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Ehud Barak
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![Hellenic Army - Israel's Ehud Barak Visit [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120722044427im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/zKpAlbbBeQE/0.jpg "Israeli Deputy PM Ehud Barak on Greek visit, 10 Jan 2012. Defence Minister Dimitris Avramopoulos met on Tuesday with Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Ehud Barak, and discussed bilateral cooperation in the defence sector. The talks between the two ministers were held in a \"good climate\", and the political framework was set out for further cooperation between Greece and Israel in the defence sector. In statements to the press afterwards, Avramopoulos described Barak's visit to Athens as \"important\", as it reaffirmed the strengthening of relations between the two eastern Mediterranean relations in the backdrop of a fastly changing region. \"Our choice and commitment is a deepening of cooperation,\" Avramopoulos said, noting that the consolidation of bilateral relations had been late in coming. www.athensnews.gr")
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Ehud Olmert (, , born 30 September 1945) is an Israeli political figure, and former Prime Minister of Israel having served from 2006 to 2009. Olmert was the mayor of Jerusalem from 1993 to 2003. In 2003 he was elected to the Knesset and became a minister and Acting Prime Minister in the government of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. On 4 January 2006, after Sharon suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke, Olmert began exercising the powers of the office of Prime Minister. Olmert led Kadima to a victory in the March 2006 elections (just two months after Sharon had suffered his stroke) and continued on as Acting Prime Minister. On 14 April, two weeks after the election, Sharon was declared permanently incapacitated, allowing Olmert to legally become Interim Prime Minister. Less than a month later, on 4 May, Olmert and his new, post-election government were approved by the Knesset, thus Olmert officially became Prime Minister of Israel.
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Golda Meir
http://wn.com/Golda_Meir -
Haim Amsalem
http://wn.com/Haim_Amsalem -
Haim Bar-Lev
Haim "Kidoni" Bar-Lev (, 16 November 1924 - 7 May 1994) was a military officer during Israel's pre-state and early statehood eras and later a government minister.
http://wn.com/Haim_Bar-Lev -
Haim Gvati
Haim Gvati (, born 29 January 1901, died 19 October 1990) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician. He held several ministerial portfolios, and served as Minister of Agriculture between 1964 and 1974.
http://wn.com/Haim_Gvati -
Haim Katz
Haim Katz (, born 21 December 1947) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Likud.
http://wn.com/Haim_Katz -
Haim Oron
Haim "Jumas" Oron (, born 26 March 1940) is an Israeli politician and former Minister of Agriculture. He is currently head of the political party New Movement-Meretz, for whom he serves as a member of the Knesset.
http://wn.com/Haim_Oron -
Haim Ramon
Haim Ramon (, born 10 April 1950) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1983 and 2009, and as both Vice Prime Minister and Minister in the Prime Minister's Office with responsibility for state policy.
http://wn.com/Haim_Ramon -
Haim Yosef Zadok
Haim Yosef Zadok (, born Haim Wilkenfeld on 2 October 1913, died 15 August 2002) was an Israeli jurist and politician.
http://wn.com/Haim_Yosef_Zadok -
Haim-Moshe Shapira
http://wn.com/Haim-Moshe_Shapira -
Hana Sweid
Dr. Hana Sweid (, , also spelt Hanna Swaid, born 27 March 1955) is an Israeli Arab politician and member of the Knesset for Hadash.
http://wn.com/Hana_Sweid -
Ibrahim Sarsur
Sheikh Ibrahim Sarsur (, , born 2 February 1959) is an Israeli Arab politician and member of the Knesset for the United Arab List, of which he is the party leader.
http://wn.com/Ibrahim_Sarsur -
Ilan Shalgi
Ilan Shalgi (, born 13 July 1945) is an Israeli lawyer, politician and a former member of the Knesset.
http://wn.com/Ilan_Shalgi -
Isaac Herzog
Isaac "Buji" Herzog (, born 22 September 1960) is an Israeli politician and lawyer. He currently serves in the Knesset on behalf of the Labor Party as Minister of Welfare & Social Services and Minister of the Diaspora, Society, and the Fight Against Antisemitism. He was previously Minister of Housing and Building and Minister of Tourism.
http://wn.com/Isaac_Herzog -
Israel Rokach
http://wn.com/Israel_Rokach -
Isser Be'eri
'''Isser Be'eri''' (, born 1901, died January 1958) was the director of the Haganah Intelligence Service in Israel and was responsible for helping to reorganise Israeli intelligence services in 1948, as well as knowingly ordering the execution of an innocent man, Meir Tobianski. He was the founding director of the Israeli Intelligence Department (between 1948 and 1949) which later became the Military Intelligence Directorate.
http://wn.com/Isser_Be'eri -
Jamal Zahalka
Dr Jamal Zahalka (, , born 11 January 1955) is an Israeli Arab who serves as a member of the Knesset representing the Balad party. He is a Balad party leader.
http://wn.com/Jamal_Zahalka -
Kadish Luz
Kadish Luz (, born Kadish Luzinski on 10 January 1895, died 4 December 1972) was an Israeli politician who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1955 and 1959 and Speaker of the Knesset from 1959 and 1969.
http://wn.com/Kadish_Luz -
Karmel Shama
Karmel Shama (, born 16 August 1973) is an Israeli lawyer and politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud.
http://wn.com/Karmel_Shama -
Lea Nass
Dr Lea Nass-Arden (, born 27 December 1961) is an Israeli politician who currently serves a member of the Knesset for Likud and as Deputy Minister of Pensioner Affairs.
http://wn.com/Lea_Nass -
Lia Shemtov
Lia Shemtov (, born 25 May 1958) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu.
http://wn.com/Lia_Shemtov -
Majalli Wahabi
Majalli Wahabi (, , also spelt Majalli Whbee, born 12 February 1954) is an Israeli Druze politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima. He holds the positions of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Speaker of the Knesset, and briefly became Israel's Acting President due to Moshe Katzav's leave of absence and Dalia Itzik's trip abroad in February 2007, making him the first non-Jew to act as Israel's head of state.
http://wn.com/Majalli_Wahabi -
Manohla Dargis
Manohla Dargis (born April 1961) is a chief film critic for The New York Times, along with A.O. Scott. She was formerly a film writer at The Village Voice, the film critic for the Los Angeles Times, and the editor of the film section at LA Weekly. She has written for a variety of publications, including Film Comment and Sight and Sound.
http://wn.com/Manohla_Dargis -
Marina Solodkin
Dr Marina Solodkin (, born 31 May 1952) is a Russian-Israeli politician and a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Marina_Solodkin -
Matan Vilnai
Matan Vilnai (, born 20 May 1944) is an Israeli politician and a former Major General in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). He is currently Deputy Defense Minister and a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.
http://wn.com/Matan_Vilnai -
Meir Amit
Meir Amit (, 17 March 1921 – 17 July 2009) was an Israeli politician and general. He served as Director of the Mossad from 1963 to 1968 before entering politics and holding two ministerial positions.
http://wn.com/Meir_Amit -
Meir Sheetrit
Meir Sheetrit (, born 10 October 1948) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima. He previously served as the country's Minister of the Interior.
http://wn.com/Meir_Sheetrit -
Menachem Begin
http://wn.com/Menachem_Begin -
Meshulam Nahari
Rabbi Meshulam Nahari (, born 7 May 1951) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for the ultra-orthodox party Shas. He is a Minister without Portfolio serving in the Finance Ministry in the current government.
http://wn.com/Meshulam_Nahari -
Michael Eitan
Michael Eitan (, born 3 June 1944) is an Israeli politician, Minister of Improvement of Government Services and member of the Knesset for Likud. He served as Minister of Science & Technology between July 1997 and July 1998. Alongside Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Eitan is the joint longest-serving MK, and as such was appointed temporary Knesset speaker following the Israeli legislative election, 2009. He was succeeded as Knesset Speaker by fellow Likud MK Reuven Rivlin on 30 March 2009. On 1 April 2009 he assumed office as Minister of Improvement of Government Services in the government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
http://wn.com/Michael_Eitan -
Michael Harish
Michael Harish (, born 28 November 1936) is a former Israeli politician who served as Minister of Industry and Trade between 1992 and 1996.
http://wn.com/Michael_Harish -
Miri Regev
Miriam "Miri" Regev (, born 26 May 1965) is an Israeli politician and former army officer. She currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud, having previously worked as the IDF Spokeswoman.
http://wn.com/Miri_Regev -
Mohammad Barakeh
Mohammad Barakeh (; , born 29 July 1955) is an Israeli Arab politician and member of the Knesset for Hadash, of which he is the General Secretary.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Barakeh -
Mordechai Maklef
Mordechai (Motke) Maklef (or Makleff) (; 1920-1978) was the third Chief of Staff of the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) and later, director-general of many important public companies in the Israeli economy.
http://wn.com/Mordechai_Maklef -
Moshe Arens
Moshe Arens (, born 27 December 1925) is an Israeli aeronautical engineer, researcher and former diplomat and politician. A member of the Knesset between 1973 and 1992 and again from 1999 until 2003, he served as Minister of Defense three times and once as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Arens has also served as the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. and was professor at the Technion in Haifa.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Arens -
Moshe Dayan
http://wn.com/Moshe_Dayan -
Moshe Gafni
Moshe Gafni (, born 5 May 1952) is an Israeli politician and Member of the Knesset for the ultra-orthodox party Degel HaTorah.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Gafni -
Moshe Kahlon
Moshe Kahlon (, born 19 November 1960) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud and as Minister of Communications .
http://wn.com/Moshe_Kahlon -
Moshe Kaplinsky
http://wn.com/Moshe_Kaplinsky -
Moshe Katsav
http://wn.com/Moshe_Katsav -
Moshe Kol
Moshe Kol (, born Moshe Kolodny on 28 May 1911, died 7 July 1989) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Kol -
Moshe Nissim
Moshe Nissim (, born 10 April 1935) is a former Israeli politician, minister and Deputy Prime Minister.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Nissim -
Moshe Sharett
http://wn.com/Moshe_Sharett -
Moshe Ya'alon
'''Moshe "Bogie" Ya'alon (; born Moshe Smilansky''' on 24 June 1950) is an Israeli politician and former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces. He currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud, as well as the country's Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Strategic Affairs.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Ya'alon -
Natan Peled
Natan Peled (, born 3 June 1913, died 8 January 1992) was an Israeli politician who served as Minister of Immigrant Absorption from 1970 until 1974.
http://wn.com/Natan_Peled -
Natan Sharansky
Natan Sharansky (born 1948) (, (, ) is a former Soviet refusenik and prisoner, Israeli politician, human rights activist and author.
http://wn.com/Natan_Sharansky -
Nino Abesadze
http://wn.com/Nino_Abesadze -
Nissim Ze'ev
Nissim Zeev (, born 9 September 1951) is an Israeli politician who has served as a member of Knesset for Shas since 1999.
http://wn.com/Nissim_Ze'ev -
Nitzan Horowitz
Nitzan Horowitz (; born 24 February 1965) is an Israeli journalist and politician. He was the Foreign Affairs commentator and head of the International desk at News 10, the news division of Channel 10, before being elected to the Knesset on the New Movement-Meretz list in 2009. He is also gay.
http://wn.com/Nitzan_Horowitz -
Ophir Pines-Paz
Ophir Pines-Paz (, born 11 July 1961) is an Israeli former politician who served as Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Science, Culture & Sport and as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party from 1996 until 2010.
http://wn.com/Ophir_Pines-Paz -
Orit Noked
Orit Noked (, born 25 October 1952) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.
http://wn.com/Orit_Noked -
Otniel Schneller
Otniel Schneller (, born 28 January 1952) is an Israeli politician and a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Otniel_Schneller -
Peretz Bernstein
Peretz Bernstein (, born Shlomo Fritz Bernstein on 12 June 1890, died 21 March 1971) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence.
http://wn.com/Peretz_Bernstein -
Peretz Naftali
Peretz Naftali (, born 'Fritz Naftali, 19 March 1888 – 30 April 1961) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician who served in several ministerial portfolios in the 1950s.
http://wn.com/Peretz_Naftali -
Pesah Grupper
Pesah Grupper (, born 21 August 1924) is a former Israeli politician who served as Minister of Agriculture between October 1983 and September 1984.
http://wn.com/Pesah_Grupper -
Pinchas Sapir
http://wn.com/Pinchas_Sapir -
Pinhas Lavon
http://wn.com/Pinhas_Lavon -
Rachel Adato
Dr Rachel Adato-Levy (, born 21 June 1947) is an Israeli gynaecologist, lawyer and politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Rachel_Adato -
Rafael Eitan
Rafael "Raful" Eitan (, born 11 January 1929 - 23 November 2004) was an Israeli general, former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces and later a politician, a Knesset member government minister. Born in Afula during the Mandate era, Eitan was raised in Tel Adashim, where he spent most of his life.
http://wn.com/Rafael_Eitan -
Raleb Majadele
Raleb Majadele (, , also spelt Ghaleb Majadele, born 5 April 1953) is an Israeli Arab politician. A member of the Knesset for the Labor Party, he became the country's first Muslim minister when appointed Minister without Portfolio on 28 January 2007.
http://wn.com/Raleb_Majadele -
Ran Cohen
Ran Cohen (, born 20 June 1937) is an Israeli politician and former Knesset member for Meretz-Yachad. He is a resident of Mevaseret Zion and married with four children.
http://wn.com/Ran_Cohen -
Rehavam Ze'evi
(, born 20 June 1926, died 17 October 2001) was an Israeli general, politician and historian who founded the right-wing nationalist Moledet party. He was assassinated by Hamdi Quran of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), becoming the only Israeli politician to be assassinated during the Second intifada. Ze'evi advocated transfer of Palestinians from the West Bank and his views were occasionally described as racist. His party Moledet never achieved more than 3 members of Parliament and rarely participated in the government
http://wn.com/Rehavam_Ze'evi -
Reuven Rivlin
Reuven "Rubi" Rivlin (, born 9 September 1939) is an Israeli lawyer, politician, currently serving as a speaker of the Knesset. He belongs to conservative Likud. A former Speaker of the Knesset, in 2007 he ran in the election for President as the Likud candidate. He withdrew after the first round of voting when it became clear that Kadima MK Shimon Peres had sufficiently broad support to inevitably win in a run-off.
http://wn.com/Reuven_Rivlin -
Robert Ilatov
Robert Ilatov (, born 12 November 1971) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu.
http://wn.com/Robert_Ilatov -
Robert Tiviaev
Robert Tiviaev (, born 22 June 1961) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Robert_Tiviaev -
Roni Bar-On
Roni Bar-On (, born 2 June 1948) is an Israeli politician and lawyer. He currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima and is a former Minister of Finance.
http://wn.com/Roni_Bar-On -
Ronit Tirosh
Ronit Tirosh (, born 8 December 1953) is an Israeli politician and a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Ronit_Tirosh -
Ruhama Avraham
Ruhama Avraham Balila (, born 29 January 1964) is an Israeli politician. A member of the Knesset for Kadima, she has previously served as Minister of Tourism and Minister without Portfolio responsible for liaison with the Knesset.
http://wn.com/Ruhama_Avraham -
Said Nafa
Said Nafa (, , also Said Naffaa, born 4 January 1953) is an Israeli Druze politician and lawyer. He is a member of the Knesset for the Arab party, Balad.
http://wn.com/Said_Nafa -
Shachiv Shnaan
Shachiv Shnaan (; , born 20 June 1960) is an Israeli politician. He served as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party between 2008 and 2009.
http://wn.com/Shachiv_Shnaan -
Shai Hermesh
Shai Hermesh (, born 23 March 1944) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Shai_Hermesh -
Shalom Simhon
Shalom Simhon (, born 7 December 1956) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party. He currently serves as the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Israeli cabinet.
http://wn.com/Shalom_Simhon -
Shaul Mofaz
(, , born 4 November 1948) is an Israeli politician and former soldier who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima. He formerly served as former Minister of Defense, Minister of Transportation and as the 16th Chief of the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
http://wn.com/Shaul_Mofaz -
Shelly Yachimovich
Shelly Yachimovich (, born 28 March 1960) is an Israeli journalist, politician, who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.
http://wn.com/Shelly_Yachimovich -
Shimon Peres
, GCMG (, born Szymon Perski; 2 August 1923) is the ninth and current President of the State of Israel. Peres served twice as the eighth Prime Minister of Israel and once as Interim Prime Minister, and has been a member of 12 cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President.
http://wn.com/Shimon_Peres -
Shimon Sheetrit
Prof. Shimon Shetreet (, born 1 March 1946) is a former Israeli politician who held several ministerial portfolios between 1992 and 1996.
http://wn.com/Shimon_Sheetrit -
Shlomo Ben-Ami
Prof. Shlomo Ben-Ami (, born 17 July 1943) is a former Israeli diplomat, politician and historian.
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Ben-Ami -
Shlomo Gazit
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Gazit -
Shlomo Hillel
Shlomo Hillel (, born 23 April 1923) is an Iraqi-born Israeli diplomat and politician who served as Speaker of the Knesset, Minister of Police and Minister of Internal Affairs. He was also an ambassador to several countries in Africa.
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Hillel -
Shlomo Molla
Shlomo Molla (, born 21 November 1965) is an Israeli politician who has served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima since February 2008.
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Molla -
Shlomo Rosen
Shlomo Rosen (, born 21 June 1905, died 7 December 1985) was an Israeli politician and minister.
http://wn.com/Shlomo_Rosen -
Shulamit Aloni
Shulamit Aloni (, born 29 November 1928) is an Israeli politician and left-wing activist. She is a prominent member of the Israeli peace camp, founded the Ratz party and was leader of the Meretz party and served as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993.
http://wn.com/Shulamit_Aloni -
Silvan Shalom
( (officially Tzion Silvan Moshe Shalom), born 4 October 1958) is an Israeli politician, member of the Knesset for Likud and the country's Vice Prime Minister and Minister for Regional Development. He previously served as the country's Foreign Minister and Finance Minister.
http://wn.com/Silvan_Shalom -
Simha Erlich
http://wn.com/Simha_Erlich -
Sofa Landver
Sofa Landver (, born 28 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu and as the country's Minister of Immigrant Absorption.
http://wn.com/Sofa_Landver -
Stas Misezhnikov
Stas Misezhnikov (; , born 28 February 1969) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu and as the country's Minister of Tourism.
http://wn.com/Stas_Misezhnikov -
Taleb el-Sana
Taleb el-Sana (, , born 25 December 1960, sometimes spelled Talab al-Sana or variations thereof) is an Israeli politician and lawyer, and is currently the longest serving Arab Member of the Knesset.
http://wn.com/Taleb_el-Sana -
Tzipi Livni
Tzipora Malka "Tzipi" Livni (, born 8 July 1958) is an Israeli politician, the current Israeli Opposition Leader and leader of Kadima, the largest party in the Knesset. Raised an ardent nationalist, Livni has become one of her nation's leading voices for the two-state solution. In Israel she has earned a reputation as honest, clean, and sticking to her principles. She is the first woman to be leader of the opposition in Israel.
http://wn.com/Tzipi_Livni -
Uri Ariel
Uri Yehuda Ariel (, born 22 December 1952) is an Israeli politician who current serves as a member of the Knesset for the National Union.
http://wn.com/Uri_Ariel -
Uri Maklev
Rabbi Yisrael Meir Uri Maklev (, born 10 January 1957) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for the Haredi party Degel HaTorah, which together with Agudat Yisrael forms the United Torah Judaism list.
http://wn.com/Uri_Maklev -
Uri Sagi
Uri Sagi (; born 1943) was an Israeli general (retired) who held several prominent posts including command of the Golani Brigade, of Israel's Northern Command, and the IDF Military Intelligence Directorate.
http://wn.com/Uri_Sagi -
Uzi Baram
Uzi Baram (, born 6 April 1937) is an Israeli former politician, who served as a member of the Knesset between 1977 and 2001, and was Minister of Tourism and Minister of Internal Affairs in the 1990s.
http://wn.com/Uzi_Baram -
Uzi Dayan
Uzi Dayan () (born 1948) is an Aluf (res.) in the Israel Defense Forces and an Israeli politician.
http://wn.com/Uzi_Dayan -
Uzi Landau
Uzi Landau (, born 2 August 1943) is an Israeli politician, member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu and Minister of National Infrastructure. Previously a Likud MK, he served as Minister of Internal Security between 2001 and 2003.
http://wn.com/Uzi_Landau -
Victor Brailovsky
Dr Victor Brailovsky (, born 27 December 1935) is a computer scientist, aliyah activist and a former Israeli politician. He served as Minister of Science and Technology for six days in 2004. In May 1986 Brailovsky was awarded an Honorary Degree from the Open University in England as Doctor of the University.
http://wn.com/Victor_Brailovsky -
Ya'akov Geri
'''Ya'akov Geri''' (, born 1901, died 18 December 1974) was a South Africa-born Israeli lawyer who served as Minister of Trade and Industry between November 1950 and October 1951, although he was never as a Knesset member.
http://wn.com/Ya'akov_Geri -
Ya'akov Margi
'''Ya'akov Margi''' (, born 18 November 1960) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Shas and as the country's Minister of Religious Services.
http://wn.com/Ya'akov_Margi -
Ya'akov Tzur
'''Ya'akov Tzur (, born Ya'akov Steinberg''' on 4 April 1937) is a former Israeli politician who held several ministerial portfolios in the 1980s and 1990s.
http://wn.com/Ya'akov_Tzur -
Yaakov Dori
http://wn.com/Yaakov_Dori -
Yaakov Edri
'''Ya'akov Edri (, also spelt Edery or Edrey''', born 25 November 1950) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Kadima. Formerly Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Minister of Health and a Minister without Portfolio, Edri is the Minister of Negev and Galilee Development in the current government.
http://wn.com/Yaakov_Edri -
Yaakov Litzman
Yaakov Litzman (, born 2 September 1948) is an Israeli politician and Deputy Government Minister. A follower of the Ger Hasidic dynasty, he heads the Agudat Israel part of the United Torah Judaism faction in the Knesset.
http://wn.com/Yaakov_Litzman -
Yair Naveh
http://wn.com/Yair_Naveh -
Yair Tzaban
Yair Tzaban (, born 23 August 1930) is an Israeli politician, academic and social activist.
http://wn.com/Yair_Tzaban -
Yehoshua Saguy
Major General Yehoshua Saguy (, born 27 September 1933) is an Israeli former intelligence officer and politician. He served as director of the Military Intelligence Directorate between 1979 and 1983, and as a Knesset member for Likud from 1988 until 1992.
http://wn.com/Yehoshua_Saguy -
Yekutiel Adam
http://wn.com/Yekutiel_Adam -
Yigael Yadin
http://wn.com/Yigael_Yadin -
Yigal Allon
http://wn.com/Yigal_Allon -
Yigal Hurvitz
Yigal Hurvitz (, born 1918, died 10 January 1994) was an Israeli politician who served as a government minister in the late 1970s and 1980s.
http://wn.com/Yigal_Hurvitz -
Yisrael Bar-Yehuda
Yisrael Bar-Yehuda (, 15 November 1895 - 15 November 1965) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician.
http://wn.com/Yisrael_Bar-Yehuda -
Yisrael Eichler
Yisrael Eichler (, born 27 March 1955) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for United Torah Judaism and Agudat Yisrael between 2003 and 2005.
http://wn.com/Yisrael_Eichler -
Yisrael Hasson
Yisrael Hasson (, born 27 April 1955) is an Israeli politician and former Deputy Director of Shin Bet. He is currently a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Yisrael_Hasson -
Yitzhak Aharonovich
Yitzhak Aharonovich (, born 22 August 1950) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu, and as the country's Minister of Internal Security.
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Aharonovich -
Yitzhak Cohen
Rabbi Yitzhak Cohen (, born 2 December 1951) is an Israeli politician who has served as a member of the Knesset for Shas since 1996, and is the current Deputy Minister of Finance.
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Cohen -
Yitzhak Gruenbaum
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Gruenbaum -
Yitzhak Levy
Rabbi Yitzhak Levy (, born 6 July 1947) is an Israeli rabbi and politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the National Religious Party (NRP) and the Ahi faction of the National Union between 1988 and 2009. Between 1998 and 2002 he was NRP leader, and also held several ministerial portfolios.
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Levy -
Yitzhak Navon
Yitzhak Navon (, born 9 April 1921) is an Israeli politician, diplomat and author who served as the fifth President of Israel between 1978 and 1982 as a member of the center-left Alignment party. He was the first Israeli president to be born in Jerusalem, then within the British Mandate for Palestine, and the first not to have been born in and made aliyah from the Russian Empire.
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Navon -
Yitzhak Rabin
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Rabin -
Yitzhak Vaknin
Yitzhak Vaknin (, born 12 May 1958) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Shas
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Vaknin -
Yoel Hasson
Yoel Hasson (, born 4 April 1972) is an Israeli politician and a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Yoel_Hasson -
Yohanan Plesner
Yohanan Plesner (, born 17 January 1972) is an Israeli politician and a member of the Knesset for Kadima.
http://wn.com/Yohanan_Plesner -
Yosef Burg
Dr Yosef Shlomo Burg (, born 31 January 1909, died 15 October 1999) was a long-serving Israeli politician and Rabbi.
http://wn.com/Yosef_Burg -
Yosef Sapir
http://wn.com/Yosef_Sapir -
Yossi Peled
Yossi Peled (, born 18 January 1941) is an Israeli general and politician, the former Aluf of the Northern Command in the Israel Defense Forces. He currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud.
http://wn.com/Yossi_Peled -
Yossi Sarid
Yossi Sarid (, born 24 October 1940) is a left-wing Israeli news commentator and former politician. He served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment, Ratz and Meretz between 1974 and 2006. A former Minister of Education and Minister of the Environment, he led Meretz between 1996 and 2003.
http://wn.com/Yossi_Sarid -
Yuli Tamir
Yael "Yuli" Tamir (, born 26 February 1954) is an Israeli academic and former politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party between 2003 and 2010, and as Minister of Immigrant Absorption and Education.
http://wn.com/Yuli_Tamir -
Yuli-Yoel Edelstein
Yuli-Yoel Edelstein (, , , born 5 August 1958) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud and as the country's Minister of Information and Diaspora.
http://wn.com/Yuli-Yoel_Edelstein -
Yuval Steinitz
Yuval Steinitz (, born 10 April 1958), is an Israeli academic and politician who has been a Knesset member for Likud since 1999. He is now the Finance Minister of Israel.
http://wn.com/Yuval_Steinitz -
Zahava Gal-On
Zahava Gal-On (, born 4 January 1956 in Vilnius, Lithuania) is an Israeli politician. She is a former member of the Knesset for Meretz-Yachad, and is well-known for her outspokenness, opposition to Meretz's election strategy, and very liberal and pluralist views.
http://wn.com/Zahava_Gal-On -
Zalman Aran
Zalman Aran (, 1 March 1899 - 6 September 1970) was a Zionist activist, educator and Israeli politician.
http://wn.com/Zalman_Aran -
Zalman Shazar
http://wn.com/Zalman_Shazar -
Ze'ev Bielski
'''Ze'ev Bielski''' (, born 13 March 1949) is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima. He previously chaired the Jewish Agency and the World Zionist Organization. as well as working as a Jewish Agency emissary in South Africa, a player in the Israeli national basketball league, a founder of the Israel Forum, and the mayor of Ra'anana.
http://wn.com/Ze'ev_Bielski -
Ze'ev Boim
'''Ze'ev Boim''' (, born 30 April 1943) is an Israeli politician. He currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima. Between 1996 and 2005 he represented Likud in the Knesset, and has previously served as Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Minister of Housing and Construction and Minister of Immigrant Absorption.
http://wn.com/Ze'ev_Boim -
Ze'ev Elkin
'''Ze'ev Elkin''' (, born 3 April 1971) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Likud.
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Ze'ev Sherf
'''Ze'ev Sherf''' (, born April 21, 1904 - April 18, 1984) was an Israeli politician who held several ministerial portfolios in the 1960s and 1970s.
http://wn.com/Ze'ev_Sherf -
Zevulun Hammer
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Zevulun Orlev
Zevulun Orlev (, born 9 November 1945) is an Israeli politician and a former leader of the National Religious Party. He was Minister of Welfare & Social Services (March 2003 - November 2004), and is currently a Member of the Knesset for the The Jewish Home party. Orlev is a decorated war hero who received the Medal of Distinguished Service in the Yom Kippur War.
http://wn.com/Zevulun_Orlev
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Ehud BARAK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:03
- Published: 11 Dec 2011
- Updated: 10 May 2012
Ehud BARAK, Israel's Defence Minister for the World policy Conference December 2011
http://wn.com/Ehud_BARAK
Ehud Barak on Iran and a nuclear threat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 16 May 2012
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak shares his stance on keeping Iran from becoming a nuclear threat
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_on_Iran_and_a_nuclear_threat
Hellenic Army - Israel's Ehud Barak Visit [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Published: 15 Jan 2012
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Israeli Deputy PM Ehud Barak on Greek visit, 10 Jan 2012. Defence Minister Dimitris Avramopoulos met on Tuesday with Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Ehud Barak, and discussed bilateral cooperation in the defence sector. The talks between the two ministers were held in a "good climate", and the political framework was set out for further cooperation between Greece and Israel in the defence sector. In statements to the press afterwards, Avramopoulos described Barak's visit to Athens as "important", as it reaffirmed the strengthening of relations between the two eastern Mediterranean relations in the backdrop of a fastly changing region. "Our choice and commitment is a deepening of cooperation," Avramopoulos said, noting that the consolidation of bilateral relations had been late in coming. www.athensnews.gr
http://wn.com/Hellenic_Army_Israel's_Ehud_Barak_Visit_HD_
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak on settlements
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Published: 06 Apr 2012
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak, speaking exclusively to CNN's Fareed Zakaria on settlements in Israel.
http://wn.com/Israeli_Defense_Minister_Ehud_Barak_on_settlements
Ehud Barak - 2011 URJ Biennial Plenary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:13
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Updated: 29 Apr 2012
Israel's Barak: Military Action May Be Needed Against Iran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 03 Feb 2012
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
For more news and videos visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ on.fb.me To Israel where the defense minister says Iran must stop its military nuclear program. He says if they don't, there will be a need for the world's countries to take action. Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak on Thursday said many states in the world now believe that Iran is close to achieving its nuclear program, and should be stopped. Barak at the Herzliya conference—a think-tank near Tel Aviv: [Ehud Barak, Israeli Defense Minister]: "Today, unlike the past, there is a wide understanding in the world that if the sanctions will not achieve the desired goal of stopping the military nuclear program, there will be a need to consider taking action." Washington and the European Union have imposed tighter sanctions in recent weeks on both Iran's oil exports and on international financial transactions with Tehran. Tension between Iran and the West over Iran's nuclear work has increased since November, when the IAEA published a report that said Tehran appeared to have worked on designing a nuclear weapon. But Iran says its nuclear energy program is peaceful and aimed at generating electricity and other civilian uses.
http://wn.com/Israel's_Barak_Military_Action_May_Be_Needed_Against_Iran
Ehud Barak at Berlin Holocaust Memorial: Israel's Defence Minister and Wife at Gleis 17 Memorial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Published: 21 Mar 2012
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak, along with his wife Nili Priel-Barak, visited the Gleis 17 Memorial in Berlin to honour the more than 50000 Jews who were deported through Berlin-Grunewald Station and sent to concentration and extermination camps such as Auschwitz during the Holocaust. Barak laid a wreath at the Holocaust memorial and afterward lit a candle on the platform.
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_at_Berlin_Holocaust_Memorial_Israel's_Defence_Minister_and_Wife_at_Gleis_17_Memorial
Ehud Barak - Syrian Protests and Egyptian Democracy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Published: 26 Jan 2012
- Updated: 26 Apr 2012
Israel's Minister of Defense, Ehud Barak, interviewed on BBC World News about the latest developments in Syria and Egypt.
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_Syrian_Protests_and_Egyptian_Democracy
Charlie Rose - Ehud Barak (11/15/11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Updated: 04 Mar 2012
Ehud Barak, Israeli Defense Minister www.CharlieRose.com
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose_Ehud_Barak_11_15_11
Greeks voice anger at Ehud Barak visit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 11 Jan 2012
- Updated: 15 Apr 2012
Ehud Barak is the fourth Israeli official to visit Athens since former US Federal Reserve banker Loukas Papademos was appointed prime minister of Greece two months ago. Press TV's Constantine Venizelos reports from Athens.
http://wn.com/Greeks_voice_anger_at_Ehud_Barak_visit
MK Lt. Gen. (res.) Ehud Barak; At the 12th Annual Herzliya Conference (Long Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:22
- Published: 02 Feb 2012
- Updated: 30 May 2012
MK Lt. Gen. (res.) Ehud Barak, Minister of Defense. Speaking at the 12th Annual Herzliya Conference, Feb 2nd, 2012 (Long Version).
http://wn.com/MK_Lt_Gen_res_Ehud_Barak;_At_the_12th_Annual_Herzliya_Conference_Long_Version
Ehud Barak on 1967 borders
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Published: 04 Aug 2011
- Updated: 24 Mar 2012
Ehud Barak interview
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_on_1967_borders
Ehud Barak: Iran sactions are effective
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Published: 20 Apr 2012
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Ehud Barak interviewed by Jeremy Vine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Published: 06 Nov 2011
- Updated: 10 Jan 2012
Ehud Barak Meeting UN SG Ban Ki Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 18 May 2012
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Ehud Barak Meeting UN SG Ban Ki Moon talks about Iran, Syria, Lebanon
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_Meeting_UN_SG_Ban_Ki_Moon
A Nuclear-Armed Iran is 'A Sword on Israel's Neck', According to Defence Minister Ehud Barak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Published: 01 Jun 2012
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak has called Iran's nuclear programme 'a sword on Israel's neck'. Barak stressed that although the Islamic Republic has not yet obtained an atomic bomb, its nuclear development justifies use of the phrase: Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak: "Putting a sword on your neck' means when your enemy has obtained a certain weapon and is going to use it against you. At that point, the sword is on your neck, and you have no other choices but to fight back." Meanwhile, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has accused world powers of lowering their demands on Tehran. Netanyahu wants Iran to stop all uranium enrichment, not just 20% enrichment as demanded by the P5+1 group of the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia and Germany. Iran will meet with the group next round in Moscow, though the country's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has said he expects little to come out of further talks, and has reiterated the Islamic Republic's right to produce uranium enriched at 20%.
http://wn.com/A_Nuclear-Armed_Iran_is_'A_Sword_on_Israel's_Neck',_According_to_Defence_Minister_Ehud_Barak
Opening Statement by the Defense Minister Ehud Barak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:21
- Published: 04 Jun 2012
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Lecturer: MK Lt. Gen. (ret.) Ehud Barak, Minister of Defense "Security Challenges of the 21st Century: Israel's Search for Opportunities in a Turbulent Region", The INSS 5th Annual International Conference, 2012 English version, featuring simultaneous translation from Hebrew Dates: 29,30 May 2012
http://wn.com/Opening_Statement_by_the_Defense_Minister_Ehud_Barak
MK Lt. Gen. (res.) Ehud Barak, Minister of Defense; Speaking at the 12th Annual Herzliya Conference
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Published: 02 Feb 2012
- Updated: 03 Feb 2012
MK Lt. Gen. (res.) Ehud Barak, Minister of Defense. Speaking at the 12th Annual Herzliya Conference, Feb 2nd, 2012.
http://wn.com/MK_Lt_Gen_res_Ehud_Barak,_Minister_of_Defense;_Speaking_at_the_12th_Annual_Herzliya_Conference
Ehud Barak September 11 interview London UK 2001
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Published: 13 Nov 2011
- Updated: 21 May 2012
Starts at 1 minute. Including Yasser Arafat's reaction, and a word from Ola in Jerusalem. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Libya -- Ehud knows whodunnit alright. (original 41m) hotfile.com/dl/134300870/f8ebad6/Ehud_Barak_on_Sept.11.mp4.html archive.org/details/bbc200109111121-1202?start=445
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_September_11_interview_London_UK_2001
Ehud Barak arrives at the Pentagon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Published: 17 May 2012
- Updated: 17 May 2012
Israeli Minister of Defense Ehud Barak arrives at the Pentagon May 17 2012, greeted by secretary of Defense Leon Panetta
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_arrives_at_the_Pentagon
Israel : Ehud Barak 'All options remain on the table' to prevent a Nuclear Iran (May 03, 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Published: 04 May 2012
- Updated: 22 May 2012
News Article: Barak: Olmert and former Mossad, Shin Bet chiefs serving Iran www.haaretz.com
http://wn.com/Israel_Ehud_Barak_'All_options_remain_on_the_table'_to_prevent_a_Nuclear_Iran_May_03,_2012
Ehud Barak Zionist Minister Of Defense Nov. 4, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Published: 05 Nov 2011
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
Ehud's all squirrely like he's making peanut butter in his depends or something. Conveniently in London, to distract us from the hostages they just took from the Canadian ship, Tahrir (Freedom), and the Irish ship, Saoirse (Freedom); trying to break the Gaza blockade of course! Sorry for the damage; not my fault.
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak_Zionist_Minister_Of_Defense_Nov_4,_2011
Camp David 2000 Clinton w/ Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Chairman Yasir Arafat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Published: 04 Feb 2012
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
"Like" us on Facebook.com/PublicDomainFootage Raw footage of photo opportunity given to press at the Camp David Middle East Peace Summit 7/11/2000. President Clinton with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasir Arafat. This is alow-resolution sample. Watermark does not appear on master. To order this material as broadcast-quality full screen/full resolution, send a request (with link) to FootageRequest@PublicDomainFootage.com or visit www.PublicDomainFootage.com. All material public domain and royalty-free saving you hundreds and even thousands. Total buyouts. No licensing hassles. Lowest rates on newsreels, archival stock footage and contemporary stock footage packages. Everything from the historical to the hysterical. If we don't have it we'll personally search the National Archives for you.
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20 Jul 2012
DENVER, Colorado (Reuters) - A masked gunman killed 12 people at a midnight showing of the new Batman movie in a suburb of Denver early on Friday, sparking pandemonium when he hurled a gas canister...
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As Bulgarian officials said the suspected bomber in the attack on Wednesday that killed five Israeli holidaymakers was a lanky, long-haired man in a baseball cap and T-shirt, carrying a fake American...
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Connect With Us on Twitter Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List: Reporters and Editors JERUSALEM (AP) — Defense Minister Ehud Barak says Israel will...
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SOFIA, Bulgaria (AP) -- A lanky, long-haired man wearing a baseball cap and plaid shorts with a fake Michigan driver's license carried out a deadly suicide attack on a bus full of Israeli vacationers,...
Huffington Post
Israeli Minister of Defense Ehud Barak speaks during the annual International Cyber Security Conference at Tel Aviv University on June 6, 2012. (JACK GUEZ/AFP/GettyImages)...(size: 12.9Kb)
The Daily Beast
Jul 3, 2012 3:41 PM EDT From Anne-Marie...(size: 0.3Kb)
The Washington Post
TEL AVIV Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak sat down this week with The Washington Post’s Lally Weymouth. Excerpts: Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections? Recommend Tweet...(size: 4.5Kb)
Ha'aretz
Defense Minister Ehud Barak on Wednesday referred to Israel's offensive cyberspace operations for the first time. Speaking during a conference at Tel Aviv University, Barak stressed that in cyber warfare, as opposed to conventional warfare, it is more important to invest in defense than offense, and...(size: 3.5Kb)
Huffington Post
JERUSALEM -- Defense Minister Ehud Barak abruptly proposed on Wednesday that Israel consider "unilateral action" if long-stalled peace talks with the Palestinians don't resume and produce a deal – suggesting Israel may be thinking of withdrawing from part of the West Bank, as it did from the...(size: 4.0Kb)
Ehud Barak: If negotiations fail, Israel must consider unilateral withdrawal from West Bank
30 May 2012
Ha'aretz
Defense Minister Ehud Barak said on Wednesday that Israel should consider unilateral moves if negations with the Palestinians fail to bear fruit. "We are a coalition of 94 MKs, this is the time to lead a diplomatic process," Barak said Wednesday morning in a speech at Tel Aviv University's...(size: 4.4Kb)
Indian Express
In a rebuff prompted by domestic political concerns, India turned down an Israeli request for an official visit by its high-profile Defence Minister Ehud Barak during the Defexpo last...(size: 1.2Kb)
Bloomberg
When U.S. President Barack Obama dispatches his negotiators to Baghdad next week to join talks with Iran over the future of its nuclear program, he’ll be most concerned about the reaction of one man: Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak. Obama believes that Barak, and not Prime Minister Benjamin...(size: 6.1Kb)
Ha'aretz
Defense Minister Ehud Barak, head of the Atzmaut party, blasted the new Yesh Atid party...(size: 0.6Kb)
| Ehud Barak |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Minister of Defense | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office March 28, 2007 |
|
| Prime Minister | Ehud Olmert Benjamin Netanyahu |
| Preceded by | Amir Peretz |
| Prime Minister of Israel | |
| In office 6 July 1999 – 7 March 2001 |
|
| President | Ezer Weizman Moshe Katsav |
| Preceded by | Benjamin Netanyahu |
| Succeeded by | Ariel Sharon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ehud Brog (1942-02-12) 12 February 1942 (age 70) Mishmar HaSharon, British Mandate of Palestine |
| Political party | Labor Party (until 2011) Independence (from 2011) |
| Spouse(s) | Nava Cohen (divorced) Nili Priel |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Hebrew University Stanford University |
| Profession | Military officer |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | Israeli Army |
| Years of service | 1959 - 1995 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Battles/wars | Yom Kippur War Operation Entebbe |
Ehud Barak (Hebrew:
אהוד ברק (help·info); born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician who served as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001. He was leader of the Labor Party until January 2011[1] and holds the posts of Minister of Defense and Deputy Prime Minister in Binyamin Netanyahu's government.
He is a graduate in physics, mathematics, and economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Stanford University. He served as an officer in the Israel Defense Forces. Following a highly decorated career, he was appointed Chief of General Staff in 1991, serving until 1995.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
He was born on 12 February 1942 in kibbutz Mishmar HaSharon in Israel.[2] He is the eldest of four sons of Esther (née Godin) (b. 1913) and Yisrael Mendel Brog (1910-2002).
His paternal grandparents, Frieda and Reuven Brog, were murdered in Pušalotas (Pushelat) in the northern Lithuania (then ruled by Russian Empire) in 1912, leaving his father orphaned at the age of two. Barak's maternal grandparents, Elka and Shmuel Godin, died at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust.
Ehud hebraized his family name from "Brog" to "Barak" in 1972. It was during his military service that he met his future wife, Nava (née Cohen). They had three daughters together. Barak divorced Nava in August 2003. On 30 July 2007 Barak married Nili Priel in a small ceremony in his private residence. In his spare time, Barak enjoys reading works by writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.[3]
In 2005, he was voted the 61st-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.[4]
Education[link]
Barak earned his bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1968, and his master's degree in engineering-economic systems in 1978 from Stanford University, in California.
Military service[link]
Barak joined the Israel Defense Forces (I.D.F.) in 1959. He served in the IDF for 35 years, rising to the position of Chief of the General Staff and the rank of Rav Aluf (Lieutenant-General), the highest in the Israeli military. During the Yom Kippur War, Barak commanded an improvised regiment of tanks which among other things, helped rescue paratrooper battalion 890 commanded by Yitzhak Mordechai who were suffering heavy losses in the Battle of the Chinese Farm.
During his service as a commando in the elite Sayeret Matkal, Barak led several highly acclaimed operations, such as: "Operation Isotope", the rescue mission to free the hostages onboard Sabena Flight 571 at Lod Airport in 1972; the 1973 covert mission Operation Spring of Youth in Beirut, in which he was disguised as a woman in order to assassinate members of the Palestine Liberation Organization; Barak was also a key architect of the June 1976 Operation Entebbe, another rescue mission to free the hostages of the Air France aircraft hijacked by terrorists and forced to land at the Entebbe Airport in Uganda. These highly acclaimed operations, along with Operation Bayonet led to the dismantling of Palestinian terrorist cell Black September. It has been alluded that Barak also masterminded the Tunis Raid on 16 April 1988, in which PLO leader Abu Jihad was assassinated.[5]
Later he served as head of Aman, the Military Intelligence Directorate (1983–85), head of Central Command (1986–87) and Deputy Chief of the General Staff (1987–91). He served as Chief of the General Staff between 1 April 1991 and 1 January 1995. During this period he implemented the first Oslo Accords and participated in the negotiations towards the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace.
Barak was awarded the Medal of Distinguished Service and four Chief of Staff citations (Tzalash HaRamatkal) for courage and operational excellence. These five decorations make him the most decorated soldier in Israeli history (jointly with close friend Nechemya Cohen).[6] In 1992 he was also awarded the Legion of Merit (Commander) by the United States.[7]
Political career[link]
On 7 July 1995 Barak was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs by Yitzhak Rabin. When Shimon Peres formed a new government following Rabin's assassination in November 1995, Barak was made Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995–96). He was elected to the Knesset on the Labor Party list in 1996, and served as a member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. Following internal elections after Peres' defeat in the election for Prime Minister in 1996, Barak became the leader of the Labor Party.
Prime Minister of Israel[link]
In the 1999 Prime Ministerial election, Barak beat Binyamin Netanyahu by a wide margin. However, he sparked controversy by deciding to form a coalition with the ultra-Orthodox party Shas, who had won an unprecedented 17 seats in the 120-seat Knesset. Shas grudgingly agreed to Barak's terms that they eject their leader Aryeh Deri, a convicted felon, and enact reform to "clean up" in-party corruption. Consequentially, the left wing Meretz party quit the coalition after they failed to agree on the powers to be given to a Shas deputy minister in the Ministry of Education.
In 1999 Barak gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22-year long occupation of Southern Lebanon within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by Hezbollah and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004.
The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the PLO, stating that “Every attempt [by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area [the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a nondemocratic or a non-Jewish state. Because if the Palestinians vote, then it is a binational state, and if they don’t vote it is an apartheid state.”[8] As part of these negotiations, Barak took part in the Camp David 2000 Summit which was meant finally to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict but failed. Barak also allowed Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben-Ami to attend the Taba Summit with the leadership of the Palestinian Authority, after his government had fallen.
Domestic issues[link]
In August 1999, Barak appointed the Tal committee which dealt with the controversial issue of ultra-Orthodox Jews' exemption from military service. Riots in October 2000 led to the killing of twelve Israeli-Arabs and one Palestinian by Israel Police and one Jewish civilian by Israeli Arabs.
Resignation[link]
In 2001 Barak called a special election for Prime Minister. In the contest, he was defeated by Likud leader Ariel Sharon, and subsequently resigned as Labor leader and from the Knesset. He left Israel to work as a senior advisor with United States-based Electronic Data Systems. He also partnered with a private equity company focused on "security-related" work.
Return to politics[link]
In 2005, Barak announced his return to Israeli politics, and ran for leadership of the Labor Party in November. However, in light of his weak poll showings, Barak dropped out of the race early and declared his support for veteran statesman Shimon Peres. Following his failed attempt to maintain leadership of the Labor party, Barak became a partner of the investment company SCP Private Equity Partners, Pennsylvania. He also established a company "Ehud Barak Limited" which is thought to have made over NIS 30 million.[9]
After Peres lost the race to Amir Peretz and left the Labor party, Barak announced he would stay at the party, despite his shaky relationship with its newly elected leader. He declared, however, that he would not run for a spot on the Labor party's Knesset list for the March 2006 elections. Barak's attempt to return to a prominent role in Israel politics seemed to have failed. However, Peretz's hold on the Labor leadership proved unexpectedly shaky as he was badly damaged by negative views of his performance as Defense Minister during the 2006 Lebanon War, which was seen as something less than a success in Israel.[10]
In January 2007 Barak launched a bid to recapture the leadership of the Labor party in a letter acknowledging "mistakes" and "inexperience" during his tenure as Prime Minister.[11] In early March 2007, a poll of Labor Party primary voters put Barak ahead of all other opponents, including Peretz.[12] In the first round of voting, on 28 May 2007, he gained 39% of the votes, more than his two closest rivals, but not enough to win the election.[13]
As a result, Barak faced a runoff against the second-place finisher, Ami Ayalon, on 12 June 2007, which he won by a narrow margin.[14]
Barak has been critical of what he sees as racist sentiments that have recently been expressed by some Israeli rabbis and rebbetzins; he views such statements as a threat to Israeli unity and that they may lead Israeli society into a "dark and dangerous place".[15]
Defense Minister[link]
As head of the Labor Party[link]
After winning back the leadership of the Labor party, Barak was sworn in as Minister of Defense on 18 June 2007, as part of Prime Minister Olmert's cabinet reshuffle. However on 1 July 2007, Barak led a successful effort in the Labor central committee to stipulate that Labor would leave the government coalition if Olmert did not resign by September or October 2007. At that time the Winograd Commission would publish its final report on the performance of the Israel Defense Forces and its civilian leadership. The preliminary Winograd report released earlier this year laid most of the blame on Olmert for poorly planning, executing, and reviewing war strategies in the 2006 conflict against Hezbollah.[citation needed]
During December 2008 through January 2009, Barak led (as defense minister) Operation Cast Lead.
Labor won only 13 out of the 120 Knesset seats in the 2009 elections, making them the fourth largest party. Barak and other Labor officials initially stated they would not take part in the next government. However, over the objections of some in the Labor party, Barak later[when?] reached an agreement under which Labor joined the governing coalition. Barak retained his position as Defense Minister.
Leaving the Labor Party[link]
In January 2011, Labor Party leader Barak formed a breakaway party, Independence, which enabled him to maintain his loyal Labor's MK faction within Netanyahu's government, and prevented the departure of Labor party as a whole from Netanyahu's coalition-government. Labor previously threatened to force Barak to do so. After Barak's move, Netanyahu was able to maintain a majority of 66 MK (out of 120 in the Knesset), previously having 74 MKs within his majority coalition.
In February 2011, Barak attended a ceremony at the UN for the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. Barak told the UN General Assembly: “an independent, strong, thriving and peaceful State of Israel is the vengeance of the dead. On this day, when we remember the six million victims, let us also remember two lessons: first, ‘the Holocaust – never again.’ And second – an independent, strong, thriving and peaceful State of Israel is the vengeance of the dead.”[16]
Barak stated during an American television interview that he would "probably" strive for nuclear weapons if he were in Iran’s position, adding "I don’t delude myself that they are doing it just because of Israel".[17] This comment has been criticized and compared to Barak's comment in 1998 during a television interview when he said that if he were a Palestinian he would probably have joined one of the terror organizations.[17]
References in popular culture[link]
- The film Munich includes a scene reflecting the real Barak's experience leading his Sayeret Matkal unit in the commando raid Operation Spring of Youth; he is mentioned by name, and appears disguised as a woman in high heels while firing on presumed PLO Leaders.[18]
See also[link]
References[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ehud Barak |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ehud Barak |
- ^ http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=203937
- ^ Biography and Video Interview of Ehud Barak at Academy of Achievement.
- ^ 'All my rivals are gone' By Gidi Weitz, Published 10:54 09.05.11
- ^ גיא בניוביץ' (20 June 1995). "הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור". Ynet. http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ Long history of Israel's 'covert killing' BBC News
- ^ Offer Drori, גיבורי ישראל מרובי העיטורים – צדק היסטורי, 04.02.2009 (Hebrew)
- ^ An image of Barak receiving the award on 14 January 1993 in the Pentagon. Note that according to IDF regulations foreign medals are not worn on the uniform.
- ^ New York Times, 12 April 2012, "Don't Give Up on Middle East Peace," http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont-give-up-on-mideast-peace.html
- ^ Ehud Barak Ltd Haaretz
- ^ http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTA3OTE5NjI0NA==
- ^ Former Israeli PM Barak in New Leadership Bid Reuters, 7 January 2007
- ^ "Poll: Barak, Ayalon lead Peretz in the Labor leadership primaries" Haaretz, 3 March 2007
- ^ "Peretz loses Israeli party vote". BBC News. 3 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/default.stm. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
- ^ "Barak wins Labor Party primary election: party officials" International Herald Tribune, 12 June 2007
- ^ Mualem, Mazal (29 December 2010). "Barak: Anti-Arab letters by rabbis and rabbis’ wives leading Israel into dark place". Ha'aretz. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/barak-anti-arab-letters-by-rabbis-and-rabbis-wives-leading-israel-into-dark-place-1.334093. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ "Barak on Shoah: Strong Israel is vengeance of the dead". Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=207716. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
- ^ a b Irish Times, 18 Nov. 2011, "Barak Criticised over Iran Comments," http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/1118/1224307767384.html
- ^ Dargis, Manohla (23 December 2005). "An Action Film About the Need to Talk". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/2005/12/23/movies/23muni.html. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
Bibliography[link]
- Bregman, Ahron Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America.
- Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
- Dromi, Uri (5 November 2005). "Still craving peace 10 years after Rabin". New Straits Times, p. 20.
External links[link]
- Ehud Barak – official site (Hebrew)
- Ehud Barak Knesset website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Ehud Barak on Charlie Rose
- Ehud Barak at the Internet Movie Database
- Ehud Barak collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Ehud Barak collected news and commentary at The Electronic Intifada
- Ehud Barak collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Ehud Barak collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Ehud Barak in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Ehud Barak at the Notable Names Database
- Defense Minister Ehud Barak at Ynetnews, profile
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Benjamin Netanyahu |
Prime Minister of Israel 1999–2001 |
Succeeded by Ariel Sharon |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Shimon Peres |
Leader of the Israeli Labor Party 1997–2001 |
Succeeded by Benjamin Ben-Eliezer |
| Preceded by Amir Peretz |
Leader of the Israeli Labor Party 2007–11 |
Succeeded by Shelly Yachimovich |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Barak, Ehud |
| Alternative names | Brog, Ehud |
| Short description | Prime Minister of Israel |
| Date of birth | 12 February 1942 |
| Place of birth | Mishmar HaSharon, British Mandate of Palestine |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ehud_Barak
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Барак, Эхуд
http://es.wn.com/Ehud Barak
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the American journalist. For the talk show, see Charlie Rose (talk show). For other people with the same name, see Charlie Rose (disambiguation).
| Charlie Rose | |
|---|---|
 Rose in May 2010 |
|
| Born | Charles Peete Rose, Jr. (1942-01-05) January 5, 1942 (age 70) Henderson, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | Duke University B.A. (1964) Duke University J.D. (1968) |
| Occupation | Talk show host Journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Notable credit(s) | Charlie Rose, 60 Minutes II, 60 Minutes, CBS News Nightwatch, CBS This Morning |
| Website | |
| http://www.charlierose.com/ | |
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942)[1] is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991 he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since January 2012. Rose, along with Lara Logan, has hosted the revived CBS classic Person to Person, a news program during which celebrities are interviewed in their homes, originally hosted from 1953 to 1961 by Edward R. Murrow.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the only child[3] of Margaret Frazier and Charles Peete Rose, Sr., tobacco farmers who owned a country store.[4][5] As a child, Rose lived above his parents' store in Henderson and helped out with the family business from age seven.[6] Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble.[7] A high school basketball star, Rose entered Duke University intending to pursue a degree with a pre-med track, but an internship in the office of Democratic North Carolina Senator B. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics.[8] Rose graduated in 1964 with a bachelor's degree in history. At Duke, he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968.[6] He met his wife, Mary (née King), while attending Duke.[3][4]
Career[link]
After his wife was hired by the BBC (in New York), Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while continuing to work at Bankers Trust, he landed a job as a weekend reporter for WPIX-TV. His break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers' International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose executive producer of Bill Moyers Journal. Rose soon began appearing on camera. "A Conversation with Jimmy Carter," one installment of Moyers's series U.S.A.: People and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. Rose worked at several networks honing his interview skills until KXAS-TV in Dallas-Fort Worth hired him as program manager and gave him the late-night time slot that would become the Charlie Rose show.
Rose worked for CBS News (1984–1990) as the anchor of CBS News Nightwatch, the network's first late-night news broadcast. The Nightwatch broadcast of Rose's interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987.[4] In 1990, Rose left CBS to serve as anchor of Personalities, a syndicated program produced by Fox Broadcasting Company, but he got out of his contract after six weeks because of the tabloid-style content of the show. Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET on September 30, 1991, and has been nationally syndicated since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, which allowed for improved satellite interviewing.[9]
Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II[10] from its inception in January 1999 until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes.[11]
Rose was a member of the board of directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009.[3] In May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University.
On November 15, 2011, it was announced that Rose would return to CBS to help anchor CBS This Morning, replacing The Early Show, commencing January 9, 2012, along with co-anchors Erica Hill and Gayle King.
Cameo appearances[link]
Rose has appeared as himself in the 1998 film Primary Colors,[12] in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons[13] and in the 2008 movie Elegy.[14] He and his show were also used in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He also appears as himself in the 2011 George Clooney directed film, The Ides of March.
[edit] Accusations of conflict of interest
While hosting the 2002 Coca-Cola Company shareholders' meeting, Rose said "few companies are able to connect as completely with consumers in the way that Coca-Cola is. It is a privilege to be associated with [The Coca-Cola family] ... This is the business of Coca-Cola: being part of a family, being worldwide, doing well and doing good at the same time."[15] Afterward, Coca-Cola agreed to become what Rose called "a leading underwriter" of The Charlie Rose Show, paying "six or possibly seven figures."[16] Even the Charlie Rose mugs used on his PBS show feature a Coca-Cola logo on one side.[17][18] Although CBS News policy bars correspondents from doing commercials and product endorsements, the Washington Post reported CBS was "comfortable" with Rose's actions. Rose insists he "would never do a story on 60 Minutes II about anybody who underwrites my PBS show."[16]
[edit] Quiet influence
The New York Times reported that Rose encouraged a discussion between the leaders of NBC and Fox, that led eventually to a mutual reduction in ad hominem attacks between Keith Olbermann and Bill O'Reilly on their respective news programs.[19]
Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008;[20] Spain in 2010;[21] and Switzerland in 2011.[22] These unofficial conferences hold guests from North America and Western Europe, most of whom are political leaders and businessmen. Details of meetings are closed off to the public and strictly invitation-only, and critics[who?] speculate the controversial nature of these meetings of highly influential people. Accusations from conspiracy theorists against The Charlie Rose show claim that it has become the US media outlet for Bilderberg.[23][unreliable source?]
Personal life[link]
Rose's twelve-year marriage to Mary Rose (née King) ended in divorce in 1980. Mary is the sister-in-law of Morgan Stanley Chairman John J. Mack. Since 1993, his companion has been socialite and chairman of the New York City Planning Commission and director of the city department of planning Amanda Burden, a stepdaughter of CBS founder William S. Paley.[24]
On March 29, 2006, after experiencing shortness of breath in Syria, Rose was flown to Paris and underwent surgery for mitral valve repair in the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital. His surgery was performed under the supervision of Alain F. Carpentier, a pioneer of the procedure.[25] Rose returned to the air on June 12, 2006, with Bill Moyers and Yvette Vega (the show's executive producer), to discuss his surgery and recuperation.
In a 2009 Fresh Dialogues interview, Rose described his life as "great and glorious."[7] He added, '"I get up every morning with a new adventure. The adventure is fueled by interesting people. I get a chance to control my own destiny. I do something that is immediately either appreciated or not. I get feedback."
Rose owns a 575-acre (2.33 km2) farm in Oxford, North Carolina, an apartment overlooking Central Park in New York City, a beach house in Bellport, New York, an apartment in Washington D.C.[3] and an apartment in Paris, France.
References[link]
- ^ Marks, Peter (January 5, 1993). "The Love Cult of Charlie Rose". Newsday: p. 42.
- ^ "Charlie Rose, Lara Logan on "Person to Person". Person to Person (CBS News). February 8, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505383_162-57373639/charlie-rose-lara-logan-on-person-to-person/. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?section=money_latest. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ a b c O'Shaughnessy, Elise (September 1993). "The Fame of the Rose". Vanity Fair 56 (9): pp. 172–181. ISSN 0733-8899.
- ^ "Charlie Rose Biography (1942–)". Filmreference.com. January 5, 1942. http://www.filmreference.com/film/1/Charlie-Rose.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Charlie Rose biography from Bloomberg News
- ^ a b van Diggelen, Alison (February 26, 2009). "Transcript of Interview with Charlie Rose". Fresh Dialogues. http://www.freshdialogues.com/2009/02/26/transcript-of-fresh-dialogues-with-charlie-rose/. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ The North Carolina Awards: Charlie Rose (1942 -) Public Service 2007 from the website of the State Library of North Carolina
- ^ Charlie Rose, Bloomberg News
- ^ 60 Minutes II profile from CBS News
- ^ "Charlie Rose". CBS News. January 17, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/17/60minutes/bios/main3725276.shtml. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Nancy Basile. ""The Simpsons" Episode Guide – Season Eleven". About.com. http://animatedtv.about.com/od/thesimpsonsepisodes/a/epguidesimp11.htm. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ Leslie Felperin (February 10, 2008). "Review of Elegy". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2478&reviewid=VE1117936157&starting=1. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ audio, aired on Le Show
- ^ a b Lloyd Grove, "The Reliable Source," Washington Post, April 23, 2002, C03
- ^ Orange County Weekly, January 24, 2003
- ^ Fear & Favor 2003: How power shapes the news, Extra!, FAIR, March/April 2003
- ^ Stelter, Brian (August 1, 2009). "Voices From Above Silence a Cable TV Feud". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/01/business/media/01feud.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ Fobes, Stefan (June 23, 2008). "My analysis of Bilderberg 2008". A War of Illusions. WordPress.com. http://warofillusions.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/my-analysis-of-bilderberg-2008. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2010 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2011 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Newman, Alex (June 12, 2011). "Awareness of Bilderberg Cabal Explodes in 2011". The New American. http://thenewamerican.com/world-mainmenu-26/europe-mainmenu-35/7841-awareness-of-bilderberg-cabal-explodes-in-2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Gardner, Ralph (May 13, 2002). "Social Planner". Nymag.com. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/newyork/features/6005/. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2009092811. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2012) |
- Charlie Rose Official website of his eponymous show
- Charlie Rose official channel on YouTube
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at the Los Angeles Times
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Charlie Rose at the Notable Names Database
- Charlie Rose shows on Hulu
- celebritynetworth.com, Celebrity Net Worth, Charlie Rose
- Why Business Loves Charlie Rose David A. Kaplan, Fortune, September 28, 2009
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rose, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Rose, Charles Peete, Jr. |
| Short description | American TV interviewer and journalist |
| Date of birth | 1942-01-05 |
| Place of birth | Henderson, North Carolina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Роуз, Чарли
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jeremy Vine | |
|---|---|
 Jeremy Vine presenting at The Radio Festival 2008 |
|
| Born | (1965-05-17) 17 May 1965 (age 47) Epsom, Surrey, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Epsom College Hatfield College Durham University |
| Employer | BBC |
| Agent | Noel Gay noelgay.com |
| Known for | Journalist and presenter |
| Spouse | Rachel Schofield |
| Children | 2 daughters |
| Relatives | Tim Vine (brother) |
Jeremy Guy Vine (born 17 May 1965) is a British author, journalist and news presenter for the BBC. He is known for his direct interview style and exclusive reporting from war-torn areas throughout Africa. He is the current host of the BBC Radio 2 programme, Jeremy Vine, which presents news, views, and interviews with live guests.
Contents |
Personal background[link]
Jeremy Vine was born on 17 May 1965 in Epsom, Surrey, England. He is the son of Guy Vine and Diana Tillett.[1] His younger brother is the comedian Tim Vine. Jeremy is married to BBC News presenter Rachel Schofield. The couple married in September 2002 in East Devon, and have two daughters.[citation needed]
Jeremy was educated at Lynton Preparatory School in Ewell and Epsom College and played the drums in a band called The Flared Generation. At Durham University (Hatfield College), he graduated with a 2:2 undergraduate degree in English.
After a short stint on Metro Radio, Vine enrolled in a journalism training course with the Coventry Evening Telegraph,[2] before joining the BBC in 1987.
A former punk, he is a fan of Elvis Costello, whom he has seen 13 times in concert. Vine is the patron of Radio St. Helier,[3] a UK registered charity providing radio programmes to patients at St. Helier Hospital in Surrey.
Vine is a practising Anglican. He has deplored the marginalisation of Christians in British society, saying that "You can't express views that were common currency 30 or 40 years ago".[4]
He was named Speech Broadcaster of the Year in the 2011 Sony Awards. (He won the same award in 2005). His 2010 election interview with Gordon Brown, where the Prime Minister put his head in his hands as he was played the recording of him calling a voter a bigot, won Jeremy the Sony Award for Interview of the Year.
Professional background[link]
Television reporting[link]
Vine's career at the BBC included reading the news on radio in Northern Ireland and working as a researcher on the BBC1 series Heart of the Matter. In 1989, he became a regular reporter on the BBC Radio 4 programme Today, filing reports from across Europe.
While working for Today, he published two comic novels set amidst the modern Church of England, including Forget Heaven, Just Kiss Me (1992) and The Whole World In My Hands (1993). The novels were not successful and Vine now regards them as juvenilia.
In the mid-1990s, Vine became familiar with BBC TV viewers as a political reporter, reporting on the modernisation of the Labour Party. He later made his mark offering irreverent reports on the 1997 General Election.
After the 1997 election, Vine became the Africa Correspondent based in Johannesburg, travelling all over Africa. Reporting assignments took him to the war front to report on the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, the Angolan Civil War, the violence in Lesotho after South African troops went in and hoisted a South African flag over the Royal Palace, following leadership disputes. He also travelled to Algiers and Kenya, to report during political elections.
Vine was successful in gaining interviews with key leaders in various African nations. Two of these included Robert Mugabe, current President of Zimbabwe; and the leader of the Islamist regime in Khartoum, Sudan. Other areas of Africa from which he has reported include Mali, Zambia, Sierra Leone, and the Niger Delta, to report on the Nigerian villagers' unrest over the work of the oil companies.
In April 1999, Vine presented an exclusive report on South African police brutality for BBC Two's Newsnight. The film won the Silver Nymph at the Monte Carlo Television Festival, and resulted in the suspension of 22 police officers. Following this report, Vine joined Newsnight full-time as a presenter. He was one of the original presenters of Broadcasting House on BBC Radio 4.
Television presenting[link]
Vine presented The Politics Show on BBC One from its launch in 2003, until Jon Sopel took over in 2005.
In May 2006, Vine was announced as Peter Snow's replacement for presenting the BBC election graphics, including the famous Swingometer. His performance on the night of the council elections in England and Wales on 30 April 2008, was widely criticised.[5][6]
In January 2007, Vine became the presenter of the BBC's flagship and the world's oldest current affairs programme, Panorama, which coincided with the show's move back to a Monday peak-time slot. The move from Sunday nights was the idea of BBC1 controller Peter Fincham and was widely regarded as a scheduling stroke of genius.
In 2008, Vine started presenting Points of View, taking over from Terry Wogan. On 6 October 2008, he started hosting the BBC 2 quiz show Eggheads in which he presented while the spin-off show, Are You an Egghead? was presented by the regular host, Dermot Murnaghan. Since the spin-off show finished, Vine continues to host the second half of each series, with Murnaghan hosting the first half.
Radio broadcasting[link]
In January 2003, after several stints as a stand-in for Jimmy Young on BBC Radio 2 Vine took over the lunchtime show on a regular basis. While Vine is known to sporadically take telephone callers, the programme is more a news show than a phone-in.[7] After Vine took over the hosting duties, the show was revamped. While the regular Thursday food slot was dropped, the Monday health and Friday legal advice slots were retooled. Monday's The Health and Wellbeing Hour include either Dr Sarah Jarvis or Rabbi Julia Neuberger, while Friday's Your Money and Your Life, involve a variety of contributors, most frequently Martin Lewis. Friday's shows frequently include a link-up to gardener Terry Walton.[8] Until October 2006, Lucy Berry served as the show's in-house poet. In 2005, Vine won the best speech broadcaster award at the Sony Radio Academy Awards.
References[link]
- ^ Family detective: Jeremy Vine Daily Telegraph, 7 December 2007
- ^ Jeremy Vine Celebrity Dinner Birmingham Press Club
- ^ Radio St Helier
- ^ Christians are becoming social pariahs in Britain Daily Telegraph, 17 April 2009
- ^ Jeremy Vine's cowboy antics come under fire Daily Telegraph, 2 May 2008
- ^ BBC's election coverage under fire from viewers as cartoon theme flops Daily Mail, 2 May 2008
- ^ David Rowan: The Observer: Jeremy Vine profiled David Rowan archive, 5 January 2003
- ^ Jeremy Vine - Meet the Team BBC Radio 2
External links[link]
- Jeremy Vine - Agent
- Jeremy Vine at BBC Programmes
- Jeremy Vine to present Points Of View BBC Press Office, 7 April 2008
- Biography - Jeremy Vine BBC Press Office
- Vine and his wife at the Sony Awards
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Vine, Jeremy |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British journalist |
| Date of birth | 17 May 1965 |
| Place of birth | Epsom, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jeremy_Vine
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Vine
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ban Ki-moon 반기문 潘基文 |
|
|---|---|
 |
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| Secretary-General of the United Nations | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 1, 2007 |
|
| Deputy | Asha-Rose Migiro Jan Eliasson (designate) |
| Preceded by | Kofi Annan |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade | |
| In office January 17, 2004 – November 10, 2007 |
|
| President | Roh Moo-hyun |
| Prime Minister | Goh Kun Lee Hae Chan Han Duck-soo Han Myeong-sook |
| Preceded by | Yoon Young Kwan |
| Succeeded by | Song Min-soon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 68)[1] Injō, Chūsei-hokudō, Korea, Empire of Japan (present-day Eumseong County, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea) |
| Nationality | South Korean |
| Spouse(s) | Yoo Soon-taek |
| Alma mater | Seoul National University (B.A.) Harvard University (M.P.A.) |
| Religion | No public affiliation[2][3] |
| Signature |  |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 반기문 |
| Hanja | 潘基文 |
| Revised Romanization | Ban Gimun |
| McCune–Reischauer | Pan Kimun |
| Korean pronunciation: [panɡimun] | |
 |
This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja. |
Ban Ki-moon (Hangul: 반기문; Hanja: 潘基文; born 13 June 1944) is the eighth and current Secretary-General of the United Nations, after succeeding Kofi Annan in 2007. Before going on to be Secretary-General, Ban was a career diplomat in South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the United Nations. He entered diplomatic service the year he graduated from university, accepting his first post in New Delhi, India. In the foreign ministry he established a reputation for modesty and competence .
Ban was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. In February 2006, he began to campaign for the office of Secretary-General. Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office. As foreign minister of South Korea, however, he was able to travel to all of the countries that were members of the United Nations Security Council, a maneuver that turned him into the front runner.
On 11 October 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly and officially succeeded Annan on 1 January 2007. Ban has led several major reforms regarding peacekeeping and UN employment practices. Diplomatically, Ban has taken particularly strong views on Darfur, where he helped persuade Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir to allow peacekeeping troops to enter Sudan; and on global warming, pressing the issue repeatedly with former U.S. President George W. Bush. Ban has received strong criticism from OIOS, the UN internal audit unit, stating that the secretariat, under Ban's leadership, is "drifting into irrelevance".[4]
In 2011, Ban ran unopposed for a second term as Secretary-General. On 21 June 2011, he was unanimously re-elected by the General Assembly and therefore will continue to serve until 31 December 2016.[5][6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Ban was born in Eumseong in a small farming village in North Chungcheong, in 1944 at the end of the Japanese rule of Korea. His family moved to the nearby town of Chungju, where he was raised.[7] During Ban's childhood, his father had a warehouse business, but the warehouse went bankrupt and the family lost its middle-class standard of living. When Ban was six, his family fled to a remote mountainside for the duration of the Korean War.[1] After the war ended, his family returned to Chungju. Ban has mentioned meeting U.S. military troops at this time.[8]
In secondary school (Chungju High School), Ban became a star pupil, particularly in his studies of English. In 1952, he was selected by his class to address a message to then UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, but it is unknown if the message was ever sent. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the Red Cross and earned a trip to the United States where he lived in San Francisco with a host family for several months.[9] As part of the trip, Ban met U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[1] When a journalist at the meeting asked Ban what he wanted to be when he grew up, he said, "I want to become a diplomat."[8]
He received a [[bachelor's degree] in International Relations from Seoul National University in 1970, and earned a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1985.[8] At Harvard, he studied under Joseph Nye who remarked that Ban had "a rare combination of analytic clarity, humility and perseverance."[9] Ban was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) by the University of Malta on 22 April 2009.[10] He further received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Washington in October 2009.[11]
In addition to his native Korean, Ban speaks English, French, and Japanese. There have been questions, however, regarding the extent of his knowledge of French, one of the two working languages of the United Nations Secretariat.[12]
Family[link]
Ban Ki-moon met Yoo Soon-taek in 1962 when they were both high school students. Ban was 18 years old, and Yoo Soon-taek was his secondary school's student council president. Ban Ki-moon married Yoo Soon-taek in 1971. They have three adult children: two daughters and a son. His elder daughter, Seon-yong, was born in 1972 and now works for the Korea Foundation in Seoul. She is married to an Indian.[13][14] His son, Woo-hyun was born in 1974 in India.[13] He received an MBA from Anderson School of Management at University of California, Los Angeles, and works for an investment firm in New York.[15] His younger daughter, Hyun-hee (born 1976), is a field officer for UNICEF in Nairobi.[1] After his election as Secretary-General, Ban became an icon in his hometown, where his extended family still resides. Over 50,000 gathered in a soccer stadium in Chungju for celebration of the result. In the months following his election, thousands of practitioners of geomancy went to his village to determine how it produced such an important person.[7] Ban himself is not a member of any church or religious group[2] and has declined to expound his beliefs: "Now, as Secretary-General, it will not be appropriate at this time to talk about my own belief in any particular religion or God. So maybe we will have some other time to talk about personal matters."[3] His mother is a Buddhist.[7]
Personality[link]
In the Korean Foreign Ministry his nickname was riya, meaning "the Bureaucrat" or "the administrative clerk." The name was used as both positive and negative: complimenting Ban's attention to detail and administrative skill while deriding what was seen as a lack of charisma and subservience to his superiors.[16] The Korean press corps calls him "the slippery eel" for his ability to dodge questions.[8] His peers praise his understated "Confucian approach."[17] and he is regarded by many as a "stand-up guy"[9] and is known for his "easy smile".[1]
Diplomatic career[link]
After graduating from university, Ban received the top score on Korea's foreign service exam. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in May 1970, and worked his way up the career ladder during the years of the Yusin Constitution.[9]
His first overseas posting was to New Delhi, where he served as vice consul and impressed many of his superiors in the foreign ministry with his competence. Ban reportedly accepted a posting to India rather than the more prestigious United States, because in India he would be able to save more money, and send more money home to his family.[18][19] In 1974 he received his first posting to the United Nations, as First Secretary of the South Permanent Observer Mission (South Korea became a full UN member-state on 17 September 1991).[20] After Park Chung-hee's 1979 assassination, Ban assumed the post of Director of the United Nations Division.
In 1980 Ban became director of the United Nations' International Organizations and Treaties Bureau, headquartered in Seoul.[19] He has been posted twice to the Republic of Korea embassy in Washington, D.C. Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in 1990–1992. In 1992, he became Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[18] From 1993–1994 Ban was Korea's deputy ambassador to the United States. He was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister for Policy Planning and International Organizations in 1995 and then appointed National Security Advisor to the President in 1996.[19] Ban's lengthy career overseas has been credited with helping him avoid South Korea's unforgiving political environment.[17]
Ban was appointed Ambassador to Austria and Slovenia in 1998, and a year later he was also elected as Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom). During the negotiations, in what Ban considers the biggest blunder of his career, he included in a public letter a positive statement about the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2001, not long after the United States had decided to abandon the treaty. To avoid anger from the United States, Ban was fired by President Kim Dae-jung, who also issued a public apology for Ban's statement.[1]
Ban was unemployed for the only time in his career and was expecting to receive an assignment to work in a remote and unimportant embassy.[1] In 2001, during the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Republic of Korea held the rotating presidency, and to Ban's surprise, he was selected to be the chief of staff to general assembly president Han Seung-soo.[21] In 2003, incoming president Roh Moo-hyun selected Ban as one of his foreign policy advisors.[19]
Foreign Minister of South Korea[link]
File:Yudhoyono BanKiMoon.jpg
Ban Ki-moon with Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
In 2004, Ban replaced Yoon Young Kwan as foreign minister of South Korea under president Roh Moo-hyun.[8] At the beginning of his term, Ban was faced with two major crises: in June 2004 Kim Sun-il, a Korean translator, was kidnapped and killed in Iraq by Islamic extremists; and in December 2004 dozens of Koreans died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Ban survived scrutiny from lawmakers and saw an upturn in his popularity when talks began with North Korea.[19] Ban became actively involved in issues relating to inter-Korean relationships.[18] In September 2005, as Foreign Minister, he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the Fourth Round of the Six-party talks held in Beijing.[22][23]
As foreign minister, Ban oversaw the trade and aid policies of South Korea. This work put Ban in the position of signing trade deals and delivering foreign assistance to diplomats who would later be influential in his candidacy for Secretary-General. For example, Ban became the first senior South Korean minister to travel to the Republic of the Congo since its independence in 1960.[24]
Campaign for Secretary-General: 2007[link]
| 2007 Secretary-General candidates[25] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Position | |
 |
Ban Ki-moon | South Korean foreign minister |
 |
Shashi Tharoor | Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for public information; from India |
 |
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga | President of Latvia |
 |
Ashraf Ghani | Chancellor of Kabul University, Afghanistan |
 |
Surakiart Sathirathai | Deputy prime minister of Thailand |
 |
Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad | Jordan's ambassador to the United Nations |
 |
Jayantha Dhanapala | Former Under-Secretary-General for disarmament; from Sri Lanka |
In February 2006, Ban declared his candidacy to replace Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General at the end of 2006, becoming the first South Korean to run for the office.[26] Though Ban was the first to announce a candidacy, he was not originally considered a serious contender.[9]
Over the next eight months, Ban made ministerial visits to each of the 15 countries with a seat on the Security Council.[8] Of the seven candidates, he topped each of the four straw polls conducted by the United Nations Security Council: on 24 July,[27] 14 September,[28] 28 September,[29] and 2 October.[30]
During the period in which these polls took place, Ban made major speeches to the Asia Society and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.[31][32] To be confirmed, Ban needed not only to win the support of the diplomatic community, but also to be able to avoid a veto from any of the five permanent members of the council: People's Republic of China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Ban was popular in Washington for having pushed to send South Korean troops to Iraq, and had the support of the Bush administration as he pursued the position.[33] But Ban also opposed several U.S. positions: he expressed his support for the International Criminal Court and favoured an entirely non-confrontational approach to dealing with North Korea.[8] Ban said during his campaign that he would like to visit North Korea in person to meet with Kim Jong-il directly.[23] Ban was viewed as a stark contrast from Kofi Annan, who was considered charismatic, but perceived as a weak manager because of problems surrounding the UN's oil-for-food program in Iraq.[16]
Ban struggled to win the approval of France. His official biography states that he speaks both English and French, the two working languages of the UN Secretariat. He has repeatedly struggled to answer questions in French from journalists.[12] Ban has repeatedly acknowledged his limitations at French, but assured French diplomats that he was devoted to continuing his study. At a press conference on 11 January 2007, Ban remarked, "My French perhaps could be improved, and I am continuing to work. I have taken French lessons over the last few months. I think that, even if my French isn't perfect, I will continue to study it."[34]
As the Secretary-General election drew closer, there was rising criticism of the South Korean campaign on Ban's behalf. Specifically, his alleged practice of systematically visiting all member states of the Security Council in his role as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade to secure votes in his support by signing trade deals with European countries and pledging aid to developing countries were the focus of many news articles.[35] According to The Washington Post, "rivals have privately grumbled that Republic of Korea, which has the world's 11th-largest economy, has wielded its economic might to generate support for his candidacy." Ban reportedly said that these insinuations were "groundless." In an interview on 17 September 2006 he stated: "As front-runner, I know that I can become a target of this very scrutinizing process," and "I am a man of integrity."[36]
In the final informal poll on 2 October, Ban received fourteen favorable votes and one abstention ("no opinion") from the fifteen members of the Security Council. The one abstention came from the Japanese delegation, who vehemently opposed the idea of a Korean taking the role of Secretary-General. Due to the overwhelming support of Ban by the rest of the Security Council, Japan later voted in favor of Ban to avoid controversy. More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto; each of the other candidates received at least one "no" vote from among the five permanent members. After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy[37] and China's Permanent Representative to the UN told reporters that "it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly."[38]
 |
Wikinews has related news: General Assembly elects Ban Ki-moon as next UN chief |
On 9 October, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. In the public vote, he was supported by all 15 members of the council.[39] On 13 October, the 192-member General Assembly acclaimed Ban as Secretary-General.[21]
First Term as Secretary-General[link]
When Ban became Secretary-General, The Economist listed the major challenges facing him in 2007: "rising nuclear demons in Iran and North Korea, a haemorrhaging wound in Darfur, unending violence in the Middle East, looming environmental disaster, escalating international terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the spread of HIV/AIDS. And then the more parochial concerns, such as the largely unfinished business of the most sweeping attempt at reform in the UN's history."[40] Before starting, Kofi Annan shared the story that when the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie left office, he told his successor, Dag Hammarskjöld, "You are about to take over the most impossible job on earth."[21]
On 23 January 2007 Ban took office as the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations. Ban's term as Secretary-General opened with a flap. At his first encounter with the press as Secretary-General on 2 January 2007, he refused to condemn the death penalty imposed on Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi High Tribunal, remarking that "The issue of capital punishment is for each and every member State to decide".[41] Ban's statements contradicted long-standing United Nations opposition to the death penalty as a human-rights concern.[42] He quickly clarified his stance in the case of Barzan al-Tikriti and Awad al-Bandar, two top officials who were convicted of the deaths of 148 Shia Muslims in the Iraqi village of Dujail in the 1980s. In a statement through his spokesperson on 6 January, he "strongly urged the Government of Iraq to grant a stay of execution to those whose death sentences may be carried out in the near future."[43][44] On the broader issue, he told a Washington, D.C., audience on 16 January 2007 that he recognized and encouraged the "growing trend in international society, international law and domestic policies and practices to phase out eventually the death penalty."[45]
On the tenth anniversary of Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot's death, 15 April 2008, Ban Ki-moon appealed for the senior leaders of the regime to be brought to justice. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia-tribunal, which was established by both the United Nations and Cambodia and which became operational in 2006, is expected to continue until at least 2010.[46]
Cabinet[link]
In early January, Ban appointed the key members of his cabinet. As his Deputy Secretary-General, he selected Tanzanian foreign minister and professor Asha-Rose Migiro – a move that pleased African diplomats who had concerns of losing power without Annan in office.[47]
The top position devoted exclusively to management, Under-Secretary-General for Management, was filled by Alicia Bárcena Ibarra of Mexico. Bárcena was considered a UN insider, having previously served as Annan's chief of staff. Her appointment was seen by critics as an indication that Ban would not make dramatic changes to UN bureaucracy.[48] Ban appointed Sir John Holmes, the British Ambassador to France, as Under-Secretary-General for humanitarian affairs and coordinator of emergency relief.[48]
Ban initially said that he would delay making other appointments until his first round of reforms were approved, but he later abandoned this idea after receiving criticism.[43][49] In February he continued with appointments, selecting B. Lynn Pascoe, the U.S. ambassador to Indonesia, to become Under-Secretary-General for political affairs. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, a French diplomat, who had served as Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping operations under Annan, remained in office. Ban selected Vijay K. Nambiar as his chief of staff.[50]
The appointment of many women to top jobs was seen as fulfilling a campaign promise Ban had made to increase the role of women in the United Nations. During Ban's first year as Secretary-General, more top jobs were being handled by women than ever before. Though not appointed by Ban, the president of the General Assembly, Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa, is only the third woman to hold this position in UN history.[51]
Reform agenda[link]
During his first month in office, Ban proposed two major restructurings: to split the UN peacekeeping operation into two departments and to combine the political affairs and disarmament department. His proposals were met with stiff resistance from members of the UN General Assembly who bristled under Ban's request for rapid approval. The proposed merger of the disarmament and political affairs offices was criticized by many in the developing world, partially because of rumours that Ban hoped to place American B. Lynn Pascoe in charge of the new office. Alejandro D. Wolff, then acting American ambassador, said the United States backed his proposals.[43][49]
After the early bout of reproach, Ban began extensive consultation with UN ambassadors, agreeing to have his peacekeeping proposal extensively vetted. After the consultations, Ban dropped his proposal to combine political affairs and disarmament.[52] Ban nevertheless pressed ahead with reforms on job requirements at the UN requiring that all positions be considered five-year appointments, all receive strict annual performance reviews, and all financial disclosures be made public. Though unpopular in the New York office, the move was popular in other UN offices around the world and lauded by UN observers.[53] Ban's proposal to split the peacekeeping operation into one group handling operations and another handling arms was finally adopted in mid-March 2007.[54]
Key issues[link]
The Secretary-General of the United Nations has the ability to influence debate on nearly any global issue. Although unsuccessful in some areas, Ban's predecessor Annan had been successful in increasing the UN peacekeeping presence and in popularizing the Millennium Development Goals. UN observers were eager to see on which issues Ban intends to focus, in addition to reform of the United Nations bureaucracy.[40]
On several prominent issues, such as proliferation in Iran and North Korea, Ban has deferred to the Security Council.[54] In 2007, the Republic of Nauru raised the issue of allowing the Republic of China (Taiwan) to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Ban referenced the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, and refused the motion. On 19 July 2007, Taiwanese President Chen Shui-bian wrote to request admission into the UN by the name Taiwan. Ban rejected the request.[55]
Global warming[link]
Ban early on identified global warming as one of the key issues of his administration. In a White House meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush in January, Ban urged Bush to take steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions. On 1 March 2007 in a speech before the UN General Assembly, Ban emphasized his concerns about global warming. Ban stated, "For my generation, coming of age at the height of the Cold War, fear of nuclear winter seemed the leading existential threat on the horizon. But the danger posed by war to all humanity — and to our planet — is at least matched by climate change"[56] (referring to Global Warming, see P:GW portal). On 3 September 2009 he further emphasized his concerns at the World Climate Conference in Geneva, when he stated, "Our foot is stuck on the accelerator and we are heading towards an abyss".[57]
Middle East[link]
On Thursday, 22 March 2007, while Ban was taking part in the first stop of a tour of the Middle East, a mortar attack hit just 80 meters (260 ft) from where the Secretary-General was standing, interrupting a press conference in Baghdad's Green Zone, and visibly shaking Ban and others. No one was hurt in the incident.[58] The United Nations had already limited its role in Iraq after its Baghdad headquarters was bombed in August 2003, killing 22 people. Ban said, however, that he still hoped to find a way for the United Nations to "do more for Iraqi social and political development."[59]
On his trip, Ban visited Egypt, Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, where Ban attended a conference with leaders of the Arab League and met for several hours with Omar Hassan al-Bashir, the Sudanese president who had resisted UN peacekeepers in Darfur.[54] While Ban met with Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, he declined to meet with Ismail Haniya of Hamas.[60]
Ban Ki-moon criticized Israel on 10 March 2008 for planning to build housing units in a West Bank settlement, saying the decision conflicts with "Israel's obligation under the road map" for Middle East peace.[61]
During a meeting of the UN Security Council on Wednesday, 7 January 2009, Ban called for an immediate end to fighting in the Gaza Strip. He criticized both sides, Israel for bombarding Gaza and Hamas for firing rockets into Israel.[62]
Although the 2009 Iranian presidential election was widely disputed, Ban Ki-moon sent a traditional congratulation message [63] to the Iranian president upon his inauguration. He kept silent over the request of Shirin Ebadi to visit[64] Iran after the crackdown on peaceful post-election protests by the Iranian police – an event that was perceived by some as a crime against humanity .[65] More than 4000 people were arrested and nearly 70 were killed, some while being held in prison.[66] In another incident, several prominent intellectuals including Akbar Ganji, Hamid Dabashi, Noam Chomsky went on a three-day hunger strike in front of the UN. The incident was followed by an official request[67] by more than 200 intellectuals, human rights activists and reformist politicians in Iran for the UN reaction. Ban Ki-moon however did not take any action to stop the violence in Iran.
On 9 May 2012 Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon expressed his concern about the condition of the Palestinian hunger strikers in Israeli prisons.[68]
Darfur[link]
Ban took the first foreign trip of his term to attend the African Union summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in January 2007 as part of an effort to reach out to the Group of 77.[40] He repeatedly identified Darfur as the top humanitarian priority of his administration.[54] Ban played a large role, with several face-to-face meetings with Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, in convincing Sudan to allow UN peacekeepers to enter the Darfur region. On 31 July 2007 the United Nations Security Council approved sending 26,000 UN peacekeepers into the region to join 7,000 troops from the African Union. The resolution was heralded as a major breakthrough in confronting the Darfur conflict (although the United States labeled the conflict a "genocide," the United Nations has declined to do so). The first phase of the peacekeeping mission began in October 2007.[69]
Myanmar[link]
Ban Ki-moon flew to Myanmar on 25 May 2008 to guide a conference with international agencies aimed at boosting donations for the nation, which was struck by Cyclone Nargis on 2 May 2008. The conference was initiated after Ban had met with Than Shwe, the leading figure of Myanmar's government 23 May 2008. Ban toured the devastation—especially in the hard-hit Irrawaddy Delta—23 May 2008 and 24 May 2008. Myanmar officials agreed to allow the Yangon International Airport to be used as a logistical hub for aid distribution.[70]
Campaign for second term as Secretary-General: 2011[link]
On 6 June 2011, Ban Ki-moon formally announced his candidacy for a second consecutive term[5] as Secretary-General of the United Nations. He announced his candidacy at a press conference, following a meeting with the Asian group of countries at the United Nations. Ban Ki-moon's first mandate as the Secretary-General was set to end on 31 December 2011.[71] The five permanent Security Council members supported his candidacy. There was no declared rival for the post.[72]
On 17 June 2011, he received the recommendation of the Security Council by a unanimous vote,[73] and, on 21 June, his nomination was confirmed by a unanimous[6] acclamation vote at the United Nations General Assembly.[74]
His new five-year term as Secretary-General commenced on 1 January 2012[75] and will end on 31 December 2016.[5]
Honors and awards[link]
- Ban Ki-moon was awarded the Order of Service Merit by the Government of the Republic of Korea on three occasions: in 1975, 1986 and 2006.[22]
- For his accomplishments as an envoy, he received the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria in 2001.
- He was bestowed the Grand Cross of Rio Branco by the government of Brazil.
- He was bestowed the Gran Cruz del Sol by the government of Peru.
- He was bestowed a Doctor Honoris Causa by the National University of San Marcos, the main university in Peru and the oldest of the Americas (2011).
- He was bestowed a Doctor of Laws Degree Honoris Causa by the University of the Philippines College of Law, the national university of the country, in 2008.
- He was honored with James A. Van Fleet Award by the Korea Society in New York City for his contributions to friendship between the United States and the Republic of Korea.[76]
Controversy[link]
According to The Washington Post, "some U.N. employees and delegates" expressed resentment at Ban's perceived favoritism in the appointment of South Korean nationals in key posts. Previous U.N. chiefs such as Kurt Waldheim (Austria), Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru) and Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) brought small teams of trusted aides or clerical workers from their country's Foreign Ministry. But according to "some officials" in the Post story, Ban has gone further, boosting South Korea's presence in U.N. ranks by more than 20 percent during his first year in office. In response, Ban and his aides have claimed that allegations of favoritism are wrong, and that some of the harshest criticisms against him have undercurrents of racism.[77] He said that the South Korean nationals he had appointed — including Choi Young-jin, who has served as a high-ranking official in the United Nations' peacekeeping department — are highly qualified for their positions. Others such as Donald P. Gregg, a former U.S. ambassador to South Korea say the complaints are driven by envy, "I think being from South Korea, and people have growing respect for South Korea, that's a great enhancement for the secretary general. If he brings along talented people who (whom) he knows very well, I think that's also a plus." U.N. records show that South Korea, the organization's eleventh-largest financial contributor, had 54 South Korean nationals assigned to its mission six months before Ban took over the top U.N. post. [77]
Former U.N. Under Secretary Inga-Britt Ahlenius denounced Ban Ki Moon after resigning her post in 2010, calling him reprehensible.[78]
Question of bias[link]
During the ROKS Cheonan sinking saga, he took the unusual step of demanding action against North Korea for the alleged sinking of a vessel from his country. This move was perceived[by whom?] as unusual because it was rare for any Secretary-General—and particularly Ban Ki-moon—to comment on the Security Council taking action on a particular issue as his office had, in the past, tended to be extremely deferential to the Security Council.[79]
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- ^ a b c "Mission impossible?—The United Nations". The Economist. 2007-01-06.
- ^ "Secretary-General's encounter with the UN press corps (transcript)". United Nations. 2007-01-02. http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=964. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
- ^ Julia Preston (2007-01-03). "New U.N. Chief Invites Controversy by Declining to Oppose Hussein Execution". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/world/middleeast/03nations.html.
- ^ a b c Mark Turner (2007-02-01). "Ban's month of muddle: how the new UN chief is struggling to win over the doubters". Financial Times.
- ^ "Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the death sentences in Iraq". United Nations. 2007-01-06. http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2395. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
- ^ "Address at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and Q&A (transcript)". United Nations. 2007-01-16. http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2410. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
- ^ "U.N. chief calls for justice in Cambodia". CNN. 2008-04-15. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/15/un.pol.pot/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
- ^ Julia Preston (2007-01-06). "Tanzanian Woman Is Chosen for U.N.'s 2nd Highest Post". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/06/world/06nations.html.
- ^ a b Julia Preston (2007-01-04). "Mexican U.N. Insider Gets Manager's Post".
- ^ a b Warren Hoge (2007-02-06). "U.N. Chief Returns to Headquarters, Where Battles Await Him". The New York Times.
- ^ Warren Hoge (2007-02-10). "U.N. Chief Gives Key Post to American". The New York Times.
- ^ Stevenson Swanson (2007-04-11). "Leaders making world of difference\ Higher profile at UN brings new emphasis on issues affecting women". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ Warren Hoge (2007-02-19). "U.N. Chief Is Assuaging Doubts About Leadership". The New York Times.
- ^ Warren Hoge (2007-02-28). "New United Nations Chief Tackles the Agency's Tradition of Patronage Jobs". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d Maggie Farley (2007-04-11). "Ban Ki-moon learns the hard way". The Irish Times.
- ^ "MOFA spokesman slams Ban Ki-moon for rejecting UN bid". Taipei Times. 2007-07-30. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/07/30/2003371907. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
- ^ Colum Lynch (2007-03-02). "U.N. Secretary General Calls Global Warming a Priority". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030101484.html.
- ^ Ban urges rapid progress in negotiations on new climate change pact UN News Centre, 3 September 2009.
- ^ Rocket blast shakes UN chief in Baghdad Xinhua – 2007-03-23
- ^ Warren Hoge (2007-03-24). "U.N. Chief Isn't Discouraged by His Close Call in Iraq". The New York Times.
- ^ Warren Hoge (2007-04-03). "On Mideast Trip, U.N. Chief Sought to Expand New Role". The New York Times.
- ^ "U.N. blasts Israel for West Bank housing expansion plan". CNN. 2008-03-10. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/10/israel.palestinian.settlement/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ "U.N. blasts Israel for West Bank housing expansion plan". BBC. 2009-01-07.
- ^ UN toasts Ahmadinejad win, as 69 said killed in Iran protests – Haaretz Daily Newspaper|Israel News. Haaretz.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-06.
- ^ "Nobel laureate calls on U.N. chief to visit Iran". Reuters. 2009-08-11. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE57A0HY20090811.
- ^ "British, French embassy workers on trial over Iran protests". CNN. 2009-08-09. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/08/08/iran.detainee.trials/. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
- ^ "Iran admits 4,000 June detentions". BBC News. 2009-08-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8195586.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
- ^ Ganji, Akbar (2009-08-12). "Dear Mr Ban, heed the Iranian people". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/aug/12/iran-ban-ki-moon-protest. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
- ^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41959&Cr=palestin&Cr1=
- ^ Cheryl Corley (2007-08-02). "United Nations Deploys Peacekeeping Troops to Darfur". Tell Me More on NPR.
- ^ CNN (2008-05-25). "Cyclone aid conference opens in Myanmar".
- ^ "Ban Ki-moon launches official re-election campaign". Xinhua. 2011-06-06. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-06/06/c_13913806.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ Agence France-Presse (2011-06-05). "Ban Ki-moon reelection campaign gathers pace". Hurriyet Daily News. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=ban-ki-moon-reelection-campaign-gathers-pace-2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ Patrick Worsnip (2011-06-17). "U.N. council recommends 2nd term for Ban Ki-moon". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/17/us-un-election-idUSTRE75G42820110617. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ "General Assembly Appoints Secretary-General Ban Ki–moon to Second Term of Office". UN Press Office. 2011-06-21. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/ga11102.doc.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ PTI (2011-06-22). "Ban Ki-moon unanimously elected for second term as UN chief". The Times of India. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/17/us-un-election-idUSTRE75G42820110617. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ "Samsung Chairman Lee Receives Van Fleet Award". KBS World. 2006-09-20. http://liveweb.web.archive.org/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_detail.htm?No=39557. Retrieved 2006-09-28. [dead link]
- ^ a b Colum Lynch (2007-10-21). "Under U.N. Chief, Koreans in Key Posts: Ban Ki-moon Denies Playing Favorites". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/20/AR2007102001008.html. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ "investigator says Ban is "embarrassing" himself", Abby Wisse Schachter. New York Post. July 20, 2010. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ "Ban Ki Moon Joins The North Korea-Security Council Debate". UN Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20100528051009/http://www.undispatch.com/node/9910. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
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- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, official United Nations profile, statements, reports, press briefings
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- Ban Ki-moon interview with Dennis Wholey on 23 February 2006
- Ban Ki-moon's address to the United Nations General Assembly, General Debate of the 63rd Session, 23 September 2008
- Ban Ki-moon on Sixty Years of UN Peacekeeping, Dublin Castle, 7 July 2009
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Yoon Young-kwan |
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of South Korea 2004–2006 |
Succeeded by Song Min-soon |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Kofi Annan |
Secretary-General of the United Nations 2007–present |
Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ban, Ki-moon |
| Alternative names | 반기문 (Hangul); 潘基文 (Hanja) |
| Short description | Current Secretary-General of the United Nations |
| Date of birth | 13 June 1944 |
| Place of birth | Eumseong County, South Korea |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"Yasir Arafat" redirects here. For the cricketer, see Yasir Arafat (cricketer).
| ياسر عرفات Yasser Arafat (Yāsir `Arafāt) Kunya: Abu `Ammar ( ; 'Abū `Ammār) |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Yasser Arafat speaking at the World Economic Forum in 2001 | |
| 1st President of the Palestinian National Authority | |
| In office 20 January 1996 – 11 November 2004 |
|
| Prime Minister | Mahmoud Abbas Ahmed Qurei |
| Succeeded by | Rawhi Fattuh (interim) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (1929-08-24)24 August 1929 Cairo, Egypt |
| Died | 11 November 2004(2004-11-11) (aged 75) Clamart, Paris, France |
| Nationality | Palestinian |
| Political party | Fatah |
| Spouse(s) | Suha Arafat (m. 1990–2004) |
| Children | Zahwa Arafat (b. 1995) |
| Profession | Civil engineer |
| Religion | Sunni Islam[1] |
| Signature |  |
Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (Arabic: محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني; 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرفات) or by his kunya Abu Ammar (Arabic: أبو عمار, 'Abū `Ammār), was a Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA),[2] and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959.[3] Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242. Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country.
Arafat remains a highly controversial figure whose legacy has been widely disputed. He was "revered by many Arabs," and the majority of the Palestinian people, regardless of political ideology or faction, viewed him as a freedom fighter who symbolized their national aspirations. However he was "reviled by many Israelis" who viewed him as a terrorist.[4] Israel has also accused him of mass corruption, secretly amassing a personal wealth estimated to be USD $1.3 billion in 2002 despite the degrading economic conditions of the Palestinians.[5]
Later in his career, Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades-long conflict between it and the PLO. These included the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit. His political rivals, including Islamists and several PLO leftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. In 1994, Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo. During this time, Hamas and other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority that Fatah under Arafat had established in the Palestinian territories.
In late 2004, after effectively being confined within his Ramallah compound for over two years by the Israeli army, Arafat became ill, fell into a coma and died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75. While the exact cause of his death remains unknown and no autopsy was performed, his doctors spoke of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and cirrhosis.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Birth and childhood[link]
Arafat was born in Cairo to Palestinian parents.[6] His father, Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, was a Palestinian from Gaza, whose mother, Yasser's paternal grandmother, was Egyptian. Arafat's father worked as a textile merchant in Cairo's religiously mixed Sakakini District. Arafat was the second-youngest of seven children and was, along with his younger brother Fathi, the only offspring born in Cairo. His mother, Zahwa Abul Saud, was from a Jerusalem family. She died from a kidney ailment in 1933, when Arafat was four years of age.[7]
Arafat's first visit to Jerusalem came when his father, unable to raise seven children alone, sent him and his brother Fathi to their mother's family in the Moroccan Quarter of the Old City. They lived there with their uncle Salim Abul Saud for four years. In 1937, their father recalled them to be taken care of by their older sister, Inam. Arafat had a deteriorating relationship with his father; when he died in 1952, Arafat did not attend the funeral, nor did he visit his father's grave upon his return to Gaza. Arafat's sister Inam stated in an interview with Arafat's biographer, British historian Alan Hart, that Arafat was heavily beaten by his father for going to the Jewish quarter in Cairo and attending religious services. When she asked Arafat why he would not stop going, he responded by saying that he wanted to study the Jewish mentality.[7]
Education and 1948 Arab–Israeli War[link]
In 1944, Arafat enrolled in the University of King Fuad I and graduated in 1950.[7] He later claimed to have sought a better understanding of Judaism and Zionism by engaging in discussions with Jews and reading publications by Theodor Herzl and other prominent Zionists.[8] At the same time, he became an Arab nationalist and began procuring weapons to be smuggled into the former British Mandate of Palestine, for use by irregulars in the Arab Higher Committee and the Army of the Holy War militias.[9]
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Arafat left the University and, along with other Arabs, sought to enter Palestine to join Arab forces fighting against Israeli troops. However, instead of joining the ranks of the Palestinian fedayeen, Arafat fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood, although he did not join the organization. He took part in combat in the Gaza area (which was the main battleground of Egyptian forces during the conflict). In early 1949, the war was winding down in Israel's favor, and Arafat returned to Cairo from a lack of logistical support.[7]
After returning to the University, Arafat studied civil engineering and served as president of the General Union of Palestinian Students (GUPS) from 1952 to 1956. During his first year as president of the union, the University was renamed Cairo University after a coup was carried out by the Free Officers Movement overthrowing King Farouk I. By that time, Arafat had graduated with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering and was called to duty to fight with Egyptian forces during the Suez Crisis; however, he never actually fought on the battlefield.[7] Later that year, at a conference in Prague, he donned a solid white keffiyeh–different from the checkered one he adopted later in Kuwait, which was to become his emblem.[10]
Name[link]
Arafat's full name was Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini. Mohammed Abdel Rahman was his first name, Abdel Raouf was his father's name and Arafat his grandfather's. Al-Qudwa was the name of his tribe and al-Husseini was that of the clan to which the al-Qudwas belonged. al-Husseini was based in Gaza and should not be confused with the well-known, but unrelated, al-Husayni clan of Jerusalem.[7]
Since Arafat was raised in Cairo, the tradition of dropping the Mohammed or Ahmad portion of one's first name was common; notable Egyptians such as Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak did so. However, Arafat also dropped Abdel Rahman and Abdel Raouf from his name as well. During the early 1950s, Arafat adopted the name Yasser, and in the early years of Arafat's guerrilla career, he assumed the nom de guerre of Abu Ammar. Both names are related to Ammar ibn Yasir, one of Muhammad's early companions. Although he dropped most of his inherited names, he retained Arafat due to its significance in Islam.[7]
Rise of Fatah[link]
Founding of Fatah[link]
Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, a leader of the Free Officers Movement, agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, causing the expulsion of all guerrilla or "fedayeen" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, but was unsuccessful in both attempts.[7][11] In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf ("Abu Iyad") and Khalil al-Wazir ("Abu Jihad"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both became Arafat's top aides in future politics. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959.[12] After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.[13]
As Arafat began to develop friendships with Palestinian refugees (some of whom he knew also from his Cairo days), he and the others gradually founded the group that became known as Fatah. The exact date for the establishment of Fatah is unknown. However, in 1959, the group's existence was attested to in the pages of a Palestinian nationalist magazine, Filastununa Nida al-Hayat (Our Palestine, The Call of Life), which was written and edited by Abu Jihad.[3] FaTaH is a reverse acronym of the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini which translates into "The Palestinian National Liberation Movement".[13][14] "Fatah" is also a word that was used in early Islamic times to refer to "conquest."[13]
Fatah dedicated itself to the liberation of Palestine by an armed struggle carried out by Palestinians themselves. This differed from other Palestinian political and guerrilla organizations, most of which firmly believed in a united Arab response.[13][15] Arafat's organization never embraced the ideologies of the major Arab governments of the time, in contrast to other Palestinian factions, which often became satellites of nations such as Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria and others.[16]
In accordance with his ideology, Arafat generally refused to accept donations to his organization from major Arab governments, in order to act independently of them. However, he did not want to alienate them, and sought their undivided support by avoiding alliances with groups loyal to other ideologies. He worked hard in Kuwait, however, to establish the groundwork for Fatah's future financial support by enlisting contributions from the many wealthy Palestinians working there and other Gulf States, such as Qatar (where he met Mahmoud Abbas in 1961).[17] These businessmen and oil workers contributed generously to the Fatah organization. Arafat continued this process in other Arab countries such as Libya and Syria.[13]
In 1962, Arafat and his closest companions migrated to Syria—a country sharing a border with Israel—which had recently seceded from its ephemeral union with Nasser's Egypt. Fatah had approximately three hundred members by this time, but none were fighters.[13] In Syria, however, he managed to recruit members by offering them higher incomes to enable his armed attacks against Israel. Fatah's manpower was incremented further after Arafat decided to offer new recruits much higher salaries than members of the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), the regular military force of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which was created by the Arab League in the summer of 1964. On 31 December of that same year, a squad from al-Assifa, Fatah's original armed wing, attempted to infiltrate Israel, but they were intercepted and detained by Lebanese security forces. Several other raids with Fatah's poorly trained and badly equipped fighters followed this incident. Some were successful, others failed in their missions. Arafat often led these incursions personally.[13]
Arafat and his top aide Abu Jihad were detained in Syria when a pro-Syrian Palestinian leader, Yusef Urabi was murdered. Hours before he was killed, Arafat was discussing with him ways to unite their factions and to request Orabi's support for Arafat against his rivals within the Fatah leadership. Shortly after Arafat left the meeting, Orabi was thrown out of the window of a three-story building and Syrian police loyal to Hafez al-Assad (Assad and Orabi were "close friends"), suspected Arafat was involved in the incident. Assad appointed a panel, which found Arafat and Abu Jihad guilty of the murder. Nonetheless, both were pardoned by Syrian President Salah Jadid. The incident, however, brought Assad and Arafat to unpleasant terms, which would surface later when Assad became President of Syria.[13]
Leader of the Palestinians[link]
On 13 November 1966, Israel launched a major raid against the Jordanian administered West Bank town of as-Samu, in response to a Fatah-implemented roadside bomb attack, which had killed three members of the Israeli security forces near the southern Green Line border. In the resulting skirmish, scores of Jordanian security forces were killed and 125 homes razed. This raid was one of several factors that led to the 1967 Six-Day War.[18]
The Six-Day war began when Israel launched air strikes against Egypt's air force on 5 June 1967. The war ended in an Arab defeat and Israel's occupation of several Arab territories, including the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Although Nasser and his Arab allies had been defeated, Arafat and Fatah could claim a victory, in that the majority of Palestinians, who had up to that time tended to align and sympathize with individual Arab governments, now began to agree that a 'Palestinian' solution to their dilemma was indispensable.[19] Many primarily Palestinian political parties, including George Habash's Arab Nationalist Movement, Hajj Amin al-Husseini's Arab Higher Committee, the Islamic Liberation Front and several Syrian-backed groups, virtually crumbled after their sponsor governments' defeat. Barely a week after the defeat, Arafat crossed the Jordan River in disguise and entered the West Bank, where he set up recruitment centers in Hebron, the Jerusalem area and Nablus, and began attracting both fighters and financiers for his cause.[19]
At the same time, Nasser contacted Arafat through the former's adviser Mohammed Heikal and Arafat was declared by Nasser to be the "leader of the Palestinians."[20] In December 1967 Ahmad Shukeiri resigned his post as PLO Chairman. Yahya Hammuda took his place and invited Arafat to join the organization. Fatah was allocated 33 of 105 seats of the PLO Executive Committee while 57 seats were left for several other guerrilla factions.[19]
Battle of Karameh[link]
Main article: Battle of Karameh
Throughout 1968, Fatah and other Palestinian armed groups were the target of a major Israeli army operation in the Jordanian village of Karameh, where the Fatah headquarters—as well as a mid-sized Palestinian refugee camp—were located. The town's name is the Arabic word for 'dignity', which elevated its symbolism in the eyes of the Arab people, especially after the collective Arab defeat in 1967. The operation was in response to attacks, including rockets strikes from Fatah and other Palestinian militias, within the occupied West Bank. According to Said Aburish, the government of Jordan and a number of Fatah commandos informed Arafat that large-scale Israeli military preparations for an attack on the town were underway, prompting fedayeen groups, such as George Habash's newly formed group the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and Nayef Hawatmeh's breakaway organization the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), to withdraw their forces from the town. Though advised by a pro-Fatah Jordanian divisional commander to withdraw his men and headquarters to the nearby hills, Arafat refused,[19] stating, "We want to convince the world that there are those in the Arab world who will not withdraw or flee."[21] Aburish writes that it was on Arafat's orders that Fatah remained, and that the Jordanian Army agreed to back them if heavy fighting ensued.[19]
On the night of 21 March, the IDF attacked Karameh with heavy weaponry, armored vehicles and fighter jets.[19] Fatah held its ground, surprising the Israeli military. As Israel's forces intensified their campaign, the Jordanian Army became involved, causing the Israelis to redeploy in order to avoid widening the conflict.[22] By the end of the battle, nearly 150 Fatah gunmen had been killed and a similar number captured.[23] At least eighty-four Jordanian soldiers and twenty-eight Israelis were also killed. Despite the higher Arab death toll and the fact that the battle was decided in Israel's favor,[24] Fatah considered themselves victorious because of the Israeli army's withdrawal.[19] Some have alleged that Arafat himself was on the battlefield, but the details of his involvement are unclear. However, his allies–as well as Israeli intelligence–confirm that he urged his men throughout the battle to hold their ground and continue fighting.[25]
The battle was covered in detail by Time, and Arafat's face appeared on the cover of the 13 December 1968 issue, bringing his image to the world for the first time.[26] Amid the post-war environment, the profiles of Arafat and Fatah were raised by this important turning point, and he came to be regarded as a national hero who dared to confront Israel. With mass applause from the Arab world, financial donations increased significantly, and Fatah's weaponry and equipment improved. The group's numbers swelled as many young Arabs, including thousands of non-Palestinians, joined the ranks of Fatah.[27]
When the Palestinian National Council convened in Cairo on 3 February 1969, Yahya Hammuda stepped down from his chairmanship of the PLO. Arafat was elected chairman on 4 February.[28][29] He became Commander-in-Chief of the Palestinian Revolutionary Forces two years later, and in 1973, became the head of the PLO's political department.[19]
Jordan[link]
See also: Black September in Jordan
In the late 1960s, tensions between Palestinians and the Jordanian government increased greatly; heavily armed Arab resistance elements had created a virtual "state within a state" in Jordan, eventually controlling several strategic positions in that country. After their victory in the Battle of Karameh, Fatah and other Palestinian militias began taking control of civil life in Jordan. They set up roadblocks, publicly humiliated Jordanian police forces, molested women and levied illegal taxes—all of which Arafat either condoned or ignored.[21] King Hussein considered this a growing threat to his kingdom's sovereignty and security, and attempted to disarm the militias. However, in order to avoid a military confrontation with opposition forces, Hussein dismissed several of his anti-PLO cabinet officials, including some of his own family members, and invited Arafat to become Prime Minister of Jordan. Arafat refused, citing his belief in the need for a Palestinian state with Palestinian leadership.[30]
Despite Hussein's intervention, militant actions in Jordan continued. On 15 September 1970, the PFLP hijacked five planes and landed three of them at Dawson's Field, located 30 miles (48 km) east of Amman. After the passengers were moved to other locations, three of the planes were blown up. This tarnished Arafat's image in many western nations, including the United States, who held him responsible for controlling Palestinian factions that belonged to the PLO. Arafat, bowing to pressure from Arab governments, publicly condemned the hijackings and suspended the PFLP from any guerrilla actions for a few weeks. (He had taken the same action after the PFLP attacked Athens Airport.) The Jordanian government moved to regain control over its territory, and the next day, King Hussein declared martial law.[30] On the same day, Arafat became supreme commander of the PLA.[31]
As the conflict raged, other Arab governments attempted to negotiate a peaceful resolution. As part of this effort, Gamal Abdel Nasser led the first ever emergency Arab League summit in Cairo on 21 September. Arafat's speech drew sympathy from attending Arab leaders. Other heads of state took sides against Hussein, among them Muammar Gaddafi, who mocked him and his schizophrenic father King Talal. The attempt to establish a peace agreement between the two sides failed. Nasser died of a massive heart attack hours after the summit.[30]
By 25 September, the Jordanian army achieved dominance, and two days later Arafat and Hussein agreed to a ceasefire in Amman. The Jordanian army inflicted heavy casualties on the Palestinians—including civilians—who suffered approximately 3,500 fatalities.[31] After repeated violations of the ceasefire from both the PLO and the Jordanian Army, Arafat called for King Hussein to be toppled. Responding to the threat, in June 1971, Hussein ordered his forces to oust all remaining Palestinian fighters in northern Jordan—which they accomplished. Arafat and a number of his forces, including two high-ranking commanders, Abu Iyad and Abu Jihad, were forced into the northern corner of Jordan. They relocated near the town of Jerash, near the border with Syria. With the help of Munib Masri, a pro-Palestinian Jordanian cabinet member, and Fahd al-Khomeimi, the Saudi ambassador to Jordan, Arafat managed to enter Syria with nearly two thousand of his fighters. However, due to the hostility of relations between Arafat and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad (who had previously ousted President Salah Jadid), the Palestinian fighters crossed the border into Lebanon to join PLO forces in that country, where they set up their new headquarters.[32]
Lebanon[link]
Official recognition[link]
Because of Lebanon's weak central government, the PLO was able to operate virtually as an independent state. During this time in the 1970s, numerous leftist PLO groups took up arms against Israel, carrying out attacks against civilians as well as military targets within Israel and outside of it.
Two major incidents occurred in 1972. The Fatah subgroup Black September hijacked a Sabena flight on route to Vienna and forced it to land at the Ben Gurion International Airport in Lod, Israel.[33] The PFLP and the Japanese Red Army carried out a shooting rampage at the same airport, killing twenty-four civilians.[33][34] Israel later claimed that the assassination of PFLP spokesman Ghassan Kanafani was a response to the PFLP's involvement in masterminding the latter attack. Two days later, various PLO factions retaliated by bombing a bus station, killing eleven civilians.[33]
| “ | Our basic aim is to liberate the land from the Mediterranean Seas to the Jordan River. We are not concerned with what took place in June 1967 or in eliminating the consequences of the June war. The Palestinian revolution's basic concern is the uprooting of the Zionist entity from our land and liberating it. | ” |
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—Yasser Arafat, 1970[35] |
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At the Munich Olympic Games, Black September kidnapped and killed eleven Israeli athletes.[36] A number of sources, including Mohammed Oudeh (Abu Daoud), one of the masterminds of the Munich massacre, and Benny Morris, a prominent Israeli historian, have stated that Black September was an armed branch of Fatah used for paramilitary operations. According to Abu Daoud's 1999 book, "Arafat was briefed on plans for the Munich hostage-taking."[37] The killings were internationally condemned. In 1973–74, Arafat closed Black September down, ordering the PLO to withdraw from acts of violence outside Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[38]
In 1974, the PNC approved the Ten Point Program (drawn up by Arafat and his advisers), and proposed a compromise with the Israelis. It called for a Palestinian national authority over every part of "liberated Palestinian territory",[39] which refers to areas captured by Arab forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War (present-day West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip). This caused discontent among several of the PLO factions; the PFLP, DFLP and other parties formed a breakaway organization, the Rejectionist Front.[40]
Israel and the US have alleged also that Arafat was involved in the 1973 Khartoum diplomatic assassinations, in which five diplomats and five others were killed. A 1973 United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat."[41][42] Arafat denied any involvement in the operation and insisted it was carried out independently by the Black September group. Israel claimed that Arafat was in ultimate control over these organizations and therefore had not abandoned terrorism.[43]
In addition, some circles within the US State Department viewed Arafat as an able diplomat and negotiator who can get support from many Arab governments at once. An example of that we find in March 1973, when Arafat tried to arrange for a meeting between the President of Iraq and the Emir of Kuwait in order to resolve their disputes.[44]
Also in 1974, the PLO was declared the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" and admitted to full membership of the Arab League at the Rabat Summit.[40] Arafat became the first representative of a non-governmental organization to address a plenary session of the UN General Assembly. Arafat was also the first leader to address the UN while wearing a holster, although it did not contain a gun.[45][dubious – discuss] In his United Nations address, Arafat condemned Zionism, but said, "Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand."[46] His speech increased international sympathy for the Palestinian cause.[40]
Following recognition, Arafat established relationships with a variety of world leaders, including Saddam Hussein and Idi Amin. Arafat was Amin's best man at his wedding in Uganda in 1975.[47][48]
Fatah involvement in Lebanese Civil War[link]
See also: Lebanese Civil War
Although hesitant at first to take sides in the conflict, Arafat and Fatah played an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. Succumbing to pressure from PLO sub-groups such as the PFLP, DFLP and the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), Arafat aligned the PLO with the Communist and Nasserist Lebanese National Movement (LNM). The LNM was led by Kamal Jumblatt, who had a friendly relationship with Arafat and other PLO leaders. Although originally aligned with Fatah, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad feared a loss of influence in Lebanon and switched sides. He sent his army, along with the Syrian-backed Palestinian factions of as-Sa'iqa and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) led by Ahmad Jibril to fight alongside the radical right-wing Christian forces against the PLO and the LNM. The primary components of the Christian front were the Maronite Phalangists loyal to Bachir Gemayel and the Tigers Militia—which was led by Dany Chamoun, a son of former President Camille Chamoun.[49]
In February 1975, the Tigers shot an important pro-Palestinian Lebanese MP, Ma'arouf Sa'ad, founder of the Popular Nasserite Organization.[50] His death, from his wounds, the following month, and the murder in April of that year of twenty-seven Palestinians and Lebanese travelling on bus from Sabra and Shatila to the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp by Phalangist forces, precipitated the Lebanese Civil War.[51] Arafat was reluctant to respond with force, but many other Fatah and PLO members felt otherwise.[21] For example, the DFLP carried out several attacks against the Lebanese Army. In 1976, an alliance of Christian militias with the backing of the Lebanese and Syrian Army besieged Tel al-Zaatar camp in east Beirut.[52][53] The PLO and LNM retaliated by attacking the town of Damour, a Phalangist stronghold. Over 330 people were killed and many more wounded.[52] The Tel al-Zaatar camp fell to the Christians after a six-month siege, and a massacre followed in which thousands of Palestinians were killed.[54] Arafat and Abu Jihad blamed themselves for not successfully organizing a rescue effort.[49]
PLO cross-border raids against Israel grew during the late 1970s. One of the most severe—known as the Coastal Road massacre—occurred on 11 March 1978. A force of nearly a dozen Fatah fighters landed their boats near a major coastal road connecting the city of Haifa with Tel Aviv-Yafo. There they hijacked a bus and sprayed gunfire inside and at passing vehicles, killing thirty-seven civilians.[55] In response, the IDF launched Operation Litani three days later, with the goal of taking control of Southern Lebanon up to the Litani River. The IDF achieved this goal, and Arafat withdrew PLO forces north into Beirut.[56]
After Israel withdrew from Lebanon, cross-border hostilities between PLO forces and Israel continued, though from August 1981 to May 1982, the PLO adopted a unilateral policy of refraining from responding to provocations.[57] Beirut was soon besieged and bombarded by the IDF;[49] Arafat declared the city to be the "Hanoi and Stalingrad of the Israeli army."[49] The Civil War's first phase ended and Arafat—who was commanding Fatah forces at Tel al-Zaatar—narrowly escaped with assistance from Saudi and Kuwaiti diplomats.[58] Towards the end the siege, the US and European governments brokered an agreement guaranteeing safe passage for Arafat and the PLO—guarded by a multinational force of eight hundred US Marines supported by the US Navy—to exile in Tunis.[49]
Arafat returned to Lebanon a year after his eviction from Beirut, this time establishing himself in the northern Lebanese city of Tripoli. This time Arafat was expelled by a fellow Palestinian working under Hafez al-Assad. Arafat did not return to Lebanon after his second expulsion, though many Fatah fighters did.[49]
Tunisia[link]
Arafat and Fatah's center for operations was based in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia, until 1993. In 1985 he narrowly survived an Israeli assassination attempt when Israeli Air Force F-15s bombed his headquarters there as part of Operation Wooden Leg, leaving 73 people dead. Arafat had gone out jogging that morning.[59]
First Intifada[link]
During the 1980s, Arafat received financial assistance from Libya, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, which allowed him to reconstruct the badly battered PLO. This was particularly useful during the First Intifada in December 1987, which began as an uprising of Palestinians against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The word Intifada in Arabic is literally translated as "tremor", however, it is generally defined as an uprising or revolt.[60]
The first stage of the Intifada began following an incident at the Erez checkpoint where four Palestinian residents of the Jabalya refugee camp were killed in a traffic accident involving an Israeli driver. Rumors spread that the deaths were a deliberate act of revenge for an Israeli shopper that was stabbed to death by a Palestinian in Gaza four days earlier. Mass rioting broke-out and within weeks and partly upon consistent requests by Abu Jihad, Arafat attempted to direct the uprising, which lasted until 1992–93. Abu Jihad had previously been assigned the responsibility of the Palestinian territories within the PLO command and according to biographer Said Aburish, had "impressive knowledge of local conditions" in the Israeli-occupied territories. On 16 April 1988, as the Intifada was raging, Abu Jihad was assassinated in his Tunis household, allegedly by an Israeli hit squad. Arafat considered Abu Jihad a PLO counterweight to local Palestinian leadership, and led a funeral procession for him in Damascus.[60]
The most common tactic used by Palestinians during the Intifada was throwing stones, molotov cocktails, and burning tires.[61] The local leadership in some West Bank towns commenced non-violent protests against Israeli occupation by engaging in tax resistance and other boycotts. Israel responded by confiscating large sums of money in house-to-house raids.[60][62] As the Intifada came to a close, new armed Palestinian groups—in particular Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)—began targeting Israeli civilians with the new tactic of suicide bombing and internal fighting amongst the Palestinians increased dramatically.[60]
Change in direction[link]
There is reason to believe that Arafat was considering some kind of territorial compromise with the State of Israel at least since 1974. Recently declassified documents show that in early 1976, at a meeting with US Senator Adlai Stevenson III, Arafat suggested a "few kilometers" of Israeli withdrawal from parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip while transferring responsibility to the UN, and this, he claimed "would give him something to show his people before he could acknowledge Israel's right to exist".[63]
On 15 November 1988, the PLO proclaimed the independent State of Palestine. Though he had frequently been accused of and associated with terrorism,[64][65][66] in speeches on 13 and 14 December Arafat accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242, Israel's right "to exist in peace and security" and repudiated 'terrorism in all its forms, including state terrorism'.[67][68] Arafat's statements were greeted with approval by the US administration, which had long insisted on these statements as a necessary starting point for official discussions between the US and the PLO. These remarks from Arafat indicated a shift away from one of the PLO's primary aims—the destruction of Israel (as entailed in the Palestinian National Covenant)–and toward the establishment of two separate entities: an Israeli state within the 1949 armistice lines, and an Arab state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. On 2 April 1989, Arafat was elected by the Central Council of the Palestine National Council, the governing body of the PLO, to be the president of the proclaimed State of Palestine.[60]
Prior to the Gulf War in 1990–91, when the Intifada's intensity began to wear down, Arafat supported Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait and opposed the US-led coalition attack on Iraq. He made this decision without the consent of other leading members of Fatah and the PLO. Arafat's top aide Abu Iyad vouched to stay neutral and opposed an alliance with Saddam; On 17 January 1991, Abu Iyad was assassinated by the pro-Iraqi Abu Nidal Organization. Arafat's decision also severed relations with Egypt and many of the oil-producing Arab states that supported the US-led coalition. Many in the US also used Arafat's position as a reason to disregard his claims to being a partner for peace. After the end of hostilities, many Arab states that backed the coalition cut off funds to the PLO and began providing financial support for the organization's rival Hamas as well as other Islamist groups.[60]
In 1990, Arafat married Suha Tawil, a Palestinian Christian when he was 61 and Suha, 27. Before their marriage, she was working as a secretary for Arafat in Tunis after her mother introduced her to him in France.[69][70] Prior to Arafat's marriage, he adopted fifty Palestinian war orphans.[71] Arafat narrowly escaped death again on 7 April 1992, when an Air Bissau aircraft he was a passenger on crash-landed in the Libyan Desert during a sandstorm. Two pilots and an engineer were killed; Arafat was bruised and shaken.[72]
Palestinian Authority and peace negotiations[link]
Further information: Palestinian_views_on_the_peace_process#Yasser_Arafat_and_the_PLO
Oslo Accords[link]
In the early 1990s, Arafat and leading Fatah officials engaged the Israeli government in a series of secret talks and negotiations that led to the 1993 Oslo Accords.[43][73] The agreement called for the implementation of Palestinian self-rule in portions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip over a five year period, along with an immediate halt to and gradual removal of Israeli settlements in those areas. The accords called for a Palestinian police force to be formed from local recruits and Palestinians abroad, to patrol areas of self-rule. Authority over the various fields of rule, including education and culture, social welfare, direct taxation and tourism, would be transferred to the Palestinian interim government. Both parties agreed also on forming a committee that would establish cooperation and coordination dealing with specific economic sectors, including utilities, industry, trade and communication.[74]
Prior to signing the accords, Arafat—as Chairman of the PLO and its official representative—signed two letters renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel. In return, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, on behalf of Israel, officially recognized the PLO.[75]
The following year, Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Shimon Peres.[76] The Palestinian reaction was mixed. The Rejectionist Front of the PLO allied itself with Islamists in a common opposition against the agreements. It was rejected also by Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan as well as by many Palestinian intellectuals and the local leadership of the Palestinian territories. However, the inhabitants of the territories generally accepted the agreements and Arafat's promise for peace and economic well-being.[77]
Establishing authority in the territories[link]
In accordance with the terms of the Oslo agreement, Arafat was required to implement PLO authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. He insisted that financial support was imperative to establishing this authority and needed it to secure the acceptance of the agreements by the Palestinians living in those areas. However, the Gulf Arab States—Arafat's usual source for financial backing—still refused to provide him and the PLO with any major donations because of his sympathy for Iraq during the Gulf War, in 1991.[77] Ahmed Qurei—a key Fatah negotiator during the negotiations in Oslo—openly announced that the PLO was bankrupt.[78]
In 1994, Arafat moved to Gaza City, one of the territories controlled by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA)—the provisional entity created by the Oslo Accords.[76] Arafat became the President and Prime Minister of the PNA, the Commander of the PLA and the Speaker of the PLC. In July, after the PNA was declared the official government of the Palestinians, the Basic Laws of the Palestinian National Authority was published,[79] in three different versions by the PLO. Arafat proceeded with creating a structure for the PNA. He established an executive committee or cabinet composed of twenty members. Arafat also took the liberty to replace and assign mayors and city councils for major cities such as Gaza and Nablus. He began subordinating non-governmental organizations that dealt in education, health, and social affairs under his authority by replacing their elected leaders and directors with PNA officials loyal to him. He then appointed himself chairman of the Palestinian financial organization that was created by the World Bank to control most aid money towards helping the new Palestinian entity.[77]
Arafat established a Palestinian police force, named the Preventive Security Service (PSS), that became active on 13 May. It was mainly composed of PLA soldiers and foreign Palestinian volunteers. Arafat assigned Mohammed Dahlan and Jibril Rajoub to head the organization.[77] Amnesty International accused Arafat and the PNA leadership for failing to adequately investigate abuses by the PSS (including torture and unlawful killings) of political opponents and dissidents as well as the arrests of human rights activists.[80]
On 24 July 1995, Arafat's wife Suha gave birth to a daughter in Sorbonne, France. She was named Zahwa after Arafat's deceased mother.[70]
Throughout November and December 1995, Arafat toured dozens of Palestinian cities and towns that were evacuated by Israeli forces including Jenin, Ramallah, al-Bireh, Nablus, Qalqilyah and Tulkarm, declaring them "liberated". The PNA also gained control of the West Bank's postal service during this period.[81] On 20 January 1996, Arafat was elected president of the PNA, with an overwhelming 88.2% majority (the only other candidate was charity organizer Samiha Khalil). However, because Hamas, the DFLP and other popular opposition movements chose to boycott the presidential elections, the choices were limited. Arafat's landslide victory guaranteed Fatah 51 of the 88 seats in the PLC. After Arafat was elected to the post of President of the PNA, he was often referred to as the Ra'is, (literally president in Arabic), although he spoke of himself as "the general".[82] In 1997, the PLC accused the executive branch of the PNA of financial mismanagement causing the resignation of four members of Arafat's cabinet. Arafat refused to resign his post.[83]
Other peace agreements[link]
In mid-1996, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister of Israel by a margin of just one percent. Palestinian-Israeli relations grew even more hostile as a result of continued conflict.[84] Despite the Israel-PLO accord, Netanyahu opposed the idea of Palestinian statehood.[85] In 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton persuaded the two leaders to meet. The resulting Wye River Memorandum detailed the steps to be taken by the Israeli government and PNA to complete the peace process.[86]
Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak made what many Israelis called a "generous offer". Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73% of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 91% (94% excluding Jerusalem) over a ten to twenty-five year period. Israel would annex the border settlement blocs (encompassing most Israeli settlements), and would cede the equivalent area in the Israeli Negev desert to the Palestinians. To ensure contiguity, an elevated roadway and railway would pass over the Negev from the West Bank to the Gaza Strip. All remaining Israeli settlements would be removed, with the exception of Kiryat Arba, which was to remain an Israeli enclave linked by a bypass road. An Israeli road from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea would also cut through the West Bank, but Palestinians would have free passage. Israel would take sovereignty over Jewish neighborhoods, sites holy to Judaism, and some Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem, while the Palestinians would take sovereignty over some Palestinian neighborhoods, three Quarters of the Old City, and the remaining Palestinian neighborhoods would come under Palestinian autonomy. Palestinians would also have "custodianship" over the Temple Mount, and sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites. Palestine would have no military, and would rely on the PA's well-armed paramilitary security forces, and an international force in the Jordan Valley. Other demands were temporary Israeli observation of border crossings, sharing of water resources, Israeli right to build radar stations in Palestine and deploy troops in case of an emergency, no alliances without Israeli approval, the dismantling of all militant groups, and no foreign forces east of the Jordan River. Also included in the offer was the return of 100,000 refugees, $30 billion to resettle the remaining refugees, and compensation for those not allowed to return. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer.[73] He stated to President Clinton that, "the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet".[87] Arafat also made it clear that he would never relinquish the Palestinian right of return. The move was criticized by a member of his own negotiating team and cabinet, Nabil Amr.[73]
After the September 2000 outbreak of the Second Intifada, negotiations continued at the Taba summit in January 2001; this time, Ehud Barak pulled out of the talks to campaign in the Israeli elections. In October and December 2001, suicide bombings by Palestinian militant groups increased and Israeli counter strikes intensified. Following the election of Ariel Sharon in February, the peace process took a steep downfall. Palestinian elections scheduled for January 2002 were postponed—the stated reason was an inability to campaign due to the emergency conditions imposed by the Intifada, as well as IDF incursions and restrictions on freedom of movement in the Palestinian territories. In the same month, Sharon ordered Arafat to be confined to his Mukata'a headquarters in Ramallah, following an attack in the Israeli city of Hadera;[87] US President George W. Bush supported Sharon's action, claiming that Arafat was "an obstacle to the peace."[88]
Political survival[link]
Arafat's long personal and political survival was taken by most Western commentators as a sign of his mastery of asymmetric warfare and his skill as a tactician, given the extremely dangerous nature of politics of the Middle East and the frequency of assassinations.[89] Some commentators believe his survival was largely due to Israel's fear that he could become a martyr for the Palestinian cause if he were assassinated or even arrested by Israel.[90] Others believe that Israel refrained from taking action against Arafat because it feared Arafat less than Hamas and the other Islamist movements gaining support over Fatah. The complex and fragile web of relations between the US, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab states contributed also to Arafat's longevity as the leader of the Palestinians.[89]
Israel attempted to assassinate Arafat on a number of occasions, but has never used its own agents, preferring instead to "turn" Palestinians close to the intended target, usually using blackmail.[91] According to Alan Hart, the Mossad's specialty is poison.[91] According to Abu Iyad, two attempts were made on Arafat's life by the Israeli Mosaad and the Military Directorate in 1970.[92] In 1976, Abu Sa'ed, a Palestinian traitor-agent who had been working for the Mossad for four years, was enlisted in a plot to put poison pellets that looked like grains of rice in Arafat's food. Abu Iyad explains that Abu Sa'ed confessed after he received the order to go ahead, explaining that he was unable to go through with the plot because, "He was first of all a Palestinian and his conscience wouldn't let him do it."[93] Arafat claimed in a 1988 interview with Time that because of his fear of assassination by the Israelis, he never slept in the same place two nights in a row.[94]
Relations with Hamas and other militant groups[link]
Arafat's ability to adapt to new tactical and political situations was perhaps tested by the rise of the Hamas and PIJ organizations, Islamist groups espousing rejectionist policies with Israel. These groups often bombed non-military targets, such as malls and movie theaters, to increase the psychological damage and civilian casualties. In the 1990s, these groups seemed to threaten Arafat's capacity to hold together a unified nationalist organization with a goal of statehood.[89] They appeared to be out of Arafat's influence and control, and were actively fighting with Fatah. Some allege that activities of these groups were tolerated by Arafat as a means of applying pressure on Israel.[60]
An attack carried out by Hamas militants killed twenty-nine Israeli civilians celebrating Passover including many senior citizens.[95] In response, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military offensive into major West Bank cities. Mahmoud Zahar, Hamas leader in Gaza, stated in September 2010 that Arafat had instructed Hamas to launch what he termed "military operations" against Israel in 2000 when Arafat felt that negotiations with Israel would not succeed.[96]
Some Israeli government officials opined in 2002 that the armed Fatah sub-group al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades commenced attacks towards Israel in order to compete with Hamas.[97] On 6 May, the Israeli government released a report, based in part on documents captured during the Israeli occupation of Arafat's Ramallah headquarters, which included copies of papers signed by Arafat authorizing funding for al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades' activities.[98]
Attempts to marginalize[link]
Persistent attempts by the Israeli government to identify another Palestinian leader to represent the Palestinian people failed. Arafat was enjoying the support of groups that, given his own history, would normally have been quite wary of dealing with or supporting him. Marwan Barghouti (a leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades) emerged as a possible replacement during the Second Intifada, but Israel had him arrested for being involved in the killing of twenty-six civilians, and he was sentenced to five life terms.[99]
Arafat was finally allowed to leave his compound on 2 May after intense negotiations led to a settlement: six PFLP militants—including the organization's secretary-general Ahmad Sa'adat—wanted by Israel, who had been holed up with Arafat in his compound, would not be turned over to Israel, but neither would they be held in custody by the PNA. Rather, a combination of British and American security personnel would ensure that the wanted men remained imprisoned in Jericho.[100] (The men were later captured by Israel in an overnight raid on the prison in 2006.)[101] With that, and a promise that he would issue a call to the Palestinians to halt attacks on Israelis, Arafat was released.[100] He issued such a call on 8 May, but as with previous attempts, it was largely ignored.[102] In 2003, Arafat ceded his post as Prime Minister to Mahmoud Abbas amid pressures by the US.[103]
In 2004, President Bush dismissed Arafat as a negotiating partner, saying he had "failed as a leader" and accused him of undercutting Abbas when he was prime minister (Abbas resigned the same year he was given the position).[104] Arafat had a mixed relationship at best with the leaders of other Arab nations. His support from Arab leaders tended to increase whenever he was pressured by Israel; for example, when Israel declared in 2003 it had made the decision, in principle, to remove him from the Israeli-controlled West Bank.[87] In an interview with the Arabic news network Al-Jazeera, Arafat responded to Ariel Sharon's suggestion that he be exiled from the Palestinian territories permanently, by stating, "Is it his [Sharon's] homeland or ours? We were planted here before the Prophet Abraham came, but it looks like they [Israelis] don't understand history or geography."[87]
Financial dealings[link]
In August 2002, the Israeli Military Intelligence Chief alleged that Arafat's personal wealth was in the range of USD $1.3 billion.[5] In 2003 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) conducted an audit of the PNA and stated that Arafat diverted $900 million in public funds to a special bank account controlled by Arafat and the PNA Chief Economic Financial adviser. However, the IMF did not claim that there were any improprieties, and it specifically stated that most of the funds had been used to invest in Palestinian assets, both internally and abroad.[105][106]
However in 2003, a team of American accountants–hired by Arafat's own finance ministry–began examining Arafat's finances; this team reached a different conclusion. The team claimed that part of the Palestinian leader's wealth was in a secret portfolio worth close to $1 billion, with investments in companies like a Coca-Cola bottling plant in Ramallah, a Tunisian cell phone company and venture capital funds in the US and the Cayman Islands. The head of the investigation stated that "although the money for the portfolio came from public funds like Palestinian taxes, virtually none of it was used for the Palestinian people; it was all controlled by Arafat. And none of these dealings were made public."[107]
An investigation conducted by the General Accounting Office reported that Arafat and the PLO held over $10 billion in assets even at the time when he was publicly claiming bankruptcy.[108]
Although Arafat lived a modest lifestyle, Dennis Ross, former Middle East negotiator for Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton, stated that Arafat's "walking-around money" financed a vast patronage system known as neopatrimonialism. According to Salam Fayyad—a former World Bank official whom Arafat appointed Finance Minister of the PNA in 2002—Arafat's commodity monopolies could accurately be seen as gouging his own people, "especially in Gaza which is poorer, which is something that is totally unacceptable and immoral." Fayyad claims that Arafat used $20 million from public funds to pay the leadership of the PNA security forces (the Preventive Security Service) alone.[107]
Fuad Shubaki, former financial aide to Arafat, told the Israeli security service Shin Bet that Arafat used several million dollars of aid money to buy weapons and support militant groups.[109] During Israel's Operation Defensive Shield, the Israel army recovered counterfeit money and documents from Arafat's Ramallah headquarters. The documents showed that, in 2001, Arafat personally approved payments to Tanzim terrorists.[110] The Palestinians claimed that the counterfeit money was confiscated from criminal elements.[111]
Illness and death[link]
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First reports of Arafat's treatment by his doctors for what his spokesman said was the "flu" came on 25 October 2004, after he vomited during a meeting. His condition deteriorated in the following days.[112] Following visits by other doctors, including teams from Tunisia, Jordan, and Egypt—and agreement by Israel not to block his return—Arafat was taken to France on a French government jet, and was admitted to the Percy military hospital in Clamart, a suburb of Paris.[113] The official statement announcing his death failed to determine a cause of death, saying only that he had a "mystery blood disorder".[114] On 3 November, he had lapsed into a gradually deepening coma. Various sources speculated that Arafat was comatose, in a "vegetative state" or dead. However, Palestinian authorities and Arafat's Jordanian doctor denied reports that Arafat was brain dead and had been kept on life support.[115]
A controversy erupted between officials of the PNA and Suha Arafat when officials from the PNA traveled to France to see Yasser Arafat. Suha stated "They are trying to bury Abu Ammar [Arafat] alive".[116] French law forbids physicians from discussing the condition of their patients with anybody with the exception, in case of grave prognosis, of close relatives.[117] Accordingly, all communications concerning Arafat's health had to be authorized by his wife. Palestinian officials expressed regret that the news about Yasser Arafat was "filtered" by her.[118]
The next day, chief surgeon Christian Estripeau of Percy reported that Arafat's condition had worsened, and that he had fallen into a deeper coma.[119] Sheikh Taissir Tamimi, the head of the Islamic court of the Palestinian territories—who held a vigil at Arafat's bedside—visited Arafat and declared that it was out of the question to disconnect him from life support since, according to him, such an action is prohibited in Islam.[87]
Arafat was pronounced dead at 3:30 am UTC on 11 November at the age of 75. The exact cause of his illness is unknown. Tamimi described it as "a very painful scene."[87] When Arafat's death was announced, the Palestinian people went into a state of mourning, with Qur'anic mourning prayers emitted from mosque loudspeakers, and tires were burned in the streets.
The Canard Enchaîné newspaper reported alleged leaks of information by unnamed medical sources at Percy hospital that had access to Arafat and his medical file. According to the newspaper, the doctors at Percy hospital suspected, from Arafat's arrival, grave lesions of the liver responsible for an alteration of the composition of the blood; Arafat was therefore placed in a hematology service. Leukemia was "soundly ruled out". According to the same source, the reason why this diagnosis of cirrhosis could not be made available was that, in the mind of the general public, cirrhosis is generally associated with the consequences of alcohol abuse. Even though the diagnosis was not of alcoholic cirrhosis and Arafat was not known for consuming any alcohol, there was a likelihood of rumors. The source explained that Arafat's living conditions did little to improve the situation. Thus, according to the source, the probable causes of the disease were multiple; Arafat's coma was a consequence of the worsened cirrhosis. The French newspaper Le Monde quoted doctors as saying that he suffered from "an unusual blood disease and a liver problem".[120]
After Arafat's death, the French Ministry of Defense said that Arafat's medical file would be transmitted to only his next of kin. It was determined that Arafat's nephew and PNA envoy to the UN, Nasser al-Qudwa, was a close enough relative, thus working around Suha Arafat's silence on her husband's illness. Nasser al-Qudwa was given a copy of Arafat's 558-page medical file by the French Ministry of Defense.[121]
Rumors about cause of death[link]
Bassam Abu Sharif, Arafat's former advisor, claimed that the Mossad poisoned Arafat through his medications[122] by a lethal dose of thallium.[123] Another "senior Israeli physician" claimed in the article in Haaretz that it was "a classic case of food poisoning", probably caused by a meal eaten four hours before he fell ill that may have contained a toxin such as ricin, rather than a standard bacterial poisoning. However, in the same week as the report in Haaretz, The New York Times published a separate report, also based on access to Arafat's medical records, which claimed that it was highly unlikely that Arafat had food poisoning.[124][125] Both publications further speculated that the cause of death may have been an infection of an unknown nature or origin. However, rumors of Arafat's poisoning have persisted, especially in the Arab world. Al-Kurdi lamented the fact that Arafat's widow Suha had refused an autopsy, which would have answered many questions regarding cause of death.[126][127] In 2005, al-Kurdi called for the creation of an independent commission to carry out investigations concerning Arafat's suspicious death, stating, "any doctor would tell you that these are the symptoms of a poisoning".[126][128]
John Loftus reported on ABC radio that Arafat had died of AIDS. According to Loftus, the CIA had knowledge of his condition, and convinced Israel not to assassinate him and wait for his inevitable death of the disease, since the subsequent widespread connotations of the disease with homosexuality would discredit him.[129] David Frum, a former speechwriter for U.S. President George W. Bush, speculated that Arafat had contracted AIDS as a result of homosexual affairs with his bodyguards, based on Ion Mihai Pacepa's book Red Horizons in which Pacepa reported that he had a conversation with a Romanian intelligence officer in which this officer claimed to have video recordings of Arafat engaging in homosexual activities.[129]
In September 2005, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that French experts could not determine the cause of Arafat's death. The paper quoted an Israeli AIDS expert who claimed that Arafat bore all the symptoms of AIDS, a hypothesis later rejected in The New York Times.[124] On the issue of AIDS; a statement rejecting this suggestion was made in an article printed in numerous American news publications by an anonymous Israeli infectious disease expert; "An Israeli infectious disease specialist said he would have performed the test, if only to be thorough and to refute the rumors that surrounded the case. He said news accounts during Arafat's illness made him strongly suspect that Arafat had AIDS. But after studying the records, he said that was improbable, given the sudden onset of the intestinal troubles." This same article notes that it is also highly unlikely that Yasser Arafat died from poisoning. The article further states that Yasser Arafat died from a stroke linked to an unknown infection which could have possibly been standard food poisoning, which could kill an elderly man already in a general sick condition, which had been caused from living under Israeli siege for years in his Ramallah compound.[130][131]
According to Israel Radio, "A former Palestinian intelligence officer, attorney Fahmi Shabana, says that Yasser Arafat's political rivals were responsible for his death, and that he was poisoned with polonium. Shabana, who took part in the investigation into Arafat's death in a French hospital in 2004, said that several months after his death, the same cell murdered the head of military intelligence in Gaza, General Musa Arafat, a relative of the PLO leader, in order to prevent a blood feud. The lawyer called on Palestinian Authority president Mahmoud Abbas to reopen the investigation into Arafat's death."[132]
A recent report by the French doctors who treated him rules out cancer and an acute infection, and states it was a platelet disorder. The cause of this platelet disorder is unknown.[133] No poison was detected.[134]
Aftermath[link]
Funeral[link]
On 11 November, a French Army Honor Guard held a brief ceremony for Arafat, with his coffin draped in a Palestinian flag. A military band played the French and Palestinian national anthems, and a Chopin funeral march.[135] French President Jacques Chirac stood alone beside Arafat's coffin for about ten minutes in a last show of respect for Arafat, whom he hailed as "a man of courage".[136] The next day, Arafat's body was flown from Paris aboard a French Air Force transport plane to Cairo, Egypt for a brief military funeral there, attended by several heads of states, prime ministers and foreign ministers.[137] Egypt's top Muslim cleric Sayed Tantawi led mourning prayers preceding the funeral procession.[113]
Israel refused Arafat's wish to be buried near the Al-Aqsa Mosque or anywhere in Jerusalem, citing widespread security concerns.[138] Israel also feared that his burial would strengthen Palestinian claims to East Jerusalem. Israeli cabinet minister Tommy Lapid stated that "Jerusalem is the burial place of Jewish kings, not of Arab terrorists".[139] Following the Cairo procession, Arafat was "temporarily" buried within the Mukataa in Ramallah; tens of thousands of Palestinians attended the ceremony.[113] Also attending were at least one Israeli peace activist (Uri Avnery, head of Gush Shalom) and a Christian minister.[140] Arafat was buried in a stone, rather than wooden coffin, and Palestinian spokesman Saeb Erekat said that Arafat would be reburied in East Jerusalem following the establishment of a Palestinian state. After Sheikh Taissir Tamimi discovered that Arafat was buried improperly and in a coffin—which is not in accordance with Islamic law—Arafat was reburied on the morning of 13 November at around 3:00 am.[141] On 10 November 2007, prior to the third anniversary of Arafat's death, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas unveiled a mausoleum for Arafat near his tomb in commemoration of him.[142]
Successor[link]
Upon Arafat's death, PLC Speaker Rawhi Fattouh succeeded Arafat as interim President of the PNA. PLO Secretary-General Mahmoud Abbas was selected Chairman of the PLO, and Farouk Kaddoumi became head of Fatah.[143] The PNA and the leadership of Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon declared forty days of mourning for Arafat.[113] Abbas won the January 2005 presidential election by a comfortable margin, solidifying himself as the successor to Arafat as leader of the Palestinians.
See also[link]
- List of Fatah members
- List of Palestinians
- Nobel Prize controversies
- Person of the Year
- Yasser Arafat International Airport
Notes and references[link]
- ^ Yasser Arafat – NNDB
- ^ Some sources use the term Chairman, rather than President; the Arabic word for both titles is the same. See President of the Palestinian National Authority for further information.
- ^ a b Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 33–67. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. Aburish says the date of Fatah's founding is unclear but claims in 1959 it was exposed by its magazine.
Zeev Schiff, Raphael Rothstein (1972). Fedayeen; Guerillas Against Israel. McKay, p.58; Schiff and Rothstein claim Fatah was founded in 1959.
Salah Khalaf and Khalil al-Wazir state Fatah’s first formal meeting was in October 1959. See Anat N.Kurz (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle. Brighton, Portland: Sussex Academic Press (Jaffee Centre for Strategic Studies), pp.29–30 - ^ Hockstader, Lee (11 November 2004). "A Dreamer Who Forced His Cause Onto World Stage". Washington Post Foreign Service (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41509-2004Nov10.html. Retrieved 31 October 2007.
- ^ a b Alon, Gideon; Amira Hass (14 August 2002). "MI chief: terror groups trying hard to pull off mega-attack". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=197188&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0. Retrieved 21 July 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Not certain; Disputed; Most sources including Tony Walker, Andrew Gowers, Alan Hart and Said K. Aburish indicate Cairo as Arafat's place of birth, but others list his birthplace as Jerusalem as well as Gaza. See here [1] and here [2] for more information. Some believe also that the Jerusalem birthplace might have been a little known rumor created by the KGB [3].
- ^ a b c d e f g h Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–32. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ "Yasser Arafat: Homeland a dream for Palestinian Authority Chief". CNN News (Cable News Network). http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/fyi/school.tools/profiles/Yasser.Arafat/student.storypage.html. Retrieved 15 September 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Rubenstein, Dany (1995). The Mystery of Arafat. New York: Steerforth Press. p. 38. ISBN 1-883642-10-8.
- ^ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Hart, Alan (1994). Arafat. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-283-06220-9.
- ^ Mattar, Phillip (12 November 2000). "Biography of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad)". Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Facts on File; 1st edition. http://www.palestineremembered.com/al-Ramla/al-Ramla/Story175.html. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 33–67. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Hussein, Hassan Khalil. Abu Iyad, Unknown Pages of his Life. p. 64.
- ^ Cooley, John K. (1973). Green March, Black September. Frank Crass & Co.. p. 100. ISBN 0-7146-2987-1.
- ^ Abu Sharif, Bassam; Uzi Mahmaini (1996). Tried by Fire. Time Warner Paperbacks. p. 33. ISBN 0-7515-1636-8.
- ^ Gowers, Andrew; Tony Walker (1991). Behind the Myth: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Revolution. Interlink Pub Group Inc. p. 65. ISBN 0-940793-86-5.
- ^ Oren, Michael (2003). Six Days of War, June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. New York: The Random House Publishing Group. pp. 33–36. ISBN 0-345-46192-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 69–98. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, The Last Arab. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 031228683.
- ^ a b c Sayigh, Yezid (1997). Armed Struggle and the Search for State, the Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829643-6.
- ^ Bulloch, John (1983). Final Conflict: The War in Lebanon. London: Century Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 0-7126-0171-6.
- ^ Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, A Critical Analysis of Israel’s Security and Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2006
- ^ id@246
- ^ Livingstone, Neil; David Halevy (1990). Inside the PLO. pp.80: Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 978-0-7090-4548-9.
- ^ "The Guerrilla Threat In the Middle East". Time. 13 December 1968. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839649,00.html. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ Cobban, Helena (1984). The Palestine Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27216-5.
- ^ Al Fatah Chief To Lead Palestinian Liberation; Associated Press; 6 Feb. 1969
- ^ FATAH WINS CONTROL OF PALESTINE GROUP;New York Times; 5 Feb. 1969
- ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 100–112. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ a b "Black September in Jordan 1970–1971". Armed Conflict Events Data. 16 December 2000. http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/bravo/blacksept1970.htm. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ Rasheda, Mahran (in Arabic). Arafat, the Difficult Number. Dar al-Hayan. pp. 175–181. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-14-127262-5|0-14-127262-5]].
- ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 122–125. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Sontag, Deborah (20 April 1999). "2 Who Share a Past Are Rivals for Israel's Future". The New York Times: pp. Section A, Page 3, Column 1. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30917FD3D5E0C738EDDAD0894D1494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fB%2fBarak%2c%20Ehud.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin, Israel: a history. Doubleday. 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-40401-3.(p418, August 1970)
- ^ Klein, Aaron (2005). Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-920769-80-3.
- ^ Berger, Robert (5 September 2002). "Munich Massacre Remembered". CBS News (MMII, CBS Worldwide Incorporate). http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/05/world/main520865.shtml. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. Vintage Books. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
- ^ "Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council". Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. 8 June 1974. http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/docone.html.
- ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 140–142. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ "The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. 4 May 2006. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ Wiiliam Rogers to the Embassy at Fort Lamy, 13 March 1973
- ^ a b Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 252–261. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Cable US Embassy in Beirut to Secretary of State, 4 April 1973
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 319–320. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ Yasser Arafat's UN General Assembly speech, 13 November 1974
- ^ Big Daddy's boy: Idi Amin's son jailed in Britain over Somali gang murder
- ^ Biographical Focus: Idi Amin
- ^ a b c d e f Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150–175. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ "Mohammed Zaatari Saad loses final battle against cancer". Lebanonwire. 26 July 2002. http://www.lebanonwire.com/0207/02072610DS.asp.
- ^ Noam Chomsky (1999). The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians. South End Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-89608-601-1.
- ^ a b "The Civil War... 1975, Regional Intervention". The Lebanese-American Association. http://www.laa.org/tours/thewar.htm. [dead link]
- ^ Harris, William (1996). Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 162–165. ISBN 1-55876-115-2.
- ^ In Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions pp.162–165, William Harris states "Perhaps 3,000 Palestinians, mostly civilians, died in the siege and its aftermath". This source states that 2,000 were killed.[4] while this page suggests several thousand.[5][dead link]
- ^ "133 Statement to the press by Prime Minister Begin on the massacre of Israelis on the Haifa – Tel Aviv Road- 12 March 1978". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 12 May 1978. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1977-1979/133%20Statement%20to%20the%20press%20by%20Prime%20Minister%20Begin.
- ^ "Time Line: Lebanon Israel Controls South". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 9 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/819200.stm. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ Noam Chomsky, Fatal Triangle, 1999 p.346
- ^ "The Battle of Tel al-Zaatar". Liberty 05. http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civil1.html.
- ^ "92 Press Conference Following Israel Air Force Attack on PLO base in Tunis". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 November 1985. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1984-1988/92%20Press%20Conference%20Following%20Israel%20Air%20Force%20Att.
- ^ a b c d e f g Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 201–228. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ An Analysis of the Strategies and Tactics of the Palestinians and Israelis. Ron, Jonathan. Tufts University
- ^ A Matter of Justice: Tax Resistance in Beit Sahour-Nonviolent Sanctions; Albert Einstein Institution, Spring/Summer 1992
- ^ Richard Murphy (US Ambassador to Syria) to Secretary of State, 24 February 1976
- ^ 20:21 Vision: Twentieth-Century Lessons for the Twenty-First Century , Bill Emmott, Macmillan, 2004 p. 151
- ^ Witnessing for Peace Munib Younan & Frederick M. Strickert Fortress Press, 2003, p. 111
- ^ The West's last chance, Tony Blankley, Regnery Publishing, 2005, p. 77
- ^ "Yasser Arafat, Speech at UN General Assembly Geneva, General Assembly 13 December 1988". Le Monde Diplomatique. 13 December 1988. http://mondediplo.com/focus/mideast/arafat88-en.
- ^ "Arafat Clarifies Statement to Satisfy U.S. Conditions for Dialogue". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/plotstate1.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 246–247. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ a b "Profile: Suha Arafat-Blonde, convent-educated and with a rumored penchant for designer suits, Suha Arafat made an unlikely wife for the leader of the Palestinian resistance.". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 17 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3965541.stm. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ "Milestones". Time Magazine. 19 December 1994.
- ^ "Timeline: Yasser Arafat". Fox News & Associated Press (Fox News Network). 8 February 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,136880,00.html. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
- ^ a b c Carter, James (2006). Palestine Peace Not Apartheid. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-7432-8502-5.
- ^ "Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area". The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2007. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/gazajer.html. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ "Israel-PLO Recognition: Exchange of Letters Between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat". U.S State Department Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 3 September 1993. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070815080734/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22579.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ a b "1994: Israelis and Arafat share peace prize". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 3 September 1993. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/14/newsid_3694000/3694744.stm. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 262–292. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Heikal, Mohammed (1996). Secret Channels. HarperCollins Publishing. p. 479. ISBN 0-00-638337-8.
- ^ Constitution of Palestine (1994) Wikisource 2006-07-26. Accessed on 7 November 2007
- ^ Forgione, Fabio (October 2004). "The Chaos of Corruption, Challenges for the improvement of the Palestinian Society: VI. PA security service, 1. Abuses, torture and infringements of the law". The Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group (PHRMG). http://www.phrmg.org/Corruption%20in%20the%20Palestinian%20Authority.htm. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ "Palestine Facts: 1994–1995". Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA). http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ Miller, Judith (10 November 2004). "Obituary: Yasir Arafat, Palestinian Leader, Dies at 75". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/10/international/middleeast/10WIRE-ARAFAT.html?pagewanted=print&position=. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
- ^ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 293–320. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ "Profile: Binyamin Netanyahu-Binyamin Netanyahu was one of the most right-wing and controversial leaders in Israel's history.". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 20 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2393677.stm.
- ^ "Hardliners Gain Around Likud Vote". BBC News (BBC MMIII). 9 December 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2558451.stm. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ "The Wye River Memorandum". The State of Israel (Translated from Hebrew). 1998. http://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/wye_eng.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f "Yasser Arafat (1929–2004)" (PDF). PASSIA. 11 December 2004. http://www.passia.org/Arafat/Arafat.pdf.
- ^ "Mid-East press reflects on Arafat legacy: Israeli newspaper Maariv". BBC News (BBC MMIII). 5 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4002497.stm. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
- ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 321–325. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.
- ^ Beyer, Lisa (12 November 2004). "A Life in Retrospect: Yasser Arafat". Time: p. 2. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,781566-2,00.html. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ a b Hart, Alan (1989). Arafat, a political biography (Illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-253-32711-3, 9780253327116. http://books.google.ca/books?id=KwfvvbnEh-IC&pg=PA429&dq=poison+arafat&cd=6#v=onepage&q=poison%20arafat&f=false.
- ^ Hart Arafat, a political biography, Alan (1989) (Illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-253-32711-3, 9780253327116. http://books.google.ca/books?id=KwfvvbnEh-IC&pg=PA429&dq=poison+arafat&cd=6#v=onepage&q=poison%20arafat&f=false.
- ^ Hart, Alan (1989). Arafat, a political biography (Illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. pp. 429–420. ISBN 0-253-32711-3, 9780253327116. http://books.google.ca/books?id=KwfvvbnEh-IC&pg=PA429&dq=poison+arafat&cd=6#v=onepage&q=poison%20arafat&f=false.
- ^ Karsten Prager, Murray J. Gart, & Yasser Arafat (7 November 1988). "Interview: with Yasser Arafat: Knowing the Enemy". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968859,00.html. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
- ^ "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline: 2002". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 29 September 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
- ^ Khaled Abu Toameh, "Arafat ordered Hamas attacks against Israel in 2000", Jerusalem post, 29 September 2010 "This was the first time that a senior Hamas official disclosed that some of the Hamas suicide bombings during the second intifada, which erupted 10 years ago, were ordered by Arafat. Until now it was widely believed that Arafat had only ordered his Fatah militiamen to carry out terror attacks on Israel."
- ^ Bowen, Jeremy (7 November 2003). "Palestinian Authority funds go to militants". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3243071.stm. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
- ^ Naveh, Dani (6 May 2002). "The Involvement of Arafat, PA Senior Officials and Apparatuses in Terrorism against Israel- Corruption and Crime". Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The State of Israel. http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/5/The%20Involvement%20of%20Arafat-%20PA%20Senior%20Officials%20and. Retrieved 15 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Profile: Marwan Barghouti". BBC News. 13 December 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1473585.stm. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
- ^ a b Pipes, Daniel (6 May 2002). "Arafat's Failure May Offer Seeds of Hope". Los Angeles Times (1980–2007 Daniel Pipes). http://www.danielpipes.org/article/399. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
- ^ Israel holds militant after siege BBC News 14 March 2006.
- ^ Schmemann, Serge (22 September 2002). "Arafat Remains Defiant Amid Rubble of His Compound". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E6DE1739F931A1575AC0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 17 February 2006.
- ^ Amayreh, Khalil (23 July 2003). "Arafat vs Abbas". Al-Ahram Weekly. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/647/re2.htm. Retrieved 17 February 2006.
- ^ Hillman, G. Robert (19 September 2003). "Bush dismisses Arafat as Partner, Pushes for New Leader". The Dallas Morning News. http://media.www.westerncourier.com/media/storage/paper650/news/2003/09/19/Nation/Bush-Dismisses.Arafat.Pushes.For.New.Leader-470765.shtml. Retrieved 21 July 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Nashashibi, Karim; Adam Bennett (20 September 2003). "Business & Economy: IMF audit reveals Arafat diverted $900 million to account under his personal control". The Electronic Intifada. http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article1958.shtml. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ For a general overview of the crucial importance of foreign funding in the peace process, and the PNA's use of such aid, see Rex Brynen, A Very Political Economy: Peacebuilding and Foreign Aid in the West Bank and Gaza, United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000
- ^ a b Stahl, Lesley (9 November 2003). "Arafat's Billions, One Man's Quest To Track Down Unaccounted-For Public Funds". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/07/60minutes/main582487.shtml. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ Backgrounder: Corruption in the PLO’s Financial Empire, www.cdn-friends-icej.co/medigest/jul98/backgrnd.html.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov (17 May 2006). "Arafat used aid to buy weapons". JPost. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961361493&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ Documents seized during Operation Defensive Shield linking Arafat to Terrorism – 15 April 2002 http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/4/Documents%20seized%20during%20Operation%20Defensive%20Shield
- ^ Israel Claims Finding Evidence Against Arafat
- ^ "Ending of Yasser's Life". Palestine: The Mystery Country. http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC052021/Government/GovernmentPage.html.
- ^ a b c d Biles, Peter (12 November 2004). "Arafat's funeral held in Cairo: Mystery illness". BBC News (BBC MMVII). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4005027.stm. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
- ^ "Arafat's doctor calls for autopsy". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 November 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/11/12/1100131178126.html?from=storylhs.
- ^ Lindgren, Jim (4 November 2004). "Arafat: If he is "brain-dead," he is dead". The Volokh Conspiracy using passage published by France-Press. http://www.volokh.com/posts/chain_1100148783.shtml.
- ^ Stahl, Julie (8 November 2004). "'They're Trying to Bury My Husband Alive' Suha Arafat Says". CNS News (Cybercast News Service). Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929103031/http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=/ForeignBureaus/archive/200411/FOR20041108c.html. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
- ^ "Code of Public Health" (in French). Legifrance. 5 March 2002. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L1110-4.
- ^ "Top Palestinians arrive in Paris 'Apologize'". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 8 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3991153.stm. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
- ^ "Arafat's health unchanged: French official". China View. Xinhua News Agency. 7 November 2004. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/07/content_2187955.htm.
- ^ "Palestinians head to Paris to probe Arafat's death". Oscar-Tango (Despardes Inc.). 17 November 2004. http://www.despardes.com/oscartango/111704.html. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ "Arafat doctors found 'no poison':Tests on Yasser Arafat's body showed no traces of any known poisons, according to medical files released on Monday.". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 22 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4032257.stm. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ^ "Israeli Mossad poisoned Arafat through his medications.". Al-Jazeerah. 22 July 2009. http://www.aljazeerah.info/News/2009/July/21%20n/Israeli%20Mossad%20poisoned%20Arafat%20through%20his%20medications,%20says%20Bassam%20Abu%20Sharif.htm.
- ^ Arafat's aide: New information on president's death, Ma'an News Agency, 10 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Cause of Arafat death 'unknown' Medical records of former Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat appear to show that doctors could not determine the underlying cause of his death.". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 8 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4225332.stm.
- ^ "Arafat’s doctor wants autopsy". Associated Press. 12 November 2004. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6472056/. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ a b Rubenstein, Danny (8 September 2005). "Arafat's doctor: There was HIV in his blood, but poison killed him". Haaretz (Haaretz). http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=892231&contrassID=1&subContrassID=1.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven; Lawrence K. Altman (8 September 2005). "Medical Records Say Arafat Died From a Stroke". The New York Times (New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/08/international/middleeast/08arafat.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FP%2FPoisoning%20and%20Poisons&pagewanted=print. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ Kapeliouk, Amnon (2 November 2005). "Yasser Arafat a-t-il été assassiné? ("Was Arafat murdered?")" (in French). Le Monde diplomatique. http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2005/11/KAPELIOUK/12894?var_recherche=arafat. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ a b McDermott, Rose (2008), Presidential leadership, illness, and decision making, Cambridge University Press, p. 244, ISBN 978-0-521-88272-9
- ^ Erlanger, Steven; Altman, Lawrence K. (8 September 2005). "Best Books Of 2003". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-09-08/news/17388635_1_medical-records-percy-army-teaching-hospital-unexplained-death-last-year.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven; Altman, Lawrence K. (8 September 2005). "Medical Records Say Arafat Died From a Stroke". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/08/international/middleeast/08arafat.html?_r=2&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FP%2FPoisoning%20and%20Poisons&pagewanted=print.
- ^ Israel Radio English news, 17 Jan. 2011, 0430 UTC
- ^ http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=435849
- ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/149649#.Ts_427KBqU8
- ^ Left, Sarah (11 November 2004). "Arafat begins final journey". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1348445,00.html. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
- ^ Bennet, James; Erlanger, Steven (11 November 2004). "Arafat's Body Arrives in Cairo Ahead of Ceremony on Friday". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/11/international/middleeast/11cnd-araf.html?pagewanted=2. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
- ^ "Arafat's funeral: Who was there". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 12 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4003463.stm. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
- ^ "Israel Plans for Arafat Burial in Gaza". Associated Press. 4 November 2004. http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/11/7/113931.shtml. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ THE DEATH OF ARAFAT: THE PALESTINIANS; An Emotion-Driven Flock Storms the Burial Ceremony,New York Times,13 Nov. 2004
- ^ "No way to die". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). 16 December 2004. http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1374609,00.html. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ "Arafat mausoleum opened by Abbas". BBC News (BBC MMVII). 10 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7088743.stm. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- ^ Hardy, Roger (1 December 2004). "Who could follow Arafat?". BBC News (BBC MMVII). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1362216.stm. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
Further reading[link]
- Aburish, Said K. (1998). Arafat: From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58234-049-4.
- Gowers, Andrew; Tony Walker (2005). Arafat: The Biography. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-1-85227-924-0.
- Hart, Alan (1994). Arafat. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-06220-9.
- Karsh, Efraim (2003). Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1758-9.
- Livingstone, Neil (1990). Inside the PLO. Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 978-0-7090-4548-9.
- Rubin, Barry M.; Judith Colp Rubin (2003). Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516689-7.
- Rubenstein, Danny; Dan Leon (1995). The Mystery of Arafat. Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-883642-10-5.
- Sela, Avraham. "Arafat, Yasser." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 166–171.
- Wallach, Janet (1990). Arafat: In the Eyes of the Beholder. Lyle Stuart. ISBN 978-0-8184-0533-4.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Yasser Arafat |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yasser Arafat |
- Yasser Arafat official website
- Biography of Yasser Arafat at Nobelprize.org
- Yasser Arafat (1929–2004) at PASSIA
- A Life in Retrospect: Yasser Arafat, Time
- Life and times of Yassir Arafat, Profile: Yassir Arafat, The Times
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Yasser Arafat at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Yasser Arafat in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Yasser Arafat collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Yasser Arafat collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Yasser Arafat at the Notable Names Database
- Yasser Arafat at the Open Directory Project
- Booknotes interview with John and Janet Wallach on Arafat: In the Eyes of the Beholder, 23 December 1990.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Arafat, Yasser |
| Alternative names | ياسر عرفات (Arabic); Abu `Ammar (kunya) |
| Short description | President of the Palestinian Authority |
| Date of birth | 4 or 24 August 1929 |
| Place of birth | Cairo, Egypt |
| Date of death | 11 November 2004 |
| Place of death | Paris, France |
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