Wrocław
Top to bottom, left to right: Ostrów Tumski by night, Renoma mall, Rotunda of Racławice Panorama, Centennial Hall, City Hall, Monopol Hotel, Wrocław's dwarfs, Main Station
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Wrocław – Miasto spotkań / Wrocław – the meeting place
Wrocław
Coordinates: 51°6′28″N 17°2′18″E / 51.10778°N 17.03833°E / 51.10778; 17.03833
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Lower Silesian
County	city county
Established	10th century
City rights	1242
Government
• Mayor	Rafał Dutkiewicz
Area
• City	292.82 km2 (113.06 sq mi)
Elevation	105-155 m (−404 ft)
Population (2010)
• City	632,996
• Density	2,200/km2 (5,600/sq mi)
• Metro	1,030,000
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	50-041 to 54-612
Area code(s)	+48 71
Car plates	DW
Website	www.wroclaw.pl

Wrocław ( /ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt​͡swaf] ( listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] ( listen); Czech: Vratislav), situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra), in Lower Silesia. It is the largest city in western Poland.

Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia, and today is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II. According to official figures for 2010, its population is 632,996, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.

Wrocław is one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2012, and has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2016. In 2017, Wrocław will host the World Games, a competition in 37 non-olympic sport disciplines.

Etymology[link]

The city's name was first recorded, in Latin, in the form "Wrotizlava", in the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, which mentions it as a seat of a newly installed bishopric in the context of the Congress of Gniezno. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.

The city is traditionally believed to be named after Wrocisław or Vratislav, often believed to be Duke Vratislaus I of Bohemia. It is also possible that the city was named after the tribal duke of the Silesians or after an early ruler of the city called Vratislav.

The city's name in various languages is:

• German: Breslau
• Hungarian: Boroszló
• Czech: Vratislav
• Hebrew: ורוצלב (Vrotsláv)
• Yiddish: ברעסלוי (Brasloi)
• Silesian German: Brassel
• Latin: Vratislavia or Budorgis^[1]

The city's name in other languages is available here.

History[link]

The city of Wrocław originated as a Bohemian stronghold at the intersection of two trade routes, the Via Regia and the Amber Road. The name of the city was first recorded in the 10th century as Vratislavia, possibly derived from the name of a Bohemian duke Vratislav I. Its initial extent was limited to Ostrów Tumski (Cathedral Island, German: Dominsel).

Middle Ages[link]

During Wrocław's early history, its control changed hands between Bohemia (until 992, then 1038–1054), the Kingdom of Poland (992–1038 and 1054–1202), and, after the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, the Piast-ruled duchy of Silesia. One of the most important events in those times was the foundation of the Diocese of Wrocław by the Polish Duke (from 1025 king) Bolesław the Brave in 1000, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Otto III in 1000. In the first half of the 13th century Wrocław even became the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.^[2]

The city became a commercial centre and expanded to Wyspa Piaskowa (Sand Island, German: Sandinsel), and then to the left bank of the River Oder. Around 1000, the town had 1000 inhabitants.^[3] By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Włostowic (a.k.a. Piotr Włast Dunin) was built, and another was founded on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present seat of the University. While the city was Polish, there were also communities of Bohemians, Jews, Walloons^[4] and Germans.^[5]

The city was devastated in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe. While the city was burned to force the Mongols to withdraw quickly, most of the population probably survived.^[6]

Church of St. Giles, built 1241-42

Afterwards, the town was partly populated by German settlers^[7] (see: Ostsiedlung), who would eventually become the dominant ethnic group in the following centuries, though the city remained multi-ethnic as an important trading city on the Via Regia and Amber Road.^[8] "Breslau", the Germanised name of the city, appeared for the first time in written records. The city council used Latin and German.^[7]

After the Mongol invasion, the town was expanded and adopted German town law. The expanded town covered around 60 hectares. The new main market square, which was surrounded by timber frame houses, became the new centre of the town. The original foundation, Ostrów Tumski, became the religious center. Wrocław adopted Magdeburg rights in 1262 and, at the end of the 13th century joined the Hanseatic League. The Polish Piast dynasty^[9] remained in control of the region, but the right of the city council to govern independently increased.

In 1335, Breslau, together with almost all of Silesia, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia, then a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city.

Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation[link]

Breslau in the 17th century

City Towers in 1736

The Protestant Reformation reached Breslau in 1518 and the city became Protestant. However, from 1526 Silesia was ruled by the Catholic House of Habsburg. In 1618, Breslau supported the Bohemian Revolt out of fear of losing the right to freedom of religious expression. During the ensuing Thirty Years' War, the city was occupied by Saxon and Swedish troops, and lost 18,000 of 40,000 citizens to plague.

The Austrian emperor brought in the Counter-Reformation by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in Breslau, starting in 1610 with the Minorites, followed by Jesuits, Capucins, Franciscans and finally Ursulines in 1687. These orders erected buildings which shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, Breslau was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant.

The precise recordkeeping of births and deaths by the city of Breslau led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality, first by John Graunt, and then later by Edmond Halley. Halley's tables and analysis, published in 1693, are considered to be the first true actuarial tables, and thus the foundation of modern actuarial science.

During the Counter-Reformation, the intellectual life of the city – shaped by Protestantism and Humanism — flourished, even as the Protestant bourgeoisie lost its role to the Catholic orders as the patron of the arts. Breslau became the centre of German Baroque literature and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets.

The Kingdom of Prussia annexed Breslau and most of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in the 1740s. After the Seven Years' War, Habsburg empress Maria Theresa ceded the territory in 1763.

Napoleonic Wars[link]

Entry of Prince Jérôme to Breslau, January 7, 1807

During the Napoleonic Wars, Breslau was occupied by an army of the Confederation of the Rhine. The fortifications of the city were leveled and monasteries and cloisters were secularised. The Protestant Viadrina University of Frankfurt (Oder) was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now University of Wrocław). The city became the centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and the gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany, with the Iron Cross military decoration founded by Frederick William III of Prussia in early March 1813. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at Leipzig.

Before and after World War I[link]

Market Square 1890-1900

Wrocław Town Hall 1900

Napoleonic redevelopments increased prosperity in Silesia and Breslau. The levelled fortifications opened space for the city to grow beyond its old limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture and metal industry. The reconstructed university served as a major centre of sciences, while the secularisation of life laid the base for a rich museum landscape. Johannes Brahms wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1881.

In 1821 (Arch)Diocese of Breslau was disentangled from Gniezno (Polish) ecclesiastical province and made Breslau an exempt bishopric.

The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the German Empire. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1900 census listed 422,709 residents. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiserbrücke (Kaiser bridge) and the Technische Hochschule (TH), which now houses the Wrocław University of Technology. In 1913, the newly-built Centennial Hall housed the "Ausstellung zur Jahrhundertfeier der Freiheitskriege", an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historical German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon and the first award of the Iron Cross.

Following World War I, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian Province of Lower Silesia in 1919.

The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km² (68 sq mi) with a population of 600.000. In 1929, the Werkbund opened WuWa (German: Wohnungs- und Werkraumausstellung) in Breslau-Scheitnig, an international showcase of modern architecture by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund. In June 1930, Breslau hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele, a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I.

Rise of Nazis and their policy towards minorities[link]

The 1900 census listed 5,363 persons (just over 1% of the population) declaring to have competent knowledge in the Polish language only, and another 3,103 (0.7% of the population) being competent in both German and Polish.^[10] In religious respect there were 58% Protestants, 37% Catholics (including at least 2% of Poles^[11]) and 5% Jews (counting 20,536 in the 1905 census).^[10] The Jewish community of Breslau was among the most important in Germany and several distinguished artists and scientists originated from it.^[12]

After First World War the Polish community starting having masses in Polish in Churches of Saint Ann and since 1921 in St. Martin church; a Polish consulate was opened on the Main Square, and a Polish School was formed by Helena Adamczewska.^[13]

During August 1920, at the time of Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia, the Polish Consulate and School were destroyed, while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population fell to just 0.5% after the reconstitution of Poland in 1918, when many returned home.^[11] Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923.^[14]

Known in as a stronghold for left wing liberalism during the German Empire,^[15] Breslau eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazis, who in the 1932 elections received 44% of Breslau's votes, the third-highest total in all of Germany.^[16]

After Hitler's takeover of the German government in 1933, political enemies of the Nazis were persecuted, and their institutions closed or destroyed; the Gestapo began actions against Polish and Jewish students (see: Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau), Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists, arrests were even made for speaking Polish in public, in 1938 the Nazi-controlled police destroyed the Polish cultural centre.^[17][18] Many of the city's 10,000 Jews as well as many other enemies of the Third Reich were sent to concentration camps; those Jews who remained were killed during the Holocaust.^[17] A network of concentration camps and forced labour camps was established around Breslau, to serve industrial concerns, including FAMO, Junkers and Krupp. Tens of thousands were imprisoned there.^[19]

The number of Jews remaining in Breslau fell from 23,240 in 1925 to 10,659 in 1933.^[20] Later, Jewish and Polish minorities virtually ceased to exist.

The last big event organised by the Nazi Sports Body, called Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest (Gym and Sports Festivities), took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.^[21]

World War II and afterwards[link]

Delegation of German officers walking for negotiations before capitulation of Festung Breslau, 6 May 1945

For most of World War II, the fighting did not affect Breslau. In 1941 the remnants of the pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers, organised a resistance group called Olimp. As the war continued, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million.^[22] including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9,876 Allied PoWs. At the end of 1944 an additional 30,000-60,000 Poles were moved into the city after Nazis crushed the Warsaw Uprising^[23] In February 1945 the Soviet Red Army approached the city. Gauleiter Karl Hanke declared the city a Festung (fortress) to be held at all costs. Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in January 1945, 18,000 people froze to death in icy snowstorms and −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. By the end of the Siege of Breslau, half the city had been destroyed. An estimated 40,000 civilians lay dead in the ruins of homes and factories. After a siege of nearly three months, Hanke surrendered on 6 May 1945, days before the end of the war.^[24] In August the Soviets placed the city under the control of German anti-fascists.^[25]

Along with almost all of Lower Silesia, however, the city became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. The Polish name of Wrocław was declared official. There had been discussion among the Western Allies to place the southern Polish-German boundary on the Glatzer Neisse, which meant post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including Breslau. However, the Soviets insisted the border be drawn at the Lusatian Neisse farther west.

In August 1945 the city had a German population of 189,500, and a Polish population of 17,000; that was soon to change.^[25] Almost all of the German inhabitants fled or were forcibly expelled between 1945 and 1949 and were settled in Allied Occupation Zones in Germany. A small German minority remains in the city,^[26] although the city's last German school was closed in 1963. The Polish population was dramatically increased by the resettlement of Poles during postwar population transfers (75%) as well as during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east region, many of whom came from Lviv (Lwów).

Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Bohemian, Austrian and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle) (1911–1913) designed by Max Berg.

Wrocław - flood 1997

In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by a flood of the River Oder, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. About one-third of the area of the city was flooded.^[27] An earlier equally devastating flood of the river took place in 1903.^[28] A small part of the city was also flooded during the flood in 2010.

Climate[link]

Wrocław is one of the warmest cities in Poland. Lying in the Lower-Silesian region, the mean annual temperature is 9.8 °C (50 °F). The coldest month is January (average temperature −0.5 °C), with snow being common in winter, and the warmest is July (average temperature 19.9 °C). The highest temperature in Wrocław was recorded on 31 July 1994 (+39.0 °C), and the lowest was recorded on 8 January 1985 (−30.0 °C).

Administration[link]

The city's current municipal offices are situated on the New Market Place

Wrocław is the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. It was previously the seat of Wrocław Voivodeship. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat). It is also the seat of Wrocław County, which adjoins but does not include the city.

Wrocław was previously subdivided into five boroughs (dzielnicas):

• Fabryczna ("Factory Quarter")
• Krzyki, (German: Krietern, meaning "Wranglers")
• Psie Pole (German: Hundsfeld, "Dogs' Field", named so after the alleged Battle of Hundsfeld or poor quality of the fields)
• Stare Miasto (old town)
• Śródmieście (midtown)

However, the city is now divided into 48 osiedles (districts).

Wrocław is currently governed by the city's mayor and a municipal legislature known as the city council. The city council is made up of 39 councillors and is directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including development of local infrastructure, transport and planning permission. However, it is not able to draw taxation directly from its citizens, and instead receives its budget from the Polish national government whose seat is in Warsaw. The city's current mayor is Rafał Dutkiewicz, who has served in this position since 2002.

Main sights[link]

Centennial Hall in Wrocław *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country	Poland
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv
Reference	1165
Region **	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	2006 (30th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Wrocław Town Hall

Wrocław Fountain

• Ostrów Tumski ("Cathedral Island", with Wrocław Cathedral)
• Rynek (market square, with the 14th century Town Hall)
• Kościół Św. Elżbiety ("St. Elisabeth's Church")
• Kościół Św. Marii Magdaleny ("St. Mary Magdalene Church")
• Hala Stulecia ("Centennial Hall", originally German: Jahrhunderthalle) by Max Berg – a World Heritage Site
• Multimedia Fountain
• Szczytnicki Park with Japanese Garden
• Zoo - The oldest and largest (in terms of the number of animals) Zoo in Poland
• Botanical garden
• Municipal Stadium - arena Euro 2012
• University of Wrocław
• Panorama Racławicka ("Racławice Panorama")
• Wrocław water tower
• Water park - Aquapark Wrocław
• Wrocław Palace
• White Stork Synagogue
• Old Jewish Cemetery in Wroclaw
• Wrocław Main Station
• Museum of Architecture
• Piast Brewery
• Wrocław Opera
• Polish Theatre in Wrocław

Shopping centers[link]

• Galeria Dominikańska
• Pasaż Grunwaldzki
• Arkady Wrocławskie
• Magnolia Park
• Centrum Handlowe Korona
• Renoma, a 1930s department store of architectural interest over and above its shopping value
• Dom Handlowy Feniks
• Wrocław Market Hall

Hotels[link]

5*[link]

• Monopol Hotel
• Platinum Palace
• Radisson Blu
• Sofitel Wrocław Old Town
• The Granary La Suite Hotel

Education[link]

Aula Leopoldina at the University of Wrocław

Wrocław University of Technology - Faculty of Architecture

Wrocław is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff.^[30]

List of ten public colleges and universities:

• Wrocław University (Uniwersytet Wrocławski): over 47,000 students, ranked fourth among public universities in Poland by the "Wprost" weekly ranking in 2007^[31]
• Wrocław University of Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska): over 40,000 students, the best university of technology in Poland by the "Wprost" weekly ranking in 2007^[32]
• Wrocław Medical University (Wrocławska Akademia Medyczna)
• University School of Physical Education in Wrocław (Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego),
• Wrocław University of Economics (Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu): over 18,000 students, ranked fifth best among public economic universities in Poland by the "Wprost" weekly ranking in 2007^[33]
• Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu): over 13,000 students, ranked third best among public agricultural universities in Poland by the "Wprost" weekly ranking in 2007^[34]
• Academy of Fine Arts in Wrocław (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych we Wrocławiu)
• The Karol Lipiński Academy of Music (Akademia Muzyczna im. Karola Lipińskiego)
• Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts, Wrocław Campus (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna)
• The Tadeusz Kościuszko Land Forces Military Academy (Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych)

Economy[link]

Wrocław's major industries were traditionally the manufacture of railroad cars and electronics. In recent years the City Council has run an active policy to attract foreign investors from the high-tech sector. This resulted among others in the location of LG Electronics production cluster in Kobierzyce near Wrocław. After 1989, Wrocław became a significant financial centre and houses the headquarters of several nationwide financial institutions such as Bank Zachodni WBK, Lukas Bank, Getin Bank, and Europejski Fundusz Leasingowy. As of the end of 2008, Wrocław enjoyed a very low unemployment level of just 3.2% compared with the national level of 8.7%.^[35] In 2008, per capita gross domestic product in Wrocław came to 27755$ (in Poland 17625$).

Transport[link]

Wrocław is skirted on the south by the A4 motorway, which allows for a quick connection with Upper Silesia, Kraków and further east to the Ukraine, and Dresden and Berlin to the west. The A8 motorway (Wrocław ring road) around the west and north of the city connects the A4 motorway with the S8 express road (under construction) that leads to Łódź, Warsaw and Białystok.

The city is served by: Wrocław International Airport; a river port; the main rail station Wrocław Główny; and, adjacent to the mail railway station, a central bus station with services offered by Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej.

Public transport in Wrocław includes bus lines and 22 tram lines operated by Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne (MPK, the Municipal Transport Company).^[36]

There are private taxicab firms that operate in the city.

Religion[link]

Wrocław Cathedral in the oldest district of Ostrów Tumski

The Municipal Stadium

Like all of Poland, Wrocław's population is predominantly Roman Catholic; the city is the seat of an Archdiocese. However, post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories (known in Polish as Kresy) and the eastern parts of post-1945 Poland (see Operation Vistula) account for a comparatively large portion of Greek Catholics and Orthodox Christians of mostly Ukrainian and Lemko descent. Wrocław is also unique for its "Dzielnica Czterech Świątyń" (Borough of Four Temples) — a part of Stare Miasto (Old Town) where a Synagogue, a Lutheran Church, a Roman Catholic church and an Eastern Orthodox church stand near each other. Other Protestant churches are also existent in Wroclaw and include: Baptist, Pentecostal, Methodist, Adventist and Free Christians.

Professional sports[link]

The Wrocław area has many popular^{[citation needed]} professional sports teams. The most popular sport today is football, thanks to Śląsk Wrocław. In the second place is basketball. The award-winning men's basketball team (17 times Polish Champion). Matches of Eurobasket 2009 to in Wrocław in 2009. Some matches of the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships in Poland and Ukraine are scheduled to take place in Wrocław on The Municipal Stadium.

Every year a marathon Wroclaw Marathon takes place in Wroclaw.

Men's sports[link]

• Śląsk Wrocław — men's football team (Polish Championship in Football 1977, 2012; Polish Cup winner 1976, 1987; Polish SuperCup winner 1987, Polish League Cup winner 2009) (Now in Ekstraklasa (Polish Premier League).

• Śląsk Wrocław — (previous names:BASCO Śląsk Wrocław, ASCO Śląsk Wrocław, Bergson Śląsk Wrocław, Era Śląsk Wrocław, Deichmann Śląsk Wrocław, Idea Śląsk Wrocław, Zepter Idea Śląsk Wrocław, Zepter Śląsk Wrocław, Śląsk ESKA Wrocław, Śląsk Wrocław, CWKS Wrocław) men's basketball team, 17 times Polish Champion, 6 times runner-up, 14 times third place; 12 times Polish Cup winner. Now in Polish 2nd league (the league after PLK and Polish 1st League)

• Śląsk Wrocław — men's handball team (15 times Polish Champion)

• Gwardia (volleyball) volleyball team playing in Polish Volleyball League (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS: Seria A in 2006/2007, Seria B in 2008/2009 season).
• The CREW^[37] — American Football Club – Champion of Polish American Football League 2007, First polish team played in Europen Competitions EFAF Cup in 2008.
• Devils Wrocław^[38] American Football — American Football Club, played in EFAF Challenge Cup in 2009, Champion of Polish American Football League 2010.
• WTS Wrocław — motorcycle speedway team; multi medalist in the Polish Speedway League (last time Polish Speedway Champion in 2006 season).

Women's sports[link]

• Impel Gwardia Wrocław — women's volleyball team playing in Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League.
• AZS Wrocław — women's football team (1st league in season 2003/2004)
• AZS AWF Wrocław — women's handball team (1st league in season 2003/2004)
• AZS AE Wrocław — women table tennis team (1st league in season 2003/2004)

Major corporations[link]

Crédit Agricole Poland and European Leasing Fund

International relations[link]

Twin towns and sister cities[link]

Wrocław is twinned with:^[42]

Partnerships[link]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Market Square, Wrocław

• 

  Wrocław historic City Hall built in a typical 14th century Brick Gothic

• 

  Wrocław Town Hall at night

• 

  Wroclaw Opera by night

• 

  Old Market Square in Wrocław

• 

  Town square and St. Elisabeth's Church

• 

  Wroclaw Palace

• 

  University of Wrocław

• 

  University of Wrocław by night

• 

  Aula Leopoldina at the University of Wrocław

• 

  Old University Library

• 

  Woodcut of Wrocław from the Nuremberg Chronicle

• 

  Wrocław Cathedral

• 

  Wrocław Cathedral by night

• 

  Wrocław water tower

• 

  Wrocław Market Hall

• 

  Grunwald Square is one of Wrocław's most important municipal transport interchanges and shopping districts

• 

  Post-modernist Arcade Wroclaw Complex opened in spring 2007, housing offices, cinemas, shopping malls and even a shark aquarium

• 

  Ongoing construction of the Sky Tower (as of 21. March 2011)

• 

  Wrocław Fountain at Centennial Hall

• 

  Forests of Wrocław

• 

  Rędziński Bridge

• 

  Grunwaldzki Bridge

• 

  Zwierzyniecki Bridge

• 

  Tumski Bridge

• 

  Oder in Wrocław

• 

  Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro bus in Wrocław

• 

  Aleksander Fredro monument, moved from L'viv to Wrocław, its sister city, after World War II

• 

  Bolesław I Chrobry monument

• 

  Kazimierz Wielki Street

Famous people[link]

• Bartholomäus Stein (1477-1520) - Silesian geographer and historian, head of the cathedral school of the early sixteenth century. His life's work is the book "Descriptio Tocius Silesie et Civitatis Regie Vratislviensis".

• Daniel Speer - author "Ungarischer oder Dacianischer Simplicissimus", one version of Simplicius Simplicissimus.

See also[link]

Poland portal

• History of Wrocław
• Lower Silesia (region)
• Lower Silesian Voivodeship (modern)
• Fighting Solidarity
• Province of Lower Silesia (historic 1919–1945)
• Province of Silesia (historic, 1815–1919)
• Mount Ślęża

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

English language[link]

• Davies, Norman; Roger Moorhouse (2002). Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-06243-3. 
• Till van Rahden, Jews and Other Germans: Civil Society, Religious Diversity, and Urban Politics in Breslau, 1860–1925, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2008

Polish language[link]

• Harasimowicz, Jan; Włodzimierz Suleja (eds.) (2001). Encyklopedia Wrocławia. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. ISBN 83-7384-561-5. 
• Kulak, Teresa (2006). Wrocław. Przewodnik historyczny (A to Polska właśnie). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. ISBN 83-7384-472-4. 

German language[link]

• Scheuermann, Gerhard (1994). Das Breslau-Lexikon (2 vols.). Dülmen: Laumann Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-89960-132-9. 
• van Rahden, Till (2000). Juden und andere Breslauer: Die Beziehungen zwischen Juden, Protestanten und Katholiken in einer deutschen Großstadt von 1860 bis 1925. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-35732-X. 
• Thum, Gregor (2002). Die fremde Stadt: Breslau 1945. Berlin: Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-795-9. 
• Weczerka, Hugo (2003). Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag. ISBN 3-520-31602-1. 

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Wrocław on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Source texts from Wikisource

• Municipal website (Polish) (English) (German) (French)
• MPK (Miejskiego Przedsiębiorstwa Komunikacyjnego) —
• Wrocław City Breaks – Discover Wrocław with Style! (English)
• Wrocław Life. Travel, nightlife, photographs (English)
• Sense-of.com/Wroclaw – International Community of Wroclaw (English)
• Wrocław Weekly (Polish)
• Concentration Camps in the Breslau district – 1940–1945 – by Roger Moorhouse
• Virtual Wrocław (Polish)
• Jewish Community in Wrocław on Virtual Shtetl
• Wratislaviae Amici (Polish)
• Postindustrial Wroclaw (Polish)
• Dobre Info.pl – all about Wroclaw. (Polish)
• Postal History of Wroclaw
• Doss.wroclaw.pl, DOSS (Lower Silesian Center for Strategic Studies)
• Nasz-wroclaw.pl (Polish)
• TuWroclaw.com city life in internet (Polish)

v t e Members of the Hanseatic League by Quarter Chief cities are highlighted; Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire are shown in italics. Wendish Quarter Lübeck Anklam · Demmin · Greifswald · Hamburg · Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) · Lüneburg · Rostock · Rügenwalde (Darłowo) · Stettin (Szczecin) · Stolp (Słupsk) · Stockholm · Stralsund · Visby · Wismar Saxon Quarter Brunswick Berlin · Bremen · Erfurt · Frankfurt an der Oder · Goslar · Magdeburg Baltic Quarter Danzig (Gdańsk) Breslau (Wrocław) · Dorpat (Tartu) · Elbing (Elbląg) · Königsberg (Kaliningrad) · Kraków · Reval (Tallinn) · Rīga · Thorn (Toruń) Westphalian Quarter Cologne* Dortmund* Deventer · Groningen · Kampen · Münster · Osnabrück · Soest Principal Kontore Bryggen (Bergen) · Hanzekantoor (Bruges, Antwerp†) · Steelyard (London) · Peterhof (Novgorod) Subsidiary Kontore Bishop's Lynn · Falsterbo · Ipswich · Kovno (Kaunas) · Malmö · Polotsk · Pskov Other cities Bristol · Boston · Damme · Leith · Herford · Hull · Newcastle · Stargard · Yarmouth · York * Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times. † Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.

v t e Principal cities of Poland Warsaw Kraków Łódź Wrocław Poznań Gdańsk Szczecin Bydgoszcz Lublin Katowice Białystok Częstochowa Radom Kielce Toruń Olsztyn Rzeszów

v t e Counties of Lower Silesian Voivodeship City counties Wrocław (capital) Jelenia Góra Legnica Land counties Bolesławiec Dzierżoniów Głogów Góra Jawor Jelenia Góra Kamienna Góra Kłodzko Legnica Lubań Lubin Lwówek Śląski Milicz Oława Oleśnica Polkowice Środa Śląska Strzelin Świdnica Trzebnica Wałbrzych Wołów Wrocław Ząbkowice Śląskie Zgorzelec Złotoryja

v t e Wrocław County Urban-rural gminas Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie Gmina Siechnice Gmina Sobótka Rural gminas Gmina Czernica Gmina Długołęka Gmina Jordanów Śląski Gmina Kobierzyce Gmina Mietków Gmina Żórawina Seat (not part of the county) Wrocław

Coordinates: 51°07′N 17°02′E / 51.117°N 17.033°E / 51.117; 17.033

vep:Vroclav

This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (January 2010)

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Marcus Miller
Miller in Ancienne Belgique, Brussels, Belgium, 2007
Background information
Birth name	William Henry Marcus Miller Jr.
Born	(1959-06-14) June 14, 1959 (age 53) Brooklyn, New York, United States
Genres	Jazz, jazz fusion, rhythm and blues, rock, funk
Occupations	Musician, composer, producer
Instruments	Bass, double bass, guitar, vocals, saxophone, clarinet, keyboards, recorder
Years active	1975–present
Associated acts	SMV, Miles Davis
Website	www.marcusmiller.com
Notable instruments
Fender Jazz Bass

Marcus Miller at Stockholm Jazz Fest 2009

Marcus Miller (born William Henry Marcus Miller Jr., June 14, 1959, Brooklyn, New York) is an American jazz composer, producer, and multi-instrumentalist. Miller is best known as a bassist, working with trumpeter Miles Davis, pianist Herbie Hancock, singer Luther Vandross, and saxophonist David Sanborn, as well as maintaining a prolific solo career. Miller is classically trained as a clarinetist and also plays keyboards, saxophone and guitar.

Life and career[link]

Early life[link]

Miller was born in 1959 and raised in a musical family that includes his father, William Miller (a church organist and choir director) and jazz pianist Wynton Kelly. By 13, Marcus was proficient on clarinet, piano and bass guitar, and already writing songs. Two years later he was working regularly in New York City, eventually playing bass and writing music for jazz flautist Bobbi Humphrey and keyboardist Lonnie Liston Smith. Miller soon became a first call session musician, gracing well over 500 albums, a short list of which includes Michael Jackson, Herbie Hancock, Mariah Carey, Wayne Shorter, McCoy Tyner, Frank Sinatra, Dr. John, Aretha Franklin, Elton John, Grover Washington Jr., Donald Fagen, Bill Withers, Chaka Khan, LL Cool J, Me'shell Ndegé Ocello and Flavio Sala.

Professional career[link]

Miller at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, 2007

Miller spent approximately 15 years performing as a sideman or session musician, observing how band leaders operated. During that time he also did a lot of arranging and producing. He was a member of the Saturday Night Live band 1978-1979. He wrote the intro to Aretha Franklin's 'I Wanna Make It Up To You'. He has played bass on over 500 recordings including those of Luther Vandross, Grover Washington Jr., Roberta Flack, Carly Simon, McCoy Tyner, Bryan Ferry and Billy Idol. He won the "Most Valuable Player" award, (awarded by NARAS to recognize studio musicians) three years in a row and was subsequently awarded "player emeritus" status and retired from eligibility. In the nineties, Miller began to make his own records, putting a band together to take advantage of touring opportunities.

Miller's proficiency on his main instrument, the bass guitar, is generally well-regarded. Not only has Miller been involved in the continuing development of the technique known as "slapping", particularly his "thumb" technique, but his fretless bass technique has also served as an inspiration to many, and he has taken the fretless bass into musical contexts and genres previously unexplored. The influences of some of the previous generation of electric bass players, such as Larry Graham, Stanley Clarke, and Jaco Pastorius, are audible in Miller's playing. Early in his career, Miller was accused of being simply imitative of Pastorius, but has since more fully integrated the latter's methodology into his own sound.

Miller has an extensive discography, and tours frequently and widely in Europe and Japan.

Between 1988 and 1990 he appeared in the first season and again toward the end as both the musical director and also as the house band bass player in the Sunday Night Band during the two seasons of the acclaimed music performance program Sunday Night on NBC late-night television.^[1]

As a composer, Miller wrote "Tutu" for Miles Davis, a piece that defined Davis's career in the late 1980s, and was the title track of Davis's album Tutu, upon which Miller wrote all the songs with only two exceptions, and one of those was co-written with Davis. He also composed "Chicago Song" for David Sanborn and co-wrote "'Til My Baby Comes Home", "It's Over Now", "For You to Love", and "Power of Love" for Luther Vandross. Miller also wrote "Da Butt", which was featured in Spike Lee's School Daze.

Personal life[link]

Miller has a wife and four children: two daughters and two sons, one of whom, Jon, recently graduated from Columbia University and now works for radio and television host Glenn Beck.

Grammy Awards[link]

Miller has won numerous Grammy Awards as a producer for Miles Davis, Luther Vandross, David Sanborn, Bob James, Chaka Khan and Wayne Shorter. He won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song in 1992, for Luther Vandross' "Power of Love" and in 2001 he won for Best Contemporary Jazz Album for his fourth solo instrumental album, M2.

Miller currently has his own band. In 1997 he played bass and bass clarinet in a band called Legends, featuring Eric Clapton (guitars and vocals), Joe Sample (piano), David Sanborn (alto sax) and Steve Gadd (drums). It was an 11-date tour of major jazz festivals in Europe.

In addition to his recording and performance career, Miller has established a parallel career as a film score composer. He has written numerous scores for films featuring Eddie Murphy, L.L. Cool J, Chris Rock, Matthew Perry, Samuel L. Jackson and others. He composed the musical score for the Chris Rock-created sit-com, Everybody Hates Chris, now in syndication on Nick-At Nite.^[2]

Instruments and gear[link]

He plays a 1977 Fender Jazz Bass that was modified by Roger Sadowsky with the addition of a Bartolini preamp so he could control his sound in the studio. Fender currently produces a Marcus Miller signature Fender Jazz Bass in four- (made in Japan) and five-string (made in U.S) versions.^[3]

Discography[link]

Solo period (1982–present)

• 1983: Suddenly
• 1984: Marcus Miller
• 1993: The Sun Don't Lie
• 1995: Tales
• 1998: Live & More
• 2000: Best of '82-'96
• 2001: M² (2002 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album)
• 2002: The Ozell Tapes - Live 2001
• 2005: Silver Rain
• 2007: Free
• 2008: Marcus^[4]
• 2008: Thunder (as SMV, with Stanley Clarke and Victor Wooten)
• 2010: A Night in Monte Carlo - Live 2009
• 2011: Tutu Revisited - Live 2010
• 2012: Renaissance

Luther Vandross period

• 1983: "Busy Body"
• 1985: "The Night I Fell In Love"
• 1985: "'Til My Baby Comes Home"
• 1985: "It's Over Now"
• 1986: "I Really Didn't Mean It"
• 1986: "Never Too Much"
• 1986: "She Won't Talk To Me"
• 1986: "Give Me the Reason"
• 1987: "Stop to Love"
• 1987: "See Me"
• 1988: "Luther In Love - Megamix"
• 1988: "Any Love"
• 1989: "The Best of Love"
• 1989: "Come Back"
• 1991: "The Rush"
• 1991: "Power of Love / Love Power (Uno Clio & Colin and Carl Remix)"
• 1991: "Power of Love / Love Power"
• 1991: "Power of Love"
• 1993: "Never Let Me Go"
• 1993: "Heaven Knows"
• 1995: "This Is Christmas"
• 1995: "Power of Love / Love Power (The Frankie Knuckles Mixes)"
• 1996: "Your Secret Love"
• 1996: "I Can Make It Better"
• 1998: "I Know"
• 2001: "Luther Vandross"
• 2003: "Dance With My Father"
• 2007: "Love, Luther"

Grover Washington jr period

• 1984: Inside Moves

David Sanborn period (1975–2000)

• 1977: Lovesongs
• 1980: Hideaway
• 1981: Voyeur
• 1981: As We Speak
• 1982: Backstreet
• 1984: Straight to the Heart
• 1987: Change of Heart
• 1988: Close-Up
• 1991: Another Hand
• 1992: Upfront
• 1994: Hearsay
• 1995: Pearls
• 1996: Songs from the Night Before
• 1999: Inside

Miles Davis period (1980–1990)

• 1981: The Man with the Horn
• 1982: We Want Miles
• 1983: Star People
• 1986: Tutu
• 1987: Music From Siesta
• 1989: Amandla
• 2002: The Complete Miles Davis at Montreux

The Jamaica Boys period (1986–1990)

• 1987: The Jamaica Boys
• 1989: The Jamaica Boys II: J. Boys

Film scores

• 1990: "House Party" (featuring Kid & Play)
• 1992: "Boomerang" (featuring Eddie Murphy)
• 1994: "Above the Rim" (featuring Tupac Shakur)
• 1994: "A Low Down Dirty Shame" (featuring Keenan Ivory Wayans)
• 1996: "The Great White Hype" (featuring Samuel L. Jackson)
• 1997: "The Sixth Man" (featuring Marlon Wayans)
• 1999: "An American Love Story"
• 2000: "The Ladies Man" (featuring Tim Meadows)
• 2001: "The Trumpet of the Swan" (featuring Reese Witherspoon)
• 2001: "The Brothers" (featuring Morris Chestnut)
• 2001: "Two Can Play That Game" (featuring Vivaca Fox)
• 2002: "Serving Sara" (featuring Matthew Perry)
• 2003: "Deliver Us from Eva" (featuring L.L. Cool J)
• 2003: "Head of State" (featuring Chris Rock)
• 2004: "Breakin' All the Rules" (featuring Jamie Foxx)
• 2005: "King's Ransom" (featuring Anthony Anderson)
• 2006: "Save the Last Dance 2" (featuring Izabella Miko)
• 2007: "I Think I Love My Wife" (featuring Chris Rock)
• 2007: "This Christmas" (featuring Idris Elba)
• 2008: "Thunder" (featuring Stanley Clark and Victor Wooten)
• 2009: "Good Hair" (featuring Chris Rock as SMV)
• 2009: "Obsessed" (featuring Beyoncé Knowles)

With Dizzy Gillespie

• Closer to the Source (Atlantic, 1984)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marcus Miller

• Official website
• HoneySoul interview
• Jazzitalia interview
• Jazz USA interview
• The Dude Pit interview
• NPR interview
• Podcast featuring GRP Records and Marcus Miller