This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (December 2010)

Discogs

File:Discogs.Logo.png
URL	Discogs.com
Commercial?	Partially
Type of site	Music
Registration	Optional
Available language(s)	English
Owner	Zink Media, Inc.
Created by	Kevin Lewandowski
Launched	October 2000
Alexa rank	1,952 (June 2012[update])[1]
Revenue	Advertisement, Marketplace Seller Fees
Current status	Active

Discogs, short for discographies, is a website and database of information about audio recordings, including commercial releases, promotional releases, and bootleg or off-label releases. The Discogs servers, currently hosted under the domain name discogs.com, are owned by Zink Media, Inc., and are located in Portland, Oregon, USA. Discogs is one of the largest online databases of electronic music releases and of releases on vinyl media.

History[link]

The discogs.com domain name was registered in August 2000, and Discogs itself was launched in November 2000 by programmer, DJ, and music fan Kevin Lewandowski originally as a database of electronic music.^[2]

He was inspired by the success of community-built sites such as Slashdot, eBay, and Open Directory Project, and decided to use this model for a music discography database.

The site's original goal was to build the most comprehensive database of electronic music, organized around the artists, labels, and releases available in that genre. In 2003 the Discogs system was completely rewritten,^[3] and in January 2004 it began to support other genres, starting with hip hop. Since then, it has expanded to include rock and jazz in January 2005 and funk/soul, Latin, and reggae in October of the same year. In January 2006 blues and non-music (e.g. comedy records, field recordings, interviews) were added. Classical music started being supported in June 2007, and in October 2007 the "final genres were turned on" - now adding support for the Stage & Screen, Brass & Military, Children's, and Folk, World, & Country music genres and indeed allowing capture of virtually every single kind of audio recording that has ever been released.

On 30 June 2004, Discogs published its last report, which included information about the number of its contributors. This report claims that Discogs has 15,788 contributors and 260,789 releases.^[4] On the Discogs homepage there is information indicating the number of releases, labels, and artists presently in the database. In 2006 the number of releases in the database passed the 500,000 mark. On 25 July 2010 the database contained 2,006,878 releases, 1,603,161 artists and 169,923 labels.

On 20 July 2007 a new system for sellers was introduced on the site called Market Price History. It made information available to users who paid for a subscription —though 60 days information was free— access to the past price items were sold for up to 12 months ago by previous sellers who had sold exactly the same release. At the same time, the US$12 per year charge for advanced subscriptions was abolished, as it was felt that the extra features should be made available to all subscribers now that a better, some may say fairer, revenue stream had been found from sellers and purchasers. However, at the beginning of 2008, the Market Price History was also made free of charge for all users, still giving up to a 12 month view of historical sales data for any release.

API[link]

In mid-August 2007, Discogs data became publicly accessible via a RESTful, XML-based API and a license that allowed specially attributed use, but did not allow anyone to "alter, transform, or build upon" the data.^[5][6][7] The license has since been changed to a public domain one. Prior to the advent of this license and API, Discogs data was only accessible via the Discogs web site's HTML interface and was intended to be viewed only using web browsers.^[8] The HTML interface remains the only authorized way to modify Discogs data.^[6]

On June 7, 2011 version 2 of the API was released.^[9] Notable in this release was that a license key was no longer required, the default response was changed from Xml to Json, and the 5000 queries per day limit was removed (although a limit of 2000 image lookups per days was introduced)

On November 1, 2011 a major update to version 2 of the API was released.^[10] This new release dropped support for Xml, data is always returned in Json format, however the monthly data dumps of new data are only provided in Xml format.

Contribution system[link]

The data in Discogs comes from submissions contributed by users who have registered accounts on the web site. The system has gone through 4 major revisions.

Version One (V1)[link]

All incoming submissions were checked for formal and factual correctness by privileged users called "moderators", or "mods" for short, who had been selected by site management. Submissions and edits wouldn't become visible or searchable until they received a single positive vote from a "mod". An even smaller pool of super-moderators called "editors" had the power to vote on proposed edits to artist & label data.

Version Two (V2)[link]

This version introduced the concept of "submission limits" which prevented new users from submitting more than 2-3 releases for moderation. The number of possible submissions by a user increased on a logarithmic scale. The purpose of this was two-fold: 1) it helped keep the submission queue fairly small and manageable for moderators, and 2) it allowed the new user to acclimatise themselves slowly with the many formatting rules and guidelines of submitting to Discogs. Releases required a number of votes to be accepted into the database - initially the number of votes required was from 4 different moderators but in time the amount was decreased to 3 and then 2.

Version Three (V3)[link]

V3 launched in August 2007. Submission limits were eliminated, allowing each user to submit an unlimited number of updates and new entries. New releases added to the database were explicitly marked as "Unmoderated" with a top banner, and updates to existing items, such as releases, artists, or labels, were not shown (or available to search engines or casual visitors) until they were approved by the moderators.^[11]

Version Four (V4)[link]

This system launched on 10 March 2008. New submissions and edits currently take effect immediately. Any time a new release is added or old release edited, that entry becomes flagged as needing "votes" (initially, "review," but this term caused confusion). A flagged entry is marked as a full yellow bar across a release in the list views and, like version three, a banner on the submission itself — although, initially, this banner was omitted.

Any item can be voted on at any time, even if it isn't flagged. Votes consist of a rating of the correctness & completeness of the full set of data for an item (not just the most recent changes), as assessed by users who have been automatically determined, by an undisclosed algorithm, to be experienced & reliable enough to be allowed to cast votes. An item's "average" vote is displayed with the item's data.^[12]

The ranking system has also changed in v4. In v3, rank points were only awarded to submitters when a submission was "Accepted" by moderator votes. While in v4, rank points are now awarded immediately when a submission is made, regardless of the accuracy of the information and what votes it eventually receives, if any.^[13]

Software[link]

Tag editors[link]

• ASMT MP3 Tagger — single release tagger with Discogs support.
• foobar2000 — freeware media player & music management software with a plugin for Discogs support.
• Helium Music Manager — music management software with a plugin for Discogs support.
• Jaikoz - OSX/Windows/Linux spreadsheet-based tag editor with Discogs support
• MP3 Collection Organizer — batch tagger with Discogs support.
• Mp3tag — freeware tag editor with Discogs support (batch and spreadsheet interfaces).
• OrangeCD Catalog - music management software with Discogs support.
• Tagog — Linux audio file tagger with Discogs support.
• TagScanner — freeware tag editor with Discogs, FreeDB, TrackType.org support.
• TigoTago — spreadsheet-based tag editor with Discogs support.
• The GodFather — freeware tag editor with Discogs script support.
• The Tagger — MP3 and AAC formats tag editor for Mac OS X with Discogs support.
• Kid3 — Open-source project, tagger for all common music formats with Discogs support.

Other[link]

• MP3 Filenamer - Online MP3 file name generator, based on Discogs release data.
• Discogs Bar - Discogs navigation and search control toolbar for Firefox.
• Album Art Downloader - Discogs cover art downloads.
• WWW::Discogs - Perl module for interfacing with the Discogs API.

See also[link]

• List of online music databases

References[link]

External links[link]

Main sites[link]

• Discogs – official site
• Discogs Pivotal Tracker – ongoing site issues/bugs and future feature implementation
• Discogs wiki – Discogs own wiki site, for discussions on issues and future feature ideas
• Disbugs – ongoing site issues/bugs and feature requests (archive)

Other sites[link]

• Discogs status blog on Blogger – current site status/maintenance report
• Discogs news blog on Blogger – online diary of news, temporary bugs, feature changes/updates
• Discogs on Facebook – online social networking for users
• Discogs on Twitter – online user chat

Pantha du Prince
Pantha du Prince at Rocket Bar, Boston on May 31, 2007
Background information
Birth name	Hendrik Weber
Also known as	Panthel, Glühen 4
Origin	Germany
Genres	Electronic Minimal Techno Microhouse Dark ambient
Years active	2002–present
Labels	Dial Records Rough Trade
Website	http://www.panthaduprince.com

Hendrik Weber, better known as Pantha du Prince, Panthel and Glühen 4 is a German electronic music producer and DJ affiliated with Hamburg's Dial music label^[1][2] and British label Rough Trade.^[3]

Career[link]

Weber's style as Pantha du Prince evolved from the harder end of the house music spectrum^[1] and minimal techno to something the artist himself describes as 'Sonic House', incorporating acoustic elements, electronically altered field recordings,^[4] and shoegazing references.^[5] He launched his Pantha du Prince identity in 2002, with the four-track 12" "Nowhere".^[6] His first full-length CD/double LP, Diamond Daze (2004), featured hard-edged club songs,^[1] with Weber sampling The Chills’ "Pink Frost"^[7] on the track "Circle Glider".^[6] Writing for allmusic, Jason Birchmeier also detected an affinity for shoegaze bands such as My Bloody Valentine and Slowdive as well as for the stylings of Detroit Techno producer Carl Craig.^[6] Weber’s 2005 remix 12" "Butterfly Girl Versions" and the 2006 "Lichten/Walden" 12" were again published on the German Dial label.^[6]. In 2007, Weber released This Bliss^[3] in which he explored travel, time, and the joy of forward motion.^[1] Commenting on the album’s juxtaposition of ethereal melodic elements and a dance music backbone, Tim Finney gave it 7.7 out of 10 in a review for Pitchfork.^[8] The New York Times critic Jon Caramanica described This Bliss as Pantha du Prince's "high-water mark", "a pensive, slender and tough album".^[9] In 2010, Weber switched labels to Rough Trade Records before releasing his third album Black Noise.^[9]

Discography[link]

As Pantha du Prince[link]

Albums[link]

• Diamond Daze (2004)
• This Bliss (2007)
• Black Noise (2010)

Singles[link]

• Nowhere (2002)
• Butterfly Girl Versions (2005)
• Lichten/Walden (2006)
• Behind The Stars (2009)

As Glühen 4[link]

Albums[link]

• Das Schweigen der Sirenen (2003)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Official Myspace
• Pantha du Prince at Allmusic
• Pantha du Prince on Discogs

Yellow Magic Orchestra
YMO after playing a 2008 concert in London
Background information
Also known as	Yellow Magic Band, YMO, YMO, Sketch Show, Human Audio Sponge, HAS, HASYMO
Origin	Tokyo, Japan
Genres	Electronic, Dance, House, Avant-garde, Experimental, Synthpop, Worldbeat, New Wave, Techno
Years active	1977–1983, 1992–1993, 2002–2004, 2007–present
Labels	Alfa Records (Japan) A&M Records Toshiba-EMI Restless Records Sony Music House (Japan) Commmons (Japan)
Members
Haruomi "Harry" Hosono Yukihiro Takahashi Ryuichi Sakamoto
Past members
Hideki Matsutake

Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO) is a Japanese electronic music band consisting of principal members Haruomi Hosono (bass and keyboards and vocals), Yukihiro Takahashi (drums and lead vocals) and Ryuichi Sakamoto (keyboards and vocals).^[1] The band's former "fourth member" was music programmer Hideki Matsutake.^[2]

They are often considered influential innovators in the field of popular electronic music.^[1][3] They helped pioneer synthpop^[4][5] and ambient house,^[1] helped usher in electronica,^[6] anticipated the beats and sounds of electro music,^[7] laid the foundations for contemporary J-pop,^[8] and contributed to the development of house,^[1][9] techno,^[9][10] and hip hop.^[6] More broadly, their influence is evident across many genres of popular music, including electronic dance,^[3] ambient music,^[1][11] chiptune, game music,^[12] pop,^[4][11] rock, and melodic music.^[4]

History[link]

Early years and formation (1976–1978)[link]

Prior to the group's formation, Sakamoto had been experimenting with electronic music equipment at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, which he entered in 1970, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog, and ARP.^[13] At around the same time, Hosono had been involved in the recording of several early electronic rock records, including Yōsui Inoue's folk pop rock album Kōri no Sekai (1973) and Osamu Kitajima's progressive psychedelic rock album Benzaiten (1974), both of which utilized synthesizers, electric guitars, electric bass, and in the latter, electronic drums and rhythm machines.^[14][15]

Also around the same time, the band's future "fourth member" Hideki Matsutake was the assistant for the internationally successful electronic musician Isao Tomita. Much of the methods and techniques developed by both Tomita and Matsutake during the early 1970s would later be employed by Yellow Magic Orchestra.^[2] Other early influences on the band included Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder.^[1] The former was particularly an influence on Sakamoto, who heard the band in the mid-1970s and later introduced them to his fellow band members.^[16] They were impressed with Kraftwerk's "very formalized" style but wanted to avoid imitating their "very German" approach. According to Sakamoto, they were "tired" of Japanese musicians imitating Western and American music at the time and so they wanted to "make something very original from Japan."^[16] He described Kraftwerk's music as "theoretical, very focused, simple and minimal and strong," contrasting it with YMO's "very Japanese" approach of fusing many different styles of music like a "bento box."^[13] Their alternative template for electronic pop was less minimalistic, made more varying use of synthesizer lines, introduced "fun-loving and breezy" sounds,^[17] and placed a strong emphasis on melody.^[16]

	"Firecracker" noicon A sample of "Firecracker" from the 1978 album Yellow Magic Orchestra. It was combined with the "Computer Game" track into a hit single called "Computer Game". It was later sampled by artists such as Afrika Bambaata and Jennifer Lopez.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Sakamoto first worked with Hosono as a member of his live band in 1976, while Takahashi recruited Sakamoto to produce his debut solo recording in 1977 following the split of the Sadistic Mika Band. Hosono invited both to work on his exotica-flavoured album Paraiso, which included electronic songs produced using various electronic equipment such as the Yamaha CS-80 polyphonic synthesizer, Roland and ARP Odyssey synthesizers, the Yamaha CP-30 and Rhodes electric pianos, and electric guitar. The band was named "Harry Hosono and the Yellow Magic Band" and in late 1977 they began recording Paraiso, which was released in 1978.^[18] The three worked together again for the 1978 electronic album Pacific, which included an early version of the song "Cosmic Surfin".^[19] Hosono and Sakamoto also worked together alongside Hideki Matsutake in early 1978 for Hosono's experimental "electro-exotica" fusion album Cochin Moon, which fused electronic music with Indian music (reminiscent of Ravi Shankar and Bollywood music), including an early "synth raga" song "Hum Ghar Sajan".^[20] The same year, Sakamoto released his own solo album, The Thousand Knives of Ryuichi Sakamoto, experimenting with a similar fusion between electronic music and traditional Japanese music in early 1978. Hosono also contributed to one of Sakamoto's songs, "Thousand Knives", in the album.^[21] Thousand Knives was also notable for its early use of the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 Microcomposer music sequencer, with Matsutake as its music programmer for the album.^[22] Hosono, Sakamoto and Takahashi eventually collaborated again to form the Yellow Magic Orchestra and they began recording their self-titled album at a Shibaura studio in July 1978.^[23]

The band was initially conceived as a one-off studio project by Hosono, the other two members being recruited session musicians—the idea was to produce an album fusing orientalist exotica with modern electronics, as a subversion of Orientalism and exoticization, while exploring similar themes such as Asianness. The album would eventually be called Yellow Magic Orchestra, as a satire of Japan's obsession with black magic at the time.^[6] The album featured the use of computer technology (along with synthesizers) which, according to Billboard, allowed the group to create a new sound that was not possible until then.^[24]

National and international success (1978–1983)[link]

The band's 1978 self-titled album Yellow Magic Orchestra, with its cutting-edge production, was very popular, and the studio project grew into a fully fledged touring band and career for its three members. Following the release of the album Yellow Magic Orchestra, a live date at the Roppongi Pit Inn was seen by executives of A&M Records of the USA who were in the process of setting up a partnership deal with Alfa Records. This led to the YMO being offered an international deal, at which point (early 1979) the three members decided the group would be given priority over their solo careers. The most popular international hit from the album was "Firecracker", which would be released as a single the following year and again as "Computer Game", which became a success in the United States and Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Following an advertising deal with Fuji Cassette, the group sparked a boom in the popularity of electronic pop music, called "Technopop" in Japan,^[6][25] where they had an impact similar to that of The Beatles and Merseybeat in 1960s Britain.^[6] For some time, YMO was the most popular band in Japan.^[6] A testament to the influence of YMO on fashion is how many middle-aged Japanese businessmen still have the "Techno cut" haircut, modeled after the group.^{[citation needed]} Successful solo act Akiko Yano (later married to Sakamoto) joined the band for its live performances in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but did not participate in the studio recordings. On the other hand, the YMO trio contributed to her own albums and became part of her live band, during these same years.^{[citation needed]}

Making abundant use of new synthesizers, samplers, sequencers, drum machines, computers and digital recording technology as it became available, as well as utilizing cyberpunk-ish lyrics sung mostly in English, they extended their popularity and influence beyond Japan.^[1][25][26]

Solid State Survivor, released in 1979, was YMO's pinnacle recording in Japan, winning the 1980 Best Album Award in the Japan Record Awards. It featured English lyrics by Chris Mosdell, whose sci-fi themes often depicted a human condition alienated by dystopic futures, much like the emerging cyberpunk movement in fiction at that time. One of the album's major singles, and one of the band's biggest international hits, was "Behind the Mask", which YMO had first produced in 1978 for a Seiko quartz wristwatch commercial,^[27] and then for Solid State Survivor with lyrics penned by Chris Mosdell. The song was later revised by Michael Jackson, who added new lyrics in the early 1980s.^[28] Jackson's version was never released until his first posthumous album, Michael, though his additional lyrics were included in later cover versions of the song by Greg Phillinganes, Eric Clapton,^[29] and Ryuichi Sakamoto himself in his 1986 solo release Media Bahn Live.^{[citation needed]}

	"Behind the Mask" noicon A sample of "Behind the Mask" from the 1979 album Solid State Survivor. It was a synthpop song originally produced in 1978 for a Seiko commercial. Cover versions were later performed by artists such as Michael Jackson and Eric Clapton.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Their second album Solid State Survivor went on to sell over 2 million records worldwide.^[30] By 1980, YMO had become the most popular group in Japan, where they were performing to sold out crowds. Their first live album Public Pressure set a record in Japan, topping the charts and selling 250,000 copies within two weeks, while their next studio album X∞Multiplies had 200,000 pre-orders before release.^[25] The same year, their albums Solid State Survivor and X∞Multiplies held the top two spots on the Oricon charts for seven consecutive weeks, making YMO the only band in Japanese chart history to achieve this feat.^[31]

They also had similar success abroad, performing to sold-out crowds during tours in the United States and Europe.^[25] The single "Computer Game" had sold 400,000 copies in the United States^[25] and reached No. 17 in the UK Charts. The group also performed "Firecracker" and "Tighten Up" live on the Soul Train television show. At around the same time, the 1980 song "Riot in Lagos" by YMO member Sakamoto pioneered the beats and sounds of electro music.^[7][32] The band was particularly popular with the emerging hip hop community, which appreciated the group's electronic sounds, and in the Bronx where "Firecracker" was a success and sampled in the famous Death Mix (1983) by Afrika Bambaataa.^[7][33] Meanwhile in Japan, YMO remained the best-selling music act there up until 1982.^[34]

Breakup and brief reunion (1984–1993)[link]

The band had stopped working as a group by 1984, after the release of their musical motion picture Propaganda, the three members returning to their solo careers. The group were careful to avoid saying they had "split up", preferring to use the Japanese phrase meaning "spreading out" (散開, sankai^?), and in fact the trio continued to play on each other's recordings and made guest appearances at live shows. Takahashi, in particular, would play YMO material in his concerts and as "lead singer" was arguably best placed to do so. Meanwhile, Sakamoto would gain international success for his work as a solo artist, actor, and film composer,^[11] winning Grammy, Oscar and Golden Globe awards.^[35]

The trio would eventually release a one-off reunion album, Technodon, and credited it to 'NOT YMO' (YMO crossed out with a calligraphy X) or YMO in 1993.^{[citation needed]} Instead of traditional vocals, about half of it features field audio recordings and samples of authors and scientists reading their work.^{[citation needed]} During their brief reunion in the early 1990s, they continued to experiment with new styles of electronic music, playing an instrumental role in the techno and acid house movements of the era.^[9]

Post-breakup and reformation (1994–present)[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011)

The early 2000s saw Hosono & Takahashi reunited in a project called Sketch Show. On a number of occasions Ryuichi Sakamoto has joined in on Sketch Show performances and recording sessions. He later proposed they rename the group Human Audio Sponge when he participates. Barcelona performance at Sonar festival and Wild Sketch Show DVDs chronicle these reunions, and include a tongue-in-cheek Japanese text only history of the group that spans to 2036.

The band have reunited in 2007 for an advertising campaign for Kirin Lager which lampooned their longevity and charted No.1 on various Japanese digital download charts (including iTunes Store chart) with the song "Rydeen 79/07", released on Sakamoto's new label commmons. Recently performing live as Human Audio Sponge; Hosono, Sakamoto and Takahashi did a live performance together as Yellow Magic Orchestra for the Live Earth, Kyoto event on July 7, 2007, which raised money and awareness of a "climate in crisis."

In August 2007, the band once again reformed, taking the name HASYMO or HAS/YMO, combining the names of Human Audio Sponge and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Their first single under this name, "Rescue", was written for the film Appleseed EX Machina. They released a new two song single titled "The City of Light/Tokyo Town Pages" on August 6, 2008. HASYMO played two live concerts in Europe in the summer of 2008, one at the Royal Festival Hall, London on June 15, as part of the Meltdown festival of music curated by Massive Attack and another in Gijon, Spain on the 19th. Although the primary YMO members (Yukihiro Takahashi, Haruomi Hosono, and Ryuichi Sakamoto) are effectively known as HASYMO and played both these concerts, these concerts were billed simply as "YMO" but featured only 4 YMO songs in each concert while the rest of the concert featured Sketch Show, HASYMO music and member's solo works.

In August 2009, the band played the World Happiness festival in Japan, featuring many Japanese artists. The band closed the night, and confirmed that "Yellow Magic Orchestra" is their official name, dropping the HASYMO title. They opened with a cover of "Hello, Goodbye" and performed old YMO songs along with their newer songs.^[36]

In August 2010, YMO once again closed their World Happiness festival. They added classic songs from their back catalog into their set list. They also covered "Hello, Goodbye" and "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)".^[37] In January 2011, KCRW announced for their World Festival concert series that Yellow Magic Orchestra will perform at the Hollywood Bowl on June 26, 2011.^[38] Not long after, a concert for June 27, 2011 at The Warfield was added.^[39] It was announced in February that YMO will perform at the Fuji Rock festival in July and the World Happiness festival 2011 on August 7 where they will debut new songs.

Legacy[link]

In 1993, Johnny Black of Hi-Fi News, in a review for the record Hi-Tech/No Crime, described Yellow Magic Orchestra as "the most adventurous and influential electro-techno-dance technicians the world has produced" and further argued that "without them (and Kraftwerk) today's music would still sound like yesterday's music."^[3] In 2001, Jason Ankeny of the Allmusic Guide to Electronica described Yellow Magic Orchestra as "a seminal influence on contemporary electronic music – hugely popular both at home and abroad" and placed them "second only to Kraftwerk as innovators of today's electronic culture."^[40] In HMV Japan's list of top 100 Japanese musicians of all time, YMO were voted second place, behind only Southern All Stars, a pop-rock band who remain largely unknown outside of Japan.^[41]

Innovations[link]

Yellow Magic Orchestra were pioneers in their use of synthesizers, samplers, sequencers, drum machines, computers, and digital recording technology in popular music,^[1][25][26] during a time when these technologies were seen as novelties.^[26] The band is considered "ahead of their time," for anticipating the global trend towards drum machines and sampling,^[42] for having anticipated the "electropop boom" of the 1980s,^[43] their "pro-technological viewpoint," their use of video game sounds and bleeps (as in 1978's "Computer Game", for example),^[44] and for experimenting heavily with computers and electronic instruments.^[45] Their approach to sampling music was a precursor to the contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology.^[46] Their 1978 hit "Computer Game / Firecracker", for example, sampled Martin Denny's 1959 exotica melody "Firecracker"^[6] and arcade game sounds from Space Invaders and Circus.^[6][47] According to The Vinyl District magazine, they also released the first album to feature mostly samples and loops (1981's Technodelic).^[45] The pace at which the band's music evolved has been compared to that of The Beatles during the 1960s, according to SF Weekly, from "zany exotica-disco spoofs" and "bleeps and blips" in the 1970s to "sensuous musique concrète perfected" in their 1983 albums Naughty Boys and Service.^[16]

According to music writer Piero Scaruffi, YMO were pioneers of synthpop,^[4] a genre development he believes to be "perhaps the single most significant event in melodic music since Mersey-beat" with its influence still evident in contemporary rock and pop music.^[4] While their contemporaries in Düsseldorf, and later Detroit, were using synthesizer technology to create bleak dystopian music, YMO introduced a more "joyous and liberating" approach to electronic music, something that Sakamoto regards as "a Japanese thing."^[6] In contrast to Kraftwerk's "robot pop"^[48] which was more minimalistic and statuesque, YMO's template for electronic pop was less minimalistic and made more varying use of synthesizer lines, while introducing "fun-loving and breezy" sounds,^[17] and with a strong focus on melody.^[16] The band also drew from a wider range of influences than had been employed by Kraftwerk.^[49] These influences on YMO included Japanese electronic music (such as Isao Tomita), European electronic music (such as Kraftwerk),^[50] exotica (such as Martin Denny),^[49] traditional Japanese music, experimental Chinese music (of the Cultural Revolution era),^[16] Indian music (such as Ravi Shankar and Bollywood music),^[20] disco (such as Giorgio Moroder),^[1] video game samples (such as Space Invaders),^[6][47] American rap,^[51] British pop rock (such as The Beatles), Caribbean ska,^[49] classical music,^[13] animal sounds (such as the horse-running rhythms in 1979's "Rydeen"),^[52] and noise.^[53] Sakamoto referred to the band's fusion of many different sounds and styles as the musical equivalent to a Japanese bento box,^[54] and has expressed that his "concept when making music is that there is no border between music and noise."^[53]

For their album Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), the band utilized a wide variety of electronic music equipment, including the Korg PS-3100 polyphonic synthesizer, Moog III-C and Minimoog monosynths, Polymoog and ARP Odyssey analog synthesizers, Oberheim Eight-Voice synthesizer, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Korg VC-10 vocoder, the electronic drum kits Yamaha Drums and Syn-Drums, and the Fender Bass electric bass.^[23] It was also one of the earliest popular music albums to utilize the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer, which was programmed by Hideki Matsutake during recording sessions;^[23] the other early popular music record to utilize it was Sakamoto's solo album Thousand Knives, where it was also programmed by Matsutake.^[22] Roland called the MC-8 a "computer music composer" and it was the first stand-alone microprocessor-based music sequencer.^[55][56][57] It also introduced features such as a keypad to enter note information and 16 KB of RAM which allowed a maximum sequence length of 5200 notes, a huge step forward from the 8–16 step sequencers of the era.^[56] While it was commercially unsuccessful due to its high price,^[56] the band were among the few bands at the time to utilize the MC-8, which they described as, along with its music programmer Hideki Matsutake, an "inevitable factor" in both their music production and live performances.^[2] At the time, Billboard noted that the use of such computer-based technology in conjunction with synthesizers allowed Yellow Magic Orchestra to create new sounds that were not possible until then.^[24] Yellow Magic Orchestra was also the first computer-themed music album, coming before Kraftwerk's Computer World (1981) by several years.^[12] As a result of such innovations, YMO were credited at the time for having "ushered in the age of the computer programmer as rock star."^[25]

In 1980, Yellow Magic Orchestra was the first band to utilize the Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, one of the first programmable drum machines, which since the mid-1980s has been used in more hit records than any other drum machine.

They were also the first band to utilize the Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, one of the first and most influential programmable drum machines, as soon as it was released in 1980.^[58] While the machine was initially unsuccessful due to its lack of digital sampling that the rival Linn LM-1 offered, the TR-808 featured various unique artificial percussion sounds,^[58] including a deep bass kick drum,^[59][60] "tinny handclap sounds,"^[60] "the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed)," and "the spacey cowbell,"^[58] which YMO utilized and demonstrated in their music, paving the way for the TR-808's mainstream popularity several years later,^[58][59] after which it would be used for more hit records than any other drum machine^[61] and continue to be widely used through to the present day.^[58]

The band has been described as "the original cyberpunks"^[62] and their early work has been described as "proto-techno" music.^[63][64] "Technopolis" (1979) was a tribute to Tokyo as an electronic mecca, used the term "techno" in its title, and foreshadowed concepts that Juan Atkins and Rick Davis would later have with Cybotron.^[49] The 1979 Solid State Survivor album also included several early computerized synth rock songs,^[25][35] including a mechanized cover version of "Day Tripper" by The Beatles.^[35] The 1980 song "Multiplies" was an early experiment in electronic ska.^[49] The beats and sounds of electro music were pioneered by Sakamoto's 1980 song "Riot in Lagos".^[7][32] "Rap Phenomena" from YMO's 1981 album BGM was an early attempt at electronic rap.^[51] By the 1990s, YMO were also frequently cited as pioneers of ambient house music.^[1]

Influence[link]

Yellow Magic Orchestra are considered pioneers in the field of popular electronic music, and continue to be remixed or sampled by modern artists,^[1] including electronica acts Yamantaka Eye and LFO, jungle band 4hero, electrolatino artist Senor Coconut, ambient house pioneers The Orb and 808 State,^[13] electronic music groups Orbital^[65] and The Human League,^[66] hip hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa,^[7] and mainstream pop musicians such as Michael Jackson, Quincy Jones, Greg Phillinganes,^[65] Eric Clapton,^[29] Mariah Carey, and Jennifer Lopez.^[67]

YMO's success with music technology encouraged many others, with their influence strongly felt in the British electronic scene of the early 1980s in particular.^[30] They influenced many early British synthpop acts, including Ultravox, John Foxx, Gary Numan, Duran Duran, Eric Clapton,^[6] Depeche Mode,^[1] Camouflage,^[1][68] OMD, The Human League,^[16] Visage,^[69] and Art of Noise,^[70] as well as American rock musicians such as Todd Rundgren.^[6] They also influenced the New Romantic movement,^[71] including British bands Duran Duran^[6] and Japan, whose member Steve Jansen was influenced by drummer Takahashi,^[72] while lead member David Sylvian was influenced by Sakamoto,^[73] who would later collaborate with Sylvian.^[72] YMO also popularized a style of live performance that eschewed human movement in favour of electronics such as rhythm boxes and samplers.^[71] The band also influenced the heavy use of sampling and looping in popular music.^[45]

The 1978 song "Behind the Mask" was an international hit covered by various later artists, most famously Michael Jackson.^[65][74] Alongside Quincy Jones, Jackson produced a slightly more dance-funk version of the techno classic with additional lyrics, originally intended for his best-selling album Thriller (1982). Despite the approval of songwriter Sakamoto and lyricist Chris Mosdell, it was eventually removed from the album due to legal issues with YMO's management. Nevertheless, various cover versions were later performed by Greg Phillinganes, Eric Clapton, Orbital, and The Human League, among others, before Jackson's cover version eventually appeared on the posthumous Michael album in 2010.^[65]

	"Riot in Lagos" noicon A sample of the 1980 song "Riot in Lagos" by YMO member Ryuichi Sakamoto. This song is credited for having anticipated the beats and sounds of electro music.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

The band was popular with the emerging hip hop community, which appreciated the group's new electronic sounds, and in the Bronx where "Firecracker" was a success and sampled in the famous Death Mix by Afrika Bambaataa.^[7][33] According to The Guardian, they "may have just invented hip-hop"; the hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa credited the band as an inspiration and once remarked that YMO invented hip hop music (in a half-joking manner).^[6] Afrika Bambaataa's influential song "Planet Rock" was partly inspired by YMO.^[75][76] The "terse videogame-funk" sounds of YMO's "Computer Game" would have a strong influence on the emerging electro and hip hop genres.^[13] Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" was cited by Kurtis Mantronik as a major influence on his early electro hip hop group Mantronix;^[77] he included both "Computer Game" and "Riot in Lagos" in his compilation album That's My Beat (2002) which consists of the songs that influenced his early career.^[78] The song was also later included in Playgroup's compilation album Kings of Electro (2007), alongside later electro classics such as Hashim's "Al-Nafyish" (1983).^[79] The 1980 release of "Riot in Lagos" was also listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music.^[80] YMO's use of video game sounds and bleeps also had a particularly big influence on 1980s hip hop^[81] and pop music.^[16] Beyond electro acts, "Computer Game / Firecracker" was also sampled by a number of other later artists, including 2 Live Crew's "Mega-Mixx II" (1987),^[82] " De La Soul's "Funky Towel" (for the 1996 film Joe's Apartment),^[83] Jennifer Lopez's worldwide hit "I'm Real" (2001), and the original unreleased version of Mariah Carey's "Loverboy" (2001).^[67]

YMO also had an impact on techno music,^[10] including its pioneers Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, and Derrick May,^[84] who cited YMO as an important influence on their work alongside Kraftwerk.^[85] YMO continued to influence later techno musicians such as Surgeon, μ-Ziq, and Cosmic Baby.^[1] "Technopolis" (1979) in particular is considered an "interesting contribution" to the development of Detroit techno and the group Cybotron.^[49] "Computer Game" (1978) also influenced Sheffield's bleep techno music; the Warp record, Sweet Exorcist's "Testone" (1990), defined Sheffield's techno sound by making playful use of sampled sounds from "Computer Game" along with dialogues from the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).^[86] "Computer Game" (1978) was later included in Carl Craig's compilation album Kings of Techno (2006).^[87] Also in the 1990s, YMO had an impact on ambient house pioneers such as The Orb and 808 State,^[13] as well as Ultramarine and other ambient/house artists.^[1] This resulted in the release of the tribute remix album Yellow Magic Orchestra: Hi-Tech/No Crime in 1993,^[1] by leading ambient, house and techno musicians at the time, including The Orb, 808 State, and Orbital.^[88] The music YMO produced during their comeback in the early 1990s also played an instrumental role in the techno and acid house movements towards the end of the 20th century.^[9] The band's use of oriental musical scales and video game sounds has continued to be an influence on 21st-century electronica acts such as Dizzee Rascal, Kieran Hebden,^[6] and Ikonika.^[89] In 2006, Senor Coconut paid tribute to the band with his Yellow Fever! album.^[26]

The band has also been very influential in its homeland Japan, where they had become more popular than The Beatles during the late 1970s and 1980s.^[6] Their albums Solid State Survivor and X∞Multiplies held the top two spots on the Oricon charts for seven consecutive weeks in 1980, making YMO the only band in Japanese chart history to achieve this feat.^[31] Young fans of their music during this period became known as the "YMO Generation" (YMO世代, YMO Sedai^?).^[90] The band had a significant impact on Japanese pop music, which started becoming increasingly dominated by electronic and computer music due to YMO's influence.^[50] YMO were one of the most important acts in Japan's "New Music" movement and paved the way for the emergence of contemporary J-pop in the 1980s.^[8] They also inspired early ambient techno artists such as Tetsu Inoue,^[91] and the classical music composer Joe Hisaishi.^[92]

YMO also influenced many video game composers and had a major impact on the sounds used in much of the chiptune and video game music produced during the 8-bit and 16-bit eras.^[12] As a result, several video game composers, including Shinji Hosoe and Nobuyoshi Sano, formed a parody band called "Oriental Magnetic Yellow" (OMY) in 1994, producing parody cover versions of various YMO records.^[93] Various cover versions of "Kimi ni Mune Kyun" (1983) have also been produced by other artists,^[82] including The Human League in 1993 ("YMO Versus The Human League")^[66] and Asako Toki in 2006.^[82] In 2009, a cover of "Kimi ni Mune Kyun" was used as the ending theme song for the anime series Maria Holic, sung by Asami Sanada, Marina Inoue, and Yū Kobayashi, the voice actresses of the main characters.

Discography[link]

Studio albums and variations[link]

• 1978 Yellow Magic Orchestra – Japan #17,^[94] US #81^[95]
• 1979 Solid State Survivor – Japan #1^[94]
• 1980 ×∞ Multiplies (a.k.a. Zoshoku) – Japan #1,^[94] US #177^[96]
• 1981 BGM – Japan #2^[94]
• 1981 Technodelic – Japan #4^[94]
• 1983 Naughty Boys – Japan #1^[94]
• 1983 Naughty Boys Instrumental – Japan #18^[94]
• 1983 Service – Japan #5^[94]
• 1993 Technodon – Japan #2^[94]

Live albums[link]

• 1980 Public Pressure – Japan #1^[94]
• 1984 After Service – Japan #2^[94]
• 1991 Faker Holic (Transatlantic Tour 1979) – Japan #50^[94]
• 1992 Complete Service (mixed by Brian Eno) – Japan #37^[94]
• 1993 Technodon Live – Japan #12^[94]
• 1993 Live At The Budokan 1980 – Japan #87^[94]
• 1993 Live At Kinokuniya Hall 1978 – Japan #55^[94]
• 1995 Winter Live 1981
• 1996 World Tour 1980 – Japan #59^[94]
• 1997 Live At The Greek Theatre 1979
• 2008 Euymo – Yellow Magic Orchestra Live in London + Gijon 2008
• 2008 LONDONYMO - Yellow Magic Orchestra Live in London 15/6 08
• 2008 Gijonymo – Yellow Magic Orchestra Live in Gijon 19/6 08

Compilation albums[link]

• 1984 Sealed
• 1992 Technobible
• 1992 Kyoretsu Na Rhythm
• 2000 YMO Go Home! : The Best of Yellow Magic Orchestra, (compiled by Haruomi Hosono)
• 2001 One More YMO: The Best of YMO Live (compiled by Yukihiro Takahashi)
• 2003 UC YMO: Ultimate Collection of Yellow Magic Orchestra (compiled by Ryuichi Sakamoto)
• 2011 YMO (compiled by YMO)

Remix albums[link]

• 1992 Hi-tech/No Crime (Yellow Magic Orchestra Reconstructed) (UK compilation of remixes by British artists)
• 2000 YMO Remixes Technopolis 2000-00 (Japanese compilation of remixes by Japanese artists)

Original singles[link]

• "Firecracker" (1978, Japan;^[97] 1979, US, UK)^[98]
• "Yellow Magic (Tong Poo)" (1978, Japan;^[97] 1979, UK)
• "Computer Game" (1979, US, Canada,^[99] Europe^[100]) – UK #17,^[101] US #60^[102]
• "Cosmic Surfin" (1979, US)^[103]
• "La Femme Chinoise" (1979, Europe)^[100] (Lyrics: Chris Mosdell)
• "Technopolis" (1979, Japan) – Japan #9^[104]
• "Rydeen" (1980, Japan; 1982, UK) – Japan #15^[104]
• "Behind the Mask" (1979, US; 1980, UK, Italy)^[105] (Lyrics: Chris Mosdell)
• "Nice Age" (1980, UK, Netherlands) (Lyrics: Chris Mosdell)
• "Tighten Up (Japanese Gentlemen Stand Up Please)" (cover version of Archie Bell & the Drells hit; 1980, Japan, US, UK)^[106] – Japan #43^[104]
• "Cue" (1981, Japan, US)^[107]
• "Mass" (1981, Japan)
• "Taiso" (1982, Australia, Japan)
• "Pure Jam" (1982, Spain)
• "Kimi ni Mune Kyun" (1983, Japan) – Japan #2^[104]
• "The Spirit of Techno / Kageki na Shukujo" (1983, Japan)^[108] – Japan #15^[104]
• "Ishin Denshin (You've Got To Help Yourself)" (1983, Japan) – Japan #23^[104]
• "Every Time I Look Around (I Hear The Madmen Call)" (1983, Holland)
• Reconstructions EP (1992, UK)
• "Pocketful of Rainbows" (1993, Japan) – Japan #13^[104]
• "Be A Superman" (1993, Japan) – Japan #76^[104]
• "Rescue / Rydeen 79/07" (2007, Japan) – Digital download release: March 10, 2007, CD release: August 22, 2007
• "The City of Light / Tokyo Town Pages" (2008, Japan)
• "Good Morning, Good Night" (2009, Japan) – by HASYMO

See also[link]

• Sketch Show (Takahashi & Hosono)
• Sadistic Mika Band (Takahashi & Mosdell)
• Happy End (band) (Hosono)
• Haruomi Hosono
• Ryuichi Sakamoto
• Yukihiro Takahashi
• Hideki Matsutake
• Chris Mosdell
• Akiko Yano
• Sandii & the Sunsetz
• Sheena & The Rokkets
• Susan (Japanese singer)

References[link]

External links[link]

• YMO (Japanese)
• Official Facebook website
• Official MySpace website

Olof Dreijer
Olof Dreijer of The Knife performing at Sónar in 2006
Background information
Also known as	DJ Coolof, Oni Ayhun
Born	(1981-11-27) 27 November 1981 (age 30)
Origin	Nacka, Sweden
Genres	Alternative rock Electronica
Occupations	Record Producer, DJ
Years active	2000–present
Labels	Rabid Records
Associated acts	The Knife
Website	Official The Knife website

Olof Bjorn Dreijer (born 27 November 1981) is a member of the electronica duo The Knife, formed with his sister Karin Dreijer Andersson.^[1]

Although The Knife very rarely performs live concerts, Olof performs as DJ Coolof in nightclubs across Europe.

In late 2009 and early 2010 Olof released four EPs under the pseudonym Oni Ayhun.

In late 2010 Olof released a remix of Emmanuel Jal's "kuar". In 2011, Olof produced the song "Jam" by Planningtorock from the album W.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Olof Dreijer discography at MusicBrainz
• http://www.oniayhun.com/

This article about a Swedish musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article on a disc jockey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e