This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (July 2011)

Train wreck at Montparnasse, France, 1895

The word error entails different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word "error" is "wandering" or "straying". Unlike an illusion, an error or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge (knowing that one is looking at a mirage and not at real water does not make the mirage disappear). For example, a person who uses too much of an ingredient in a recipe and has a failed product can learn the right amount to use and avoid repeating the mistake. However, some errors can occur even when individuals have the required knowledge to perform a task correctly. Examples include forgetting to collect change after buying chocolate from a vending machine, forgetting the original document after making photocopies, and forgetting to turn the gas off after cooking a meal. Some errors occur when an individual is distracted by something else.

Human behavior[link]

One error and its catastrophic results: Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19th century

One reference differentiates between "error" and "mistake" as follows:

An 'error' is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A 'mistake' is an error caused by a fault: the fault being misjudgment, carelessness, or forgetfulness. Now, say that I run a stop sign because I was in a hurry, and wasn't concentrating, and the police stop me, that is a mistake. If, however, I try to park in an area with conflicting signs, and I get a ticket because I was incorrect on my interpretation of what the signs meant, that would be an error. The first time it would be an error. The second time it would be a mistake since I should have known better.^[1]

In human behavior the norms or expectations for behavior or its consequences can be derived from the intention of the actor or from the expectations of other individuals or from a social grouping or from social norms. (See deviance.) Gaffes and faux pas can be labels for certain instances of this kind of error. More serious departures from social norms carry labels such as misbehavior and labels from the legal system, such as misdemeanor and crime. Departures from norms connected to religion can have other labels, such as sin.

Oral and written language[link]

An individual language user's deviations from standard language norms in grammar, syntax, pronunciation and punctuation are sometimes referred to as errors. However in light of the role of language usage in everyday social class distinctions, many feel that linguistics should be descriptive rather than prescriptive to avoid reinforcing dominant class value judgments about what linguistic forms should and should not be used. See also Error analysis.

Herzliya Airport (Israel) Runway location and Traffic pattern chart (left) was erroneously printed as a result of "black layer" 180° misplacement. The corrected chart is on the right.

[edit] Gaffe

A gaffe is a verbal mistake, usually made in a social environment. The mistake may come from saying something that is true, but inappropriate. It may also be an erroneous attempt to reveal a truth. Finally, gaffes can be malapropisms, grammatical errors or other verbal and gestural weaknesses or revelations through body language. Actually revealing factual or social truth through words or body language, however, can commonly result in embarrassment or, when the gaffe has negative connotations, friction between people involved.

As used by some journalists, particularly sportswriters, "gaffe" becomes an imagined synonym for any kind of mistake, e.g., a dropped ball by a player in a baseball game. Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of the gaffe include Freud and Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze, in his Logic of Sense, places the gaffe in a developmental process that can culminate in stuttering.

Medicine[link]

See medical error for a description of error in medicine.

Science and engineering[link]

Erroneous traffic sign in Israel. The correct sign is depicted on the lower-right corner.

Indication of an error; one clock not only "stopped". With is 12-o'clock position, it also indicates its failure

In statistics, an error (or residual) is not a "mistake" but rather a difference between a computed, estimated, or measured value and the accepted true, specified, or theoretically correct value. See also Observational error.

In science and engineering in general an error is defined as a difference between the desired and actual performance or behavior of a system or object. This definition is the basis of operation for many types of Control systems, in which error is defined as the difference between a set point and the process value. An example of this would be the thermostat in a home heating system—the operation of the heating equipment is controlled by the difference (the error) between the thermostat setting and the sensed air temperature. Another approach is related to considering a scientific hypothesis as true or false, giving birth to two types or errors: Type 1 and Type 2. The first one is when a true hypothesis is considered false, while the second is the reverse (a false one is considered true).

Engineers seek to design devices, machines and systems and in such a way as to mitigate or preferably avoid the effects of error, whether unintentional or not. Such errors in a system can be latent design errors that may go unnoticed for years, until the right set of circumstances arises that cause them to become active. Other errors in engineered systems can arise due to human error, which includes cognitive bias. Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error-tolerant.

(In computational mechanics, when solving a system such as Ax = b there is a distinction between the "error" — the inaccuracy in x — and residual—the inaccuracy in Ax.)

Numerical analysis[link]

Numerical analysis provides a variety of techniques to compute approximations to mathematical numerical values. Errors arise from a trade-off between efficiency and precision, which is limited anyway, since (using floating-point arithmetic) only some rational numbers can be represented exactly. The discrepancy between the exact mathematical value and the computed value is called the approximation error.

Cybernetics[link]

The word cybernetics stems from the Greek Κυβερνήτης (kybernētēs, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder — the same root as government). In applying corrections to the trajectory or course being steered cybernetics can be seen as the most general approach to error and its correction for the achievement of any goal. The term was suggested by Norbert Wiener to describe a new science of control and information in the animal and the machine. Wiener's early work was on noise.

The cybernetician Gordon Pask held that the error that drives a servomechanism can be seen as a difference between a pair of analogous concepts in a servomechanism: the current state and the goal state. Later he suggested error can also be seen as an innovation or a contradiction depending on the context and perspective of interacting (observer) participants. The founder of management cybernetics, Stafford Beer, applied these ideas most notably in his Viable System Model.

Biology[link]

In biology, an error is said to occur when perfect fidelity is lost in the copying of information. For example, in an asexually reproducing species, an error (or mutation) has occurred for each DNA nucleotide that differs between the child and the parent. Many of these mutations can be harmful, but unlike other types of errors, some are neutral or even beneficial. Mutations are an important force driving evolution. Mutations that make organisms more adapted to their environment increase in the population through natural selection as organisms with favorable mutations have more offspring.

Governmental policy[link]

Within United States government intelligence agencies, such as Central Intelligence Agency agencies, error refers to intelligence error, as previous assumptions that used to exist at a senior intelligence level within senior intelligence agencies, but has since been disproven, and is sometimes eventually listed as unclassified, and therefore more available to the American public and citizenry of the United States. The Freedom of information act provides American citizenry with a means to read intelligence reports that were mired in error. Per United States Central Intelligence Agency's website (as of August, 2008) intelligence error is described as:

"Intelligence errors are factual inaccuracies in analysis resulting from poor or missing data; intelligence failure is systemic organizational surprise resulting from incorrect, missing, discarded, or inadequate hypotheses."^[2]

Numismatics[link]

In numismatics, an error refers to a coin or medal that has a minting mistake, similar to errors found in philately. Because the U.S. Bureau of the Mint keeps a careful eye on all potential errors, errors on U.S. coins are very few and usually very scarce. Examples of numismatic errors: extra metal attached to a coin, a clipped coin caused by the coin stamp machine stamping a second coin too early, double stamping of a coin. A coin that has been overdated, e.g.: 1942/41, is considered an error.

Error correction[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Norman (1986, 1988) argued that because error is inevitable, ‘designers’ should minimize the causes of error, make it possible to undo erroneous actions and make it easier to discover and correct errors. Edmondson’s research focuses on pinpointing specific conditions on group levels which can influence the degree of errors caught and corrected. Although her study was in a specific sector (medicine) some of her conditions can be generalized: a) Unit Leader behaviours. b) Unit performance outcomes c) Unit shared beliefs.

Unit leader behaviours are crucial in creating a culture in which openness of discussing errors, through their open and stimulating behaviour, are used as an example for the others. The unit performance outcomes consist of factors such as quality of interpersonal relations, unit performance and detected error rates. The leader behaviour and the performance outcomes result in shared beliefs. The shared beliefs of error report that first of all, everybody should accept that making mistakes is normal and that it will not be used against one (Helmreich, 1988). Further, the more errors are reported and discussed, the bigger the incentive should be to report and solve other errors.

Jones (1999) adds that technocratic movements have a positive influence on error correction due improved communication. Technological improvements stimulate collaborate thinking and striving for optimalization of systems. Through this, error correction is maximalized. Tsuvijek (1988) implies how technology on one hand can improve error correction, but on the other hand cause more errors due to decreased human intervention.

In mathematics, computer science, telecommunication, and information theory, error correction has a very precise meaning discussed in the article about error detection and correction.

See also[link]

• Anomaly in software
• Blooper
• Blunder
• Error analysis
• Howler (error)
• Kinsley gaffe – politician inadvertently speaking the unspeakable truth
• Observational error
• Popular errors
• Refractive error
• Trial and error
• Uncertainty

Psychology of error

• Absent-mindedness
• Freudian slip
• Lapsus

Error in reasoning

• Cognitive bias
• Fallacy

Errors in language

• Faux pas
• Malapropism
• Spoonerism
• Typographical error

Errors on the Web

• Custom error page

Error diagnosis and prevention

• Forensic engineering
• Root cause
• Root cause analysis
• Spell checking
• Swiss cheese model of accident causation in human systems

Production quality terminology

• Defect
• Fault
• Flaw
• Nonconformity

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up error in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Errors contained in reference books – Internet Accuracy Project

Bill Buckner
Bill Buckner at Wrigley Field on June 11, 1981
First baseman
Born: (1949-12-14) December 14, 1949 (age 62) Vallejo, California, U.S.
Batted: Left	Threw: Left
MLB debut
September 21, 1969 for the Los Angeles Dodgers
Last MLB appearance
May 30, 1990 for the Boston Red Sox
Career statistics
Batting average	.289
Hits	2,715
Home runs	174
Runs batted in	1,208
Teams
Los Angeles Dodgers (1969–1976) Chicago Cubs (1977–1984) Boston Red Sox (1984–1987) California Angels (1987–1988) Kansas City Royals (1988–1989) Boston Red Sox (1990)
Career highlights and awards
National League Batting Champion (1980) NL All-Star (1981)

William Joseph "Bill" Buckner (born December 14, 1949) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman. Despite winning a batting crown in 1980, representing the Chicago Cubs at the All-Star Game the following season and accumulating over 2,700 hits in his twenty-year career, he is best remembered for a fielding error during Game 6 of the 1986 World Series against the New York Mets, a play that has since been prominently entrenched into American sports lore.^[1]

Early years[link]

Bill Buckner was born in Vallejo, California and grew up in American Canyon, California.^[2] Buckner graduated from Napa High School in 1968 after playing on the school's baseball and football teams. While playing football, he was a two-time All-State wide receiver Coaches and also achieved All-America honors twice.^[3][4] Buckner was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the second round of the 1968 Major League Baseball Draft. His friend, Bobby Valentine, was the Dodgers' first round pick. Upon signing with the Dodgers, Buckner was assigned to the Ogden Dodgers of the Pioneer Baseball League, where he played for manager Tommy Lasorda. He also briefly attended the University of Southern California and Arizona State University and became a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity while a farmhand with the Dodgers.

Career[link]

Los Angeles Dodgers[link]

After two minor league seasons, in which he batted .323, Buckner made his major league debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers as a September call-up in 1969 at the age of 19. He appeared in just one game, September 21 against the San Francisco Giants, and popped out to second baseman Ron Hunt pinch hitting for Jim Brewer in the ninth inning.^[5]

Buckner began the 1970 season with the Dodgers, but after batting just .121 with no home runs and no RBIs, he was returned to triple A Spokane. His .335 batting average with the Spokane Indians earned him a second chance, and he returned to the Dodgers when rosters expanded that September. He batted .257 in the months of September and October, with four RBIs and five runs scored.

Buckner earned a starting job with the Dodgers in 1971 as their opening day right fielder. Buckner also played some first base with the Dodgers, making 87 starts at first in 1973, but when Steve Garvey emerged as a Gold Glove first baseman and the National League's Most Valuable Player the following season, he was shifted to left field permanently in 1974. Buckner played a supporting role in a baseball milestone on April 8, 1974. Playing left field, Buckner climbed the fence in an attempt to catch Hank Aaron's 715th home run. In his Dodger career, Buckner batted .289 with 38 home runs and 277 runs batted in in 773 games.

Chicago Cubs[link]

Following the season, Buckner was traded to the Chicago Cubs with Ivan De Jesus and Jeff Albert for Rick Monday and Mike Garman. He'd suffered a staph infection in his ankle in 1976, so the Cubs shifted him to first base, where he remained for the final fourteen years of his career.

Whereas early indications seemed to indicate that the Dodgers got the better end of this deal as Monday was a centerpiece of the Dodgers clubs that went to the 1977 and 1978 World Series, Buckner soon emerged as something of a star for the beleaguered Cubs. Over his career in Chicago, he batted over .300 four times, leading the league in 1980 at .324, and was the Cubs' sole representative at the 1981 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.^[6]

Warren Brusstar who also graduated from Napa High School was a teammate with Buckner for a year and a half while they played for the Cubs.^[7]

On May 17, 1979, in a famous slugfest at Wrigley Field that included three homers by Dave Kingman and two by Mike Schmidt, Buckner went four-for-seven with a grand slam and seven RBIs.^[8] When manager Herman Franks resigned late in the 1979 season, he made some negative comments about several players, including Buckner.^[9]

Boston Red Sox[link]

When former Rookie of the Year candidate Dave Stapleton's career began to sputter, the Boston Red Sox were in the market for a new first baseman, and struck a deal with the Cubs to acquire Buckner for Dennis Eckersley and Mike Brumley on May 25, 1984. The Red Sox were 19–25, and in sixth place in the American League East at the time of the trade, and improved to 67–51 the rest of the way to finish the season in fourth.

Buckner appeared in all 162 games for the Red Sox in 1985, and batted .299 with sixteen home runs and a career high 110 RBIs in the number two spot in Boston's line-up. Buckner was a prototypical contact hitter, and struck out just 36 times in 718 plate appearances to lead the league in that category (he also led the league in most at bats per strike out in 1980, 1982 & 1986, and placed second in 1979, 1981, 1983 & 1987). In 1985, he also set the Major League record for assists by a first baseman in a season with 184. His record stood for almost 25 years; in 2009, the St. Louis Cardinals' Albert Pujols had 185 assists.

In September 1986, Buckner hit .340 with eight home runs and 22 RBIs, while missing just three games in spite of chronic ankle soreness. Stapleton began seeing more playing time as a late inning defensive replacement for Buckner in September and October. Buckner, meanwhile, became the first major league player to wear Nike high-top baseball cleats professionally in an effort to relieve pressure from his ankles.

Buckner drove in over 100 runs for the second season in a row, and was a key member of the team that ran away with the American League East by 5.5 games. He entered Game five of the 1986 American League Championship Series batting just .111 in the ALCS, and was 0-for-three in the game when he singled to start the ninth inning rally, which was capped off by Dave Henderson's famous home run. He went three-for-six in the final two games, as the Red Sox came back from the brink of elimination to defeat the California Angels, and win the American League pennant.

1986 World Series[link]

Boston was leading the heavily favored New York Mets three games to two in the 1986 World Series when Game Six of the series went into extra innings. For his part, Buckner was batting just .143 against Mets pitching, and was 0-for-5 in Game 6. When the Sox scored two runs in the top of the tenth, Boston manager John McNamara chose to have Buckner take the field in the bottom of the inning instead of bringing Stapleton in as a defensive replacement for the ailing Buckner as he had in games one, two and five.^[10]

New York came back to tie the game with three straight two-out singles off Calvin Schiraldi and a wild pitch by Bob Stanley. Mookie Wilson fouled off several pitches before hitting a slow roller to Buckner at first base. Aware of Wilson's speed, Buckner tried to rush the play. As a result, the ball rolled beside his glove,^[11] through his legs and into right field, allowing Ray Knight to score the winning run.^[12]

So the winning run is at second base, with two outs, three and two to Mookie Wilson. Little roller up along first... Behind the bag! It gets through Buckner! Here comes Knight and the Mets win it!

—NBC-TV's Vin Scully.

Here's the pitch to Mookie Wilson. Winning run at second. Ground ball to first, it is a run, an error! An error by Buckner! The winning run scores!

—CBS Radio's Jack Buck.

...and a ground ball, trickling, it's a fair ball..gets by Buckner!! Rounding third, Knight! The Mets will win the ball game! The Mets win! They win!...Unbelievable, the Red Sox in stunned disbelief!

—Bob Murphy and Gary Thorne, on WHN.

Boston led Game 7 of the World Series 3–0 heading into the bottom of the sixth inning when New York scored three runs off Bruce Hurst (who had been named World Series Most Valuable Player before the Mets' improbable comeback in Game 6) to tie the game, and score three more off Schiraldi in the seventh to take a 6–3 lead. Buckner was two-for-four in the game, and scored one of two runs the Sox plated in the eighth. However, the comeback fell short, and the Mets won their second World Championship in franchise history.^[13]

Fallout[link]

Regardless of Schiraldi's pitching, Stanley's wild pitch or any of the other perceived shortcomings that led to Boston's loss in the 1986 World Series, Buckner's error epitomized the "Curse of the Bambino" in the minds of Red Sox fans, and he soon became the scapegoat for a frustrated fan base.^[14] Buckner began receiving death threats, and was heckled and booed by his own home fans. The Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge in Boston acquired the nickname "The Bill Buckner Bridge" because cars pass unimpeded through the bridge's Y-shaped "legs."^[15][16] Meanwhile, he was the focal point of derision from the fans of opposing teams on the road — especially when he faced the Mets in Spring training 1987, and the first time he came to bat at Yankee Stadium during the regular season.^[17] The Red Sox released Buckner on July 23, 1987, despite respectable numbers (a .273 batting average, two home runs and 42 RBIs through 95 games).^{[citation needed]}

Career twilight[link]

Upon his release from the Red Sox, Buckner signed with the team he helped defeat in the ALCS the previous October, the California Angels. For the remainder of the 1987 season, Buckner batted .306 and drove in 32 runs in just 57 games.

At 38 years old, Buckner was released by the Angels on May 9, 1988 just before a road trip that would have brought him to New York against the Yankees and Boston. He signed with the Kansas City Royals shortly after his release, and walked into Fenway Park as a player for the opposing team for the first time on July 15. He went one-for-two off Roger Clemens with a walk.^[18]

Forgiveness[link]

Buckner returned to the Red Sox in 1990 as a free agent, and received a standing ovation from the crowd during player introductions at the home opener on April 9.^[19] His return was short lived, as he retired on June 5 with a .186 batting average, one home run and three RBIs.

On April 8, 2008, Buckner threw out the first pitch to former teammate Dwight Evans at the Red Sox home opener as they unfurled their 2007 World Series championship banner. He received a four minute standing ovation from the sell-out crowd. After the game, when asked if he had any second thoughts about appearing at the game, he said, "I really had to forgive, not the fans of Boston, per se, but I would have to say in my heart I had to forgive the media for what they put me and my family through. So, you know, I've done that and I'm over that."^[20]

Career stats[link]

Buckner was a speedy baserunner until his ankle surgeries in 1975 and '76 for a severe ankle sprain and bone chips, respectively. He twice finished in the top-ten in the league in stolen bases (1974 & 1976), and twice led the league in doubles (1981 & 1983). After moving to first base, he played 1,555 regular season games and made only 128 errors in 13,901 chances.

Seasons	Games	AB	PA	Runs	Hits	2B	3B	HR	RBI	SB	BB	SO	Avg.	OBP	Slg.	Fld%
22	2517	9397	10033	1077	2715	498	49	174	1208	183	450	453	.289	.321	.408	.991

Buckner signing autographs in 2011

Post playing career[link]

After Buckner retired from professional baseball he moved his family to Idaho, where he invested in real estate in the Boise area. One of the housing subdivisions which he developed is named Fenway Park. He lent his name to and was a minority owner of a local car dealership, Bill Buckner Motors in Emmett, which was in business from 2006 to 2008.

On January 4, 2011, Buckner was named the manager of the Brockton Rox of the Can-Am League.^[21][22]

The Rox posted a 51–42 record in 2011, but went on hiatus following the season. In December, Buckner became the hitting instructor for the Boise Hawks for 2012. The Hawks are the Cubs' affiliate in the Short season class A Northwest League.^[23][24]

Buckner was inducted into the Napa High School Hall of fame in 1997 ^[25][26] and the CIF Sac-Joaquin Section^[27] Hall of Fame in 2010.

Personal life[link]

With his wife, Jody, Buckner has two daughters, Brittany & Christen, and a son, Bobby. Bobby is a member of the Texas A&M Corpus Christi Islanders baseball team.^[28] Buckner also has two brothers, Jim & Robert, who played minor league ball but did not make it to the majors.

References in popular culture[link]

Charlie Sheen purchased the "Buckner Ball" at auction in 1992 for $93,000, and it long resided in the collection of songwriter Seth Swirsky, who refers to it as the "Mookie Ball."^[29] The ball was on loan for a time from Swirsky to the Mets to display in their Mets Hall of Fame and Museum, and it was among the most popular artifacts for fans to see. On May 3, 2012, Swirsky sold the ball through Heritage Auctions for $418,250.^[30][31][32]

Buckner and Mookie Wilson have become business partners to some extent, attending autograph shows together and signing copies of a photo of the 1986 play that linked the two players.

Buckner makes a cameo at the beginning of the sports parody film The Comebacks. Coach Lambeau Fields, who was manager of the Red Sox in 1986, asked Buckner for an answer to a crossword puzzle, distracting him from the ball and thus resulting in the error. His famous miscue is also referenced in the film Rounders and Fever Pitch. In Rounders, when Matt Damon's character, Michael McDermott, returns to an underground poker game where he had lost $30,000 at the beginning of the film, in his voice over, McDermott says, "I feel like Buckner walking into Shea."^[33] In Fever Pitch, Jimmy Fallon's character uses Buckner's error as one of the examples of the "Curse of the Bambino" to his new girlfriend (Drew Barrymore), but can't explain it, and can only blurt out the name, "Buckner!" as his friends all moan at the memory. Later, having lost her, he sits alone in his apartment, replaying the error over and over again on his VCR. His friends, worried about him, break into his apartment, and see it, and one yells, referencing the videotape of the game, "I thought you took that away from him!" He takes it out of the VCR, and asks Fallon's character if he has any more videos of Red Sox disasters: "Where's your stash?"

Among the countless other references in pop culture to Buckner's error is the episode Brother's Little Helper of The Simpsons, Bart gives Homer a book called "Chicken Soup for the Loser" that "gave Bill Buckner the courage to open a chain of Laundromats."^[34] On October 23, 2008, during former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan's testimony in House hearings on the Economic crisis of 2008, Representative John Yarmuth referred to Greenspan as one of "three Bill Buckners."^[35]

Prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup match between England and the United States, former Liverpool FC star Steve McManaman, part of ESPN's broadcast team, predicted a 3–1 victory for England. Shortly before halftime, England goalkeeper Robert Green mishandled a Clint Dempsey shot and let it into the goal, which tied the score at 1–1. During the halftime break, ESPN analyst Mike Tirico told the studio hosts, "I was just explaining to Steve who Bill Buckner is." The match resulted in a 1-1 draw.

On September 4, 2011, Buckner appeared in an episode of the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm. During a local softball championship, Larry David commits a game-losing error similar to Buckner's, causing the losing coach (played by Robert Smigel) to scream "you Bucknered me!" He later meets Buckner at an autograph signing and asks him for advice on how to deal with the repercussions. At the episode's conclusion, Buckner makes a diving catch to save a baby thrown from a burning building.^[36]

See also[link]

	Baseball portal
	Biography portal

• List of major league players with 2,000 hits
• List of Major League Baseball players with 400 doubles
• List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs
• List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBI
• List of Major League Baseball batting champions
• List of Major League Baseball doubles champions
• List of Major League Baseball leaders in career stolen bases

References[link]

1. ^ Ron Smith, Foreword by Joe Morgan. "The Sporting News Selects Baseball's 25 Greatest Moments, #8 E-3". The Sporting News. http://web.archive.org/web/20070206071453rn_1/archive.sportingnews.com/baseball/25moments/8.html. 
2. ^ James, Marty (May 20, 2010). "AmCan's Buckner to enter Sac-Joaquin Section shrine". Napa Valley Register/American Canyon Eagle (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/eagle/sports/amcan-s-buckner-to-enter-sac-joaquin-section-shrine/article_cd4e7007-9484-5519-ae6d-310e6ee053d3.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
3. ^ James, Marty (June 13, 2011). "A high-flying Hall of Famer". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/high-school/a-high-flying-hall-of-famer/article_3e155950-9649-11e0-9cb0-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
4. ^ James, Marty (February 3, 2009). "Still talkin’ baseball". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/still-talkin-baseball/article_ebc5cf78-4532-5a02-ab16-98e9a0475c4e.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
5. ^ "San Francisco Giants 4, Los Angeles Dodgers 3". Baseball-Reference.com. 1969-09-21. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN196909210.shtml. 
6. ^ "1981 Major League Baseball All-Star Game". Baseball-Reference.com. 1981-08-09. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS198108090.shtml. 
7. ^ James, Marty (September 27, 2011). "Brusstar earns Storm’s highest honor". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/college/brusstar-earns-storm-s-highest-honor/article_280f34a4-e997-11e0-b610-001cc4c002e0.html. Retrieved October 3, 2011. 
8. ^ "Philadelphia Phillies 23, Chicago Cubs 22". Baseball-Reference.com. 1979-05-17. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN197905170.shtml. 
9. ^ Sullivan, Paul (1999-05-16). "History Shows Tirades Nothing New Around Wrigley Field". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-05-16/sports/9905160128_1_cubs-history-wrigley-field-herman-franks. 
10. ^ Bill Simmons (2002-10-14). "Buckner Deserves Some Peace". ESPN. http://proxy.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=simmons/021016. 
11. ^ Gibney, Alex (director, narrator). Simmons, Bill (producer/creator). Buckner, Bill (himself, commentator). "Catching Hell", 30 for 30 series of documentaries. ESPN, 2011.
12. ^ "1986 World Series, Game six". Baseball-Reference.com. 1986-10-25. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610250.shtml. 
13. ^ "1986 World Series, Game seven". Baseball-Reference.com. 1986-10-27. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN198610270.shtml. 
14. ^ Stan Grossfeld (2003-10-23). "Error doesn't weigh: He's been a Sox scapegoat for 17 years, but Bill Buckner is at peace in Idaho". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2003/10/23/error_doesnt_weigh?mode=PF. 
15. ^ Richard Fabrizio (2003-07-27). "Company begins Memorial Bridge assessment soon". Portsmouth Herald. http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20030727-NEWS-307279981. Retrieved 2007-02-06. 
16. ^ Rob Pegoraro (2005-07-11). "Fast Forward". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/07/06/DI2005070601405.html. Retrieved 2007-02-06. 
17. ^ "Boston Red Sox 6, New York Yankees 2". Baseball-Reference.com. 1987-07-28. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYA/NYA198706280.shtml. 
18. ^ "Boston Red Sox 3, Kansas City Royals 1". Baseball-Reference.com. 1988-07-15. http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS198807151.shtml. 
19. ^ Ben Houser (2006-10-06). "Buckner: 'I try to look at it in a positive way'". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2615471. 
20. ^ Amalie Benjamin (2008-04-08). "An Emotional Day for Bill Buckner". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/04/08/an_emotional_day_for_bill_buckner/. 
21. ^ Brockton Rox.com
22. ^ James, Marty (January 6, 2011). "NHS great Buckner back in baseball". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/nhs-great-buckner-back-in-baseball/article_65187b84-1964-11e0-a87b-001cc4c002e0.html. Retrieved October 3, 2011. 
23. ^ Chicageo Tribune - Cubs officially name Buckner as Boise hitting coach - 2011-12-30
24. ^ The Idaho Statesman - Buckner will serve as Boise Hawks’ hitting coach - 2011-12-31
25. ^ James, Marty (April 9, 2008). "Buckner in Napa High Hall of Fame". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/buckner-in-napa-high-hall-of-fame/article_fe1f764d-fe6f-5097-8072-6cb3b93ab457.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
26. ^ James, Marty (October 31, 2010). "Napa baseball coach accepts honor for his childhood hero". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/columnists/marty-james/napa-baseball-coach-accepts-honor-for-his-childhood-hero/article_4c42893a-e4ba-11df-8ae5-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved October 3, 2011. 
27. ^ James, Marty (April 22, 2010). "Napa High alum Buckner to enter Sac-Joaquin Section shrine". Napa Valley Register (Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc.). http://napavalleyregister.com/sports/high-school/napa-high-alum-buckner-to-enter-sac-joaquin-section-shrine/article_9af5f2b2-4dd7-11df-922b-001cc4c002e0.html. Retrieved October 3, 2011. 
28. ^ Mike Finger (2006-11-09). "UT sign Bill Buckner's son". http://blogs.chron.com/longhorns/2006/11/longhorns_sign_bill_buckners_s.html. 
29. ^ Steve Zipay (2006-08-16). "The Buckner Ball: After getting by Buckner, it eventually was snared by fan who grew up on LI". Newsday. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20070313032333/http://www.newsday.com/sports/baseball/mets/ny-sp86mets0816,0,3056207.story. 
30. ^ "Buckner ball sells for $418,250". http://online.wsj.com/article/APde6276ca574448db8c629ce66d943938.html. 
31. ^ "Bill Buckner ball sells for $418,250". http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/7891240/bill-buckner-baseball-game-6-1986-world-series-sells-418250. 
32. ^ ">"Auction record for Buckner Ball". http://sports.ha.com/c/item.zx?saleNo=7051&lotNo=80987. 
33. ^ "Rounders (screenplay)". http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/r/rounders-script-transcript-poker-damon.html. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
34. ^ http://www.snpp.com/episodes/AABF22
35. ^ Greenspan Admits Errors to Hostile House Panel, Wall Street Journal, Oct. 24, 2008 (accessed Oct. 24, 2008)
36. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (September 4, 2011). "Mister Softee: Bill Bucker to the rescue?". hitfix.com. http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/curb-your-enthusiasm-mister-softee-bill-buckner-to-the-rescue. Retrieved September 5, 2011. 

External links[link]

• Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube, or Baseball Almanac, or The Baseball Page.com
• Bill Buckner official website

Preceded by Dave Parker	National League Batting Champion 1980	Succeeded by Bill Madlock
Preceded by Mike Schmidt	National League Player of the Month August 1982	Succeeded by Claudell Washington

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Persondata
Name	Buckner, Bill
Alternative names
Short description	American baseball player and coach
Date of birth	1949-12-14
Place of birth	Vallejo, California
Date of death
Place of death

Tim Harford (born 1973) is an English economist and journalist, residing in Oxford. He is the author of four economics books, presenter of BBC television series Trust Me, I'm an Economist, and writer of a humorous weekly column called "Dear Economist" for The Financial Times, in which he uses economic theory to attempt to solve readers' personal problems. His other FT column, "The Undercover Economist", is syndicated in Slate magazine.

Harford studied at Aylesbury Grammar School and then at the University of Oxford, gaining a BA and then an MPhil in Economics in 1998. He joined the Financial Times in 2003 on a fellowship in commemoration of the business columnist Peter Martin. He continued to write his column after joining the International Finance Corporation in 2004, and re-joined the Financial Times as economics leader writer in April 2006. He is also a member of the newspaper's editorial board.

In October 2007, Harford replaced Andrew Dilnot on the BBC Radio 4 series More or Less. He is a visiting fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford.

Awards[link]

• More or Less won the Royal Statistical Society's 2010 award for statistical excellence in broadcast journalism^[1]
• More or Less won Mensa's award for promoting intelligence in public life^[2]
• Harford was awarded the Bastiat Prize for economic journalism in 2007 (shared with Jamie Whyte)^[3] In 2010 he again drew with Whyte, in second place.

Publications[link]

• The Market for Aid (2005) with Michael Klein, ISBN 978-0-8213-6229-7
• The Undercover Economist (2005), ISBN 978-0-345-49401-6
• The Logic of Life (2008), ISBN 978-0-8129-7787-5
• Dear Undercover Economist: Priceless Advice on Money, Work, Sex, Kids, and Life's Other Challenges. New York, Random House. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8129-8010-3
• Adapt: Why Success Always Starts with Failure. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2011. ISBN 978-0-374-10096-4

References[link]

External links[link]

• Tim Harford's personal webpage with RSS Feed
• Harford's column at the Financial Times with RSS Feed
• He was a founder of PSD Blog - The World Bank Group's Private Sector Development Blog
• All is fair in love and war and poker - details of the first episode of "Trust me, I'm an economist" (BBC)
• More or Less BBC website
• Columns at Slate
• Blog at the FT, which began October 2007
• Video (and audio) of interview of Tim Harford by Will Wilkinson on Bloggingheads.tv
• TED TALKS Tim Harford: Trial, error and the God complex
• An interview with Tim Harford about The Logic of Life on The Marketplace of Ideas
• An interview with Tim Harford about Adapt on The Marketplace of Ideas