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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Kunming
Kunming (; , ; UN/LOCODE: CNKMG) is a prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province, in southwestern China. It is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of Yunnan, and is the seat of the provincial government. It is also home to several universities, museums, galleries and other important economic, cultural, and educational institutions. The headquarters of many of Yunnan's large businesses are in Kunming as well. It was important during World War II as a Chinese military center, American air base, and transport terminus for the Burma Road. Located in the middle of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Kunming is located at an altitude of 1,900 m above sea level and at a latitude just north of the Tropic of Cancer. It covers an area of and its urban area covers . Kunming has an estimated population of 5,740,000 including 3,055,000 in the urban area and is located at the northern edge of the large Lake Dian, surrounded by temples and lake-and-limestone hill landscapes.
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Meilen District
Meilen District is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. It lies to the south of the canton in the Pfannenstiel region, forming much of the northern shore of Lake Zurich. The district capital is the town of Meilen.
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Seedamm
Seedamm is called the partially artificial dam and bridge at the most narrow area of Lake Zurich, between Hurden (SZ) and Rapperswil (SG).
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Sihl
:SIHL can represent Shanghai Industrial Holdings, a listed company in Hong Kong
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Sihl Valley
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Swiss
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Zimmerberg
Zimmerberg (el. ) is a mountain and a region located in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Its name bases on the Old High German word zimbar in the meaning of lumber.
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Bruno Ganz
Bruno Ganz (; born March 22, 1941) is a Swiss actor, known for his roles as Damiel in Wings of Desire and Adolf Hitler in Downfall.
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Felix Bloch
Felix Bloch (October 23, 1905 – September 10, 1983) was a Swiss physicist, working mainly in the U.S.
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Friedrich Dürrenmatt
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Germania superior
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
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Gottfried Keller
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Hugo Loetscher
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Huldrych Zwingli
Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system, he attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly centre of humanism. He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus.
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James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark novel which perfected his stream of conciousness technique and combined nearly every literary device available in a modern re-telling of The Odyssey. Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939), and his complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.
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James Sadleir
James Sadleir (c. 1815 – 4 June 1881) was a member (MP) of the British House of Commons, chiefly notable for being one of the few members expelled by that body. Sadleir was the son of Clement William Sadleir of Shrone Hill, County Tipperary. His brother John, with whom he was involved in the Tipperary Joint Stock Bank, was MP for Carlow Borough from 1847.
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Johanna Spyri
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Jonas Kaufmann
Jonas Kaufmann (born 1969) is a lirico spinto tenor born in Munich, Germany.
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Kurt Tucholsky
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Le Corbusier
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Louis the German
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Manuel Rivera-Ortiz
Manuel Rivera-Ortiz (born December 23, 1968 in Pozo Hondo, Guayama, Puerto Rico) is an American documentary photographer, the author of several photographic collections and the recipient of a number of awards. He is best known for his documentary photographs of people's living conditions in less developed countries. Rivera-Ortiz lives in Rochester, New York, in New York City and in Zurich.
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Marc Chagall
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Marcel Breuer
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Marcel Grossmann
Marcel Grossmann (, April 9, 1878, Budapest – September 7, 1936, Zurich) was a mathematician of Jewish ancestry, and a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. He became a Professor of Mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, today the ETH Zurich, specializing in descriptive geometry.
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Max Frisch
Max Rudolf Frisch (May 15, 1911 – April 4, 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist, regarded as highly representative of German-language literature after World War II. In his creative works Frisch paid particular attention to issues relating to problems of human identity, individuality, responsibility, morality and political commitment. His use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war publications.
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Mileva Maric
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Old Zurich War
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Pancho Vladigerov
Pancho Haralanov Vladigerov (or Wladigeroff, or Vladiguerov, or Vladigueroff; ) (13 March 1899 – 8 September 1978) was a Bulgarian composer, pedagogue, and pianist.
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Patricia Kaas
Patricia Kaas (born 5 December 1966 in Forbach, Moselle) is a French singer and actress.
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Patrick Geering
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Puritan
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms: historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of . T. D. Bozeman therefore uses instead the term precisianist in regard to the historical groups of England and New England.
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Richard Avenarius
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Richard Paul Lohse
Richard Paul Lohse (13 September, 1902, Zurich - September 16, 1988, Zurich) was a Swiss painter and graphic artist and one of the main representatives of the concrete and constructive art.
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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
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Roland Scholl
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Rudolf Brun
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Rudolph I of Germany
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Serbs
Serbs (, Romanization: Srbi ) are a native Balkan South Slavic ethnic group. Majority of Serbs live in their ancestral lands in Central Europe and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe), between the Balkan and Carpathian mountains, in the east, and the Adriatic sea, in the west. Significant percentage of Serb people live in diaspora. The total world Serbian population, however, is difficult to measure. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs are also a significant minority in other republics of the Former Yugoslavia- primarily Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Serbs are an officially recognized minority in both Romania and Hungary, as well as Albania and Slovakia. There is a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe especially in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria, as well as in France and Italy (which also contains a historical Serb community). More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German speaking countries: Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1,8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%).
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Thomas Mann
Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann, and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, the anti-fascist Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he emigrated to the United States, from where he returned to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the most known exponents of the so called Exilliteratur.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Mann -
Tina Turner
Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title '''The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll'''.
http://wn.com/Tina_Turner -
Tobias Stephan
http://wn.com/Tobias_Stephan -
Tristan Tzara
Tristan Tzara (; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; –December 25, 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer and film director, he was known best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. Under the influence of Adrian Maniu, the adolescent Tzara became interested in Symbolism and co-founded the magazine Simbolul with Ion Vinea (with whom he also wrote experimental poetry) and painter Marcel Janco. During World War I, after briefly collaborating on Vinea's Chemarea, he joined Janco in Switzerland. There, Tzara's shows at the Cabaret Voltaire and Zunfthaus zur Waag, as well as his poetry and art manifestos, became a main feature of early Dadaism. His work represented Dada's nihilistic side, in contrast with the more moderate approach favored by Hugo Ball.
http://wn.com/Tristan_Tzara -
Udo Jürgens
http://wn.com/Udo_Jürgens -
Ueli Gegenschatz
Ueli Gegenschatz (January 3, 1971 – November 13, 2009, Zurich) was a Swiss BASE jumper, paraglider and skydiver who held several world records.
http://wn.com/Ueli_Gegenschatz -
Ulrich Zwingli
http://wn.com/Ulrich_Zwingli -
Vladimir Lenin
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Wolfgang Pauli
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Zwingli
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Hey you! What song are you listening to? Zurich, Switzerland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Published: 15 Jun 2011
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Inspired by Tyler Cullen NYC, we went around Zurich, asking people "what song are you listening to"? Tracklist: The Herbaliser - Gold Rush Corinne Bailey Rae - Put Your Records On Lügner - Say Maus! Madonna - Candy Shop Data - J´aime pas l´art Madcon - Freaky like me Pink -...
http://wn.com/Hey_you!_What_song_are_you_listening_to?_Zurich,_Switzerland
Zürich, Switzerland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 17 Apr 2007
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Zürich tourism promotional video www.zuerich.com
http://wn.com/Zürich,_Switzerland
Working at Google Zurich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Published: 01 Aug 2007
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Find out what it's like to work in the Google Zurich office. www.google.com
http://wn.com/Working_at_Google_Zurich
Google's new Zurich office
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 07 Mar 2008
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Google has opened a new office in Zurich, Switzerland and Web User was invited to have a look around.
http://wn.com/Google's_new_Zurich_office
Quadrocopter Ball Juggling, ETH Zurich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 28 Mar 2011
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Ball juggling experiments with quadrotors in the ETH Flying Machine Arena By Mark Müller, Sergei Lupashin and Raffaello D'Andrea www.flyingmachinearena.org IDSC, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Common question This is not human-piloted (please see the overview vid). The vehicles/ball are tracked by an overhead motion capture system and controlled by a pair of computers.
http://wn.com/Quadrocopter_Ball_Juggling,_ETH_Zurich
Zurich Switzerland Zurich - 2010 - Swiss Rail Passes - SwissAlpsHotel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Published: 21 Jan 2009
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Swiss Zurich - Zurich Switzerland 2009 ... Experience Zurich, it is a World Class City like no other. The Zurich tourist office has great FREE information on where to go and what to see in Zurich. www.zuerich.com ... For Swiss train tickets and rail passes go to: www.SwissRailPasses.com ... For Hotels go to www.SwissAlpsHotel.com .... You can get real Swiss Luggage Tags at SwissLuggageTags.com ... http ... SwitzerlandRailPass.com ... http ... We also offer Italy train tickets and rail passes at: italyTrainTickets.org ... And, France train Tickets and Rail passes at FranceTrainTravel.org ... For Train Travel in other European Countries Go To Europepass.org ... For Austria Rail Passes Go To www.AustriaRailPasses.com ... Experience Zurich...it is a wonderful city any time of year. http
http://wn.com/Zurich_Switzerland_Zurich_2010_Swiss_Rail_Passes_SwissAlpsHotel
Lady GaGa "Hair" Born This Way Ball Zurich, Switzerland HD (First Row!) the next 30 years...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 28 Sep 2012
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Great Swiss Cities: Zürich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 21 Jul 2010
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Switzerland's biggest city, Zürich, consistently ranks as one of the world's most livable cities. Its lake front is a spring board for romantic walks, and the old town is lively night and day with cafes, galleries, and a colorful cobbled ambiance. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit www.ricksteves.com.
http://wn.com/Great_Swiss_Cities_Zürich
City of Zurich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 27 Jan 2007
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Main Station
http://wn.com/City_of_Zurich
Street Parade Zurich MAGIC TRAILER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:18
- Published: 04 Jan 2008
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
MAGIC TRAILER Street Parade Zurich
http://wn.com/Street_Parade_Zurich_MAGIC_TRAILER
Cat 3 Landing Zurich...175m Vis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Published: 11 Oct 2007
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Cat 3 Landing on Rw 14....about 175m visibility at touchdown.
http://wn.com/Cat_3_Landing_Zurich175m_Vis
Yelena Isinbayeva 5.06m Golden League Zürich World Record
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 29 Aug 2009
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Zurich Airport - Summer Time (12min)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:43
- Published: 28 Nov 2010
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
This is the first Time, that i upload a full Project and creation to YouTube. This is the long awaited Zurich Airport - Summer Time movie. Part one of the Airport Series. Enjoy the action on the Field, Runway and Pushback Trucks! Dedicated to all Zurich Airport Staff Members, Plane lovers and Zurich Airport Fans! If you like to support me, please visit www.rueschproductions.com and hit the "Donate" Button. Thank you! TRACK List: Two Steps from Hell: - Undying Love - Fill My Heart (no Choir) - After The Fall - Atlantis (no Choir) - Hello World Your Producer Andy Ruesch More Videos on: www.rueschproductions.com www.facebook.com Film images are copy protected, any abuse will be punished!
http://wn.com/Zurich_Airport_Summer_Time_12min
CITYGUIDE - Zürich Tourismus Schweiz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 06 Aug 2008
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Zürich ist nicht nur für die beste Lebensqualität der Welt bekannt, sondern hat auch als Kongressstadt einiges zu bieten. Geschäftsleute aus der ganzen Welt kommen hierher, um das enorme Angebot für sich zu nutzen.
http://wn.com/CITYGUIDE_Zürich_Tourismus_Schweiz
Kollegah unterwegs - Folge 9 - Der Boss in Zürich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:24
- Published: 24 Aug 2011
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Fan werden!: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Kollegah_unterwegs_Folge_9_Der_Boss_in_Zürich
Summer in Zürich | Zurich | Zurigo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 31 May 2012
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Zürich. Find all information for your perfect city trip under www.zuerich.com. For example advantageous booking rates for your accommodation and other special offers as well as a lot of tipps and ideas regarding your visit.
http://wn.com/Summer_in_Zürich_|_Zurich_|_Zurigo
Zürich City TimeLapse Video - springtime
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Published: 12 May 2012
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Zurich City TimeLapse Video Zürich/Switzerland springtime 2011 Copyright - ALL rights reserved
http://wn.com/Zürich_City_TimeLapse_Video_springtime
Zurich, Switzerland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:57
- Published: 29 Sep 2011
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Recorded August 12, 2011: Video of Switzerland's largest city. From: timvp.com
http://wn.com/Zurich,_Switzerland
Little Grandmother Keisha Crowther in Zurich 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:30
- Published: 25 Mar 2012
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Original Upload vimeo.com Kiesha Crowther Little Grandmother, one of the 12 young Shaman wisdom keepers to establish the "Tribe of many colors" recently was on a European Tour spreading her message on how to start living from the heart. She also speaks about our ancestors, the pole shift, where the extraterrestrials are hiding and what we can do to change our world and heal Mother Earth. This is a 25 minutes summary of her workshop in Zurich, Switzerland of early November 2010. Two shorter videos on 2012 and various subjects will be published soon. The workshop was held in two languages (English with German translation) but we compiled for you only the English original. This Friday November 19, 2010, there will be a special program of the channel "2012 and beyond" on Kiesha's workshop in Zurich at 3 pm EST / 9 pm CET, with a live comment and the presentation of the first 2 videos as well as a 3rd one (Q & A in Zurich) which has not yet been published! Here is the link of the channel: www.livestream.com Other videos on Kiesha: NEW: Kiesha speaks on 2012: vimeo.com/16830337 One with Nature: vimeo.com/11191065 All videos produced by Kedar Misani from Zurich LINKS: tribeofmanycolors.net littlegrandmother.net crystalsun.ch/en/ livestream.com/2012truth
http://wn.com/Little_Grandmother_Keisha_Crowther_in_Zurich_2_of_2
Zürich | Zurich | Zurigo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 23 Nov 2010
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Zürich. Find all information for your perfect city trip under www.zuerich.com. For example advantageous booking rates for your accommodation and other special offers as well as a lot of tipps and ideas regarding your visit.
http://wn.com/Zürich_|_Zurich_|_Zurigo
LOSO LIVE IN ZURICH - 2nd PART - 5th february 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Published: 13 Nov 2006
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
great live concert in zurich switzerland - part 2 - guitar solo like jimmy hendrix - loso on his best - saturday 5th february 2005 at hotel spirgarten zurich switzerland
http://wn.com/LOSO_LIVE_IN_ZURICH_2nd_PART_5th_february_2005
Crosswind Approaches into Zurich Airport
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 10 Feb 2009
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
There were heavy crosswinds. 10. Feb. 2009 at rwy 28 in LSZH. Over thirty go-arounds that day, and some flights were diverted. Macedonian had four approaches after heading to Friedrichshafen D.
http://wn.com/Crosswind_Approaches_into_Zurich_Airport
Cooperative Quadrocopter Ball Throwing and Catching - IDSC - ETH Zurich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Published: 27 Sep 2012
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
This video shows three quadrocopters cooperatively tossing and catching a ball with the aid of an elastic net. To toss the ball, the quadrocopters accelerate rapidly outward to stretch the net tight between them and launch the ball up. Notice in the video that the quadrocopters are then pulled forcefully inward by the tension in the elastic net, and must rapidly stabilize in order to avoid a collision. Once recovered, the quadrotors cooperatively position the net below the ball in order to catch it. Because they are coupled to each other by the net, the quadrocopters experience complex forces that push the vehicles to the limits of their dynamic capabilities. To exploit the full potential of the vehicles under these circumstances requires several novel algorithms, including: 1) an optimality-based real-time trajectory generation algorithm for the catching maneuver; 2) a time-varying trajectory following control strategy to manage the forces on the individual vehicles that are induced by the net; and 3) learning algorithms that compensate for model inaccuracies when aiming the ball. By Robin Ritz, Mark W. Müller, Markus Hehn, and Raffaello D'Andrea. IDSC, ETH Zürich, Switzerland www.flyingmachinearena.org This work is supported by and builds upon prior contributions by past and present FMA collaborators. http
http://wn.com/Cooperative_Quadrocopter_Ball_Throwing_and_Catching_IDSC_ETH_Zurich
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Ira Goldstein
Creative Commons / DidiWeidmann
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Creative Commons / Dietrich Michael Weidmann
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Abderitestatos
Creative Commons / Roland zh,
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Abderitestatos
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Simisa
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Badener
Creative Commons / Dietrich Michael Weidmann
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Holder
Creative Commons / Dietrich Michael Weidmann
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Roland zh
Creative Commons / Dietrich Michael Weidmann
Photo: AP / Andy Wong
11 Oct 2012
BEIJING: Cases of people being forcibly evicted from their homes and land have risen significantly in China, becoming the single greatest source of public discontent and a serious threat to social and...
Photo: USAF / Master Sgt. Jerry Morrison
09 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Facing Alexander the Great on the plains of Gaugamela, King Darius III was overly confident in his new and secretive weapon. Along with selecting and...
Photo: AP / Baba Ahmed
11 Oct 2012
Islamists who seized control of part of Mali are amassing money from ransoms and drug trafficking while imposing Sharia law, says a senior UN official. They are also buying child soldiers, paying...
Photo: AP / George Osodi
11 Oct 2012
AFP - Four Nigerian farmers take on Shell in a Dutch court, accusing the oil giant of destroying their livelihoods in a case that could set a precedent for global environmental responsibility. The...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
04 Oct 2012
Out-of-date censuses, inconsistent methodologies and the political manipulation of official statistics mean estimating and predicting city populations is fraught with difficulty • Get the data • More...
noodls
The famous China Garden in Zurich, a gift from the city of Kunming, was the setting chosen by Blancpain for its presentation of this world première. During the evening, the many guests enjoyed a chance to discover an interpretation of time different from that generally envisioned in the West....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
The famous China Garden in Zurich, a gift from the city of Kunming, was the setting chosen by Blancpain for its presentation of this world first. During the evening, the many guests enjoyed a chance to discover an interpretation of time different from that generally envisioned in the West. The...(size: 3.1Kb)
Stylist
I have to...(size: 0.1Kb)
Zürich Airport: Swiss bliss
09 Apr 2012
The Examiner
London and Frankfurt may get the lion’s share of publicity, but as the European Union careens though a serious sovereign debt crisis (thank you, Greece, oh so much), it may come as a relief to know an isle of tranquility, and financial solidity, exists amid all the chaos. Despite of the odds, and...(size: 7.0Kb)
Direct Zürich flights for Mother City
19 Dec 2011
Independent online (SA)
The first Swiss airline to fly into Cape Town, Edelweiss Air offers a nonstop service to Zürich at 20h45 on Tuesday and Friday nights, arriving there at the civilised hour of 9.50 next morning. The return flights are by daylight. At present the service is intended to be seasonal since the...(size: 5.0Kb)
The Examiner
On 1 December 2011 the Oettinger Davidoff Group unveils its new retail concept and design when it opens the first of its kind, Davidoff Flagship Store, in the redesigned Airside Center at Zurich Airport. At the very heart of the approx. 60m² store is a 30m² walk-in humidor with generous...(size: 8.9Kb)
OIA Global gibt Eröffnung einer neuen Regionalniederlassung im schweizerischen Zürich bekannt
10 Nov 2011
PR Newswire
...(size: 5.0Kb)
The Examiner
Zürich’s Museum of Fine Art, the Kunsthaus Zürich, will present an exclusive world premiere of masterpieces from the Nahmad family’s private collection. The collection of over 100 paintings, ranging from Impressionism to Surrealism and beyond, includes works by...(size: 3.9Kb)
Business Wire
ITS World Congress ORLANDO, Fla. - TomTom today announces a partnership with PTV that will provide historical traffic data to the city of Zürich, Switzerland. PTV is a leader in traffic software and consulting. The city of Zürich will use TomTom’s historical traffic database of more than 4 trillion...(size: 4.6Kb)
For other uses, see Zurich (disambiguation).
| Zurich | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Population | 376,008 (Dec 2011)[1] | |||||||||
| - Density | 4,092 /km2 (10,599 /sq mi) | |||||||||
| Area | 87.88 km2 (33.93 sq mi)[2] | |||||||||
| Elevation | 408 m (1,339 ft) | |||||||||
| - Highest | 871 m - Üetliberg | |||||||||
| - Lowest | 392 m - Limmat | |||||||||
| Postal code | 8000–8099 | |||||||||
| SFOS number | 0261 | |||||||||
| Mayor (list) | Corine Mauch (as of 2009) SPS/PSS | |||||||||
| Surrounded by | Adliswil, Dübendorf, Fällanden, Kilchberg, Maur, Oberengstringen, Opfikon, Regensdorf, Rümlang, Schlieren, Stallikon, Uitikon, Urdorf, Wallisellen, Zollikon | |||||||||
| Twin towns | Kunming, San Francisco | |||||||||
| Website | www.stadt-zuerich.ch SFSO statistics |
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 Zurich
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Location of Zurich
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Zurich (German: Zürich, German pronunciation: [ˈtsyːrɪç]; Swiss German: Züri) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland[3] at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. The municipality has approximately 390,000[4] inhabitants, and the Zurich metropolitan area nearly 2 million.[5] Zurich is a mixed hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country.
Permanently settled for around 7,000 years, the history of Zurich goes back to its founding by the Romans, who, in 15 BC, called it Turicum. During the Middle Ages Zurich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and, in 1519, was the place of origin and centre of the Protestant Reformation in German-speaking Switzerland, led by Ulrich Zwingli.[6]
Zurich is a leading global city and among the world's largest financial centres.[7] The city is home to a large number of financial institutions and banking giants. Also, most of the research and development centres are concentrated in Zurich and the low rate of tax attracts overseas companies to set up their headquarters there. According to several surveys from 2006 to 2008, Zurich was named the city with the best quality of life in the world as well as the wealthiest city in Europe.[8][9][10]
An impressive number of museums and art galleries can be found in the city, including the Swiss National Museum and the Kunsthaus.[11] Zurich also hosts one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world.[12]
Contents |
Name[link]
The Swiss standard German pronunciation of the name is [ˈtsyːrɪç] (
listen). In Zurich German without the final consonant, Züri [ˈtsyɾi], although the adjective remains Zürcher [ˈtsyrxər]. The city is called Zurich [zyʁik] in French, Zurigo [dzuˈriːɡo] in Italian, and Turitg [tuˈritɕ] in Romansh.
In English, the name is usually written Zurich, without the umlaut. It is pronounced /ˈzjʊərɪk/ (ZEWR-ik) or /ˈzʊərɪk/ (ZOOR-ik); more recently sometimes also with /ts/ as in German.[13]
The earliest known form of the city's name is Turicum, attested on a tombstone of the late 2nd century AD in the form STA(tio) TURICEN(sis) ("Turicum tax post"). Neither the name's linguistic origin (most likely Rhaetic or Celtic) nor its meaning can be determined with certainty. A possibility is derivation from *Turīcon, from the Gaulish personal name Tūros.[14] The stress on the long vowel of the Gaulish name, [tuˈriːkon], was lost in German [ˈtsyːʁɪç] but is preserved in Italian Zurigo [dzuˈriːɡo].
A first development towards its later, Germanic form is attested as early as the 6th century with the form Ziurichi. From the 10th century onward, the name has more or less clearly been established as Zürich (Zurih (857), Zurich (924)).[15]
Zurich is sometimes referred to as "Downtown Switzerland" for publicity reasons.[16]
History[link]
Main article: History of Zurich
Early history[link]
Settlements of the Neolithic and Bronze Age were found around Lake Zurich. Traces of pre-Roman Celtic, La Tène settlements were discovered near the Lindenhof hill. In Roman times, Turicum was a tax-collecting point at the border of Gallia Belgica (from AD 90 Germania superior) and Raetia for goods trafficked on the Limmat river. After Emperor Constantine’s reforms in AD 318, the border between Gaul and Italy (two of the four praetorian prefectures of the Roman Empire) was located east of Turicum, crossing the River Linth between Lake Walen and Lake Zurich, where a castle and garrison looked over Turicum’s safety. The earliest written record of the town dates from the 2nd century, with a tombstone referring to it, discovered at the Lindenhof.
In the 5th century, the Germanic Alamanni tribe settled in the Swiss plateau. The Roman castle remained standing until the 7th century. A Carolingian castle, built on the site of the Roman castle by the grandson of Charlemagne, Louis the German, is mentioned in 835 (in castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci). Louis also founded the Fraumünster abbey in 853 for his daughter Hildegard. He endowed the Benedictine convent with the lands of Zurich, Uri, and the Albis forest, and granted the convent immunity, placing it under his direct authority. In 1045, King Henry III granted the convent the right to hold markets, collect tolls, and mint coins, and thus effectively made the abbess the ruler of the city.[17]
Zurich became an Imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbar or Imperial free city) in 1218 with the extinction of the main line of the Zähringer family and attained a status comparable to statehood. During the 1230s, a city wall was built, enclosing 38 hectares, when the earliest stone houses on the Rennweg were built as well. The Carolingian castle was used as a quarry, as it had started to fall into ruin.[18]
Emperor Frederick II promoted the abbess of the Fraumünster to the rank of a duchess in 1234. The abbess nominated the mayor, and she frequently delegated the minting of coins to citizens of the city. The political power of the convent slowly waned in the 14th century, beginning with the establishment of the Zunftordnung (guild laws) in 1336 by Rudolf Brun, who also became the first independent mayor, i.e. not nominated by the abbess.
An important event in the early 14th century was the completion of the Manesse Codex, a key source of medieval German poetry. The famous illuminated manuscript – described as "the most beautifully illumined German manuscript in centuries;"[19] – was commissioned by the Manesse family of Zurich, copied and illustrated in the city at some time between 1304 and 1340. Producing such a work was a highly expensive prestige project, requiring several years work by highly skilled scribes[20] and miniature painters, and it clearly testifies to the increasing wealth and pride of Zurich citizens in this period.
Old Swiss Confederacy[link]
On 1 May 1351, the citizens of Zurich had to swear allegiance before representatives of the cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, the other members of the Swiss Confederacy. Thus, Zurich became the fifth member of the Confederacy, which was at that time a loose confederation of de facto independent states. Zurich was the presiding canton of the Diet from 1468 to 1519. This authority was the executive council and lawmaking body of the confederacy, from the Middle Ages until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848. Zurich was temporarily expelled from the confederacy in 1440 due to a war with the other member states over the territory of Toggenburg (the Old Zurich War). Neither side had attained significant victory when peace was agreed upon in 1446, and Zurich was re-admitted to the confederation in 1450.[21]
Zwingli started the Swiss Reformation at the time when he was the main preacher in the 1520s, at the Grossmünster. He lived there from 1484 until his death in 1531. The Zurich Bible, based on that of Zwingli, was issued in 1531. The Reformation resulted in major changes in state matters and civil life in Zurich, spreading also to a number of other cantons. Several cantons remained Catholic and became the basis of serious conflicts that eventually led to the outbreak of the Wars of Kappel.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Council of Zurich adopted an isolationist attitude, resulting in a second ring of imposing fortifications built in 1624. The Thirty Years' War which raged across Europe motivated the city to build these walls. The fortifications required a lot of resources, which were taken from subject territories without reaching any agreement. The following revolts were crushed brutally. In 1648, Zurich proclaimed itself a republic, shedding its former status of a free imperial city.[22]
The Helvetic Revolution of 1798 saw the fall of the Ancien Régime. Zurich lost control of the land and its economic privileges, and the city and the canton separated their possessions between 1803–1805. In 1839, the city had to yield to the demands of its urban subjects, following the Züriputsch of 6 September. Most of the ramparts built in the 17th century were torn down, without ever having been besieged, to allay rural concerns over the city's hegemony. The Treaty of Zurich between Austria, France, and Sardinia was signed in 1859.[23]
Modern history[link]
Zurich was the Federal capital for 1839–40, and consequently the victory of the Conservative party there in 1839 caused a great stir throughout Switzerland. But when in 1845 the Radicals regained power at Zurich, which was again the Federal capital for 1845–46, Zurich took the lead in opposing the Sonderbund cantons. Following the Sonderbund war and the formation of the Swiss Federal State, Zurich voted in favour of the Federal constitutions of 1848 and of 1874. The enormous immigration from the country districts into the town from the "thirties" onwards created an industrial class which, though "settled" in the town, did not possess the privileges of burghership, and consequently had no share in the municipal government. First of all in 1860 the town schools, hitherto open to "settlers" only on paying high fees, were made accessible to all, next in 1875 ten years' residence ipso facto conferred the right of burghership, while in 1893 the eleven outlying districts were incorporated with the town proper
Extensive developments took place during the 19th century. From 1847, the Spanisch-Brötli-Bahn, the first railway on Swiss territory, connected Zurich with Baden, putting the Zürich Hauptbahnhof at the origin of the Swiss rail network. The present building of the Hauptbahnhof (the main railway station) dates to 1871. Zurich’s Bahnhofstrasse (Station Street) was laid out in 1867, and the Zurich Stock Exchange was founded in 1877. Industrialisation led to migration into the cities and to rapid population growth, particularly in the suburbs of Zurich.
In 1893, the eleven outlying districts were incorporated within Zurich, including Aussersihl, the workmen's quarter on the left bank of the Sihl, and additional land was reclaimed from Zurich lake.[24]
Zurich was accidentally bombed during World War II.
Coat of arms[link]
The blue and white coat of arms of Zurich is attested from 1389, and was derived from banners with blue and white stripes in use since 1315 . The first certain testimony of banners with the same design is from 1434. The coat of arms is flanked by two lions. The red Schwenkel on top of the banner had varying interpretations: For the people of Zurich, it was a mark of honour, granted by Rudolph I. Zurich's neighbours mocked it as a sign of shame, commemorating the loss of the banner at Winterthur in 1292.
Today, the Canton of Zurich uses the same coat of arms as the city.
Government[link]
See also: List of mayors of Zurich
The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Zurich and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of nine councilors, each presiding over a department. The president of the executive department acts as mayor. Current city president is Corine Mauch. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The election of the City Council by registered voters is held every four years. The executive body holds its meetings in the City Hall, on the bank of the Limmat. The building was built in 1883 in Renaissance style.
On the other hand, the City Parliament (Gemeinderat) holds the legislative power. It is made up of 125 members, with elections also held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The sessions of the City Parliament are public. Unlike the member of the City Council, the members of the City Parliament are not politicians by profession, but they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Zurich allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Parliament. The legislative body holds its meetings in the Town Hall, opposite to the City Hall.[25]
As of 2010, the Zurich City Council is made up of four representatives of the SDP (Social Democratic Party, one of whom is the mayor), two members of the FDP (Free Democratic Party), two members of the Green Party and one member of the CVP (Christian Democratic Party).[26]
Geography[link]
Zurich is situated at 408 meters (1,339 ft) above sea level on the lower (northern) end of Lake Zurich (Zürichsee) about 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of the Alps, nestling between the wooded hills on the west and east side. The Old Town stretches on both sides of the Limmat river, which flows from the lake, running northwards at first and then gradually turning into a curve to the west. The geographic (and historic) centre of the city is the Lindenhof, a small natural hill on the west bank of the Limmat, about 700 metres (2,300 ft) north of where the river issues from Lake Zurich. Today the incorporated city stretches somewhat beyond the natural hydrographic confines of the hills and includes some neighbourhoods to the northeast in the Glatt Valley (German: Glattal) and to the north in the Limmat Valley (German: Limmattal). The boundaries of the older city are easy to recognize by the Schanzengraben canal. This artificial watercourses has been used for the construction of the third fortress in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Topography[link]
The municipality of Zurich has an area of 91.88 square kilometres (35.48 sq mi), of which 4.1 km2 (1.6 sq mi) is made up of Lake Zurich. The area includes a section of the northern Swiss Plateau. The banks of the Limmat constitute the densest part of the city. The river is oriented in the southeast-northwest direction, with the flat valley floor having a width of two to three kilometres. The partially channelled and straightened Limmat does not flow in the central part of the valley, but always along its right (northeastern) side. The river Sihl meets with the Limmat at the end of Platzspitz, which borders the Swiss National Museum. The Limmat reaches the lowest point of the municipality in Oberengstringen at 392 m (1,286 ft) above sea level.
On its west side the Limmat valley is flanked by the wooded heights of the Albis chain, which runs along the western border. The Üetliberg is, with 869 m (2,851 ft) above sea level, the highest elevation of the surrounding area. Its summit can be reached easily by the Uetlibergbahn. From the platform of the observation tower on the summit, an impressive panorama of the city, the lake and the Alps can be seen.
The northeast side of the Limmat valley includes a range of hills, which marks the watershed between the Limmat and the Glatt. From the northwest to the southeast, the height of the mostly wooded knolls increases: the Gubrist (615 m/2,018 ft), the Hönggerberg (541 m/1,775 ft), the Käferberg (571 m/1,873 ft), the Zürichberg (676 m/2,218 ft) and the Adlisberg (701 m/2,300 ft). Between the Käferberg and the Zürichberg is located the saddle of the Milchbuck (about 470 m/1,540 ft), an important passage from the Limmat valley to the Glatt valley.
The northernmost part of the municipality extends to the plain of the Glatt valley and to the saddle which makes the connection between the Glattal and Furttal. Also a part of the Katzensee (nature reserve) and the Büsisee, both of which are drained by the Katzenbach to Glatt, belong to the city.
Climate[link]
Zurich has, depending on the definition used, an oceanic or humid continental climate (Köppen Cfb/Dfb), with four distinct seasons. Decisive for the climate of Zurich are both the winds from westerly directions, which often result in precipitation and, on the other hand, the Bise (east or north-east wind), which is usually associated with high-pressure situations, but cooler weather phases with temperatures lower than the average. The Foehn wind, which plays an important role in the northern alpine valleys, has a limited impact on Zurich.
The annual mean temperature at the measuring station of the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology in Zurich (556 m [1,824 ft] above sea level on the slope of the Zürichberg, 150 m [490 ft] above the level of the city centre) is 8.5 °C (47.3 °F). The coldest month mean temperatures are measured in January with −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) and the warmest are measured in July with 17.6 °C (63.7 °F). On average there are 88 days in which the minimum temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F), and 26 days in which the maximum temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F). There are on average 30 summer days (above 25 °C [77 °F]) throughout the year, while hot days (with a temperature reaching 30 °C [86 °F]) are only three. The average high temperature in July are 23.6 °C (74.5 °F) and low temperature are 11.6 °C (52.9 °F). Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild. These values are relatively low compared to other stations on the plateau but they can be explained by the altitude of the station. In the Limmat valley more summer days and hot days can be expected. Zurich has an average of 1,482 hours of sunshine per year. The 1,136 millimetres (44.7 in) rainfall spread throughout the year. During the warmer half of the year and especially the three summer months, levels of rainfall are higher than those measured in winter. The meteorological station at Kloten gives an average precipitation of 1,031 millimetres (40.6 in).
| Climate data for Zurich (Kloten, 1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.1 (24.6) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
2.5 (36.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 67 (2.64) |
68 (2.68) |
68 (2.68) |
78 (3.07) |
96 (3.78) |
115 (4.53) |
106 (4.17) |
121 (4.76) |
83 (3.27) |
70 (2.76) |
84 (3.31) |
74 (2.91) |
1,031 (40.59) |
| % humidity | 86.0 | 81.5 | 75.5 | 72.8 | 72.4 | 72.9 | 72.2 | 75.2 | 78.9 | 84.9 | 85.4 | 86.1 | 78.7 |
| Avg. precipitation days | 10.9 | 9.5 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 12.2 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 127.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 35 | 69 | 115 | 144 | 176 | 191 | 223 | 195 | 155 | 92 | 49 | 31 | 1,475 |
| Source: MeteoSchweiz[27] | |||||||||||||
Climate protection[link]
The city of Zurich is among the world-leaders in protecting the climate by following a manifold approach. In November 2008[28] the people of Zurich voted in a public referendum to write into law the quantifiable and fixed deadline of one tonne of CO2 per person per annum by 2050. This forces any decision of the executive to support this goal, even if the costs are higher in all dimensions. Some examples are the new disinfection section of the public city hospital in Triemli (Minergie-P quality – passive house)[clarification needed], the continued optimisation and creation of public transportation, enlargement of the bicycle-only network, research and projects for renewable energy and enclosure of speed-ways[clarification needed].
Urban area[link]
The areas surrounding the Limmat are almost completely built over (residential, industrial areas, commercial zones). Also densely built, the sun-exposed and preferred residential locations on the hills overlooking Zurich, Waidberg and Zürichberg and the bottom section of the slope on the western side of the valley on the Üetliberg.
The green lungs of the city include the vast forest areas of Adlisberg, Zürichberg, Käferberg, Hönggerberg and Üetliberg. Major parks are also located along the lakeshore (Zurichhorn and Enge). Furthermore, the cultivated area through parks and gardens is loosened. Larger contiguous agricultural lands are located near Affoltern and Seebach. Of the total area of the municipality of Zurich (in 1996, without the lake), 45.4% are settlements, industry and commerce, 15.5% are transports, 26.5% are forests, 11%: is agriculture and 1.2% is water.
City districts[link]
Main article: Subdivisions of Zurich
The previous boundaries of the city of Zurich (before 1893) were more or less synonymous with the location of the old town. Two large expansions of the city limits occurred in 1893 and in 1934 when the city of Zurich merged with many surrounding municipalities, that had been growing increasingly together since the 19th century. Today, the city is divided into twelve districts (known as Kreis in German), numbered 1 to 12, each one of which may contain anywhere between 1 and 4 neighborhoods:
- District 1, known as Altstadt, contains the old town, both to the east and west of the start of the Limmat river.
- District 2 lies along the west side of Lake Zurich, and contains the neighbourhoods of Enge, Wollishofen and Leimbach.
- District 3, known as Wiedikon is between the Sihl river and the Üetliberg, and contains the neighbourhoods of Alt-Wiedikon, Sihlfeld and Friesenberg.
- District 4, known as Aussersihl lies between the Sihl and the train tracks leaving Zürich Hauptbahnhof.
- District 5, known as Industriequartier, is between the Limmat and the train tracks leaving Zürich Hauptbahnhof, it contains the former industrial area of Zurich which has gone under a large-scale rezoning to create upscale modern housing, retail and commercial real estate.
- District 6 is on the edge of the Zürichberg, a hill overlooking the eastern part of the city. District 6 contains the neighbourhoods of Oberstrass and Unterstrass. There neighbourhoods are home to Zurich's wealthiest and more prominent residents.
- District 7 is on the edge of the Adlisberg hill as well as the Zürichberg, on the eastern side of the city. District 7 contains the neighbourhoods of Hottingen and Hirslanden.
- District 8, known as Riesbach, lies on the eastern side of Lake Zurich.
- District 9 is between the Limmat to the north and the Üetliberg to the south. It contains the neighbourhoods Altstetten and Albisrieden.
- District 10 is to the east of the Limmat and to the south of the Hönggerberg and Käferberg hills. District 10 contains the neighbourhoods of Höngg and Wipkingen.
- District 11 is in the area north of the Hönggerberg and Käferberg and between the Glatt valley and the Katzensee (Cats Lake). It contains the neighbourhoods of Affoltern, Oerlikon and Seebach.
- District 12, known as Schwamendingen, is located in the Glattal (Glatt valley) on the northern side of the Zürichberg.
Most of the district boundaries are fairly similar to the original boundaries of the previously existing municipalities before they were incorporated into the city of Zurich.
Transport[link]
See also: Zurich model
Public transport is extremely popular in Zurich, and its inhabitants use public transport in large numbers. About 70% of the visitors to the city use the tram or bus, and about half of the journeys within the municipality take place on public transport.[29] Within Zurich and throughout the canton of Zurich, the ZVV network of public transport has traffic density ratings among the highest worldwide. When adding frequency, which in Zurich can be as often as seven minutes, it does become the densest across all dimensions. Three means of mass-transit exist: the S-Bahn (local trains), trams, and buses (both diesel and electric, also called trolley buses). In addition, the public transport network includes boats on the lake and river, funicular railways and even the Luftseilbahn Adliswil-Felsenegg (LAF), a cable car between Adliswil and Felsenegg. Tickets purchased for a trip are valid on all means of public transportation (train, tram, bus, boat). The Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (commonly abbreviated to ZSG) operates passenger vessels on the Limmat river and the Lake Zurich, connecting surrounding towns between Zurich and Rapperswil.
Zurich is a mixed hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Zürich Hauptbahnhof is the largest and busiest station in Switzerland and is an important railway hub in Europe. It has several other railway stations, including Oerlikon, Stadelhofen, Hardbrücke, Tiefenbrunnen, Enge, Selnau, Wiedikon and Altstetten. The railway network is mainly operated by the Federal Railways but Zurich is also served by the major InterCity trains from the neighbouring countries.
Zurich Airport is located less than 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) northeast of the city in Kloten. Zurich Airport has its own railway station, which is located underground. It is directly connected to Zurich and most of the major Swiss cities. There is also an airfield in Dübendorf.
The A1, A3 and A4 motorways pass close to Zurich. The A1 heads west towards Bern and Geneva and eastwards towards St. Gallen; the A4 leads northwards to Schaffhausen; and the A3 heads northwest towards Basel and southeast along Lake Zurich and Lake Walen towards Sargans.
Demographics[link]
There are about 380,000 people living in Zurich (as of 2010[update]),[30] making it Switzerland's largest city. Of registered inhabitants, 30.6% (115,379 people) do not hold Swiss citizenship.[31] Of these, German citizens make up the largest group with 22.0%, followed by Italians. The population of the city including suburbs totals 1.08 million people.[32] The entire metropolitan area (including the cities of Winterthur, Baden, Brugg, Schaffhausen, Frauenfeld, Uster/Wetzikon, Rapperswil-Jona and Zug) has a population of around 1.68 million people.[33]
Languages[link]
The official language used by the government and in most publications is German, while the main language is Zurich German (Züritüütsch), which is a dialect of Alemannic. As of 2000, speakers with Alemannic or German as their mother-tongue make up 77.7% of the population. Italian follows behind at 4.7% of the population. Other native languages spoken by more than 1% of the population include South Slavic languages (2.2%)—this includes Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, and Slovenian, Spanish (2.2%), French (2.1%), English (1.8%), Portuguese (1.6%), Albanian (1.5%).[34]
Religion[link]
After the Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli, Zurich was a centre and stronghold of Protestantism in Switzerland. Over the course of the 20th century, a significant number of Catholics settled in the city, and Catholics instead of Protestants became the largest denomination – although not representing a majority of the total population; in 2000, Catholics were the largest single denomination at 33.3% of the population.[35] At the end of 2009, a plurality of the population of the canton did not declare a religion, claimed no faith, or identified with a non-Christian religion.[36] In the city of Zurich, at the end of 2010, 165,686 (or 45%) had no faith, did not respond, or identified with another confession, Catholics numbered 111,946 (30%), and members of the Swiss Reformed Church numbered 94,419 (or 25%)[37]
Social[link]
The level of unemployment in Zurich was 2.6%[38] in August 2007. About 4% of the city population, 15,500, live either directly or indirectly on welfare payment from the state (April 2005).[39]
Main sights[link]
Further information: Zurich old town
Most of Zurich's sights are located within the area on either side of the Limmat river, between the Main railway station and Lake Zurich. The churches and houses of the old town are clustered here, as are the most expensive shops along the famous Bahnhofstrasse. The Lindenhof in the old town is the historical site of the Roman castle, and the later Carolingian Imperial Palace.
Churches[link]
- Grossmünster (great minster) (near Lake Zurich, on the Eastern side of the Limmat River in the old city), where Zwingli was pastor; first built around 820; declared by Charlemagne imperial church
- Fraumünster (our lady's minster) first church built before 874; the Romanesque choir dates from 1250–70; Marc Chagall stained glass choir windows; (on the opposite side of the Limmat). During 2004 the Fraumünster was fully renovated. During this period the installed scaffolding went above the tip of the tower allowing a unique and exceptional 360° panoramic view of Zurich.
- St. Peter (downstream from the Fraumünster, in the old city); with the largest church clock face in the world.[citation needed]
Museums[link]
- Zurich Museum of Art – The Museum of Art, also known as Kunsthaus Zürich, is one of the significant art museums of Europe. It holds one of the largest collections in Classic Modern Art in the world (Munch, Picasso, Braque, Giacometti, etc.). The museum also features a large library collection of photographs.[40]
- Swiss National Museum – The National Museum (German: Landesmuseum) displays many objects that illustrate the cultural and historical background of Switzerland. It also contains many ancient artifacts, including stained glass, costumes, painted furniture and weapons. The museum is located in the Platzspitz park opposite to the Hauptbahnhof.[41]
- Centre Le Corbusier – Located on the shore of the Lake Zurich nearby Zürichhorn, the Centre Le Corbusier (also named: Heidi Weber Museum), is an art museum dedicated to the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, inside the last house he designed.
- Rietberg Museum – The Rietberg Museum, situated in Gablerstrasse, is one of the great repositories of art and culture in Zurich. The museum also displays exhibits gathered from various corners of the world: bronze artifacts from Tibet, ceramics and jade, Indian sculpture, Chinese grave decorations, masks by African tribes etc.
- Museum of Design – The Museum of Design is a museum for industrial design, visual communication, architecture and craft. It is part of the Department of Cultural Analysis of the Zurich University of the Arts.[42]
- Haus Konstruktiv – The Haus Konstruktiv is a museum with Swiss-wide and international recognition. The museum is about constructive, concrete and conceptual art and design. It testimonies to Zurich’s industrial architecture in the immediate vicinity of the Main Station.[43]
- Uhrenmuseum Beyer – The Uhrenmuseum is located in the heart of the city. Documenting the history of timekeeping and timekeepers, the museum is home to a large collection of mechanical timepieces as well as a collection of primitive time keeping devices such as water clocks, sundials and hourglasses
- Guild houses – The Guild houses (German: Zunfthaus) are located along the Limmat river (downstream from the Grossmünster): Meisen (also a porcellan and fayence museum), Rüden, Haue, Saffran, Schneidern, Schmiden, Zimmerleuten, and some more.
- Tram Museum – The Tram Museum is located at Burgwies in Zurich's eastern suburbs, and chronicles the history of Zurich's iconic tram system with exhibits varying in date from 1897 to the present day.
Parks and nature[link]
- Zoological Garden – The zoological garden holds about 260 species of animals and houses about 2200 animals. One can come across separate enclosures of snow leopards, India lions, clouded leopards, Amur leopards, otters and pandas in the zoo.[44]
- Botanical Garden – The Botanical Garden houses about 15,000 species of plants and trees and contains as many as three million plants. In the garden, many rare plant species from south western part of Africa, as well as from New Caledonia can be found. The University of Zurich holds the ownership of the Botanical Garden.
- Chinese Garden – The Chinese Garden is a gift by Zurich's Chinese partner town Kunming, as remiscence for Zurich's technical and scientific assistance in the development of the Kunming city drinking water supply and drainage. The garden is an expression of one of the main themes of Chinese culture, the «Three Friends of Winter» – three plants that together brave the cold season – pine, bamboo, and plum.
- Üetliberg – Located to the west of the city at an altitude of 813 metres (2,667 ft) above sea level, the Üetliberg is the highest hill and offers views over the city. The summit is easily accessible by train from Zurich main station.[45]
Architecture[link]
Compared to other cities, there are few tall buildings in Zurich. The municipal building regulations (Article 9)[47] limit the construction of high-rise buildings to areas in the west and north of the city. In the industrial district, in Altstetten and Oerlikon, buildings up to 80 metres (260 ft) in height are allowed (high-rise area I). In the adjacent high-rise areas II and III the height is limited to 40 metres (130 ft). Around the year 2000, regulations became more flexible and high-rise buildings were again planned and built. The people's initiative "40 meters is enough," which would have reduced both the maximum height and the high-rise buildings area, was clearly rejected on 29 November 2009.[48] At this time in Zurich about a dozen high-rises buildings were under construction or in planning, including the Prime Tower as the tallest skyscraper in Switzerland.
World heritage sites[link]
The prehistoric settlements at Enge Alpenquai and Grosse Stadt Kleiner Hafner are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[49]
Economy[link]
Zurich is a leading financial center and global city.[7] The Greater Zurich Area is Switzerland's economic centre and home to a vast number of international companies. By far the most important sector in the economy of Zurich is the service industry, which employs nearly four fifths of workers. Other important industries include light industry, machine and textile industries and tourism. Most Swiss banks have their headquarters in Zurich and there are numerous foreign banks in the Greater Zurich Area. Located in Zurich, the Swiss Stock Exchange was established in 1877 and is nowadays the fourth most prominent stock exchange in the world. In addition Zurich is the world's largest gold trading centre. Ten of the country's 50 largest companies have their head offices in Zurich, among them UBS,[50] Credit Suisse, Swiss Re and Zurich Financial Services.[51]
Contributory factors to economic strength[link]
The high quality of life has been cited as a reason for economic growth in Zurich. The consulting firm Mercer has for many years ranked Zurich as a city with the highest quality of life in the world.[8][9] In particular, Zurich received high scores for work, housing, leisure, education and safety. Local planning authorities ensure clear separation between urban and recreational areas and there are many protected nature reserves.[52] Other cities in the country, Bern and Geneva, were also listed among the top ten. Zurich is also ranked the sixth most expensive city in the world. In 2008, Zurich was ranked ninth. The city ranked behind Hong Kong and ahead of Copenhagen. It is the third most expensive city in Europe and second most expensive city in Switzerland after Geneva.[53]
Zurich benefits from the high level of investment in education that is typical of Switzerland in general and provides skilled labour at all levels. The city is home to two major universities, thus enabling access to graduates and high technology research. Professional training incorporates a mix of practical work experience and academic study while, in general, emphasis is placed on obtaining a good level of general education and language ability. As a result the city is home to many multilingual people and employees generally demonstrate a high degree of motivation and a low level of absenteeism. Such characteristics are reflected in the high level of productivity the region enjoys and account for the opening of offices and research centres in the city by large corporations.[52]
The Swiss stock exchange[link]
The Swiss stock exchange is called SIX Swiss Exchange, formerly known as SWX. The SIX Swiss Exchange is the head group of several different worldwide operative financial systems: virt-x, Eurex, Eurex US, EXFEED and STOXX. The exchange turnover generated at the SWX was in 2007 of 1,780,499.5 million CHF; the number of transactions arrived in the same period at 35,339,296 and the Swiss Performance Index (SPI) arrived at a total market capitalization of 1,359,976.2 million CHF.[54][55]
The SIX Swiss Exchange goes back more than 150 years. In 1996, fully electronic trading replaced the traditional floor trading system at the stock exchanges of Geneva (founded in 1850), Zurich (1873) and Basel (1876).
Since 2008, the SIX Swiss Exchange has been part of the SIX Group, as SWX Group, SIS Group and Telekurs Group merged.
Education and research[link]
About 60,000 people study at the 20 universities, colleges and institutions of higher education in Zurich. Two of Switzerland's most distinguished universities are located in the city. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) which is controlled by the (federal) state and the University of Zurich that is under direction of the canton of Zurich. Both universities were listed in the top 50 world universities rated in 2007.[56]
ETH was founded in 1854 by the Swiss Confederation and opened its doors in 1855 as a polytechnic institute. ETH achieved its reputation particularly in the fields of chemistry, mathematics and physics and there are 21 Nobel Laureates who are associated with the institution. ETH is usually ranked the top university in continental Europe.[57] The institution consists of two campuses, the main building in the heart of the city and the new campus on the outskirts of the city.
The University of Zurich was founded in 1833, although its beginnings date back to 1525 when the Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli founded a college of theology. Nowadays with its 24,000 students and 1,900 graduations each year, the University of Zurich is the largest in Switzerland and offers the widest range of subjects and courses at any Swiss higher education institution.
The Pedagogical College, the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) and the Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK) are another three top-class technical colleges which contribute to Zurich's reputation as a knowledge and research pole by providing applied research and development. Zurich is also one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation) of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology.[58]
State universities by size in Canton Zurich[link]
Only (federal) state Universities and higher education institutions,
| Rank | Institution | Total students |
|---|---|---|
| !000001 | University of Zurich – UZH | 25,618 |
| !000002 | Zurich University of Applied Sciences – ZFH | 15,334 |
| !000003 | Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich – ETH | 15,093 |
List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland
Media[link]
Many large Swiss media conglomerates are headquartered in Zurich, such as tamedia, Ringier and the NZZ-Verlag. Zurich is one of the most important media locations in the German speaking part of the country. This status has been recently reinforced by the increase in availability of online publications published in Zurich.[citation needed]
Television and radio[link]
The headquarters of Switzerland's national licence fee funded German language television network ("SF") are located in the Leutschenbach neighborhood, to the north of the Oerlikon railway station. Regional commercial television station "TeleZüri" (Zurich Television) has its headquarters near Escher-Wyss Platz. The production facilities for other commercial stations "Star TV", "u1" TV and "3+" are located in Schlieren.
One section of the Swiss German language licence fee funded public radio station "Schweizer Radio DRS" is located in Zurich. There are commercial local radio stations broadcasting from Zurich, such as "Radio 24" on the Limmatstrasse, "Energy Zürich" in Seefeld on the Kreuzstrasse, Radio "LoRa" and "Radio 1". There are other radio stations that operate only during certain parts of the year, such as "CSD Radio" (May/June), "Radio Streetparade" (July/August) and "rundfunk.fm" (August/September).
Print media[link]
There are three large daily newspapers published in Zurich that are known across Switzerland. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), the Tages-Anzeiger and the Blick, the largest Swiss tabloid. All three of those newspapers publish Sunday editions. These are the "NZZ am Sonntag", "SonntagsZeitung" and "SonntagsBlick". Besides the three main daily newspapers, there are free daily commuter newspapers which are widely distributed: 20 Minuten (20 minutes), published weekdays in the mornings and Blick am Abend,[59] weekdays but in the late afternoon.
There are a number of magazines from major publishers that are based in Zurich. Some examples are: Bilanz, Die Weltwoche, and Annabelle.
Culture[link]
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See also: List of annual events in Zurich
Zurich has a rich cultural tradition. In addition to high-quality museums and galleries, Zurich has high-calibre chamber and symphony orchestras and several important theatres.[60]
The Zurich Film Festival is one of the most important upcoming international film festivals. In just a few years, the Festival became firmly established upon the national and international festival landscape. Over the course of 11 days, it attracts both stars and new talents and celebrates popular international productions.[61]
One of the largest and most popular annual events in Zurich is the Street Parade, which is also one of the largest techno and dance music festivals in the world. Proceeding along the side of Lake Zurich, it normally occurs on the second Saturday in August. The first edition was held In 1992 with about 1,000 participants. By 2001 the event had reached the size of 1 million participants.[62][63] The Zürifäscht, on the other hand, is a triennial public festival. It features music, fireworks set to music,[63] and other attractions throughout the old town. It is the largest public festival in Switzerland and is attended by up to 2 million visitors.[64]
The Kunst Zürich is an international contemporary art fair with an annual guest city; it combines most recent and youngest art with the works of well-established artists.[65] Another annual public art exhibit is the city campaign, sponsored by the City Vereinigung (the local equivalent of a chamber of commerce) with the cooperation of the city government. It consists of decorated sculptures distributed over the city centre, in public places. Past themes have included lions (1986), cows (1998), benches (2003), teddy bears (2005), and huge flower pots (2009). From this originated the concept of the CowParade that has been featured in other major world cities.
Zurich is also the home to several art movements. The Cabaret Voltaire where the Dada movement was founded in 1916. Constructive Art Movement took also one of the first steps in Zurich. Artists like Max Bill, Marcel Breuer, Camille Graeser or Richard Paul Lohse had their ateliers in Zurich, which became even more important after the takeover of power by the Nazi-Regime in Germany and World War II.
The best known traditional holiday in Zürich is the Sechseläuten (Sächsilüüte), including a parade of the guilds and the burning of "winter" in effigy. Another is the Knabenschiessen target shooting competition for teenagers (originally boys, open to female participants since 1991).
Opera, ballet and theaters[link]
The Zurich Opera House (German: Zürcher Opernhaus) is one of the principal opera houses in Europe. Built in 1834, it was the first permanent theatre in the heart of Zurich and was at the time, the seat of Richard Wagner's activities. Later in 1890, the theatre was re-built as an ornate building with a neo-classical architecture. The portico is made of white and grey stone ornamented with the busts of Wagner, Weber and Mozart. Later, busts of Schiller, Shakespeare and Goethe were also added. The auditorium is designed in the rococo style. Once a year, it hosts the Zürcher Opernball with the President of the Swiss Confederation and the economic and cultural élite of Switzerland.[66]
The Schauspielhaus Zürich is the main theatre complex of the City. It has two dépendances: Pfauen in the Central City District and Schiffbauhalle, an old industrial hall, in Zurich West. The Schauspielhaus was home to emigrants such as Bertolt Brecht or Thomas Mann, and saw premieres of works of Max Frisch, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Botho Strauss or Elfriede Jelinek. The Schauspielhaus is one of the most prominent and important theatres in the German-speaking world.[67]
The Theater am Neumarkt is one of the oldest theatres of the city. Established by the old guilds in the Old City District, it is located in a baroque palace near Niederdorf Street. It has two stages staging mostly avantgarde works by European directors.
The Zürcher Theater Spektakel is an international theatre festival, ranking among the most important European festivals for contemporary performing arts.[68]
Food[link]
The traditional cuisine of Zurich consists of traditional fare, reflecting the centuries of rule by patrician burghers as well as the lasting imprint of Huldrych Zwingli's puritanism. Traditional dishes include Zürcher Geschnetzeltes and Tirggel.
Nightlife and clubbing[link]
Zurich offers a great deal of variety when it comes to night-time leisure. It is the host city of the world-famous Street Parade, which takes place in August every year.
The most famous districts for Nightlife are the Niederdorf in the old town with bars, restaurants, lounges, hotels, clubs, etc. and a lot of fashion shops for a young and stylish public and the Langstrasse in the districts 4 and 5 of the city. There are authentic amusements: Brazilian bars, punk clubs, HipHop stages, Caribic restaurants, arthouse-cinemas, Turkish kebabs and Italian espresso-bars, but also sex shops or the famous red light district of Zurich.
In the past ten years new parts of the city have risen into the spotlight. Notably, the area known as Zurich West in district 5, near the Escher-Wyss square and the S-Bahn Station of Zurich Hardbrücke.
Sports[link]
The people of Zurich enjoy an active lifestyle and sport is an integral part of Swiss culture and society. The abundance of international sporting facilities make Zurich an attractive place for sport lovers and several international sport federations are located in the city.
Association football is an essential aspect of sports in Zurich. The city is home to two major Swiss football teams listed in Switzerland's highest league; Grasshopper-Club Zürich founded in 1886 and FC Zürich which has existed since 1896. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is headquartered in the city. In 2007 were inaugurated the new FIFA headquarters building, designed by architect Tilla Theus
Among the most popular sports in Switzerland is ice hockey. In Zurich it is represented by the ZSC Lions. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) officiating as head organisation for ice hockey leagues worldwide is based in Zurich as well.
Biking is a popular sport as well as a mean of transport in Zurich. Biking routes are generally marked with red and white signs and the yellow lanes are exclusively meant for the bikers. Also hiking trails are well marked with yellow signs, which give the hiker the probable time it will take him to reach his destination. There are specific maps available for hiking and walking trails throughout Switzerland. Some of the most accessible walks in the Zurich area are the Üetliberg and the Zürichberg.
As many as 30 clubs and 7 indoor Curling facilities can be found in the greater Zurich area. The Curling season starts in early September and continues until the end of April.[69]
Events[link]
Weltklasse Zürich, sometimes referred to as the one day Olympics, is one of prestigious one day athletics meet held annually at the Letzigrund Stadium. The Weltklasse is reputed as one of the best and most classy athlete meet in the world after the Olympics. Since it started on 12 August 1928, the sporting event has witnessed new world records and national records. Till date as many as 24 world records were set in Weltklasse.[70][71][72]
Zurich Marathon is a popular sport event, inviting numerous athletes from every corner of the globe. Zurich Marathon is a long distance running event, covering approximately 43 kilometres (27 mi) at one stretch. The running course starts from Zurich and passes through Bahnhofstrasse, Bellevue, Mythenquai, Quaibrücke, Talstrasse and Utoquai, and along Lake Zurich to several other places. New Year's Eve run is another important running event. The race is held on 1 January each year and the start takes place at midnight exactly.
Zurich was one of six venues of the 1954 FIFA World Cup and one of eight venues of the UEFA Euro 2008. The Euro 2008 games were held in the Letzigrund Stadium. Work on the new Letzigrund was completed in exceptionally quick time and the stadium opened in August 2007 just one year after the demolition of the old arena.
Zurich also hosted the 1998 World Ice Hockey Championships. The city previously co-hosted the 1953 and 1939 editions.
Notable people[link]
People who were born or died in Zurich:
- Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920), Duchess of Edinburgh, died in Zurich
- Richard Avenarius (1843–1896), Philosopher, died in Zurich
- Diego Benaglio (born 1983), footballer, born in Zurich
- Severin Blindenbacher (born 1983), ice hockey player, born in Zurich
- Felix Bloch (1905–1983), physicist, born in Zurich
- Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575), reformer and theologian, died in Zurich
- Elias Canetti (1905–1994), novelist, died in Zurich
- Wilhelm Filchner (1877–1957), explorer, died in Zurich
- Max Frisch (1911–1991), novelist, born and died in Zurich
- Christoph Froschauer (ca. 1490/1–1564), Printer of the Froschauer Bible, died in Zurich
- Bruno Ganz (1941-), Swiss actor known for playing Adolf Hitler in the German film Downfall.
- Patrick Geering (born 1990), ice hockey player, born in Zurich
- Conrad Gessner (1516–1565), naturalist, born and died in Zurich
- Marcel Grossmann (1878–1936), mathematician, died in Zurich
- Otto Hunziker (1873–1959), pioneer in the international dairy industry, born in Zurich
- James Joyce (1882–1941), Irish novelist, died in Zurich (buried at Fluntern cemetery in Zurich)
- Carl Jung (1875–1961), psychiatrist, lived and died in Zurich
- Gottfried Keller (1819–1890), poet, born and died in Zurich
- Amanullah Khan (1929–1960), deposed Afghan reformist King, died in Zurich
- Otto Klemperer (1885–1973), German conductor, died in Zurich (buried at Israelitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg)
- Hugo Koblet (1925–1964), cycling champion, born in Zurich
- Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801), poet and physiognomist, born in Zurich
- Antonio Ligabue (1899–1965), Italian painter, born in Zurich
- Hugo Loetscher (1929–2009), writer, born and died in Zurich
- Dieter Meier (born 1945), conceptual artist and musician with electronica group Yello, born in Zurich
- Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1825–1898), poet, born in Zurich
- Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), physicist, died in Zurich
- Shefqet Vërlaci (1877–1946), 12th Prime Minister of Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827), educational reformer, born in Zurich
- James Sadleir (c. 1815–1881), fugitive swindler, murdered in Zurich
- Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733), scholar, born in Zurich
- Roland Scholl (1865–1945), chemist, born in Zurich
- Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), author of Heidi, died in Zurich
- Raynold Kaufgetz (1797–1869), economist, born and died in Zurich
- Tobias Stephan (born 1984), ice hockey player, born in Zurich
- Stefi Talman (born 1958), Swiss shoe designer, born in Zurich
- Pancho Vladigerov (1899–1978), Bulgarian composer, born in Zurich
- Ueli Gegenschatz (1971–2009), Swiss BASE jumper, died in Zurich after a failed jump from the Sunrise Tower
Famous residents:
- Gustav Bertha (2000–2009)
- Boris Blank, musician with Yello
- Mileva Maric, Serbian mathematician and the first wife of Albert Einstein
- Albert Einstein (1896–1900, 1909–1911, 1912–1914)
- James Joyce (1915–1919)
- Udo Jürgens
- Celtic Frost
- Patricia Kaas
- Vladimir Lenin (1917)
- Thomas Mann (1933–1942)
- Manuel Rivera-Ortiz
- Kurt Tucholsky (1932–1933)
- Tina Turner
- Tristan Tzara (1896–1963)
- Richard Wagner (1849–1861)
- Jonas Kaufmann
See also[link]
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Canton of Zurich Statistical Office (German) accessed 1 May 2012
- ^ Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
- ^ "Zurich entry at the Swiss Tourist Board". Myswitzerland.com. http://www.myswitzerland.com/en/destinations/resorts/holiday-destinations-in-switzerland/zurich.html. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ "BEV_template_2009_08_04" (PDF). http://stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/prd/Deutsch/Statistik/Publikationsdatenbank/periodika/Bevoelkerung_Stadt_Zuerich/BEV_3Q_2011.pdf. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ The Zurich Metropolitan Area: a motor for Europe, Stadt-zuerich.ch. Retrieved on 2010-03-10
- ^ [1] zuerich.com.Huldrych-Zwingli
- ^ a b World's 10 Most Powerful Cities prlog.org. Retrieved on 2010-03-10
- ^ a b "2007 World-wide quality of living survey". Mercer. 2 April 2007. http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ a b "Mercer's 2008 Quality of Living survey highlights". Mercer. 10 June 2008. http://www.mercer.com/qualityofliving?siteLanguage=100. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ Mercer – Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 – Mercer survey, 28 April 2009
- ^ Museums and galleries zurich-relocation.ch. Retrieved on 2010-03-10
- ^ Zurich Culture worldtravelguide.net. Retrieved on 2010-03-10
- ^ Jones, Daniel (1997). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. p. 559. ISBN 0-521-45903-6.
- ^ Andres Kristol, Zürich ZH (Zürich) in: Dictionnaire toponymique des communes suisses – Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen – Dizionario toponomastico dei comuni svizzeri (DTS|LSG), Centre de dialectologie, University of Neuchâtel, Verlag Huber, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart/Wien 2005, ISBN 3-7193-1308-5 und Éditions Payot, Lausanne 2005, ISBN 2-601-03336-3, p. 992f.
- ^ Zürcher Ortsnamen – Entstehung und Bedeutung, H. Kläuli, V. Schobinger, Zürcher Kantonalbank (1989), p. 109.
- ^ "Visiting Zurich – the village- swissinfo". Swissinfo.ch. 26 December 2005. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Visiting_Zurich_-_the_village.html?cid=14282. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Early History of Zurich europe-cities.com. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ Zurich as the part of the German Empire europe-cities.com. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ Ingeborg Glier, reviewing Koschorreck and Werner 1981 in Speculum 59.1 (January 1984), p 169.
- ^ Koschorreck and Werner 1981 discern no fewer than eleven scribes, some working simultaneously, in the production.
- ^ Old Swiss Confederacy europe-cities.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ Reformation to Napoleonic Era europe-cities.com. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ "New International Encyclopedia – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. 10 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Zurich, Switzerland (Capital)". Encyclopedia Britannica 1911. http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zurich_switzerland_capital.html. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ "Official site of the city parliament in German". Gemeinderat-zuerich.ch. http://www.gemeinderat-zuerich.ch/. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ Politics & Law stadt-zuerich.ch. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ "MeteoSchweiz – Tabellen" (in German). MeteoSchweiz. http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "Results of the vote of 30. November 2008 (German)". http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/prd/de/index/statistik/politik/abstimmungen/abstimmung_2008_11_30.html. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
- ^ Public transportation zurich-relocation.com. Retrieved on 2010-06-26
- ^ Bundesamt fur Statistik (Federal Department of Statistics) (2008). "Bilanz der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung (Total) nach Bezirken und Gemeinden". http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
- ^ "Bevölkerung Stadt Zürich" (in German) (PDF). Statistical Office of the City of Zürich. 6 March 2008. http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/internet/stat/home/publikationen/regelmaessige-publikationen/quartalsweise_erscheinende/2007_4Q_BEV.ParagraphContainerList.ParagraphContainer0.ParagraphList.0002.File.pdf/BEV_4Q_2007.pdf. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
- ^ Statistical Office of the City of Zürich[dead link]
- ^ "Statistical Office of the Canton of Zürich". Statistik.zh.ch. http://www.statistik.zh.ch/raum/agglomerationen.php?p=3. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ Population Numbers Flyer (German)[dead link]
- ^ "Gemeinde Zürich:". Data.statistik.zh.ch. https://data.statistik.zh.ch/infospc/geport/gemeinde.jsp?bfs=171. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Wohnbevölkerung nach Konfession". http://www.statistik.zh.ch/themenportal/themen/daten_detail.php?id=673. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Stadt-zuerich.ch[dead link]
- ^ Population chart[dead link]
- ^ Kunsthaus Zürich – das Kunstmuseum in Zürich. Kunsthaus.ch (30 June 2008). Retrieved on 2010-02-09.
- ^ Swiss National Museums. Musee-suisse.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-09.
- ^ Museum-gestaltung.ch. Retrieved on 2010-02-09.
- ^ Haus Konstruktiv. Hauskonstruktiv.ch. Retrieved on 2010-02-09.
- ^ Zoo.ch[dead link]
- ^ Uetliberg – Zürich – Your city – Official Website of Zürich Tourism. Zuerich.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-09.
- ^ "BASE jumping :: BASEJumping.tv @ BLiNC Magazine". Blincmagazine.com. http://www.blincmagazine.com/forum/incidents/41734-world-acquaintance-basejumper-after-leap-sunrise-tower-heavily-injures.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Stadtverwaltung Zuerich. "Bauordnung der Stadt Zürich". Stadt-zuerich.ch. http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/internet/as/home/inhaltsverzeichnis/7/700/100/1169557186053.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ 40 Meter sind den Zürchern nicht genug. www.tagesanzeiger.ch. Retrieved 2009-12-05
- ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Site – Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps". Whc.unesco.org. 27 June 2011. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "UBS AG in Zurich, Bahnhofstrasse 45." (PDF) UBS. Retrieved on 2 July 2010.
- ^ Zurich bcg.thetime.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-06-26
- ^ a b Zurich: Overview usatoday.com. Retrieved on 2010-06-26
- ^ Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009. Mercer.com (7 July 2009). Retrieved on 2010-02-09.
- ^ SWX.com Market capitalization of listed securities, 2000–2007
- ^ SWX.com Key figures: annual turnover and trades, 1998–2007
- ^ "Newsweek Ranking" (PDF). http://ucla.nus.edu.sg/NewsweekTop100GlobalUniversities2006.pdf. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) topuniversities.com. Retrieved on 2010-04-30
- ^ "Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation". Knowledge and Innovation Community. http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_Climate-KIC.pdf. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ "Blickamabend.ch". Blickamabend.ch. http://www.blickamabend.ch. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ Zurich worldtravelguide.net. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ Zurich Film Festival festivalfocus.org. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ Street Parade travelguide.all-about-switzerland.info. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ a b "Zurich festivals". Markstravelnotes.com. 20 January 2008. http://www.markstravelnotes.com/europe/switzerland/canton_zurich/zurich/faescht/. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ "Zürifäscht 2010". Zuerifaescht.ch. http://www.zuerifaescht.ch/. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ Kunstzuerich.ch. "Kunst Zürich 2007 | Kunstmesse Zürich". Kunstzuerich.ch. http://www.kunstzuerich.ch/. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ Zurich: Swiss urbanism at its best worldradio.ch. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ Zurich Culture worldtravelguide.net. Retrieved on 2010-06-27
- ^ "Theaterspektakel". Theaterspektakel.ch. http://www.theaterspektakel.ch/(cyneig45iqfbdv2qwogr1w55)/Frames/index.aspx?Page=default&Parm=. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ Sport zurich-relocation.ch. Retrieved on 2010-07-14
- ^ "weltklassezuerich.ch. Retrieved on 2010-07-14" (PDF). http://www.weltklassezuerich.ch/assets/files/2008/ZurichWR.pdf. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Zurich is number one with 16 Berlin Champions competing weltklassezuerich.ch. retrieved on 2010-07-14
- ^ IAAF considers expanded Golden League supersport.com. Retrieved on 2010-07-14
External links[link]
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- Stadt Zürich (German) Official site
- City of Zurich Official Site, English Version
- Zürich Tourism Official site
- Zürich Info Zürich Informations
- Zürich Discussion Group
- 24 Hours in Zurich Travel Guide to Zurich
- Zurich Festivals Guide to events and festivals in Zurich
- Zurich travel guide from Wikitravel
- Touring Zurich – slideshow by The New York Times
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| Lady Gaga | |
|---|---|
 Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta |
| Born | (1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance, electronic |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope |
| Website |
 Lady Gaga's signature |
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[2][3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.[4]
Contents |
Biography[link]
1986–2004: Early life[link]
Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.[5][6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.[7][8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.[9][10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."[11][12]
From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[13][14][15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."[16][17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.[19][20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.[11][22]
When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.[20][23][24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[11][25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.
2005–07: Career beginnings[link]
Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.[11][27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.[11][21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.[21]
SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."[29][30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.[18]
Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".[31][32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.[11]
She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.[11][14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.[14][30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.[33]
During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.[35][36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.[20][35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.[38]
While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."[31][43]
As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".[30][44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."[15]
[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.[30][45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.[46][47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.[46][48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.[49][50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.
The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.[52][53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[55][56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.[57][58]
While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."[60][61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.[64][65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.[66][67]
The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."[72]
In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.[76][77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[78][79]
[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way
Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."[80][81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.[82][83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.[85]
In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.[88][89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.[91][92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.[93]
Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.[96][97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[4]
In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.[101][102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.[105][106][107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".[108]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."[113]
Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.[31][114][115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.[18][114][116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."[114][118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.[119]
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Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)
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Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[121]
Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.[14][26][110][122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.[14][78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.[129]
In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"[130] by Osho,[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".[133]
Musical style[link]
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A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B3 to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
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Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.[135][136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."[137][138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."[139]
Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.[143][144]
The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."[146][147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."[144]
Music videos and performances[link]
With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"[93]
Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."[149]
Public image[link]
See also: Lady Gaga on Twitter
While Rolling Stone named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011, public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense and persona are mixed.[160] Her status as a role model, self-esteem booster for her fans, trailblazer and fashion icon who breathes new life into the industry is by turns affirmed and denied.[161] Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music, the need for new movements in popular culture, the attention Gaga brings to modern social issues, and the inherently subjective nature of her art.[162] In view of her influence on modern culture and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has organized a course titled "Lady Gaga and the Sociology of Fame" since spring 2011 with the objective of unravelling "some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga."[163] When Gaga briefly met with US president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he described the interaction as "intimidating" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels making her undoubtedly the tallest woman in the room.[164]
Contrary to her outré style, the New York Post described her early look as like "a refugee from Jersey Shore" with "big black hair, heavy eye makeup and tight, revealing clothes."[18] Gaga is a natural brunette; she bleached her hair blonde because she was often mistaken for Amy Winehouse.[6] She has nine tattoos on the left side of her body (her father has banned etchings on her right): a unicorn head with a ribbon wrapped around its horn that says "Born This Way"; a small heart with "dad" written inside it; several white roses; a treble clef; three daises; "Tokyo Love" with a little heart; "Little Monsters" written in cursive; a peace symbol, which was inspired by John Lennon, whom she stated was her hero; and a curling German script on her left arm quoting the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, her favorite writer, commenting that his "philosophy of solitude" spoke to her.[116][165] In a question posed about the necessary procedure to attach the prosthetics to give the unconventional appearance of recent horn-like ridges on her cheekbones, temples, and shoulders, Gaga responded, "They're not prosthetics, they're my bones." She also clarified that they were not the result of plastic surgery, believing such surgery to only be the modern byproduct of fame-induced insecurity to which she does not subscribe. The interviewer's further probing brought Gaga to the conclusion that they are an artistic representation of her inner inspirational light and part of the "performance piece" that is her musical persona: an inevitability of her becoming who she now is.[166]
Towards the end of 2008, comparisons were made between the fashions of Gaga and recording artist Christina Aguilera that noted similarities in their styling, hair, and make-up.[14] Aguilera stated that she was "completely unaware of [Gaga]" and "didn't know if it [was] a man or a woman."[14] Gaga released a statement in which she welcomed the comparisons due to the attention providing useful publicity, saying, "She's such a huge star and if anything I should send her flowers, because a lot of people in America didn't know who I was until that whole thing happened. It really put me on the map in a way."[167][168] When interviewed by Barbara Walters for her annual ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is intersex as an urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she stated, "At first it was very strange and everyone sorta said, 'That's really quite a story!' But in a sense, I portray myself in a very androgynous way, and I love androgyny."[169] In addition to Aguilera's statement, comparisons continued into 2010, when Aguilera released the music video of her single "Not Myself Tonight". Critics noted similarities between the song and its accompanying music video with Gaga's video for "Bad Romance".[170] There have also been similar comparisons made between Gaga's style and that of fashion icon Dale Bozzio from the band Missing Persons. Some have considered their respective images to be strikingly parallel although fans of Missing Persons note that Bozzio had pioneered the look more than thirty years earlier.[171]
While devout followers call Gaga "Mother Monster", Gaga often refers to her fans as "Little Monsters" which has been tattooed on "the arm that holds my mic" in dedication.[172][173] Her treatment of her "Little Monsters" has inspired criticism, due to the highly commercial nature of her music and image.[174] To some, this dichotomy contravenes the concept of outsider culture. Camille Paglia in her 2010 cover story "Lady Gaga and the death of sex" in The Sunday Times asserts that Gaga "is more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those."[175][176] Writing for The Guardian, Kitty Empire opined that the dichotomy "...allows the viewer to have a 'transgressive' experience without being required to think. At [her performance's] core, though, is the idea that Gaga is at one with the freaks and outcasts. The Monster Ball is where we can all be free. This is arrant nonsense, as the scads of people buying Gaga's cunningly commercial music are not limited to the niche worlds of drag queens and hip night creatures from which she draws her inspiration. But Gaga seems sincere."[177]
Philanthropy[link]
Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.[183]
HIV and AIDS[link]
Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[3]
Born This Way Foundation[link]
Main article: Born This Way Foundation
As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.
LGBT advocacy[link]
Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.[193]
After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.[197]
Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.[200][201][202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."[203]
She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.[204][205]
Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.[206][207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."[209]
Discography[link]
For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.
- The Fame (2008)
- The Fame Monster (2009)
- Born This Way (2011)
Filmography[link]
- Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
- A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
- "Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
- Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)[210]
Concert tours[link]
- The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
- Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
- The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
- The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)
See also[link]
|
Book: Lady Gaga |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of awards and nominations received by Lady Gaga
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
References[link]
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Further reading[link]
- Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- Goodman, Elizabeth (2010). Lady Gaga: Critical Mass Fashion. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-66840-6.
- Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- Phoenix, Helia (2010). Lady Gaga: Just Dance—The Biography. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4091-1567-0.
- Monster Anthems (2011) by Robert Christgau
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga |
- Official website
- Lady Gaga at Allmusic
- Lady Gaga at AllRovi
- Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
- Lady Gaga on Facebook
- Lady Gaga at the Internet Movie Database
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Slide show Vanity Fair
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina |
| Alternative names | Lady Gaga |
| Short description | American pop singer |
| Date of birth | March 28, 1986 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Born This Way Ball | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 220px Promotional poster for the tour |
||||
| Tour by Lady Gaga | ||||
| Associated album | Born This Way | |||
| Start date | April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27) | |||
| End date | October 6, 2012 (2012-10-06) | |||
| Legs | 3 | |||
| Shows | 16 in Asia 29 in Europe 17 in Oceania 62 Total |
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| Lady Gaga tour chronology | ||||
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The Born This Way Ball is the third concert tour by American recording artist Lady Gaga, in support of her second studio album Born This Way (2011). The tour will consist of 110 shows in Asia, Australia, and later Europe in August 2012, followed by Latin America towards the end of the year, and then North America beginning in January 2013 and running into March.[1]
Contents |
Background[link]
During the launch of "Judas", the second single from Born This Way, Lady Gaga confirmed in an interview that she would embark on a concert tour in 2012, which would visit Latin American countries for the first time, like Brazil, and would return to Mexico.[2] In November 2011, producer DJ White Shadow asserted that Gaga was "doing [preparations] for the next round of touring", adding that the singer's main objective in the following year was to continue preparing for the Born This Way Ball, as well as create new songs for her next studio album.[3] Fernando Garibay, who began collaborating with Gaga in The Fame Monster (2009), felt that Born This Way was one of his most personal moments. He opined, "This album was the most personal [because of] the amount of detail that went into this record, the amount of passion [and] emotion from her and the team. Every song was a story towards the Born This Way theme. We're excited now, putting that into the tour and expressing that on a live performance level."[4] In contrast to her previous tour, Garibay affirmed that the shows of the Born This Way Ball would be more exaggerated.[4]
A promotional poster of the tour was released on February 7, 2012, which was described by Billboard's Ray Waddell as a "bizarre poster that portrays the ball as a campy, medieval-meets-the-80's kingdom."[5] It features Gaga's face hovering over dark clouds looking down from the sky, and includes touches of neon purple and turquoise coloring. She is also fused into a keytar, standing near her dancers in front of a medieval castle.[6][5] The first and second legs for the Born This Way Ball were announced the following day, revealing that Gaga would perform concerts in countries such as South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and Singapore.[5] Additional dates as part of the Oceania leg were added on February 15, 2012.[7] Live Nation Global Touring CEO Arthur Fogel and his team will steer around the tour, as they did the bulk of the Monster Ball tour of 2010–11.[5] Fogel explained that "The last tour established [Gaga] as a major act worldwide and I believe this tour will be an extension of that, particularly considering we're going to territories she's never been in, like Southeast Asia and Latin America."[5]
A European leg was announced in March 2012, which consisted of twenty-one dates over a period of two months, initiating in Bulgaria while concluding in Spain.[8][9] Subsequently, German electronic musician Zedd was declared as an opening act for the Asian leg of the tour,[10] while longtime collaborator Lady Starlight and British glam rock band The Darkness were approached as opening acts for the European portion of the Born This Way Ball.[9] In their website, the band stated that they were "honoured to announce their addition to the bill as main support for Lady Gaga's Born This Way Ball tour 2012."[11]
When asked why she chose Seoul, South Korea as the first city of her upcoming world tour instead of Japan, Asia’s largest music market, a Lady Gaga official said, “Lady Gaga said she just loves Korea."[12] The same official said that Lady Gaga was looking forward to meeting her Korean fans who showed enormous passion and enthusiasm during her last showcase in Seoul in 2009 and that the pop star believes that the Korean audience will interact with her shocking performance better than any others.
Development[link]
Gaga evaluated the tour as an "electro-metal pop-opera"; "the tale of the Beginning, the genesis of the Kingdom of Fame. How we were birthed and how we will die celebrating."[7] Dance rehearsals occurred for approximately one month.[9] In February 2012, she revealed that she would release stage designs for the Born This Way Ball via Twitter.[13] Gaga unveiled a sketch of the stage design, which was designed by the singer herself and her creative team Haus of Gaga.[14] Gaga tweeted: "I'm so excited. The Haus has been working so hard, we can't wait for you to see it!! Love you Little Monsters, have the time of your life."[14] The stage was completed over a period of a few months,[7] and was modeled after a medieval Gothic castle, featuring viewing towers, intricate carvings and a large catwalk to interact with the audience.[14] It took over fifteen trailers—which measured fifty-three feet in length—to move the castle onto the stage.[15][16] The area enclosed by the catwalk was described by Gaga as "The Monster Pit".[17][18] "The Monster Pit is General Admission only, and Little Monsters [...] unlock it when they arrive to the arena or stadium. Entry to The Monster Pit is relegated [...] to the fans who have arrived first, waited all night, [...] dressed to 'Ball.' Every night Haus of Gaga will choose fans from The Monster Pit to come back stage and meet me! These tickets are not more expensive. No dress code requirement. Born This Way means anything goes."[17]
As part of an advertising campaign in the weeks proceeding to the tour, sketches of four costumes designed by Giorgio Armani were released to the press. Armani previously contributed attires to Gaga at the 52nd Grammy Awards, and again during her endeavors on the Monster Ball Tour.[19]
Controversy[link]
Further information: Controversy of the Born This Way Ball
Several conservative political commentators denounced The Born This Way Ball shortly after the conception of the tour. This early controversy was particularly notable in several locations of the tour's leg in Asia.
Reception[link]
Critical[link]
The Born This Way Ball has garnered generally positive reviews from commentators. Commenting on Gaga's performance in South Korea, The Korea Herald journalist Cho Chung-un opined that she captivated the audience with what he described as an "innovative and breathtaking stage installations and ideas".[20] Writing for the same publication, Emma Kalka complemented Gaga's wardrobe, and cited several segments such as her "Americano" performance as highlights of the concert.[21] To Kwaak Je-yup of The Korea Times, the performance demonstrated Gaga's abilities as a performing artist. "Friday night was Lady Gaga at her best, fusing fashion and designs with great melodies and dance moves. Despite a few hiccups, it was a powerful lesson to the K-pop stars who dotted the arena."[22] Unlike many of the singer's previous endeavors, Je-yup felt that the concert was notably tame and demure.[22] Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that the singer "wowed tens of thousands of South Koreans at the opening show of her global tour Friday with signature flamboyant outfits and a provocative performance".[23] MTV noted the elaborate visuals of the show with its "Gothic castle backdrop and myriad costume changes" concluding that it is "clear that Gaga has outdone even her own Monster Ball in terms of spectacle."[24]Elizabeth Soh of Yahoo! Singapore gave a positve review of the Singapore concert describing it as "at times shocking, raunchy, mellow and just plain bizarre."[25]Bryon Perry of Coconuts Bangkok, Bangkok's local news and reviews website, gave the Thailand concert and overwhelmingly positive review, stating: "Lady Gaga put on one hell of a show on Friday night at Rajamangala Stadium, to the delight of 50,000 screaming Little Monsters. The production of the biggest concert ever in Thailand was super tight, the sound was solid (even in our seats in literally the last row of the massive stadium), and, most importantly, Lady Gaga sang beautifully."
[26] However, commenting on Gaga's performance in the Philippines, ABS-CBN writer Miguel Dumaual is less favourable. He notes, "There was a time when Lady Gaga, despite her eccentricity and thick, colorful facade, bore some semblance of humanity and rawness in her performances. This isn't that time – not until the encore, at least." He goes on to state that while Gaga "sings, dances, does theatrics, and interacts with props seamlessly on stage", that "isn't necessarily a good thing." [27]
Commercial[link]
Tickets for the tour ignited tremendous commercial success in several Asian and Australian markets. Tickets for the Oceania leg of the Born This Way Ball became available on February 17, 2012 through Ticketek and Ticketmaster.[7] Shortly after availability, tickets for the initial two Auckland shows were sold out.[28] In response to positive ticket sales in New Zealand and Australia, nine additional concerts were scheduled as part of the Oceania leg.[29] In Hong Kong, an estimated 6,000 presale tickets became available on February 24. Tickets were sold out within three hours, prompting Live Nation to add three extra concerts in the city in five days.[30][31] Additional sellouts and positive commercial results were reported for the successive performances in Hong Kong,[32] as well as in Taipei,[33] Tokyo,[34] Bangkok,[35] Singapore,[36] Seoul,[37] and Jakarta, with the latter having sold out within two hours.[38][39]
Similar successes were echoed in European markets. Several British publications indicated that presale tickets in the United Kingdom were selling beyond the demand.[40][41] Industry analysts suggested that based off of internet searches that an estimated two million people could attempt to purchase a ticket out of the 75,000 that were issued for the London and Manchester dates.[42] Tickets became available for general sale on April 13, 2012; the London event sold out within 60 seconds,[43][44] while the Manchester concert sold out under ten minutes.[45][46]
Opening acts[link]
- Zedd (Asia, Oceania)[10]
- Lady Starlight – (Oceania, Europe; select dates)[9]
- The Darkness (Europe)[9]
Setlist[link]
- "Highway Unicorn (Road to Love)"
- "Government Hooker"
- "Born This Way"
- "Black Jesus † Amen Fashion"
- "Bloody Mary"
- "Bad Romance"
- "Judas"
- "Fashion of His Love"
- "Just Dance"
- "LoveGame"
- "Telephone"
- "Heavy Metal Lover"
- "Bad Kids"
- "Hair"
- "Yoü and I"
- "Electric Chapel"
- "Americano"
- "Poker Face"
- "Alejandro"
- "Paparazzi"
- "Scheiße"
- Encore
Source:[47]
Tour dates[link]
- Cancellations and rescheduled shows
| June 3, 2012 | Jakarta, Indonesia | Gelora Bung Karno Stadium | Cancelled[50] |
Box office score data[link]
| Venue | City | Tickets Sold / Available | Gross Revenue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olympic Stadium | Seoul | 51,684 / 51,684 (100%) | $3,084,172[51] |
| AsiaWorld-Arena | Hong Kong | 51,613 / 51,613 (100%) | $7,893,195[51] |
| Saitama Super Arena | Saitama | 96,550 / 96,550 (100%) | $18,339,701[51] |
References[link]
- ^ Waddell, Ray (February 8, 2012). "Exclusive Info: Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way Ball' Tour to Hit Asia, Europe, Latin America This Year; North America in 2013". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/touring/exclusive-info-lady-gaga-s-born-this-way-1006127752.story. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga revela detalles de su gira por Latinoamérica" (in Spanish). Noticias Caracol. January 31, 2012. http://www.noticiascaracol.com/entretenimiento/musica/video-217515-lady-gaga-revela-detalles-de-su-gira-latinoamerica. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (November 28, 2011). "Lady Gaga 'Doing Prep' For Tour, Next Album". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675019/lady-gaga-next-album-tour.jhtml. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
- ^ a b Vena, Jocelyn (December 8, 2011). "Lady Gaga's Born This Way Tour Will Be 'Exaggerated'". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675649/lady-gaga-born-this-way-tour.jhtml. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Waddell, Ray (February 8, 2012). "Lady Gaga Announces 'Born This Way Ball' Tour". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/events/lady-gaga-announces-born-this-way-ball-tour-1006127552.story#/events/lady-gaga-announces-born-this-way-ball-tour-1006127552.story. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (February 8, 2011). "Lady Gaga Drops Tour Poster, Fashion Film". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678750/lady-gaga-tour-poster.jhtml. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Hardie, Giles (February 15, 2012). "Lady Gaga announces more dates". Brisbane Times. Fairfax Media. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/music/lady-gaga-announces-more-dates-20120214-1t4fq.html. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
- ^ a b "Lady GaGa UK tour dates confirmed for London, Manchester". Digital Spy. April 10, 2012. http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a375595/lady-gaga-uk-tour-dates-confirmed-for-london-manchester.html. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Maloy, Sarah (April 10, 2012). "Lady Gaga Announces European 'Born This Way' Tour Dates". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/events/lady-gaga-announces-european-born-this-way-1006714552.story#/events/lady-gaga-announces-european-born-this-way-1006714552.story. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
- ^ a b "Lady Gaga confirms tour dates". The Belfast Telegraph. Independent News & Media. April 10, 2012. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/lady-gaga-confirms-tour-dates-16142976.html. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Montgomery, James (April 10, 2012). "Lady Gaga Taps The Darkness To Open Born This Way Ball". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1682800/lady-gaga-born-this-way-ball-europe.jhtml. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
- ^ Cho, Chung-un (February 9, 2012). "Out of love of Korea: Lady Gaga to kick off world tour in Seoul". The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/entertainment/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20120209000694. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (February 3, 2012). "Lady Gaga To Reveal Born This Way Tour Stage Design". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678472/lady-gaga-born-this-way-tour-stage.jhtml. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
- ^ a b c Vena, Jocelyn (February 8, 2012). "Lady Gaga Unveils Elaborate Born This Way Stage". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678676/lady-gaga-born-this-way-stage.jhtml. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ Mitchell, John. "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way Ball' Stage Biggest Ever Built To Tour". MTV. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2012/05/02/lady-gagas-born-this-way-ball-stage-biggest-ever-built-to-tour/. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ Eggenberger, Nicole. "Lady Gaga's Born This Way Ball World Tour: New Details!". Us Magazine. http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/lady-gagas-born-this-way-ball-world-tour-new-details--201215#ixzz1te9XrUpm. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ a b "Lady Gaga reveals tour plans". Toronto Sun. Sun Media. February 7, 2012. http://www.torontosun.com/2012/02/07/lady-gaga-reveals-tour-plans. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga Reveals 'Born This Way Ball' Tour Design". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). February 7, 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-reveals-born-this-way-ball-tour-design-20120207. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ Denley, Susan (April 20, 2012). "Fashion News: Lady Gaga to wear an Armani piano on her head". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2012/04/fashion-news-lady-gaga-to-wear-armani-piano-on-her-head.html. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Chung-un, Cho (April 28, 2012). "Lady Gaga criticizes Korean government's decision". The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20120428000062. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
- ^ "Gaga conquers packed Olympic Stadium". The Korea Herald. April 29, 2012. http://www.koreaherald.com/lifestyle/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20120429000376. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ a b "Gaga's Tour Playful But Not Shocking". The Korea Times. April 29, 2012. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/04/143_109924.html. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga wows S. Koreans as global tour kicks off". The Inquirer. April 28, 2012. http://entertainment.inquirer.net/38267/lady-gaga-wows-s-koreans-as-global-tour-kicks-off. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ John Mitchell (April 27, 2012). "Lady Gaga's Born This Way Ball Kicks Off Amid Protests Seoul, South Korea, set list heavy on new material, but Gaga's biggest hits come out to play". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1684062/lady-gaga-born-this-way-ball-seoul.jhtml.
- ^ {{cite web|last=Soh|first=Elizabeth|title=A (Born this Way) Ball of a Time with Lady Gaga|url=http://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/born-way-ball-time-lady-gaga-044940797.html%7Cpublisher=Yahoo!
- ^ Perry, Bryon. "Lady Gaga in Bangkok: 50,000 Little Monsters rejoice at Born This Way Ball". Coconuts Media. http://www.coconutsbangkok.com/arts-and-entertainment/lady-gaga-in-bangkok-an-intimate-show-for-50000-little-monsters-at-rajamangala/. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ Dumaual, Miguel (May 23, 2012). "Review: Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way Ball'". ABS-CBN. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/05/23/12/review-lady-gagas-born-way-ball. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga's New Zealand shows sell out". 3 News. February 17, 2012. http://www.3news.co.nz/Lady-Gagas-New-Zealand-shows-sell-out/tabid/418/articleID/243237/Default.aspx. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
- ^ Adams, Cameron (February 23, 2012). "Extra show for Lady Gaga". Herald Sun (Australia: The Herald and Weekly Times). http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/extra-show-for-lady-gaga/story-e6frf96o-1226278931314. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ Liu, Sandra (February 24, 2012). "Lady Gaga Hong Kong Pre-Sale Tickets Sold in Hours, SCMP Reports". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P.. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-02-24/lady-gaga-hong-kong-pre-sale-tickets-sold-in-hours-scmp-reports.html. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ Chow, Vivienne (February 25, 2012). "Gaga to stage second show". South China Morning Post. SCMP Group. http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2c913216495213d5df646910cba0a0a0/?vgnextoid=fa8adb7489ea5310VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=teaser&ss=Hong+Kong&s=News. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ News Desk (March 1 2012). "LADY GAGA'S BORN THIS WAY BALL CONFIRMS THIRD SHOW IN HONG KONG". MTV Southeast Asia (MTV Networks Asia Pacific). Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333959770JFPWMVMOLF. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Huang, Hsiao, Amy, Scully (March 24, 2012). "Lady Gaga tickets sell like hot cakes in Taipei". Focus Taiwan. http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201203240011. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga". Time Out. http://www.timeout.jp/en/tokyo/event/4091/Lady-Gaga. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
- ^ "Vietnam fans flock to Thailand for Gaga’s concert". Tuổi Trẻ. March 22, 2012. http://www.tuoitrenews.vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/lifestyle/vietnam-fans-flock-to-thailand-for-gaga-s-concert-1.65874. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ "LADY GAGA ANNOUNCES THIRD AND FINAL SHOW IN SINGAPORE". MTV Southeast Asia (MTV Networks Asia Pacific). March 30 2012. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333959931RZXLHROYBG. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Ramstad, Evan (March 30, 2012). "No Little Monsters at Lady Gaga’s Seoul Show". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2012/03/30/no-little-monsters-at-lady-gagas-seoul-show/. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Sihaloho, Markus (March 20, 2012). "Lawmaker Brushes Off MUI’s Stance on Lady Gaga Concert". Jakarta Globe. PT Jakarta Globe Media. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/lawmaker-brushes-off-muis-stance-on-lady-gaga-concert/505929. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ "Little Monsters Await the Landing of Lady Gaga in Jakarta". Jakarta Globe. PT Jakarta Globe Media. February 28, 2012. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/lifeandtimes/breaking-news-lady-gaga-to-perform-jakarta-concert/501109. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
- ^ Ellison, Roland (April 11, 2012). "Lady Gaga Born This Way Ball tickets selling fast ahead of UK general sale - get 'em here". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/music/lady-gaga-uk-tour-tickets-787523. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Buckley, James (April 13, 2012). "LADY GAGA TICKETS ON SALE NOW". Newsquod. http://www.newsquod.com/645885/lady-gaga-tickets-on-sale-now/. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Corner, Lewis (April 11, 2012). "Lady GaGa 'Born This Way Ball' UK tour tickets 'won't meet demand'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a375915/lady-gaga-born-this-way-ball-uk-tour-tickets-wont-meet-demand.html. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga fans irked as £80 UK gig tickets go for £1100". Hindustan Times. HT Media Ltd. April 13, 2012. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Lady-Gaga-fans-irked-as-80-UK-gig-tickets-go-for-1100/Article1-840560.aspx. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga fans swindled". The Times of India. The Times Group. April 13, 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Lady-Gaga-fans-swindled/articleshow/12664271.cms. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
- ^ Firth, Holly (April 13, 2012). "Lady Gaga 'Born This Way Ball' Tickets Sell Out In Record Time". Entertainment Wise. http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/73535/Lady-Gaga-Born-This-Way-Ball-Tickets-Sell-Out-In-Record-Time-. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Strickler, Jon (April 13, 2012). "LADY GAGA TICKETS FOR BORN THIS WAY BALL UK DATES SELL-OUT WITHIN MINUTES". Stereoboard. http://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/171894/9. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Rolling Stone Staff (27 April 2012). "Lady Gaga Debuts Born This Way Ball in South Korea". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1337665646ZELMEYYEBU. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Sources for dates in Asia:
- "Lady Gaga Tour Dates 2012: 'Born This Way' Ball to Have 110 Shows". The International Business Times Inc.. February 8, 2012. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333959513VZGQBNBIJQ. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- Rodriguez, Ces (March 30, 2012). "CONFIRMED! Lady Gaga’s Born This Way Ball Tour live in Manila on May 21!". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333960007LJXXIBUFQS. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- Yi, Ho (March 31, 2012). "Pop Stop". The Taipei Times. The Liberty Times Group. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333960206UDVTMHQJOY. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- "Gaga a no-go for under-18s". Bangkok Post. Post Publishing Public Co. Ltd.. March 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333960624AOJAOOKHQP. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- Siregar, Lisa (March 8, 2012). "Ticket Sales Set to Begin for Lady Gaga Concert in Jakarta". Jakarta Globe. PT Jakarta Globe Media. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333960880SVTMYUBKDO. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Sources for dates in Oceania:
- Jones, Bridget (February 23, 2012). "Third Lady Gaga show confirmed". Stuff.co.nz. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333958965TDKQQTKEWB. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- "New Lady Gaga Tour Dates 2012!". Yahoo!7 TV. Seven West Media / Yahoo!. February 2012. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. http://www.freezepage.com/1333959097APJFHPHLCS. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ http://www.nst.com.my/latest/lady-gaga-s-indonesia-concert-cancelled-1.88194#ixzz1w2f8YIqx
- ^ a b c "Billboard Boxscore". Billboard (New York City, New York: Prometheus Global Media) 124 (18). 26 May 2012. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. http://www.webcitation.org/67pxcbbI1. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
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 Isinbayeva in Doha, 2010 |
|
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Full name | Yelena Gadzhievna Isinbayeva |
| Nationality |  Russian |
| Born | (1982-06-03) 3 June 1982 (age 30) Volgograd, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Height | 5 ft 8.5 in (1.74 m) |
| Weight | 65 kg (140 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Track and field athletics |
| Event(s) | Pole vault |
| Achievements and titles | |
| World finals | Outdoor: 2003, 2005, 2007 Indoor: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008 |
| Regional finals | Outdoor: 2002, 2006 Indoor: 2005 |
| Olympic finals | 2004, 2008 |
| Highest world ranking | 1st (2005–2009) |
| Personal best(s) | Outdoor: 5.06 WR (2009) indoor: 5.01 WR (2012) |
|
Medal record
|
|
| Updated on 22 April 2012. | |
Yelena Gadzhievna Isinbayeva (Russian: Елена Гаджиевна Исинбаева, Elena Gadžievna Isinbaeva) (born 3 June 1982) is a Russian pole vaulter. She is twice an Olympic gold medalist (2004 and 2008), a five-time World Champion and the current world record holder in the event. As a result of her accomplishments, she is widely considered the greatest female pole-vaulter of all time.[1][2]
Isinbayeva has been a major champion on nine occasions (Olympic, World outdoor and indoor champion and European outdoor and indoor champion). She was also the jackpot winner of the IAAF Golden League series in 2007 and 2009. After poor performances at world championships in 2009 and 2010, she took a year-long break from the sport.
She became the first woman to clear the five-metre barrier in 2005. Isinbayeva's current world records are 5.06 m outdoors, a record Isinbayeva set in Zurich in August 2009, and 5.01 m indoors, a record set in February 2012.[3] The latter was Isinbayeva's twenty-eighth pole vault world record.
Isinbayeva was named Female Athlete of the Year by the IAAF in 2004, 2005 and 2008, and World Sportswoman of the Year by Laureus in 2007 and 2009. She was given the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports in 2009. She is one of only seven athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Usain Bolt, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Jacques Freitag, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event.
Contents |
Career[link]
Early life and competition[link]
From the age of 5 to 15, Isinbayeva trained as a gymnast in her hometown of Volgograd. She ultimately left the sport because as she grew she was considered too tall to be competitive in gymnastics, ultimately attaining a height of 1.74 m (5' 8½").
Six months after having taken up pole-vaulting she won her first major victory at age 16 during the 1998 World Youth Games in Moscow, Russia with a height of 4.00 m. It was her third athletic competition.[4] She jumped the same height at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Annecy, France, but this left her 10 cm away from the medal placings.
In 1999, Isinbayeva improved on this height at the World Youth Championships in Bydgoszcz, Poland when she cleared 4.10 m to take her second gold medal.
At the 2000 World Juniors Isinbayeva again took first place clearing 4.20 m ahead of German Annika Becker. The same year the women's pole vault made its debut as an Olympic event in Sydney, Australia where Stacy Dragila of the United States took gold. In the same event Isinbayeva did not make it out of the qualifying round.
She won another gold medal in 2001, this time at the European Junior Championships with a winning height of 4.40 m.
Isinbayeva continued to improve and 2002 saw her clear 4.55 m at the European Championships, where she gained her first senior championship medal (silver), finishing 5 cm short of her compatriot Svetlana Feofanova.
First world records and Olympic title[link]
2003 was another year of progression and saw Isinbayeva win the European Under 23 Championships gold with 4.65 m (in Bydgoszcz). On 13 July 2003, just about a month after her 21st birthday, Isinbayeva set her first World Record at a meeting in Gateshead, England with a height of 4.82 m, which had made her the favourite to take gold at the World Championships the following month. She ended up winning the bronze medal with Feofanova taking gold and Becker the silver.
At a meeting at Donetsk, Ukraine, Isinbayeva set a new indoor world record, with a height of 4.83 m only to see Feofanova increase this by two centimetres the following week. The following month at the World's Indoor in March Isinbayeva broke Feofanova's record with a gold medal winning jump of 4.86 m beating reigning indoor & outdoor champion Feofanova into bronze with reigning Olympic champion Dragila taking silver. The IAAF considered all three records to be over-all (outdoor) records, hence the indoor and outdoor records now stood at 4.86 m
27 June saw Isinbayeva return to Gateshead and improved the world record to 4.87 m. Feofanova responded the following week by breaking the record by a centimetre in Heraklion, Greece.
On 25 July in Birmingham, England, Isinbayeva reclaimed the record jumping 4.89 m and five days later in Crystal Palace, London, added a further centimetre to the record.
The pole vault was one of the most eagerly awaited events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. When Feofanova failed at 4.90 m the gold medal was Isinbayeva's, and she subsequently set a new world record height of 4.91 m. She broke her own record later that year at the Memorial Van Damme in Brussels with a 4.92 m jump. It was her eight world record of the season, which along with her Olympic & World Indoor title helped her gain her first World Athlete of the Year award.
World and European champion[link]
At the European Indoor Championships in Madrid, Spain Isinbayeva won gold with a new indoor world record of 4.90 m. In July 2005, Isinbayeva broke the world record four times over three separate meetings. First in Lausanne, Switzerland, she added an extra centimetre to her own mark clearing 4.93 m. It was the 14th world record of Isinbayeva's career coming just three months after she broke her own indoor mark (4.89 m) in Lievin. Eleven days later, in Madrid, Spain, she added an additional 2 cm to clear 4.95 m. In Crystal Palace, London on 22 July, after improving the record to 4.96 m, she raised the bar to 5.00 m. She then became the first woman in history to clear the once mythical five-metre barrier in pole vaulting, achieving the monumental mark with a single attempt.
After the women's pole vault final at the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland was delayed due to extremely bad weather conditions, Isinbayeva once again broke her own world record, performing 5.01 m in her second attempt, and winning the competition with a 41 cm margin of victory, which was the greatest margin ever obtained in any World or Olympic competition for the event.[5] This was already the eighteenth world record in the career of the then 23-year-old Isinbayeva and her successful season was crowned with her second consecutive World Athlete of the Year award.
At an indoor meeting on 12 February in Donetsk, Ukraine, Isinbayeva set a new indoor world record. She cleared 4.91 m. In March she successfully defended her World Indoor title in front of a homeland crowd in Moscow, Russia. During the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg she won the gold medal with a CR of 4.80 metres. This was the only gold medal missing from her collection until that time. In September she won the World Cup, representing Russia, in Athens.
Isinbayeva was crowned Laureus World Sports Woman of the Year for the 2006 season.
Second world and Olympic golds[link]
On 10 February 2007 in Donetsk, Ukraine, Isinbayeva broke the world indoor pole vault record again, by clearing 4.93 metres. It was Isinbayeva's 20th world record.[6]
On 28 August 2007 Isinbayeva repeated as world champion in Osaka at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics with a 4.80 m performance, then failed three times at setting a new world record at 5.02 m. Her competition did no better than 4.75 m.
In 2007 she also won the IAAF Golden League Jackpot (which she shared with Sanya Richards) after having won all 2007 IAAF Golden League meetings. Isinbayeva was unbeaten in the 2007 season and won 18 out of 18 competitions.[7]
During the indoor 2008 season, Isinbayeva set her twenty-first world record, clearing 4.95 metres on 16 February 2008 in Donetsk, Ukraine. A few weeks later, in Valencia, Spain, Isinbayeva won the World Indoor Championships over Jennifer Stuczynski. It was Isinbayeva's third consecutive World Indoor title.[8]
On 11 July, at her first outdoor competition of the season, Rome's Golden Gala, Isinbayeva broke her own world record, clearing 5.03 metres. This was her first world record outdoors since the 2005 World Championships. Isinbayeva stated that she had tried 5.02 metres so many times unsuccessfully that her coach told her to change something and so she attempted 5.03 metres.[9] This record came just as people began to speculate her fall from the top of pole vaulting, as American Jennifer Stuczynski cleared 4.92 metres at the American Olympic Trials. Isinbayeva stated that this motivated her to maintain her reputation as the world's greatest female pole vaulter.[10] A few weeks later, at the Aviva London Grand Prix, Isinbayeva and Stuczynski competed together for the first time of the outdoor season. Isinbayeva won the competition, with Stuczynski finishing second. Both attempted a new world record of 5.04 metres. Isinbayeva was tantalizingly close on her final attempt, with the bar falling only after Isinbayeva had landed on the mat.[11]
She successfully cleared that height on 29 July, in Monte-Carlo, Monaco, her twenty-third world record.[12]
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing on 18 August, Isinbayeva needed two vaults to prolong her Olympic title reign and went on to finish the competition with 5.05m, a world record at the time, her 24th world record.[13]
On 23 November in Monaco, she was selected World Athlete of the Year by the IAAF for the third time in her career, along with Jamaican male sprinter Usain Bolt.
Break and return[link]
Isinbayeva started the 2009 season by becoming the first woman to vault over 5 metres indoors. She first raised her world indoor mark with a vault of 4.97 m, then raised the bar to 5.00 m and cleared that height as well. The two marks were set at the Pole Vault Stars indoor meet, on 15 February, in Donetsk, Ukraine. It was the sixth consecutive year she had set an indoor world record in this meet.[14] She received the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year in recognition of her achievements – it was also the fifth time she had been nominated for the award in as many years.[15]
At the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, Germany, Isinbayeva lost her second competition of the year after failing to achieve a successful vault. The world champion was Anna Rogowska who also beat her in the London Grand Prix in May.[16] However, Yelena Isinbayeva broke her own women's pole vault world record at the Weltklasse Golden League meeting by clearing 5.06 m. On 2 September she was given the 2009 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports.
She hoped to put her World Championships no-mark performance behind her by aiming for a world indoor record at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships.[17] The Russian cleared her opening height of 4.60 m at the championships in Doha, but she faltered at 4.75 m and she ended up in fourth place and outside of the medals for a second consecutive time.[18] Following another disappointment at a major championships, she decided to take time out from the sport to recuperate, saying: "A break from competing is absolutely necessary for me. After more than eight years of very hard training and competing at the highest levels both indoors and outdoors each year I need to step back in order for my body to properly recover".[19]
She missed the opportunity to defend her title at the 2010 European Championships and she was succeeded by her compatriot Svetlana Feofanova, while Fabiana Murer went on to claim the inaugurual IAAF Diamond League pole vault series. Isinbayeva continued to train with Vitaliy Petrov during her time out, however, although did not appear in competition until the start of the 2011 indoor season.[20] The Russian Winter meeting in February 2011 was the venue for her comeback and she demonstrated her resurgence of form with a first time clearance of 4.81 m, comfortably defeating Feofanava.[21]
On March 2011, Isinbayeva left her coach Vitaly Petrov and returned to her former mentor Yevgeny Trofimov,[22] who had coached her since the age of 15 and until 2005. During the 2011 summer season she participated in only a few competitions and on 29 July she won the Diamond League meeting of Stockholm with a season best of 4.76 m. However, in the World Championships in Daegu she ended up again outside of the medals, taking the sixth place with 4.65 m.
She began 2012 with a clearance of 4.70 m at the Governor's Cup in Volgograd.[23]
Reasons for success[link]
Setting 28 world records (15 outdoor and 13 indoor), staying virtually unbeaten between 2004 and 2009 (winning nine straight gold medals in indoor and outdoor championships) and being elected IAAF World Athlete of the Year in 2004, 2005 and 2008, Isinbayeva has established herself as one of the most successful athletes of her generation.
In August 2005, top UK pole vault coach Steve Rippon said to the BBC that "she [Isinbayeva] is one of the few female pole vaulters I look at and think her technique is as good as the men's. In fact, the second part of her jump is probably better than any male pole vaulter currently competing. She has a fantastic technique, she's quite tall (almost 5ft 9in) and she runs extremely well."[24]
These statements are confirmed by close observation of her jumps; in detail, Isinbayeva's high level of body control (courtesy of her gymnastics background) especially pays off in the so-called "L-Phase", where it is vital to use the pole's rebound to convert horizontal speed into height. Common mistakes are getting rebounded away in an angle (rather than vertically up) or inability to keep the limbs stiff, both resulting in loss of vertical speed and therefore less height. In Isinbayeva's case, her L-Phase is exemplary.[citation needed]
Personal life[link]
Her father, Gadzhi Gadzhiyevich Isinbayev, is a plumber and a member of a small (200,000-people strong) ethnic group of Tabasarans who mostly live in Dagestan. Her mother, a shop assistant, is Russian. Isinbayeva also has a sister named Inna. Isinbayeva came from humble beginnings and remembers that her parents had to make many financial sacrifices in her early career.[25][26][27]
She has both a Bachelor's and Master's Degree after graduating from the Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture. Currently she is continuing her post-graduate studies there and also studying at the Donetsk National Technical University.[28]
In the Russian club competitions she represents the railroad military team; she is formally an officer in the Russian army, and on 4 August 2005 she was given military rank of senior lieutenant[29] before being promoted to captain in August 2008.[30]
She features in Toshiba ads promoting their entire product line in Russia. She also appears in a Lady's Speed Stick advertisement in Russia.
On 2 December 2010 she gave a speech before the FIFA delegates in Zürich. Later on that occasion it was announced that Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[31]
Yelena Isinbayeva is now a member of the ‘Champions for Peace’ club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.[32]
Αchievements[link]
Results[link]
2004
- 1st – 4.83 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.86 m – World Indoor Championships, Budapest, Hungary
- 1st – 4.87 m – IAAF Gateshead, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.89 m – Birmingham International Meeting, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.90 m – British Grand Prix London, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.91 m – Summer Olympics, Athens, Greece
- 1st – 4.92 m – Golden League Brussels, Belgium
- 1st – 4.83 m – 2nd World Atletics Final, Monte Carlo, Monaco
2005
- 1st – 4.87 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.90 m – European Indoor Championships, Madrid, Spain
- 1st – 4.93 m – IAAF Lausanne, Switzerland
- 1st – 4.95 m – Meeting de Madrid, Spain
- 1st – 5.00 m – IAAF London, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.79 m – IAAF Stockholm, Sweden
- 1st – 5.01 m – World Championships, Helsinki, Finland
- 1st – 4.93 m – Golden League Brussels, Belgium
- 1st – 4.74 m – 3rd World Athletics Final, Monte Carlo, Monaco
2006
- 1st – 4.91 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.79 m – Norwich Union Grand Prix, Birmingham, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.72 m – Meeting Gaz de France du Pas-de-Calais, Lievin, France
- 1st – 4.80 m – World Indoor Championships, Moscow, Russia
- 1st – 4.76 m – IAAF Paris Saint-Denis, France
- 1st – 4.90 m – IAAF Lausanne, Switzerland
- 1st – 4.91 m – IAAF London, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.80 m – European Championships, Gothenburg, Sweden
- 1st – 4.81 m – Golden League Brussels, Belgium
- 1st – 4.75 m – 4th World Athletics Final, Stuttgart, Germany
2007
- 1st – 4.93 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.91 m – Meeting Gaz De France, Paris, France
- 1st – 4.90 m – Golden League Rome, Italy
- 1st – 4.82 m – Norwich Union Super Grand Prix, London, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.80 m – World Championships, Osaka, Japan
- 1st – Golden League Brussels, Belgium
- 1st – 4.87 m – 5th World Athletics Final, Stuttgart, Germany
2008
- 1st – 4.95 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.75 m – World Indoor Championships, Valencia, Spain
- 1st – 5.03 m – Golden Gala, Rome, Italy
- 1st – 5.04 m – Super Grand Prix, Monte Carlo, Monaco
- 1st – 5.05 m – Summer Olympics, Beijing, China
- 1st – 4.88 m – IAAF Zurich, Switzerland
2009
- 1st – 5.00 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.82 m – Aviva Grand Prix, Birmingham, Great Britain
- 1st – 4.83 m – ISATF Berlin, Germany
- 1st – 4.65 m – Meeting Gaz de France, Paris, France
- 2nd – 4.68 m – Aviva London Grand Prix, London, Great Britain
- no height recorded – World Championships, Berlin, Germany
- 1st – 5.06 m – IAAF Golden League, Zurich, Switzerland
2010
- 1st – 4.85 m – Russian Winter Meeting, Moscow, Russia
- 1st – 4.85 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 4th – 4.60 m – World Indoor Championships, Doha, Qatar
2011
- 1st – 4.81 m – Russian Winter Meeting, Moscow, Russia
- 1st – 4.85 m – Pole Vault Stars, Donetsk, Ukraine
- 1st – 4.60 m – Night of Athletics, Heusden, Belgium
- 1st – 4.76 m – Diamond League, Stockholm, Sweden
- 6th – 4.65 m – World Championships, Daegu, South Korea
2012
- 1st – 5.01 m – XL-Galan, Stockholm, Sweden
- 1st - 4.80 m - World Indoor Championships, Istanbul, Turkey
World record progression by Isinbayeva[link]
Yelena Isinbayeva has set 17 world records and 13 indoor world records. Several of her indoor world records were also ratified as world records.[33]
| Performance | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 4.82 m | Gateshead, England | 14 July 2003 |
| 4.83i m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 15 February 2004 |
| 4.86i m | Budapest, Hungary | 6 March 2004 |
| 4.87 m | Gateshead, England | 27 June 2004 |
| 4.89 m | Birmingham, England | 25 July 2004 |
| 4.90 m | London, England | 30 July 2004 |
| 4.91 m | Athens, Greece | 24 August 2004 |
| 4.92 m | Brussels, Belgium | 3 September 2004 |
| 4.93 m | Lausanne, Switzerland | 5 July 2005 |
| 4.95 m | Madrid, Spain | 16 July 2005 |
| 4.96 m | London, England | 22 July 2005 |
| 5.00 m | London, England | 22 July 2005 |
| 5.01 m | Helsinki, Finland | 12 August 2005 |
| 5.03 m | Rome, Italy | 11 July 2008 |
| 5.04 m | Monaco | 29 July 2008 |
| 5.05 m | Beijing, China | 18 August 2008 |
| 5.06 m | Zurich, Switzerland | 28 August 2009 |
| Performance | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 4.81 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 15 February 2004 |
| 4.83 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 15 February 2004 |
| 4.86 m | Budapest, Hungary | 6 March 2004 |
| 4.87 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 12 February 2005 |
| 4.88 m | Birmingham, England | 15 February 2005 |
| 4.89 m | Lievin, France | 18 February 2005 |
| 4.90 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 26 February 2005 |
| 4.91 m | Madrid, Spain | 6 March 2005 |
| 4.93 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 12 February 2006 |
| 4.95 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 10 February 2007 |
| 4.97 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 16 February 2008 |
| 5.00 m | Donetsk, Ukraine | 15 February 2009 |
| 5.01 m | Stockholm, Sweden | 23 February 2012 |
Records list[link]
(Records in bold are current ones.)
| Record Category | Performance | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| World Youth Record | 4.10 m | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 1999, 18 July |
| World Junior Championship | 4.20 m | Santiago, Chile | 2000, 8 October |
| European Junior Championship | 4.40 m | Grosseto, Italy | 2001, 21 July |
| World Junior Record | 4.46 m | Berlin, Germany | 2001, 2 August |
| World Junior Record | 4.47 m | Budapest, Hungary | 2001, 10 February |
| European U-23 Championship | 4.65 m | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 2003, 19 July |
| Olympic Record | 4.91 m | Athens, Greece | 2004, 24 August |
| Olympic Record | 5.05 m | Beijing, China | 2008, 18 August |
| World Indoor Championships | 4.86 m | Budapest, Hungary | 2004, 6 March |
| World Championships | 5.01 m | Helsinki, Finland | 2005, 12 August |
| European Indoor Championships | 4.90 m | Madrid, Spain | 2005, 6 March |
| European Championships | 4.80 m | Göteborg, Sweden | 2006, 12 August |
| World Record (Indoor) | 5.01 m | Stockholm, Sweden | 2012, 23 February |
| World Record (Outdoor) | 5.06 m | Zurich, Switzerland | 2009, 28 August |
| IAAF Golden League | 5.06 m | Zurich, Switzerland | 2009, 28 August |
References[link]
- ^ "Pole-Vaulter Keeps a Low Profile During Her Ambitious Ascent". The New York Times. 2 February 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/02/sports/othersports/02millrose.html. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ "Athletics: Pole-vault diva toys with foes and fans". The New York Times. 29 August 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/sports/29iht-TRACK.1.7302544.html. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ "New world record for Isinbayeva". Eurosport. Yahoo! Sports. 23 January 2012. http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/24022012/58/new-world-record-isinbayeva.html. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Russia’s pole vault champ hails Moscow’s 2010 Youth Olympics bid | Sports | RIA Novosti. En.rian.ru (18 December 2007). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Bekele and Isinbayeva win Athletes of the Year titles for second year. iaaf.org (10 September 2005). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Shaheen, Isinbayeva, Klüft…athletics' current best win streaks. iaaf.org. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Reuters.com. Africa.reuters.com (9 February 2009). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ “I run faster, I long jump longer, but more important, inside I feel so happy” – Isinbayeva – ÅF Golden League, Rome. iaaf.org (12 July 2008). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) is the female Waterford Crystal European Athlete of the Year 2008. European-athletics.org. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Silnov scales 2.38m world lead in London – IAAF World Athletics Tour. iaaf.org (25 July 2008). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Isinbayeva 5.04m World record; another four season leads in Monaco – IAAF World Athletics Tour. iaaf.org (29 July 2008). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ BBC SPORT | Olympics | Results – Monday 18 August. BBC News (24 August 2008). Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Isinbayeva debuts with 5.00m World Record in Donetsk! – Updated
- ^ Isinbayeva wins prestigious world sports award again. IAAF (27 May 2009). Retrieved on 30 May 2009.
- ^ Cherry, Gene (17 August 2009). "Poland's Rogowska ends Isinbayeva's streak". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idUSTRE57G4NP20090817. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
- ^ World Indoor Athletics 2010: Yelena Isinbayeva aims for new pole vault record. Daily Telegraph (11 March 2010). Retrieved on 7 February 2011.
- ^ Ramsak, Bob (14 March 2010). Doha 2010 – Murer upgrades to gold in women's Pole Vault. IAAF. Retrieved on 7 February 2011.
- ^ Pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva takes indefinite break. BBC Sport (10 April 2010). Retrieved on 7 February 2011.
- ^ Martin, David (3 February 2011). INTERVIEW – Nerveless Isinbayeva back to reclaim throne. Reuters. Retrieved on 7 February 2011.
- ^ Nickolai Dolgopolov and Rostislav (6 February 2011). Orlov Isinbayeva makes 4.81m comeback in Moscow. IAAF. Retrieved on 7 February 2011.
- ^ http://www.supersport.com/athletics/international/news/110313/Isinbayeva_returns_to_former_mentor_Trofimov
- ^ Nickolai Dolgopolov and Rostislav Orlov (21 January 2012). Isinbayeva clears 4.70m in Volgograd. IAAF. Retrieved on 22 January 2012.
- ^ Rippon, Steve. (12 August 2005) BBC SPORT | Athletics | Yelena's in pole position. BBC News. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Vaulting towards Bubka's benchmark, The Guardian, 3 Jan 2006
- ^ Athletics: Isinbayeva raises the bar | Sport | The Observer. Sport.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Успеть всё! Как совместить учебу с работой :: donbass.ua – новости Донбасса. donbass.ua. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Елена Исинбаева стала старшим лейтенантом железнодорожных войск. Lenta.Ru. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ Новая Политика – Прыгнув на 5,05 метров, старший лейтенант Исинбаева стала капитаном. Novopol.ru. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ "Russian pole vault champion impresses FIFA with girl power appeal". Radio New Zealand. 3 December 2010. http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/sport/63232/russian-pole-vault-champion-impresses-fifa-with-girl-power-appeal. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ Accueil. Peace-sport.org. Retrieved on 21 April 2011.
- ^ "From 2000, IAAF Rule 260.18s (formerly 260.6.a) was amended to say world records (as opposed to indoor world records) can be set in a facility 'with or without a roof.' So far, only one event - the women's pole vault - has been affected by this change, which was not applied retrospectively. Therefore world records set in 2000 and 2001 by Stacy Dragila and Svetlana Feofanova can be regarded as 'absolute' and appear on these [record progression] lists." [3] (p.546) This rule also applies to Isinbayev's and Feofanova's 2004 marks.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yelena Isinbayeva |
- Yelena Isinbayeva – Official Webpage
- IAAF profile for Yelena Isinbayeva
- Flotrack.com Video Interview of Yelena Isinbayeva during the 100th Millrose Games
| Records | ||
|---|---|---|
Preceded by Stacy Dragila Svetlana Feofanova Svetlana Feofanova |
Women's Pole Vault World Record Holder 13 July 2003 – 20 February 2004 6 March 2004 – 4 July 2004 25 July 2004 – |
Succeeded by Svetlana Feofanova Svetlana Feofanova Incumbent |
| Awards | ||
Preceded by Hestrie Cloete |
Women's Track & Field Athlete of the Year 2004–2005 |
Succeeded by Sanya Richards |
Preceded by Kelly Holmes Blanka Vlašić |
Women's European Athlete of the Year 2005 2008 |
Succeeded by Carolina Klüft Marta Domínguez |
Preceded by Janica Kostelić Justine Henin |
World Sportswoman of the Year 2007 2009 |
Succeeded by Justine HeninSerena Williams |
| Preceded by Rafael Nadal |
Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2009 |
Succeeded by Spain national football team |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Isinbayeva, Yelena |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Russian pole vaulter |
| Date of birth | 3 June 1982 |
| Place of birth | Volgograd, Russia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Related pages:
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http://id.wn.com/Yelena Isinbayeva
http://es.wn.com/Yelena Isinbáyeva
http://ru.wn.com/Исинбаева, Елена Гаджиевна
http://nl.wn.com/Jelena Isinbajeva
http://pl.wn.com/Jelena Isinbajewa
http://fr.wn.com/Yelena Isinbayeva
http://de.wn.com/Jelena Gadschijewna Issinbajewa
http://hi.wn.com/येलेना इसिन्बाएवा
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