This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Biology may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2011)

Wikiversity has learning materials about Topic:Anatomy

The anatomy lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt shows an anatomy lesson taking place in Amsterdam in 1632.

Anatomy (from the Ancient Greek ἀνατέμνειν, anatemnein: ana, "separate, apart from", and temnein, "to cut up, cut open") is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy), and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,^[1] through common roots in evolution.

Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and microscopic anatomy.^[1] Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can, when suitably presented or dissected, be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye.^[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale. It includes histology (the study of tissues),^[1] and cytology (the study of cells). The terms microanatomy and histology are also sometimes used synonymously (in which case the distinction between histology and cell biology isn't strictly made as described here).

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI.

Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (also called morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs.

Superficial anatomy[link]

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.^[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or veterinary surgeons gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Superficial is a directional term that indicates one structure is located more externally than another, or closer to the surface of the body.^[2]

Human anatomy[link]

Para-sagittal MRI scan of the head

An X-ray of a human chest

Human heart and lungs, from an old edition of Gray's Anatomy

Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.^[1]

Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope.

Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;^[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,^[3][4] in line with modern teaching methods. A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology.

Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.

Other branches[link]

• Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.^[1]
• Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.
• Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.

See also[link]

Human anatomy:

• List of human anatomical features
• List of human anatomical parts named after people
• Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy
• Physiology

Associations[link]

• American Association of Anatomists

General anatomy[link]

• Anatomical terms of location
• Bibliography of anatomy
• Body plan
• Charaka, referred to as the Father of Anatomy^{[by whom?]}
• Foundational Model of Anatomy
• History of anatomy
• List of anatomical topics
• Superficial anatomy
• Cat anatomy
• Dog anatomy
• Fish anatomy
• Bird anatomy
• Spider anatomy

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray

External links[link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2011)

At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Anatomy at: The Department of Anatomy

Wikibooks has more on the topic of Anatomy

• Anatomy Mnemonics Mnemonics in Anatomy.
• Journal - Journal of Anatomy*
• Anatomy on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
• Anatomia 1522–1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
• Anatomy of the Human Body Gray, Henry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918
• High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases
• Anatomy in the 16th century studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.
• 19th Century Anatomy Lesson Animated dissection following Gray's Anatomy
• The Anatomical Society

v t e Biology Subdisciplines of Biology Anatomy Astrobiology Biochemistry Biogeography Biomechanics Biophysics Bioinformatics Biostatistics Botany Cell biology Cellular microbiology Chemical biology Chronobiology Conservation biology Developmental biology Ecology Epidemiology Epigenetics Evolutionary biology Genetics Genomics Histology Human biology Immunology Marine biology Mathematical biology Microbiology Molecular biology Mycology Nanobiotechnology Neuroscience Nutrition Origin of life Paleontology Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Quantum biology Systematics Systems biology Taxonomy Toxicology Zoology Hierarchy of Life Biosphere >  Ecosystem > Community (Biocoenosis) > Population >  Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Molecule (Macromolecule · Biomolecule) > Atom Foundations of Biology Cell theory Ecology Energy Transformation Evolution Genetics Homeostasis Taxonomy Principles of Evolution Adaptation Genetic drift Gene flow Macroevolution Microevolution Mutation Natural selection Speciation Principles of Ecology Biodiversity Biological interaction Community Ecosystem Habitat Niche Population Dynamics Resources Principles of Molecular Biology Cell signalling Development Epigenetics Gene regulation Meiosis Mitosis Post-transcriptional modification Principles of Biochemistry Carbohydrates Lipids Metabolism Nucleic Acids Photosynthesis Proteins Glossaries Botanical terms Ecological terms Plant morphology terms Category Portal

John Reed
Reed in 2007
Born	(1969-02-07)February 7, 1969 TriBeCa, New York City
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Columbia University
Occupation	novelist
Website
http://www.johnreed.org

John Reed (born February 7, 1969) is an American novelist. He is the author of four novels: A Still Small Voice (2000), Snowball's Chance (2002) with a preface by Alexander Cockburn, The Whole (2005), and All the World's a Grave: A New Play by William Shakespeare (2008). His fifth book, Tales of Woe (2010), is a collection of twenty-five stories, chronicling true stories of abject misery.

Biography[link]

Born in 1969 in New York City, Reed is the son of artist David Reed and Judy Rifka.^[1] He attended Hampshire College, and received a Masters in Fine Art in Creative Writing from Columbia University.^[2] He teaches at The New School.

Reed was an early contributor to, and subsequently an editor with, Open City, a New York literary journal published by Robert Bingham, who later founded the book series.

Works[link]

He is affiliated with the New York Press and The Brooklyn Rail. "Americans are extremely sophisticated in terms of narrative forms," said Reed in an interview. "We see it in commercials, we see it on TV, we see it in movies. But the narrative forms we're talking about are three acts, five acts, depending on how you want to look at it. They're all based on a Christian model of sin, suffering, redemption; which is not a large model."^[3]

A Still Small Voice[link]

A Still Small Voice (Delacorte 2000, Delta 2001), Reed’s first novel, is a historical novel based on the life of a girl growing up in Kentucky from 1850-1870.

Snowball's Chance[link]

Snowball's Chance (Roof Books 2002/2003), Reed’s second novel was a controversial send-up of George Orwell’s Animal Farm, and ended in a cataclysmic attack on the “Twin Mills” (reminiscent of the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center). It became a bestseller in the field of books by independent literary publishers.^[4]

The Whole, or, Duh Whole[link]

Wikinews has related news: John Reed on Orwell, God, self-destruction and the future of writing

John Reed discusses politics after 9/11 and Reed's take on Orwell's neoconservativism.

Reed between BOMB magazine's senior editor Monica de la Torre and editor-in-chief Betsy Sussler.

The Whole, Reed’s third novel, parodied MTV and was released in 2005 by MTV Books (Simon & Schuster). The novel described a gigantic hole that appears in the middle of the country, which engulfs four states.

All the World's a Grave[link]

Reed, in a new work, returns to the overhaul of canonical English writers in All the World's a Grave, fall 2008, Penguin Books. The work, subtitled "A New Play by William Shakespeare", is a tragedy in five acts, a "mash-up" constructed of lines drawn from five Shakespeare tragedies and one Shakespeare history; Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo & Juliet and Henry V. In the "literary trick" (as described by Page Six of The New York Post) Shakespeare's lines are rearranged into a wholly new story, in which Prince Hamlet of Denmark goes to war to claim his bride and the daughter of King Lear, Juliet. Upon a triumphant return home, Hamlet discovers that his mother has murdered his father, and married Macbeth. Visited by his father's ghost, and goaded by the opportunistic Lieutenant Iago, Hamlet is driven mad by the erroneous belief that Juliet is having an affair with General Romeo.^[5]

References[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Reed (novelist)

External links[link]

• John Reed's website
• All the World's a Grave, book website.
• Kill the beavers!, The Daily Telegraph, November 22, 2002.
• John Reed: Saint George and the Damn Truth, Moby Lives, Nove,ber 10, 2003.
• John Reed: The Whole, an excerpt, Brooklyn Rail, January 2005.
• Dinitia Smith: A Pig Returns to the Farm, Thumbing His Snout at Orwell, The New York Times, November 25, 2002.
• Cathy Young: Blaming the Victim, Reason.com, December 3, 2002.
• Andrea Scrima: Review of Tales of Woe, Rumpus, November 16, 2010.
• Interview with Arthur Phillips on rewriting Shakespeare

Vanity Theft is an American all girl indie/alternative rock group from Springboro, Ohio that formed in 2005.

Biography[link]

The band started in 2005 as "Vanity Pledge" when the members were still in high school, and was made up of Brittany Hill (guitar, vocals), Alicia Grodecki (keyboard, vocals), Elyse Driskill (drums), and Staci Farfsing (bass).^[1] Starting out playing cover material, the band shifted to writing and playing original music after Lindsey Keene replaced the college-bound Farfsing on bass, and the group was renamed "Vanity Theft".^[2][3]

Keene left the band to pursue schooling and was replaced on bass shortly after their 2nd Album was completed, in April 2010 by Lalaine Vergara-Paras, previously best known for her role in the early 2000s on the TV show Lizzie McGuire.^[4][5][6] Lalaine was asked to leave in January 2011 just before touring was to resume, currently the band remains made up of its 3 original founding members. They have since toured with Amanda Dellevigne, Kelly Riot and currently, on The Lady Killers Tour, Allison Kelly.

The band has been described by some early Ohio press as having a sound "somewhere between the work of Sleater-Kinney and the Ting Tings."^[7]

In 2010, the band signed with Vigilante Music/Adamant Records.^[4]

Members[link]

Current members

• Elyse Driskill - drums (since 2005)
• Alicia Grodecki - lead vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, programming, piano, harmonica, guitars (since 2005)
• Brittany Hill - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2005)

Former members

• Lindsey Keene - bass guitar (2006–2010)
• Staci Farfsing - bass guitar (2005)
• Lalaine - bass guitar, backing vocals (2010)

Discography[link]

• Symptoms (2006) (5 song CD-EP)^[8][9]
• Post Script: Pace Yourself (2008)^[10][11]
• Anatomy (EP) (2010)^[12]
• Get What You Came For (2011) (Vigilante/Adamant)^[13]

Web Shows[link]

• Vanity Theft: VT Tour Diary (2011)
• Vanity Theft: The Lost Tapes (2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• VanityTheft.com - Official site
• Vanity Theft Remix Contest - Hosted by Laptoprockers
• Vanity Theft IMDB - IMDB