboard to Languages". Springboard2languages.org. http://www.springboard2languages.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Report: Article in Enciklopedio de Esperanto, volume I, p.436, on the pedagogic value of Esperanto.
- ^ Report: Christian Rudmick, The Wellesley College Danish-Esperanto experiment.
- ^ Report: Edward Thorndike, Language Learning. Bureau of Publications of Teachers College, 1933. Interlingua.org
- ^ Helen S. Eaton, "The Educational Value of an Artificial Language." The Modern Language Journal, #12, pp. 87-94 (1927). Blackwellpublishing.com
- ^ Protocols of the annual November meetings in Paderborn "Laborkonferencoj: Interlingvistiko en Scienco kaj Klerigo" (Working conference: Interlinguistics in Science and Education), which can be obtained from the Institute of Pedagogic Cybernetics in Paderborn. Also in the works by Frank, Lobin, Geisler, and Meder.
- ^ Study International Language (known as Esperanto) Commission, Interministerial Decree April 29/October 5, 1993, Italian ministry of public instruction.
- ^ Study Monash University EKPAROLI project home page
- ^ Williams, N. (1965) 'A language teaching experiment', Canadian Modern Language Review 22.1: 26-28
- ^ Andrew Norman. "home". Web.archive.org. http://web.archive.org/web/20040215074307/%68ttp://www.education.monash.edu.au/projects/esperanto/. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Byram, Michael (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge. p. 464. ISBN 0-415-33286-9.
- ^ a b Sikosek, Ziko M. Esperanto Sen Mitoj ("Esperanto without Myths"). Second edition. Antwerp: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 2003.
- ^ Ulrich Lins, 2008. "Esperanto as language and idea in China and Japan". In Language Problems and Language Planning, 32:1:47–60
- ^ a b "Ethnologue report for language code:epo". Ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=epo. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Afrika Agado". Pagesperso-orange.fr. http://pagesperso-orange.fr/eric.coffinet/Afrika_Agado.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Culbert, Sidney S. Three letters about his method for estimating the number of Esperanto speakers, scanned and HTMLized by David Wolff
- ^ "Number of Esperantists (methods)". Panix.com. http://www.panix.com/~dwolff/docs/culbert-methods.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Lindstedt, Jouko. "Re: Kiom?" (posting). DENASK-L@helsinki.fi, 22 April 1996.
- ^ An Update on Esperanto, Universala Esperanto-Asocio (World Esperanto Association)
- ^ "Popolnombradoj donas indikon pri la kvanto de esperantistoj — Libera Folio" (in (Esperanto)). Liberafolio.org. http://www.liberafolio.org/2009/popolnombradoj-donas-indikon-pri-la-kvanto-de-esperantistoj/. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Population by knowledge of languages". Nepszamlalas.hu. http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/2/load01_13_0.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Jouko Lindstedt (January 2006) (PDF). Native Esperanto as a Test Case for Natural Language. University of Helsinki – Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/sky/julkaisut/SKY2006_1/1FK60.1.5.LINDSTEDT.pdf.
- ^ Esperanto Koresponda Servo ("Esperanto Pen Pal Service"). Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ Ziko van Dijk. Sed homoj kun homoj: Universalaj Kongresoj de Esperanto 1905–2005. Rotterdam: UEA, 2005.
- ^ Szilvási László. "International Esperanto meetings". Eventoj.hu. http://www.eventoj.hu/. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Kaj Tiel Plu Esperanto folk music as downloadable MP3 file
- ^ Auld, William. La Fenomeno Esperanto ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988.
- ^ Peter Glover Forster (1982). The Esperanto Movement. Walter de Gruyter. p. 181. ISBN 978-90-279-3399-7.
- ^ "Esperanto" by Mark Feeney. The Boston Globe, 12 May 1999
- ^ "Kion Signifas Raŭmismo", by Giorgio Silfer.
- ^ "Prague Manifesto" (English version). Universala Esperanto-Asocio, updated 2003-03-26.
- ^ Esperanto flag, flagspot.net
- ^ "Esperanto flag: The jubilee symbol". Fotw.net. http://www.fotw.net/flags/qy-eo.html#jub. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Esperanto flag". Fotw.net. http://www.fotw.net/flags/qy-eo.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "James Connolly". Esperanto.ie. http://esperanto.ie/english/ireland/connolly.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- ^ "The Oomoto Esperanto portal". Oomoto.or.jp. http://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "The Baha'i Faith and Esperanto". Bahaa Esperanto-Ligo ( B.E.L. ). http://www.bahai.de/bahaaeligo/angla/englisch.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Zamenhof, Lidia". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 368. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ (Portuguese) O Espiritismo e o Esperanto (Spiritism and Esperanto)
- ^ "Uma só língua, uma só bandeira, um só pastor: Spiritism and Esperanto in Brazil by David Pardue" (PDF). University of Kansas Libraries. http://www.math.uu.se/esperanto/207pardue.pdf#search=%22esperanto%20%2Breligion%22. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ "La Sankta Biblio – "Londona text"". http://home.att.net/~el_sxadaj/kbiblio.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ Eric Walker (May 27, 2005). "Esperanto Lives On". The Friend.
- ^ Botten J. The Captive Conscience 2002 p.110 re. Esperanto speaking Christadelphians in Tsarist Russia.
- ^ "Internacia Biblio-Misio". Biblio-misio.org. http://www.biblio-misio.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Bayo Afolaranmi. "Spirita nutraĵo". http://groups.yahoo.com/group/spiritanutrajxo/. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ "Esperanto "This Was Your Life"". Chick.com. http://chick.com/reading/tracts/1370/1370_01.asp. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b "Esperanto – Have any governments opposed Esperanto?". Donald J. Harlow. http://www.webcom.com/~donh/efaq.html. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ "Esperanto in Iran (in Persian)". Porneniu. http://porneniu.wordpress.com/learn-esperanto/. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ "Esperanto.org". Esperanto.org. http://www.esperanto.org.nz/what_is_eo.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Christopherculver.com". Christopherculver.com. http://www.christopherculver.com/en/writings/esperanto.php. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ There have been a number of attempts to reform the language, the most well-known of which is the language Ido which resulted in a schism in the community at the time, beginning in 1907. See "Why Ido?" The International Language of Ido. 18 March 2008. 4 February 2009 Idolinguo.org.uk.
- ^ a b "Why Ido?" The International Language of Ido. 18 Mach 2008. 4 February 2009 Idolinguo.org.
- ^ Who, What, Why? (2008-07-16). "Bbc News". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7505820.stm. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Why Esperanto Is Different". New English Review. 2006-09-15. http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/9560/sec_id/9560. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Claude Piron, Linguistic Communication: A Comparative Field Study, studies about problems in learning languages
- ^ C.E. King, A.S. Bryntsev, F.D. Sohn, Report on the implications of additional languages in the United Nations system, Geneva: UN, Joint Inspection Unit, 1977, document A/32/237
- ^ a b "Is Esperanto's vocabulary bloated?". Rickharrison.com. http://www.rickharrison.com/language/bloated.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Lojban". Neptune.spaceports.com. 2004-03-01. http://neptune.spaceports.com/~words/lojban.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "What is Esperanto?". Langsuuage-learning-advisor.com. http://www.language-learning-advisor.com/what-is-esperanto.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b c "Critiche all'esperanto ed alle altre lingue internazionali". Parracomumangi.altervista.org. http://parracomumangi.altervista.org/domande.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Europe's Babylon[dead link]
- ^ La Bona Lingvo, Claude Piron. Vienna: Pro Esperanto, 1989. La lingvo volas eleganti, ne elefanti. "The language wants to be elegant, not elephantine."
- ^ "Ĉi-tiu Esperanto estus turka...", Renato Corsetti. 2007.
- ^ 'Seksaj vortoj', Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko
- ^ Camacho, Jorge. Sur la linio. Rakontoj kaj noveloj de Georgo Kamaĉo. Enkonduko de Fernando de Diego. – Berkeley : Eldonejo Bero, 1991.
- ^ Claude Piron cites and replies to several such criticisms in his Le Défi des Langues (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994).
- ^ Laŭ la komuna opinio de gvidaj fakuloj de la Instituto, Esperanto apartenas al la kategorio de vivaj lingvoj. Pli detale traktante la temon, konsiderante la historion kaj la nunan staton de Esperanto, a.) ĝi estas grandmezure normigita, b.) amplekse sociiĝinta, c.) ne-etna viva lingvo, kiu en sekundara lingva komunumo plenumas ĉiujn eblajn lingvajn funkciojn, kaj samtempe ĝi funkcias kiel pera lingvo. – Ĉi supre diritaj respegulas la sciencan starpunkton de nia Instituto. "Malgranda fina venko". El Hungario
- ^ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Esperanto Island
Further reading[link]
- Emily van Someren. Republication of the thesis 'The EU Language Regime, Lingual and Translational Problems'.
- Ludovikologia dokumentaro I Tokyo: Ludovikito, 1991. Facsimile reprints of the Unua Libro in Russian, Polish, French, German, English and Swedish, with the earliest Esperanto dictionaries for those languages.
- Fundamento de Esperanto. HTML reprint of 1905 Fundamento, from the Academy of Esperanto.
- Esperanto Lessons. Including the alphabet, adjectives, nouns, plural, gender, numbers, phrases, grammar, vocabulary, verbs, exam, audio, and translation.
- Auld, William. La Fenomeno Esperanto ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988.
- Butler, Montagu C. Step by Step in Esperanto. ELNA 1965/1991. ISBN 0-939785-01-3.
- DeSoto, Clinton (1936). 200 Meters and Down. West Hartford, Connecticut, US: American Radio Relay League, p. 92.
- Crystal, Professor David, article "Esperanto" in The New Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, 2002.
- ditto, How Language Works (pages 424-5), Penguin Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-101552-1.
- Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: EsperantoPDF (25.4 KB). Evertype, 2001.
- Forster, Peter G. The Esperanto Movement. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1982. ISBN 90-279-3399-5.
- Gledhill, Christopher. http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/sitespersonnels/gledhill/Esperanto_a_corpus-based_description_GLEDHILL.pdf The Grammar of Esperanto: A Corpus-Based Description.] Second edition. Lincom Europa, 2000. ISBN 3-89586-961-9.
- Harlow, Don. The Esperanto Book. Self-published on the web (1995–96).
- Okrent, Arika. In the Land of Invented Languages.
- Wells, John. Lingvistikaj aspektoj de Esperanto ("Linguistic aspects of Esperanto"). Second edition. Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1989.
- Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus, Dr. Esperanto's International Language: Introduction & Complete Grammar The original 1887 Unua Libro, English translation by Richard H. Geoghegan; HTML online version 2006. Print edition (2007) also available from ELNA or UEA.
External links[link]
 |
Look up Esperanto in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Esperanto edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| Find more about Esperanto on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Esperanto at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- Esperanto at the Open Directory Project
- UEA.org - Website of the World Esperanto Association
|
|||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Esperanto
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Эсперанто
http://es.wn.com/Esperanto
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people with the same name, see Zamenhof (disambiguation).
| Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Leyzer Leyvi Zamengov (1859-12-15)December 15, 1859 Białystok, Russian Empire |
| Died | April 14, 1917(1917-04-14) (aged 57) Warsaw, Poland |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Ethnicity | Jewish |
| Citizenship |  Russian Empire |
| Known for | Devising Esperanto |
|
|
|---|
|
|
|
Related topics
|
|
Wikimedia
|
Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof ( /ˈzɑːmɨnhɒf/; born Leyzer Leyvi Zamengov;[1] December 15, 1859 – April 14, 1917) is the creator of Esperanto, the most successful constructed language designed for international communication.
Contents |
Cultural background[link]
Zamenhof was born on December 15 (December 3 OS), 1859 in the town of Białystok in the Russian Empire (now part of Poland). He considered his native language to be his father's Russian,[2] but he also spoke his mother's Yiddish natively;[3] as he grew older, he spoke more Polish, and that became the native language of his children. His father was a teacher of German, and he also spoke that language fluently, though not as comfortably as Yiddish[dubious – discuss]. Later he learned French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and English, and had an interest in Italian, Spanish and Lithuanian.
In addition to the Yiddish-speaking Jewish majority, the population of Białystok was made up of three other ethnic groups: Poles, Germans, and Belarusians. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of one common language. If such a language existed, Zamenhof postulated, it could play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.
Work for an international language[link]
As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof made attempts to create some kind of international language with a grammar that was very rich, but also very complex. When he later studied English, he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar. Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his linguistics attempts were also aided by his mastering of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.[4]
By 1878, his project Lingwe uniwersala was almost finished. However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work. Soon after graduation from school he began to study medicine, first in Moscow, and later in Warsaw. In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from a university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai and after 1886 as an ophthalmologist in Płock and Vienna. While healing people there he continued to work on his project of an international language.
For two years he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled Lingvo internacia: Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro (International language: Foreword and complete textbook) was published in Russian[5] under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto" (Doctor Hopeful), from which the name of the language derives. For Zamenhof this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way of promoting the peaceful coexistence of different people and cultures.
Work on Yiddish language and Jewish issues[link]
In 1879, Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of the Yiddish language, which he published in part years later in the Yiddish magazine Lebn un visnshaft.[6] The complete original Russian text of this manuscript with parallel Esperanto translation was only published in 1982 (translated by Adolf Holzhaus in L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo, Helsinki, p. 9-36). In this work, not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar, but also proposes its transition to the Latin script and other orthographic innovations. In the same period, Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p. 50 in the above-cited book).
In 1882, a wave of pogroms in the Russian empire motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the Hibbat Zion.[7] He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title Hillelism, in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people.[7]
In 1914, he politely declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA. In his letter to the organizers, he said: "I am profoundly convinced that every nationalism offers humanity only the greatest unhappiness... It is true that the nationalism of oppressed peoples – as a natural self-defensive reaction – is much more excusable than the nationalism of peoples who oppress; but, if the nationalism of the strong is ignoble, the nationalism of the weak is imprudent; both give birth to and support each other..."[7]
Among the many works Zamenhof translated into Esperanto is the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.
Zamenhof died in Warsaw on April 14, 1917, and is buried in the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery in that city.
Religious philosophy[link]
Main article: Homaranismo
Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called Homaranismo (loosely translated as humanitarianism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder.
Children[link]
Zamenhof and his wife Klara raised three children, a son, Adam, and two daughters, Sofia and Lidia. All three died in the Holocaust.[8]
Lidia Zamenhof in particular took a keen interest in Esperanto, and as an adult became a teacher of the language, traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it. Through her friendship with Martha Root, Lidia accepted Bahá’u’lláh and became a member of the Bahá’í faith. As one of its social principles, the Bahá’í faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations.
Name discrepancy[link]
Zamenhof's parents gave him the Hebrew name Eliezer, which appeared on his birth certificate in its Yiddish form Leyzer. In his adolescence he used both Leyzer and the Russian equivalent Lazar (the form Lazarus is often used in English texts). In some Russian documents Lazar was followed by the patronymic Markovich.
While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name Lyudovik (often transcribed Ludovic; in English the form Ludwig is also used) in place of Lazar. When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name "Dr L. Zamenhof",[9] Ludwik reclaimed his birth name Lazar and from 1901 signed his name "Dr L. L. Zamenhof". The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order Ludwik Lazar is a modern convention.
Zamenhof may have chosen the name Ludwik in honor of Francis Lodwick (or Lodowyck), who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal.[10]
His family name was originally written Samenhof, in German orthography; the spelling Zamenhof reflects the romanization of the Yiddish spelling זאַמענהאָף, as well as the Esperanto and Polish spellings.
Honours and namesakes[link]
In 1910, Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament (including James O'Grady, Philip Snowden) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole.[11] (The Prize was instead awarded to the International Peace Bureau.) On the occasion of the 5th Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.[12]
The minor planet 1462 Zamenhof is named in his honor. It was discovered on February 6, 1938, by Yrjö Väisälä. Also, hundreds of city streets, parks, and bridges worldwide have been named after Zamenhof.[13] In Lithuania, the best-known Zamenhof Street is in Kaunas, where he lived and owned a house for some time. There are others in England, France, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain (mostly in Catalonia), Italy, Israel, and Brazil. There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil, and a Zamenhof Island in the Danube River.[14]
In some Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer (a variant of which, El'azar, is the origin of Lazarus). Zamenhof is honored as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers. Also, a genus of lichen has been named Zamenhofia rosei in his honour.[15]
His birthday, December 15, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto. On December 15, 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google search web page, in a commemorative Google Doodle to mark Zamenhof's 150th birthday.[16]
The house of the Zamenhof family, dedicated to Ludwik Zamenhof and the Białystok Esperanto Centre, are sites of the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.[17]
See also[link]
- The Life of Zamenhof
- The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre in Białystok
- 1462 Zamenhof, a minor planet named in Zamenhof's honour
- 1421 Esperanto, another minor planet, similarly named
Notes[link]
- ^ Birth Certificate N 47: "Leyzer Zamengov, son of Mordkha Fayvelovich Zamengov and Liba Sholemovna Sofer"
- ^ In a letter to a Th. Thorsteinsson dated 1901 March 08 he wrote, Mia gepatra lingvo estas la rusa; sed nun mi parolas pli pole... "My mother tongue is Russian, but now I speak more Polish..." See also his biographers A. Zakrzewski and E. Wiesenfeld.
- ^ Claude Piron (1984). "Kontribuaĵo al la studo pri la influoj de la jida sur Esperanton". Jewish Language Review 4. http://user.in-berlin.de/~maxnet/esperanto/piron/jida.htm.
- ^ Holzhaus, Adolf: Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto. Helsinki : Fondumo Esperanto. 1969
- ^ Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (Elsevier, 2009: ISBN 0-08-087774-5), p. 375.
- ^ Vilnius, 1909; see Esperanto translation as Pri jida gramatiko kaj reformo en la jida in Hebreo el la geto: De cionismo al hilelismo, Eldonejo Ludovikito, vol. 5, 1976
- ^ a b c N. Z. Maimon (May–June 1958). "La cionista periodo en la vivo de Zamenhof". Nica Literatura Revuo (3/5): 165–177. http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/Literaturo/Revuoj/nlr/nlr35/cionistau.html.
- ^ Hoffmann, Frank W.; William G. Bailey (1992). Mind & Society Fads. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56024-178-0. , p. 116: "Between world wars, Esperanto fared worse and, sadly, became embroiled in political power moves. Adolf Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that the spread of Esperanto throughout Europe was a Jewish plot to break down national differences so that Jews could assume positions of authority.... After the Nazis' successful Blitzkrieg of Poland, the Warsaw Gestapo received orders to 'take care' of the Zamenhof family.... Zamenhof's son was shot... his two daughters were put in Treblinka death camp."
- ^ Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska Mariola, Musiatowicz Marcin, Sulkowski Stanislaw (Jun. 2009). "Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof--brother of Dr. Esperanto". American journal of audiology (United States) 18 (1): 3–6. DOI:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0002). ISSN 1059-0889. PMID 18978199.
- ^ Umberto Eco & James Fentress (September 9, 1995). The Search for the Perfect Language. Blackwell Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 0-631-17465-6.
- ^ Nobel Prize nomnination database
- ^ Olaizola, Borja. "Chatear en Esperanto, vigésimo idioma del mundo más usado en la red." El Correo. 30/03/2011.
- ^ See the list of Zamenhof/Esperanto Objects on the Wikipedia in Esperanto
- ^ Hommages au Dr Zamenhof, à l’espéranto et à ses pionniers.
- ^ Zamenhofia rosei: Francis' lichen. Range, habitat, biology.
- ^ Google logos 4thQ'09 archive page. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok accessed July 25, 2009.
References[link]
- Elwood, Ann (1975). "Toward a Universal Language". The Peoples Almanac. Garden City NY: Doubleday and Company. ISBN 0-385-04060-1.
- Le Petit Robert: 'Zamenhof'. Paris; Montréal: Dictionnaires Le Robert, 1990. ISBN 2-85036-074-0.
- Schmadel, Lutz D (1993). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (2 ed.). Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-66292-8.
- Wincewicz, A; M. Sulkowska; S. Sulkowski (2007). "To heal the mind's eye of hate--Dr. Ludwik Zamenhof" (PDF). Isr Med Assoc J 9 (5): 352–4. PMID 17591370. http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar07may-2.pdf.
- Korĵenkov, Aleksander (2009). Homarano : La vivo, verkoj kaj ideoj de d-ro L.L.Zamenhof (1 ed.). Kaliningrad; Kaunas: Sezonoj; Litova Esperanto-Asocio. pp. 320. ISBN 978-609-95087-0-2.
External links[link]
| Find more about L. L. Zamenhof on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
|
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
|
Images and media from Commons |
|
Quotations from Wikiquote |
|
Source texts from Wikisource |
- Zamenhof, Esperanto's founder (in English) on lernu!, an Esperanto study portal
- Zamenhof: The Life, Works, and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto by Aleksandr Korzhenkov – a 53 pages scholarly text abridged from a 2009 book (in English)
- Works by L. L. Zamenhof at Project Gutenberg (in Esperanto)
- ZAMENHOF, LAZARUS LUDWIG by Joseph Jacobs, Isidore Harris. Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
- L.L. Zamenhof and the Shadow People by Esther Schor, The New Republic, December 30, 2009
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zamenhof, Ludvic Lazarus |
| Alternative names | Ludwik Lejzer, Ludwik Łazarz |
| Short description | Inventor of Esperanto |
| Date of birth | (1859-12-15)December 15, 1859 |
| Place of birth | Białystok, Russian Empire (now Poland) |
| Date of death | April 14, 1917(1917-04-14) |
| Place of death | Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland |
http://wn.com/L._L._Zamenhof
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь
http://es.wn.com/L. L. Zamenhof
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
3:23
Stephen Kellogg & the Sixers - Shady Esperanto and the Young Hearts
SK6ERSOfficial
Stephen Kellogg & the Sixers - Shady Esperanto and the Young Hearts
"Shady Esperanto and the Young Hearts" from the album 'The Bear'. Directed by SK6ERS drummer Boots Factor and filmed in 4 hours with the help of 400 of our new best friends from alma matter Umass... (Music and Lyrics by Stephen Kellogg)
2:25
Megaman Zero 4 - Area Zero (Opening Stage 2)
HJKLMGPU
Megaman Zero 4 - Area Zero (Opening Stage 2)
This song is a little sad, but it gives sign of Natural life. Apparently, this is the place where the space colony Eurasia crashed The Opening Stage 2 of MMZ 4 blue-bomber.jvmwriter.org Megaman Zero and all other copyrighted and Registered Material is property of their respectful owners(Capcom,etc.)
4:58
Zippy the Zebra: Learn Esperanto with subtitles - Story for Children "BookBox.com"
bookboxinc
Zippy the Zebra: Learn Esperanto with subtitles - Story for Children "BookBox.com"
Zippy the Zebra, is totally bugged with fleas. Find out how Zippy gets rid of these fleas with the help of his new friends. For more stories and more languages visit: www.bookbox.com itunes.apple.com
1:48
Learn (No) Esperanto with Professoro Esperanto!
clockoutx
Learn (No) Esperanto with Professoro Esperanto!
July 25,2009: I've changed the video title to accurately reflect the content. March 21, 2007: It's been a year since I've uploaded this, and it surprises me how folks take the video seriously. o_0 ---------------------------- This is a short made by classmates and I for an honors class over two years ago. The project was supposedly on a "failed idea." We did it on Esperanto. It's up to you to determine whether or not Esperanto is a failed idea. We wanted to make something absurd and get an obscenely good grade for it. The idea of having sock puppets spout gibberish in Esperanto executed that goal perfectly. And we got away with more than I imagined for that project. The internet is no longer safe from it.
13:19
Esperanto video: Interview with a Buddhist monk and tour of monastery / Budhista monaĥa intervjuo
irishpolyglot
Esperanto video: Interview with a Buddhist monk and tour of monastery / Budhista monaĥa intervjuo
More details: fi3m.com Click "CC" to enable subtitles in English or original Esperanto. While travelling in China, I made it to the Silk Road just outside of Xi'an and was invited to get a tour of a monastery given by a local monk. He also happens to be an Esperanto speaker, so we did the video entirely in that language! Huge thanks to Goŝka for transcribing the entire video to Esperanto for me, and to Chuck Smith for double checking and copying it to a subtitle file.
show more
add to playlist
clear
