- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Union
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
-
union \Un"ion\ (?; 277), n. [F., from L. unio oneness, union, a single large pearl, a kind of onion, fr. unus one. See One, and cf. Onion, Unit.] 1. The act of uniting or joining two or more things into one, or the state of being united or joined; junction; coalition; combination. [1913 Webster]
Note: union differs from connection, as it implies that the bodies are in contact, without an inter?ening body; whereas things may be connected by the in???vention of a third body, as by a cord or chain. [1913 Webster]
2. Agreement and conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affections, or the like; harmony; concord. [1913 Webster]
3. That which is united, or made one; something formed by a combination or coalition of parts or members; a confederation; a consolidated body; a league; as, the weavers have formed a union; trades unions have become very numerous; the United States of America are often called the union. --A. Hamilton. [1913 Webster]
4. A textile fabric composed of two or more materials, as cotton, silk, wool, etc., woven together. [1913 Webster]
5. A large, fine pearl. [Obs.] [1913 Webster]
If they [pearls] be white, great, round, smooth, and weighty . . . our dainties and delicates here at Rome . . . call them unions, as a man would say "singular," and by themselves alone. --Holland. [1913 Webster]
In the cup an union shall he throw, Richer than that which four successive kings In Denmark's crown have worn. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
6. A device emblematic of union, used on a national flag or ensign, sometimes, as in the military standard of Great Britain, covering the whole field; sometimes, as in the flag of the United States, and the English naval and marine flag, occupying the upper inner corner, the rest of the flag being called the fly. Also, a flag having such a device; especially, the flag of Great Britain. [1913 Webster]
Note: The union of the United States ensign is a cluster of white stars, denoting the union of the States, and, properly, equal in number to that of the States, displayed on a blue field; the fly being composed of alternate stripes of red and white. The union of the British ensign is the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick in combination, denoting the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, displayed on a blue field in the national banner used on shore, on a red, white, or blue field in naval ensigns, and with a white border or fly in the merchant service. [1913 Webster] [1913 Webster]
7. (Mach.) A joint or other connection uniting parts of machinery, or the like, as the elastic pipe of a tender connecting it with the feed pipe of a locomotive engine; especially, a pipe fitting for connecting pipes, or pipes and fittings, in such a way as to facilitate disconnection. [1913 Webster]
8. (Brewing) A cask suspended on trunnions, in which fermentation is carried on. [1913 Webster]
Hypostatic union (Theol.) See under Hypostatic.
Latin union. See under Latin.
Legislative union (Eng. Hist.), the union of Great Britain and Ireland, which took place Jan. 1, 1801.
union, or Act of union (Eng. Hist.), the act by which Scotland was united to England, or by which the two kingdoms were incorporated into one, in 1707.
union by the first intention, or union by the second intention. (Surg.) See To heal by the first intention, or To heal by the second intention, under Intention.
union down (Naut.), a signal of distress at sea made by reversing the flag, or turning its union downward.
union jack. (Naut.) See Jack, n., 10.
union joint. (Mech.) (a) A joint formed by means of a union. (b) A piece of pipe made in the form of the letter T. [1913 Webster]
Syn: Unity; junction; connection; concord; alliance; coalition; combination; confederacy.
Usage: union, Unity. union is the act of bringing two or more things together so as to make but one, or the state of being united into one. Unity is a state of simple oneness, either of essence, as the unity of God, or of action, feeling, etc., as unity of design, of affection, etc. Thus, we may speak of effecting a union of interests which shall result in a unity of labor and interest in securing a given object. [1913 Webster]
One kingdom, joy, and union without end. --Milton. [1913 Webster]
[Man] is to . . . beget Like of his like, his image multiplied. In unity defective; which requires Collateral love, and dearest amity. --Milton. [1913 Webster] - union adj 1: being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the union during the American Civil War; "union soldiers"; "Federal forces"; "a Federal infantryman" [syn: union, Federal] 2: of trade unions; "the union movement"; "union negotiations"; "a union-shop clause in the contract" [ant: nonunion] n 1: an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer; "you have to join the union in order to get a job" [syn: union, labor union, trade union, trades union, brotherhood] 2: the United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War); "he has visited every state in the Union"; "Lee hoped to detach Maryland from the union"; "the North's superior resources turned the scale" [syn: union, North] 3: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes; "the casual couplings of adolescents"; "the mating of some species occurs only in the spring" [syn: coupling, mating, pairing, conjugation, union, sexual union] 4: the state of being joined or united or linked; "there is strength in union" [syn: union, unification] [ant: separation] 5: the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce); "a long and happy marriage"; "God bless this union" [syn: marriage, matrimony, union, spousal relationship, wedlock] 6: healing process involving the growing together of the edges of a wound or the growing together of broken bones [syn: union, conglutination] 7: a political unit formed from previously independent people or organizations; "the Soviet union" 8: a set containing all and only the members of two or more given sets; "let C be the union of the sets A and B" [syn: union, sum, join] 9: the occurrence of a uniting of separate parts; "lightning produced an unusual union of the metals" 10: a device on a national flag emblematic of the union of two or more sovereignties (typically in the upper inner corner) 11: the act of making or becoming a single unit; "the union of opposing factions"; "he looked forward to the unification of his family for the holidays" [syn: union, unification, uniting, conjugation, jointure] [ant: disunion]
-
union
1. <set theory> An operation on two sets which returns the set of all elements that are a member of either or both of the argument sets; normally written as an infix upper-case U symbol. The operator generalises to zero or more sets by taking the union of the current partial result (initially the empty set) with the next argument set, in any order.
For example, (a, b, c) U (c, d, e) = (a, b, c, d, e)
2. <programming> A type whose values may be of one of a number of other types, thet current type depending on conditions that are only known at run-time. A variable of union type must be allocated sufficient storage space to hold the largest component type. Some unions include extra information to say which type of value the union currently has (a "tagged union"), others rely on the program to keep track of this independently.
A union contrasts with a structure or record which stores values of all component types at once.
3. <database> An SQL operator that concatenates two result sets, that must have the same number and types of columns. The operator may be followed by the word "ALL" to indicate that results that appear in both sets should appear twice in the output.
(2002-02-26) -
union. By this word is understood the United States of America; as, all good citizens will support the union.
Loading suggestions ...
- Acts of Union 1707
- Alliance
- Arcata, California
- Credit union
- Dynastic union
- European Union
- Gabrielle Union
- Half-union
- Help Disambiguation
- HMS Union
- La Union
- Personal union
- Philadelphia Union
- Political union
- Portuguese language
- Rasa (band)
- Rugby union
- Soviet Union
- Taxpayer groups
- The Union
- Trade union
- Union
- Union (band)
- Union (Chara album)
- Union (comics)
- Union (plumbing)
- Union (Puya album)
- Union (Rasa album)
- Union (set theory)
- Union (ship)
- Union (SQL)
- Union (TTC)
- Union (Union album)
- Union (Yes album)
- Union Island
- Union mount
- Union of India
- Union Public Schools
- Union State
- Union University
- Union, Alabama
- Union, Connecticut
- Union, Illinois
- Union, Iowa
- Union, Kentucky
- Union, Maine
- Union, Mississippi
- Union, Missouri
- Union, Nebraska
- Union, Nevada
- Union, New Hampshire
- Union, New York
- Union, Nova Scotia
- Union, Ohio
- Union, Oregon
- Union, Ubay
- Union, Virginia
- Union, West Virginia
- Uniondale
- United States
- Unión de Santa Fe
- Unión, Paraguay
- USS Union
-
Arcata, California
Arcata is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay (northern) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County, California, United States. In 2006 Arcata's population was estimated to be 17,294. This college town, located north of San Francisco (via Highway 101), is home to Humboldt State University.
http://wn.com/Arcata_California -
La Union
La Union is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Its capital is San Fernando City and borders Ilocos Sur to the north, Benguet to the east, and Pangasinan to the south. To the west of La Union is the South China Sea.
http://wn.com/La_Union -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Union Island
Union Island is part of the nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. It the southernmost island of the Grenadines. It lies 90 kilometers southwest of Barbados and is within view of the islands of Carriacou and the mainland of Grenada, which lie directly south.
http://wn.com/Union_Island -
Union University
Union University is a private, evangelical Christian, liberal arts university located in Jackson, Tennessee, with additional campuses in Germantown, Tennessee, and Hendersonville, Tennessee. The university is affiliated with the Tennessee Baptist Convention and relates to the Southern Baptist Convention.
http://wn.com/Union_University -
Union, Alabama
Union is a town in Greene County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 227. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/Union_Alabama -
Union, Connecticut
Union is a town in Tolland County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 693 at the 2000 census, making it the least populous town in Connecticut and the second-least populous municipality in Connecticut; only the Borough of Fenwick has fewer people. Union includes the village of Mashapaug located in the Metacomet Ridge at the Massachusetts state line.
http://wn.com/Union_Connecticut -
Union, Iowa
Union is a city in Hardin County, Iowa, United States. The population was 427 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Union_Iowa -
Union, Kentucky
Union is a city in Boone County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 2,893.
http://wn.com/Union_Kentucky -
Union, Maine
Union is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,209 at the 2000 census. It is home to the Matthews Museum of Maine Heritage and annual Union Fair.
http://wn.com/Union_Maine -
Union, Mississippi
Union is a town in Neshoba and Newton Counties in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The population was 2,021 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Union_Mississippi -
Union, Missouri
Union is a city in and the county seat of Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 7,757 at the 2000 census. It is located on the Bourbeuse River. The city was founded in 1827 and is named after the ideal of political unity.
http://wn.com/Union_Missouri -
Union, Nebraska
Union is a village in Cass County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 260 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Union_Nebraska -
Union, New Hampshire
#REDIRECTWakefield, New Hampshire
http://wn.com/Union_New_Hampshire -
Union, New York
Union is a town in Broome County, New York. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 56,298. The name derives from the town having served as a rendezvous for the Sullivan Expedition.
http://wn.com/Union_New_York -
Union, Ohio
Union is a city in Montgomery and Miami Counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The population was 5,574 at the 2000 census, and 5,920 at the 2005 census estimate. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/Union_Ohio -
Union, Oregon
Union is a city in Union County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,926 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Union_Oregon -
Union, Virginia
Union is an unincorporated community in Floyd County, Virginia, United States.
http://wn.com/Union_Virginia -
Union, West Virginia
Union is a town in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 548 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Monroe County. Union was so named because in frontier days, the site of the town was a rendezvous for troops during the Indian Wars. It was settled by James Alexander in 1774 and originally charted in 1799. Located east of Union is Rehoboth Church, the oldest Methodist church in West Virginia.
http://wn.com/Union_West_Virginia -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Unión, Paraguay
http://wn.com/Unión_Paraguay
-
Abraham Lincoln
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln -
Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
http://wn.com/Al_Gore -
Alan Keyes
Alan Lee Keyes (born August 7, 1950) is an American conservative political activist, author, former diplomat, and perennial candidate for public office. He ran for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2008, and was a Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1988, 1992, and 2004. Keyes served in the U.S. Foreign Service, was appointed Ambassador to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations under President Ronald Reagan, and served as Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from 1985 to 1987.
http://wn.com/Alan_Keyes -
Alexander Bullock
http://wn.com/Alexander_Bullock -
Alexander H. Rice
http://wn.com/Alexander_H_Rice -
Alf Landon
http://wn.com/Alf_Landon -
Alvan T. Fuller
http://wn.com/Alvan_T_Fuller -
Alyson Kennedy
Alyson Kennedy is an American politician, a member of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and was the party's candidate for vice president in the 2008 United States presidential election. The ticket campaigned for young voters especially. At the head of the ticket were two different candidates, Roger Calero and James Harris; Harris was an alternate in some states because Calero was younger than the constitutional requirement for the office. They were the first pair to qualify for the ballot in Louisiana Calero/Kennedy won 5,127 votes and Harris/Kennedy 2,424.
http://wn.com/Alyson_Kennedy -
Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era of the United States in the four years after the American Civil War. His tenure was controversial as his positions favoring the white South came under heavy political attack from Republicans.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Johnson -
Ann Romney
Ann Romney (born April 16, 1949) is the wife of American businessman and Republican Party politician Mitt Romney. From 2003 to 2007 she was First Lady of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Ann_Romney -
Arthur Summerfield
Arthur Ellsworth Summerfield (Pinconning, Michigan, 17 March 1899 – 26 April 1972 in West Palm Beach, Florida) was a U.S. political figure. He ran (unsuccessfully) for the governorship of his home state of Michigan in 1946 and served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee between 1952 and 1953. At the 1952 Republican National Convention he played a key role in winning the GOP presidential nomination for General Dwight Eisenhower. As Michigan's delegate chairman Summerfield convinced the large, uncommitted Michigan delegation to support Eisenhower, thus providing "Ike" with a major boost before the voting. As a reward for his support, in December 1952 President-Elect Eisenhower chose Summerfield as the federal Postmaster General; he served in that post from 1953 to 1961.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Summerfield -
B. Carroll Reece
Brazilla Carroll Reece (December 22, 1889–March 19, 1961) was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee.
http://wn.com/B_Carroll_Reece -
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama -
Barry Goldwater
http://wn.com/Barry_Goldwater -
Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. Harrison, a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, Ohio, and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana at age 21, eventually becoming a prominent politician there. During the American Civil War, he served as a Brigadier General in the XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he unsuccessfully ran for the governorship of Indiana, and was later appointed to the U.S. Senate from that state.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Harrison -
Bill Brock
William Emerson "Bill" Brock III (born November 23, 1930) is a former Republican United States senator from Tennessee, having served from 1971 to 1977. He was the grandson of William Emerson Brock I, who was a Democratic U.S. senator from Tennessee from 1929 to 1931.
http://wn.com/Bill_Brock -
Bill Richardson
William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is the 30th and current Governor of New Mexico. Before being elected governor, Richardson served in the Clinton administration as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary. Richardson has also served as a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. On December 3, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama designated Richardson for appointment to the cabinet-level position of Commerce Secretary. On January 4, 2009, Richardson announced his decision to withdraw his nomination because of an investigation into improper business dealings in New Mexico. In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there has been speculation in the media about Richardson's career, after his second and final term as New Mexico governor concludes.
http://wn.com/Bill_Richardson -
Bob Barr
Robert Laurence "Bob" Barr, Jr. (born November 5, 1948) is a former federal prosecutor
http://wn.com/Bob_Barr -
Bob Dole
Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22, 1923) is an American attorney and politician. He represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996, served as Gerald Ford's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1976 presidential election, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and in 1995 and 1996. Dole was the Republican party nominee in the presidential election of 1996, but he lost to incumbent Democrat Bill Clinton. Dole is currently special counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Alston & Bird.
http://wn.com/Bob_Dole -
Bob Hohler
Bob Hohler is an investigative reporter for the Boston Globe. He was the Red Sox beat writer for the Boston Globe during their 2004 run. He has since become an enterprise reporter for the Globe, but occasionally submits a story about sports.
http://wn.com/Bob_Hohler -
Bradford Lyttle
Bradford Lyttle is the founder and perennial candidate for the office of President of the United States of the United States Pacifist Party. He ran as a write-in candidate in the 1984, 1996, and 2000 elections, and on the ballot in the state of Colorado in 2008. In 2008 he came in second to last of sixteen candidates for which he received 106 votes, beating only Gene Amondson of the Prohibition Party.[http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/states/colorado.html] In Colorado, Lyttle came in last place among all candidates with ballot access (though Amondson won enough votes elsewhere to surpass Lyttle's total nationally).[http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/allcandidates/]
http://wn.com/Bradford_Lyttle -
Brian Lamb
http://wn.com/Brian_Lamb -
Brian Rohrbough
Brian Rohrbough (c. 1961) was the 2008 vice presidential candidate of America's Independent Party in the 2008 United States presidential election, running on the ticket with presidential candidate Alan Keyes.
http://wn.com/Brian_Rohrbough -
C. Wesley Roberts
Charles Wesley Roberts (December 14, 1902 – 1976) was a Kansas businessman who was Chairman of the Republican National Committee for four months in 1953 under Dwight D. Eisenhower.
http://wn.com/C_Wesley_Roberts -
Caleb Strong
Caleb Strong (January 9, 1745 - November 7, 1819) was Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807, and again from 1812 until 1816.
http://wn.com/Caleb_Strong -
Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr., (July 4, 1872 January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.
http://wn.com/Calvin_Coolidge -
Channing H. Cox
Channing Harris Cox (October 28, 1879 August 20, 1968) was a Massachusetts Republican politician and the 49th Governor of Massachusetts born in Manchester, New Hampshire.
http://wn.com/Channing_H_Cox -
Charles Curtis
http://wn.com/Charles_Curtis -
Charles Evans Hughes
http://wn.com/Charles_Evans_Hughes -
Charles F. Hurley
http://wn.com/Charles_F_Hurley -
Charles G. Dawes
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/Charles_G_Dawes -
Charles Jay
Charles Jay (born 1960) was the Presidential nominee of the United States Boston Tea Party in the 2008 United States presidential election. He was the presidential nominee of the Personal Choice Party in the 2004 election, achieving ballot status in Utah, and received 946 votes in the general election, coming in third from last.
http://wn.com/Charles_Jay -
Charles L. McNary
http://wn.com/Charles_L_McNary -
Charles W. Fairbanks
Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the 26th Vice President of the United States.
http://wn.com/Charles_W_Fairbanks -
Charlie Crist
Charles Joseph "Charlie" Crist Jr. (; born July 24, 1956) is an American politician who is the forty-fourth and current Governor of Florida. Prior to his election as governor, Crist previously served as Florida State Senator, Education Commissioner, and Attorney General. He was elected governor in 2006 with 52.4 percent of the vote (against opponent Jim Davis), and took office the following year.
http://wn.com/Charlie_Crist -
Chris Christie
Christopher James "Chris" Christie (born September 6, 1962) is the 55th and current Governor of New Jersey. Upon his election to the governorship in November 2009, Christie became the first Republican to win a statewide election in New Jersey in 12 years. Christie, an attorney, previously served as United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. He resides in Mendham Township, New Jersey, having chosen not to move his family into Drumthwacket, the official governor's mansion.
http://wn.com/Chris_Christie -
Chris Cillizza
Christopher Michael Cillizza (; born February 20, 1976) is an American political reporter for the Washington Post. He writes The Fix, a daily political weblog for the Post website. The blog began in October 2005, and includes a weekly "Friday Line" section where the ten closest electoral races of an electoral cycle - as judged by Cillizza - are profiled and analyzed. The blog's focus is American electoral politics, with Cillizza commenting on gubernatorial, Congressional and presidential elections. After multiple guest appearances on the network, Cillizza was recently named an MSNBC Political Analyst.
http://wn.com/Chris_Cillizza -
Chris Dodd
Christopher John "Chris" Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Connecticut.
http://wn.com/Chris_Dodd -
Christian Herter
Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895 December 30, 1966) was an American politician and statesman; 59th Governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1956, and Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961.
http://wn.com/Christian_Herter -
Christopher Gore
http://wn.com/Christopher_Gore -
Chuck Baldwin
Charles Obadiah "Chuck" Baldwin (born May 3, 1952) is an American politician and founder-pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida. He was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election and had previously been its nominee for U.S. vice president in 2004. He hosts a daily one-hour radio program, "Chuck Baldwin Live", and writes a daily editorial column carried on its website, on News With Views, on VDare, and in several newspapers.
http://wn.com/Chuck_Baldwin -
Curtis Guild, Jr.
Curtis Guild, Jr. (February 2, 1860 - April 6, 1915) was the 43rd Governor of Massachusetts in the United States. He served from 1906 to 1909.
http://wn.com/Curtis_Guild_Jr -
Cynthia McKinney
Cynthia Ann McKinney (born March 17, 1955) is a former US Congresswoman and a member of the Green Party since 2007. As a member of the Democratic Party, she served six terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. In 2008, the Green Party nominated McKinney for President of the United States. She is the first African-American woman to have represented Georgia in the House.
http://wn.com/Cynthia_McKinney -
Dan Balz
http://wn.com/Dan_Balz -
Dan Quayle
http://wn.com/Dan_Quayle -
Daniel Gross
Daniel Gross (born 1967) is an American journalist and author, a former Senior Editor at Newsweek, and since September 2010 employed at Yahoo! Finance. A native of East Lansing, Michigan, Gross graduated from East Lansing High School (1985) and Cornell University (B.A., 1989), and holds an A.M. (1991) in American history from Harvard University.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Gross -
Daniel Imperato
Daniel Imperato (b. March 9, 1958, Boston, Massachusetts) is an American businessman, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Libertarian Party nomination for President of the United States in 2008. Imperato has also unsuccessfully sought the Green Party, Reform Party, and Constitution Party nominations. A resident of West Palm Beach, Florida, the 2008 election was Imperato's first run for political office. Imperato's campaign literature describes him as an "independent Libertarian" and an "alternative candidate" for the Presidency. He is married and has one stepson.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Imperato -
Darrell Castle
Darrell Castle (born 1948) is an American political figure, activist and attorney from Memphis, Tennessee, and was the vice presidential candidate of the Constitution Party in the 2008 United States presidential election.
http://wn.com/Darrell_Castle -
David I. Walsh
http://wn.com/David_I_Walsh -
David Leonhardt
David Leonhardt is an economics journalist with the New York Times. He joined the New York Times in 1999 and writes a column in the business section of the newspaper. Prior to taking this position, he was with Business Week and The Washington Post.
http://wn.com/David_Leonhardt -
Dean Burch
http://wn.com/Dean_Burch -
Dennis Kucinich
Dennis John Kucinich (; born October 8, 1946) is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2004 and 2008 elections.
http://wn.com/Dennis_Kucinich -
Diane Beall Templin
Diane Beall Templin (born May 23, 1947, Buffalo, New York) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1996 election, the 2004 election, and the 2008 election.
http://wn.com/Diane_Beall_Templin -
Dianne Feinstein
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (; born June 22, 1933) is the senior U.S. Senator from California and a member of the Democratic Party. Feinstein was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1992, was re-elected in 1994, 2000 and in 2006 for a term ending in January 2013. She also served as Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.
http://wn.com/Dianne_Feinstein -
Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under George W. Bush. He briefly served as Acting President of the United States on two occasions during which Bush underwent medical procedures.
http://wn.com/Dick_Cheney -
Doug Stanhope
Douglas Gene "Doug" Stanhope (born March 25, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian and author known for his abrasive comedy routines, frequently performed while smoking cigarettes and drinking on-stage.
http://wn.com/Doug_Stanhope -
Duncan Hunter
Duncan Lee Hunter (born May 31, 1948) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from California's 52nd, 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009.
http://wn.com/Duncan_Hunter -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
http://wn.com/Dwight_D_Eisenhower -
Dwight M. Sabin
Dwight May Sabin (April 25, 1843 – December 22, 1902) was an American politician. He served as a Republican in the United States Senate from Minnesota from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1889 in the 48th, 49th, and 50th congresses. He was not renominated by his party.
http://wn.com/Dwight_M_Sabin -
Earl Dodge
http://wn.com/Earl_Dodge -
Earl Warren
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the only person elected Governor of California three times. Before holding these positions, Warren served as a district attorney for Alameda County, California and Attorney General of California. He is best known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending school prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment. He made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency especially through four landmark decisions: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966).
http://wn.com/Earl_Warren -
Ed Gillespie
Edward W. Gillespie is an American Republican political strategist and former Counselor to the President in the George W. Bush White House. Gillespie, along with Jack Quinn, former Chief of Staff to Vice President Al Gore, founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm.
http://wn.com/Ed_Gillespie -
Edmund Andros
http://wn.com/Edmund_Andros -
Edward Everett
Edward Everett (April 11, 1794 January 15, 1865) was an American politician and educator from Massachusetts. Everett, a Whig, served as U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain, and United States Secretary of State. He also taught at Harvard University and served as president of Harvard.
http://wn.com/Edward_Everett -
Edward J. King
http://wn.com/Edward_J_King -
Edwin D. Morgan
Edwin Denison Morgan (February 8, 1811 - February 14, 1883) was the 21st Governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War.
http://wn.com/Edwin_D_Morgan -
Elaine Brown
Elaine Brown (born March 2, 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American prison activist, writer, and singer; she is a former chairperson of the Black Panther Party. Brown briefly ran for the Green Party presidential nomination in 2008. She currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia, and is a founder of Mothers Advocating Juvenile Justice.
http://wn.com/Elaine_Brown -
Elbridge Gerry
http://wn.com/Elbridge_Gerry -
Emory Washburn
http://wn.com/Emory_Washburn -
Endicott Peabody
http://wn.com/Endicott_Peabody -
Eric Chester
Eric Thomas Chester (born 6 August 1943) is an American author, socialist political activist, and former economics professor.
http://wn.com/Eric_Chester -
Eugene Foss
Eugene Noble Foss, (September 24, 1858-September 13, 1939) was an American Representative an the 45th Governor of Massachusetts, as well as brother of George Edmund Foss.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Foss -
Evan Bayh
Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III (, respell|; born December 26, 1955) is an American Democratic politician who has served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana since 1999. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana.
http://wn.com/Evan_Bayh -
Evan Thomas
Evan Welling Thomas III (born 25 April 1951) is an American journalist and author. He currently teaches journalism at Princeton University.
http://wn.com/Evan_Thomas -
Foster Furcolo
John Foster Furcolo (July 29, 1911 July 5, 1995) was a member of the Democratic Party who served as the 60th Governor of Massachusetts, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and in other government offices in Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Foster_Furcolo -
Frank G. Allen
Frank G. Allen (October 6, 1874 October 9, 1950) was a Governor of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Frank_G_Allen -
Frank Knox
William Franklin "Frank" Knox (January 1, 1874 – April 28, 1944) was an American newspaper editor and publisher. He was also the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1936, and Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt during most of World War II.
http://wn.com/Frank_Knox -
Frank McEnulty
Frank Edward McEnulty (born 1956) is an American businessperson and politician. In the 2008 presidential election, he was both the Vice Presidential nominee of the Reform Party of the United States of America and the presidential nominee of the New American Independent Party. His running mate was Bobby Klingler. In total, he received 828 votes in the presidential election for his Presidential candidacy and 424 for his Vice-Presidential candidacy. [http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2008/2008presgeresults.pdf]
http://wn.com/Frank_McEnulty -
Fraser Bullock
http://wn.com/Fraser_Bullock -
Fred Karger
http://wn.com/Fred_Karger -
G. Scott Romney
George Scott Romney (born June 7, 1941) is an American Republican politician and lawyer in the state of Michigan. He formerly sat on the Michigan State University Board of Trustees. A member of the Pratt-Romney family—a well-known political family in Michigan—he is the son of former Michigan Governor George W. Romney and brother of the former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney. He goes by the name of "Scott."
http://wn.com/G_Scott_Romney -
Gail Collins
http://wn.com/Gail_Collins -
Garret Hobart
Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844 – November 21, 1899) was the 24th Vice President of the United States and the sixth Vice President to die while in office.
http://wn.com/Garret_Hobart -
Gary Boyd Roberts
Gary Boyd Roberts (born September 29, 1943, Houston, Texas) is an American genealogist known for his scholarship in Americans of royal descent, the ancestors of American presidents, and notable kin. Roberts is the retired Senior Research Scholar of the New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEHGS).
http://wn.com/Gary_Boyd_Roberts -
Gary Johnson
Gary Johnson may refer to:
http://wn.com/Gary_Johnson -
Gene Amondson
http://wn.com/Gene_Amondson -
George B. Cortelyou
George Bruce Cortelyou (July 26, 1862 – October 23, 1940) was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early 20th century.
http://wn.com/George_B_Cortelyou -
George D. Robinson
http://wn.com/George_D_Robinson -
George H. W. Bush
http://wn.com/George_H_W_Bush -
George N. Briggs
George Nixon Briggs (April 12, 1796 – September 11, 1861) was a member of the Whig Party and served seven-terms as the 19th Governor of the U.S. state of Massachusetts, serving from 1844 to 1851.
http://wn.com/George_N_Briggs -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush -
George W. Romney
George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician. He was chairman of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962, the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969, and the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973. He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney and the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney.
http://wn.com/George_W_Romney -
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he also became the only President of the United States who was elected neither President nor Vice-President.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Ford -
Gloria La Riva
Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician associated with the Party for Socialism and Liberation. She was the party's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva launched her presidential campaign in January 2008, with Eugene Puryear running for vice president.
http://wn.com/Gloria_La_Riva -
Gloria LaRiva
http://wn.com/Gloria_LaRiva -
Haley Barbour
Haley Reeves Barbour (born October 22, 1947) is an American politician currently serving as the 63rd Governor of Mississippi. He gained a national spotlight in August 2005 after Mississippi was hit by Hurricane Katrina. Barbour won re-election as Governor in 2007. Under Mississippi's term limits, Barbour cannot run again for Governor in 2011 when his term ends.
http://wn.com/Haley_Barbour -
Hannibal Hamlin
http://wn.com/Hannibal_Hamlin -
Harry Stewart New
Harry Stewart New (December 31, 1858 – May 9, 1937) was a U.S. politician, journalist, and Spanish-American War veteran.
http://wn.com/Harry_Stewart_New -
Henry Gardner
Henry Joseph Gardner (June 14, 1818 July 21, 1892) was the 23rd Governor of Massachusetts from 1855–1858. Gardner was the candidate of the Know-Nothing movement, and was elected governor as part of the sweeping victory of Know-Nothing candidates in the Massachusetts elections of 1854, losing in only the town of Phillipston. In line with the nativist and anti-Catholic politics of the Know-Nothing movement, Gardner proposed an amendment to the Massachusetts state constitution banning appropriations of tax funds to Catholic schools, which was passed by the state legislature and ratified after it was approved by referendum.
http://wn.com/Henry_Gardner -
Henry Jarvis Raymond
http://wn.com/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond -
Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson (February 16, 1812 – November 22, 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States and a Senator from Massachusetts. During the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican who devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he called the Slave Power, which he defined as a conspiracy of slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty.
http://wn.com/Henry_Wilson -
Herbert Hoover
http://wn.com/Herbert_Hoover -
Herman Cain
Herman Cain (born December 13, 1945) is an American newspaper columnist, businessman, politician, and radio talk-show host from Georgia. He is best known as the former chairman and CEO of Godfather's Pizza. Cain's newspaper column is distributed by North Star Writers Group. He currently lives in the Atlanta suburbs.
http://wn.com/Herman_Cain -
Home teaching
:For secular education in the home see homeschooling
http://wn.com/Home_teaching -
Hubert Work
Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 – December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator and physician. He served as the Postmaster General between 1922 and 1923 in the presidency of Warren G. Harding. He then served as the Secretary of the Interior from 1923-1928 during the administration of Calvin Coolidge.
http://wn.com/Hubert_Work -
Hugh Hewitt
Hugh Hewitt (born February 22, 1956) is an American radio talk show host with the Salem Radio Network, lawyer, academic, and author. An outspoken socially conservative, evangelical Christian, he comments on society, politics, and his perception of media bias in the United States. Hewitt is also a law professor at Chapman University School of Law.
http://wn.com/Hugh_Hewitt -
Hugh Scott
: This article is about the Pennsylvanian senator, for the U.S. Army Chief of Staff see Hugh L. Scott
http://wn.com/Hugh_Scott -
Increase Sumner
http://wn.com/Increase_Sumner -
J. Willard Marriott
John Willard Marriott (September 17, 1900 – August 13, 1985) was an American entrepreneur and businessman. He was the founder of the Marriott Corporation, (which became Marriott International in 1993) the parent company of one of the world's largest hospitality, hotel chains and food services company. His company rose from a small root beer stand in Washington D.C. in 1927 to a chain of family restaurants by 1932, to his first motel in 1957. By the time he died, the Marriott company operated 1,400 restaurants and 143 hotels and resorts worldwide, including two theme parks, earned USD $4.5 billion in revenue annually with 154,600 employees. The company's interests even extended to a line of cruise ships and theme parks.
http://wn.com/J_Willard_Marriott -
Jack E. Robinson III
Jack E. Robinson III is an African-American Republican politician from Massachusetts. He ran for the United States Senate in 2000 against Ted Kennedy (Democratic) and Carla Howell (Libertarian), losing to Kennedy. He ran for Secretary of the Commonwealth in 2002 losing to William F. Galvin, and for US House of Representatives in Massachusetts's 9th district in 2006, losing to Stephen Lynch. In 2009, he ran against Scott Brown in the Republican primaries for the special election to fill Ted Kennedy's Senate seat, but lost to Brown in the primaries.
http://wn.com/Jack_E_Robinson_III -
Jack Kemp
http://wn.com/Jack_Kemp -
James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death on September 19, 1881, a brief 200 days in office.
http://wn.com/James_A_Garfield -
James Bowdoin
James Bowdoin II (August 7, 1726 November 6, 1790) was an American political and intellectual leader from Boston, Massachusetts during the American Revolution. He served in both branches of the Massachusetts General Court in the colonial era and was president of the state's constitutional convention. After independence he was governor of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/James_Bowdoin -
James G. Blaine
http://wn.com/James_G_Blaine -
James Hedges
http://wn.com/James_Hedges -
James Michael Curley
James Michael Curley (November 20, 1874 – November 12, 1958) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives, as the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, and as the 53rd Governor of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/James_Michael_Curley -
James P. Gray
James "Jim" P. Gray (born February 14, 1945) is an American jurist, politician, and writer. He was the presiding judge of the Superior Court of Orange County, California. Gray was the 2004 Libertarian candidate for the United States Senate in California. He is the author of multiple non-fiction books dealing with legal and political issues.
http://wn.com/James_P_Gray -
James S. Clarkson
James S. Clarkson (May 17, 1842 – May 30, 1918) was born in Brookville, Indiana, but raised a native of Polk County, Iowa. Clarkson was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1876 to 1896; a member of the Republican National Committee from 1880 to 1896; chairman of the Committee from 1891 to 1892, and President of the Republican League of the United States from 1891 to 1893. He died at the home of his son in Newark, New Jersey with his wife by his side. Clarkson was buried in the family mausoleum in Des Moines, Iowa.
http://wn.com/James_S_Clarkson -
James S. Sherman
James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 – October 30, 1912) was a United States Representative from New York and the 27th Vice President of the United States. He was a member of the Baldwin, Hoar, and Sherman families.
http://wn.com/James_S_Sherman -
Jeanne Moos
Jeanne Moos is a national news correspondent for CNN. She is based at the network's studios in Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Jeanne_Moos -
Jim Clymer
James N. Clymer is the current party chairman of the United States Constitution Party.
http://wn.com/Jim_Clymer -
Jim Gilmore
James Stuart "Jim" Gilmore III (born October 6, 1949) is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia, former 68th Governor of Virginia, and a member of the Republican Party. A native Virginian, Gilmore studied at the University of Virginia, and then served in the U.S. Army as a counterintelligence agent. He later was elected to public office as a county prosecutor, as the Attorney General of Virginia from 1994 to 1998, and as the 68th Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002.
http://wn.com/Jim_Gilmore -
Jimmy McMillan
Jimmy McMillan, also known as Papa Smurf, is the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a local New York City political party that has presented mayoral candidates in 2005 and 2009. Both times, McMillan was the mayoral candidate. In 2005, he received over 1000 votes (.03% of the total vote).
http://wn.com/Jimmy_McMillan -
Jodi Kantor
Jodi Kantor (born 1975) is an American journalist who writes for The New York Times. Kantor's articles primarily concern politics and cultural phenomena, among other topics, and she has written extensively about President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, and members of the current administration.
http://wn.com/Jodi_Kantor -
Joe Biden
| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Joe_Biden -
Joe Klein
http://wn.com/Joe_Klein -
Joe Schriner
Joe Schriner is an American politician and journalist. He has run as an independent candidate for President of the United States in four consecutive election cycles. He ran in 2000, 2004, 2008, and is running in 2012.
http://wn.com/Joe_Schriner -
John A. Volpe
John Anthony Volpe (December 8, 1908 – November 11, 1994) was the 61st and 63rd Governor of Massachusetts and a U.S. Secretary of Transportation.
http://wn.com/John_A_Volpe -
John Albion Andrew
http://wn.com/John_Albion_Andrew -
John C. Frémont
http://wn.com/John_C_Frémont -
John Davis Long
John Davis Long (October 27, 1838 August 28, 1915) was a U.S. political figure. He served as the 32nd Governor of Massachusetts between 1880 and 1883. He later served as the Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1902.
http://wn.com/John_Davis_Long -
John Endecott
http://wn.com/John_Endecott -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
John Fremont Hill
http://wn.com/John_Fremont_Hill -
John H. Clifford
John Henry Clifford (January 16, 1809 January 2, 1876), U.S. political figure, was the 21st Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a single term, from 1853 to 1854.
http://wn.com/John_H_Clifford -
John H. Cox
John Herman Cox (born July 15, 1955) is an American lawyer, accountant, businessman, broadcaster, and aspiring politician. He was the first Republican to seek formally the party's 2008 nomination for president, but effectively withdrew from the race in late 2007 and suspended his campaign shortly after.
http://wn.com/John_H_Cox -
John Hancock
http://wn.com/John_Hancock -
John Haynes
John Haynes (1 May 1594—January 1653 (OS) or 1654 (NS)) was a colonial magistrate, one time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and an eight-time governor (as well as the first governor) of the Connecticut Colony.
http://wn.com/John_Haynes -
John Heilemann
John Arthur Heilemann (born January 23, 1966) is an American journalist for New York magazine. He previously was a staff writer for The New Yorker, Wired, and The Economist. Nowadays, he is most known as the host for the Discovery channel series "Download: the true story of the internet" where he discusses the rising of the internet and the people who gained the most fortune off the internet.
http://wn.com/John_Heilemann -
John L. Bates
http://wn.com/John_L_Bates -
John Lakian
John Lakian is a wealthy businessman and former candidate for governor of Massachusetts. He has founded several businesses, and served on the board on many others. He had an unsuccessful run for governor that resulted in a high profile lawsuit in 1982, and an unsuccessful bid for U.S. Senate in 1994. Lakian served in Vietnam and was awarded a Bronze Star.
http://wn.com/John_Lakian -
John Leverett
John Leverett (1616 – March 16, 1679) was a colonial magistrate, merchant, soldier and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
http://wn.com/John_Leverett -
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
http://wn.com/John_McCain -
John Q. A. Brackett
http://wn.com/John_Q_A_Brackett -
John T. Adams
http://wn.com/John_T_Adams -
John Thune
John Randolph Thune (born January 7, 1961) is the Republican junior U.S. Senator from the state of South Dakota.
http://wn.com/John_Thune -
John W. Bricker
John William Bricker (September 6, 1893 March 22, 1986) was a United States Senator and the 54th Governor of Ohio. A member of the Republican Party, he was the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944.
http://wn.com/John_W_Bricker -
Jon Huntsman, Jr.
Jon Meade Huntsman, Jr. (born March 26, 1960) is an American politician and diplomat. He is the current United States Ambassador to China. He previously served as the 16th Governor of Utah from 2005 until his resignation on August 11, 2009.
http://wn.com/Jon_Huntsman_Jr -
Jonathan Belcher
Jonathan Belcher (January 8, 1682 August 31, 1757) was colonial governor of the British provinces of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and New Jersey.
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Belcher -
Jonathan Cohn
Jonathan Cohn is an American author and journalist who writes mainly on United States public policy and political issues. Formerly the executive editor of The American Prospect, Cohn is currently a senior editor at The New Republic magazine and a senior fellow at Demos.
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Cohn -
Jonathon Sharkey
Jonathon "The Impaler" Sharkey (born April 2, 1964 in Elizabeth, New Jersey as John Albert Sharkey) is a self-proclaimed Luciferian, sanguinary vampire, and professional boxer as well as a professional wrestler under the name Rocky "Hurricane" Flash and perennial candidate for public office.
http://wn.com/Jonathon_Sharkey -
Joseph B. Ely
http://wn.com/Joseph_B_Ely -
Joshua Bekenstein
Joshua Bekenstein joined Bain Capital at its inception in 1984. He has been a Managing Director since 1986. Prior to joining Bain Capital, Mr. Bekenstein spent several years at Bain & Company where he was involved with companies in a variety of industries. Mr. Bekenstein received an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, a B.A. from Yale University, and is on the Board of Advisors of the Yale School of Management. Mr. Bekenstein currently serves as a Co-Chair on the Board of Directors of New Profit Inc., a Boston-based venture philanthropy fund and as a member on the Board of Trustees of the Pan-Mass Challenge, an annual bike-athon that crosses the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to raise money for the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
http://wn.com/Joshua_Bekenstein -
Joshua Green
Joshua Green (born 1972) is an American journalist who writes primarily on United States politics. He is currently a senior editor of The Atlantic.
http://wn.com/Joshua_Green -
Karen Tumulty
Karen Tumulty (born 1955) is a national political correspondent for the Washington Post. Before joining the Post, Tumulty wrote for Time Magazine from October 1994 to April 2010. She was a Congressional correspondent as well as the National Political Correspondent based in Washington D.C. for the magazine.
http://wn.com/Karen_Tumulty -
Kat Swift
http://wn.com/Kat_Swift -
Keith Russell Judd
Keith Russell Judd (born May 23, 1958) is an inmate at Beaumont Federal Correctional Institution in Beaumont, Texas, and a perennial candidate for political office. In 2008 he filed to run as a Democrat for President of the United States in 14 states but only appeared on the ballot in Idaho. Judd finished third in the May 27, 2008, non-binding Idaho Democratic presidential preference primary with 1.7 percent of the vote, behind Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. No delegates to the Democratic National Convention were at stake in the primary as Idaho's delegation was determined at the February 5 Democratic caucus, which Judd played no role in.
http://wn.com/Keith_Russell_Judd -
Ken Mehlman
Kenneth Brian Mehlman (born August 21, 1966, Baltimore, Maryland) is an American businessman, attorney, and political figure who served as the campaign manager for the 2004 re-election campaign of George W. Bush and Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2005 to 2007. On August 26, 2010, Mehlman came out as gay, making him one of the most prominent openly gay figures in the Republican Party.
http://wn.com/Ken_Mehlman -
Kent Mesplay
Kent Mesplay (born July 19, 1962) is the California delegate to the Green National Committee and unsuccessfully sought the 2004 Green Party Presidential nomination which he lost again in 2008.
http://wn.com/Kent_Mesplay -
Kerry Healey
Kerry Murphy Healey (born April 30, 1960) was the 70th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. She served from 2003 to 2007 with Governor Mitt Romney. She was the 2006 Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts, losing to Democrat Deval Patrick in November 2006. She currently serves as a TV Host on New England Sports Network.
http://wn.com/Kerry_Healey -
Kim S. Cameron
http://wn.com/Kim_S_Cameron -
Laity
In religious organizations, the laity comprises all persons who are not in the clergy. A person who is a member of a religious order who is not ordained legitimate clergy is considered as a member of the laity, even though they are members of a religious order (for example a nun or lay brother).
http://wn.com/Laity -
Laurence Kotlikoff
http://wn.com/Laurence_Kotlikoff -
Lawrence Wright
Lawrence Wright (born August 2, 1947) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author, screenwriter, staff writer for The New Yorker magazine, and fellow at the Center for Law and Security at the New York University School of Law. He is a graduate of Tulane University, and for two years taught at the American University in Cairo in Egypt.
http://wn.com/Lawrence_Wright -
Lee Atwater
http://wn.com/Lee_Atwater -
Lee Iacocca
Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (born October 15, 1924) is an American businessman known for his revival of the Chrysler Corporation in the 1980s, serving as President and CEO from 1978 and additionally as chairman from 1979, until his retirement at the end of 1992. One of the most famous business people in the world, he was a passionate advocate of U.S. business exports during the 1980s. He is the author (or co-author) of several books, including (with William Novak), and Where have all the Leaders Gone?
http://wn.com/Lee_Iacocca -
Lenore Romney
Lenore LaFount Romney (November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was a former First Lady of Michigan and a Michigan politician.
http://wn.com/Lenore_Romney -
Leonard W. Hall
Leonard Wood Hall (October 2, 1900 – June 2, 1979) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Oyster Bay, Nassau County, he attended the public schools and graduated from the law department of Georgetown University in 1920. He was admitted to the bar in 1922 and commenced practice in New York City; he was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1927 and 1928 and from 1934 to 1938, and from 1929 to 1931 was sheriff of Nassau County. He was a delegate to the Republican State conventions from 1930 to 1958 and to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1968.
http://wn.com/Leonard_W_Hall -
Leverett Saltonstall
http://wn.com/Leverett_Saltonstall -
Levi Lincoln, Jr.
http://wn.com/Levi_Lincoln_Jr -
Levi P. Morton
Levi Parsons Morton (May 16, 1824 May 16, 1920) was a Representative from New York and the 22nd Vice President of the United States. He also later served as the 31st Governor of New York.
http://wn.com/Levi_P_Morton -
Mackinac Island
Mackinac Island ( ) is an island and resort area covering in land area, part of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Lake Huron, at the eastern end of the Straits of Mackinac, between the state's Upper and Lower Peninsulas. The island was home to a Native American settlement before European exploration began in the 17th century. It served a strategic position amidst the commerce of the Great Lakes fur trade. This led to the establishment of Fort Mackinac on the island by the British during the American Revolutionary War. It was the scene of two battles during the War of 1812.
http://wn.com/Mackinac_Island -
Marc Racicot
Marc F. Racicot (, like "Roscoe") (born July 24, 1948) is a U.S. politician and lobbyist and member of the Republican Party. He was the governor of Montana from 1993 until 2001. After leaving office, Racicot worked as a lobbyist for the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. His notable clients included Enron, Burlington Northern Santa Fe, and the Recording Industry Association of America. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2002 until 2003, when he was appointed as the chairman of the Bush re-election campaign. In 2000 as well as 2004 he was rumored to be Bush's choice for Attorney General. During the 2000 election some saw him as a possible running mate for Bush. The Washington Post has described him as "one of Bush's closest friends and advisers"
http://wn.com/Marc_Racicot -
Marcus Lawrence Ward
http://wn.com/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward -
Marcus Morton
Marcus Morton (February 19, 1784 February 6, 1864) was a lawyer, jurist, and politician from Taunton, Massachusetts. He represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and served two terms as 16th and 18th Governor of Massachusetts, as well as a portion of an unexpired term in 1825, as Acting Governor.
http://wn.com/Marcus_Morton -
Mark Halperin
Mark E. Halperin (born January 11, 1965 in Bethesda, Maryland), is the senior political analyst for Time magazine, Time.com, and MSNBC. He is the co-author (with John Heilemann) of Game Change.
http://wn.com/Mark_Halperin -
Mark Warner
Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and businessman, currently serving in the United States Senate as the junior senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th governor of Virginia from 2002 to 2006 and is the honorary chairman of the Forward Together PAC. Warner delivered the keynote address before the nation at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
http://wn.com/Mark_Warner -
Marshall Jewell
Marshall Jewell (October 20, 1825 February 10, 1883) was a U.S. political figure. He served as the 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut between 1869 and 1870, and again from 1871 until 1873. Born in 1825 in Winchester, New Hampshire, he was first appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant as Minister to Russia from 1873 to 1874, but after only seven months in St. Petersburg, he left. Jewell then served as the Postmaster General between 1874 and 1876. He was also a presidential candidate at the 1876 Republican National Convention and served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1880 until 1883. He died in 1883 in New Haven, Connecticut, and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut.
http://wn.com/Marshall_Jewell -
Mary Ruwart
Mary J. Ruwart, Ph. D. (born October 16, 1949) is a libertarian speaker, writer, activist and was a leading candidate for the 2008 Libertarian Party presidential nomination. She is the author of the bestselling 1992 book Healing Our World: The Other Piece of the Puzzle.
http://wn.com/Mary_Ruwart -
Matt Gonzalez
Matthew Edward Gonzalez (born June 4, 1965) is an American politician, lawyer, and activist prominent in San Francisco politics. Gonzalez was a member and president of San Francisco County's Board of Supervisors. He was also one of the first Green Party candidates elected to public office in the San Francisco Bay area. In 2003, Gonzalez ran for mayor of San Francisco but lost in a close race to Democrat Gavin Newsom. In the 2008 presidential election, Gonzalez ran for vice president as the running mate of candidate Ralph Nader.
http://wn.com/Matt_Gonzalez -
Matthew Quay
Matthew Stanley Quay (September 30, 1833 – May 28, 1904) was an immensely powerful Pennsylvania political boss; "kingmaker" (Benjamin Harrison, 1888). "Boss" Quay's political principles and actions stood in contrast to an unusually attractive personality. He was a resident of Beaver, northwest of Pittsburgh; today, his house is a National Historic Landmark.
http://wn.com/Matthew_Quay -
Maurice J. Tobin
Maurice Joseph Tobin (May 22, 1901 July 19, 1953) was a Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, the 56th Governor of the U.S. state of Massachusetts, and U.S. Secretary of Labor.
http://wn.com/Maurice_J_Tobin -
Meade Alcorn
http://wn.com/Meade_Alcorn -
Mel Martinez
http://wn.com/Mel_Martinez -
Merlin Miller
Merlin L. Miller (born in Des Moines, Iowa) is an American independent film director, writer, and producer. His works include the 1998 television film A Place to Grow, starring Gary Morris, and the 2000 film Jericho, starring Mark Valley. During the 2000s, he adopted an increasingly white nationalist political philosophy and founded a Tennessee-based all-white production company, Americana Pictures. He has also written articles for the Barnes Review and the Occidental Observer.
http://wn.com/Merlin_Miller -
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is the current Mayor of New York City, and the 10th richest person in the United States, having net worth of US$18 billion in 2010. He is the founder and 88% owner of Bloomberg L.P., a financial news and information services media company.
http://wn.com/Michael_Bloomberg -
Michael Dukakis
http://wn.com/Michael_Dukakis -
Michael Huffington
http://wn.com/Michael_Huffington -
Michael Jingozian
Michael Paul Jingozian (born April 30, 1961) is the Vice Chairman of the Libertarian Party of the United States; he was elected by delegates to the Libertarian National Convention held in Denver, Colorado, in May 2008. He is the founder and CEO of AngelVision Technologies and the founder of RESET America. He sits on the Board of Directors for Rock the Debates and Free and Equal.
http://wn.com/Michael_Jingozian -
Michael Kranish
Michael Kranish (b.1957) has worked at The Boston Globe since 1986. Since 1990 he has worked in the newspaper's Washington Bureau and was the White House reporter during the last two years of the presidency of George H.W. Bush and the first two years of Bill Clinton. He was the paper's national political reporter during the 1996 and 2000 campaigns. His other assignments with the Globe have included congressional reporter, New England reporter, and business writer. He previously worked for The Miami Herald and The Lakeland Ledger. A graduate of Syracuse University, he lives in Silver Spring, Maryland, with his wife, Sylvia, and two daughters, Jessica and Laura.
http://wn.com/Michael_Kranish -
Michael Paulson
Michael Paulson is an American journalist who covers religion for The Boston Globe.
http://wn.com/Michael_Paulson -
Michael Steele
Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician, serving since January 2009 as the first African American chairman of the Republican National Committee. From 2003 to 2007, he was the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, the first African American elected to statewide office in Maryland. During his time as Lieutenant Governor, he chaired the Minority Business Enterprise taskforce, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world.
http://wn.com/Michael_Steele -
Mike Duncan
Robert M. ("Mike") Duncan (born 1951 in Oneida, Tennessee) was the 62nd Chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was elected in January 2007, replacing Ken Mehlman, and served until January 30, 2009, when he withdrew from renomination to the chairmanship. He became the chairman of the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority effective May 18, 2009.
http://wn.com/Mike_Duncan -
Mike Gravel
Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (; born May 13, 1930) is a former Democratic United States Senator from Alaska, who served two terms from 1969 to 1981, and a former candidate in the 2008 presidential election.
http://wn.com/Mike_Gravel -
Mike Huckabee
Michael Dale Huckabee (born August 24, 1955) served as the 44th Governor of Arkansas and currently hosts the Fox News Channel talk show Huckabee. He was a candidate for president in 2008, finishing second in delegate count and third in popular vote and number of states won (behind John S. McCain and Mitt Romney), in the 2008 United States Republican presidential primaries. Following losses to John McCain in the Texas, Ohio, Vermont, and Rhode Island primaries, Huckabee exited the race on March 4, 2008 as McCain became the presumptive Republican nominee.
http://wn.com/Mike_Huckabee -
Mike Pence
Michael Richard "Mike" Pence (born June 7, 1959) is a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for . He currently serves as Chairman of the House Republican Conference, a senior leadership position, for the 111th United States Congress. Pence's district covers much of Eastern Indiana.
http://wn.com/Mike_Pence -
Milt Romney
Milton Addas Romney (June 20, 1899 – November 1975) was a professional American football player who played in the offensive backfield for six seasons for the Racine Legion and the Chicago Bears. He was also the head basketball coach of the Texas Longhorns men's basketball team in 1923 with an overall record of 11-7. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was the first cousin once removed and the namesake of former Massachusetts governor and GOP Presidential candidate Mitt Romney.
http://wn.com/Milt_Romney -
Mitch Daniels
Mitchell Elias "Mitch" Daniels, Jr. (born April 7, 1949) is the 49th and current Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. A Republican, he began his four-year term as Indiana's 49th Governor on January 10, 2005 and was elected to his second term by an 18-point margin on November 4, 2008. Previously he was the Director of the Office of Management and Budget under George W. Bush and also worked for Eli Lilly and Company. He is cited as a rising star within the Republican party and has approval ratings hovering near 70%.
http://wn.com/Mitch_Daniels -
Mitt Romney
| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Mitt_Romney -
Moses Gill
http://wn.com/Moses_Gill -
Napoleon Hill
http://wn.com/Napoleon_Hill -
Nate Silver
Nathaniel Read "Nate" Silver (born January 13, 1978) is an American statistician, psephologist, and writer. Silver first gained public recognition for developing PECOTA, a system for forecasting the performance and career development of Major League Baseball players, which he sold to and then managed for Baseball Prospectus from 2003 to 2009.
http://wn.com/Nate_Silver -
Nathaniel P. Banks
Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss) Banks (January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American politician and soldier, served as the 24th Governor of Massachusetts, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and as a Union general during the American Civil War.
http://wn.com/Nathaniel_P_Banks -
Nicholas Confessore
Nicholas Confessore is a reporter on the Metropolitan Desk of The New York Times covering Albany. He was previously an editor at The Washington Monthly and a staff writer for The American Prospect. He has also written for The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, Rolling Stone, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, Salon.com, and other publications. He won the 2003 Livingston Award for national reporting.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_Confessore -
Orit Gadiesh
Orit Gadiesh is an Israeli-American corporate strategist and Chairman of Bain & Company, a leading management consulting firm. Forbes Magazine has listed her among the world's 100 most powerful women four times since 2004. A frequent business speaker and journal contributor, Gadiesh is the author of Lessons from Private Equity Any Company Can Use.
http://wn.com/Orit_Gadiesh -
Parley P. Pratt
Parley Parker Pratt (12 April 1807 – 13 May 1857) was a leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1835 until his murder in 1857. He served in the Quorum with his younger brother, Orson Pratt. He was a missionary, poet, religious writer and longtime editor of the religious publication ''The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star''. Having explored, surveyed, built, and maintained the first road for public transportation there, scenic Parley's Canyon in Salt Lake City, was named in his honor.
http://wn.com/Parley_P_Pratt -
Paul A. Dever
Paul Andrew Dever (January 15, 1903 April 11, 1958) was a Democratic politician from Boston, Massachusetts. He served as the 58th Governor of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Paul_A_Dever -
Paul Cellucci
Argeo Paul Cellucci (born April 24, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 69th Governor of Massachusetts and US Ambassador to Canada.
http://wn.com/Paul_Cellucci -
Paul Tsongas
Paul Efthemios Tsongas (; February 14, 1941 – January 18, 1997) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a one-time candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. Previously, he also served as a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and held local political office as well.
http://wn.com/Paul_Tsongas -
People (magazine)
People (originally called People Weekly) is a weekly American magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. As of 2006, it has a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $1.5 billion. It was named "Magazine of the Year" by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual "A-list" and #3 on ''Adweek's'' "Brand Blazers" list in October 2006.
http://wn.com/People_(magazine) -
R. Lee Wrights
http://wn.com/R_Lee_Wrights -
Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader (; born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, author, lecturer, political activist, and four-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a Green Party candidate in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Ralph_Nader -
Ray C. Bliss
http://wn.com/Ray_C_Bliss -
Ray McKinney
Raymond Louis "Ray" McKinney (born June 20, 1962) is a mechanical services manager from Savannah, Georgia, and the Republican nominee for U.S. Congress from Georgia's 12th District. He was previously a candidate for U.S. President in the 2008 Republican primary, but withdrew on November 14, 2007.
http://wn.com/Ray_McKinney -
Reince Priebus
http://wn.com/Reince_Priebus -
Richard Bellingham
Richard Bellingham (1592 – December 7, 1672) was a colonial magistrate, lawyer, and several-time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
http://wn.com/Richard_Bellingham -
Richard Bond
Richard N. Bond (Richard Norman Bond) is a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) and currently a government relations consultant based in Washington, D.C.. His firm, [http://www.bondandcompany.net/ Bond & Company], specializes in strategic consulting services at both the federal and state level.
http://wn.com/Richard_Bond -
Richard Bushman
Richard Lyman Bushman (born June 20, 1931) is an American historian and Gouverneur Morris Professor of History emeritus at Columbia University. He is currently the Howard W. Hunter Visiting Professor in Mormon Studies at Claremont Graduate University. He also serves as one of three general editors of the Joseph Smith Papers.
http://wn.com/Richard_Bushman -
Richard E. Cohen
Richard E. Cohen is a journalist and author. He is the congressional correspondent for National Journal. He received the Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for distinguished reporting on Congress in 1990. He wrote a biography of Dan Rostenkowski, Rostenkowski: The Pursuit of Power and the End of the Old Politics.
http://wn.com/Richard_E_Cohen -
Richard M. Nixon
http://wn.com/Richard_M_Nixon -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
http://wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Rick Perry
James Richard "Rick" Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American politician. He is the 47th and incumbent Governor of Texas, having held the office since 2000. He is a member of the Republican Party.
http://wn.com/Rick_Perry -
Rick Santorum
Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is a former United States Senator from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Santorum is a member of the Republican Party and was the chairman of the Senate Republican Conference, the number-three job in the party leadership of the Senate.
http://wn.com/Rick_Santorum -
Robert Burck
http://wn.com/Robert_Burck -
Robert David Steele
:For other people named Robert Steele, see Robert Steele (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Robert_David_Steele -
Robert Draper
Robert Draper (born November 15, 1957) is a freelance writer, a correspondent for GQ and a contributor to The New York Times Magazine. Previously, he worked for Texas Monthly, where he first became acquainted with the Bush political family. He is the author of , a chronicle of the Bush administration from 2001 to 2007. He has also written Rolling Stone Magazine: The Uncensored History, and a novel, ''Hadrian's Walls. He lives in Washington, D.C. He recently wrote an article on the Kushite pharaohs of Egypt for the February 2008 issue of National Geographic''.
http://wn.com/Robert_Draper -
Robert F. Bradford
Robert Fiske Bradford (December 15, 1902 – March 18, 1983) was an American politician who served one term as the 57th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1947 to 1949.
http://wn.com/Robert_F_Bradford -
Robert H. Garff
Robert Heiner Garff (born 1942) is an American businessman who is currently the president of the Ken Garff Automotive Group, which also owns the Arena Football League's Utah Blaze. His father Ken Garff was the company's founder.
http://wn.com/Robert_H_Garff -
Rocky Anderson
Ross C. "Rocky" Anderson (born September 9, 1951) is the former mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah. He is currently the President of High Road for Human Rights.
http://wn.com/Rocky_Anderson -
Rogers Morton
Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (September 19, 1914 – April 19, 1979) was an American politician who served as Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, respectively. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, representing .
http://wn.com/Rogers_Morton -
Ron Fournier
Ron Fournier (b.1963) is an American national political journalist currently of the National Journal. In June, 2010 Fournier left the Associated Press (AP) where he served as Washington bureau chief.
http://wn.com/Ron_Fournier -
Ronald Reagan
http://wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Rosa Clemente
Rosa Alicia Clemente (born April 18, 1972) is a United States community organizer, independent journalist and hip-hop activist. She was the vice presidential running mate of 2008 Green Party Presidential candidate Cynthia McKinney in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election.
http://wn.com/Rosa_Clemente -
Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an American actress, comedian, writer, television producer and director.
http://wn.com/Roseanne_Barr -
Ross Perot
Henry Ross Perot (; born June 27, 1930) is an American businessman from Texas best known for running for President of the United States in 1992 and 1996. Perot founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in 1962, sold the company to General Motors in 1984, and founded Perot Systems in 1988. Perot Systems was bought by Dell for $3.9 billion in 2009. He was born in Texarkana, Texas.
http://wn.com/Ross_Perot -
Roy Moore
Roy Stewart Moore (born February 11, 1947) is an American jurist and Republican politician noted for his refusal, as the elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama, to remove a monument of the Ten Commandments from the state courthouse despite orders to do so from a federal judge. On November 13, 2003, Alabama's Court of the Judiciary unanimously removed Moore from his post as Chief Justice. In the years preceding his election to the Alabama Supreme Court, Moore had successfully resisted previous attempts to have a display of the Ten Commandments removed from the courtroom where he was employed. The controversy around Moore generated national attention.
http://wn.com/Roy_Moore -
Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani, KBE (; born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from New York. He served as Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.
http://wn.com/Rudy_Giuliani -
Rutherford B. Hayes
http://wn.com/Rutherford_B_Hayes -
Ryan Lizza
Ryan Lizza is the Washington Correspondent for The New Yorker magazine, where he covers the White House and national politics and writes the magazine's "Letter From Washington" column. He joined The New Yorker in 2007 and since then has written profiles of Hillary Clinton, Mitt Romney, John McCain, Barack Obama, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter, Joe Biden, Rahm Emanuel, and Peter Orszag.
http://wn.com/Ryan_Lizza -
Róger Calero
http://wn.com/Róger_Calero -
Sam Brownback
Samuel Dale "Sam" Brownback (born September 12, 1956) is the senior United States Senator from the U.S. state of Kansas and former GOP candidate in the Republican primaries for the 2008 presidential election. He has announced that he will not seek re-election to the Senate in 2010 and has filed papers to run for Governor of Kansas in the 2010 election. Brownback is widely considered the front-runner and leads by large margins in general election polling to date.
http://wn.com/Sam_Brownback -
Samuel Adams
http://wn.com/Samuel_Adams -
Samuel Shute
http://wn.com/Samuel_Shute -
Samuel W. McCall
http://wn.com/Samuel_W_McCall -
Sarah Palin
http://wn.com/Sarah_Palin -
Sargent Shriver
http://wn.com/Sargent_Shriver -
Sasha Issenberg
Sasha Issenberg is an American journalist. His articles have been published in Philadelphia Magazine, Slate, The Washington Monthly, the Boston Globe, Monocle and George Magazine, where he was a contributing editor. He is also the author of the book The Sushi Economy, about sushi and globalization, which was published in May 2007.
http://wn.com/Sasha_Issenberg -
Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax, Jr. (; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a United States Representative from Indiana, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the 17th Vice President of the United States.
http://wn.com/Schuyler_Colfax -
Scott Brown
http://wn.com/Scott_Brown -
Shannon O'Brien
'''Shannon Patricia Elizabeth O'Brien''', born April 30, 1959 in Boston, Massachusetts, is a Democrat from Massachusetts. She was the gubernatorial nominee of the Democratic Party in 2002, but lost in the general election to Mitt Romney. O'Brien received 45% of the vote.
http://wn.com/Shannon_O'Brien -
Simeon D. Fess
Simeon Davison Fess (December 11, 1861 - December 23, 1936) was a Republican politician and educator from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.
http://wn.com/Simeon_D_Fess -
Simon Bradstreet
Simon Bradstreet (March 18, 1603 – March 27, 1697) was a colonial magistrate, businessman and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
http://wn.com/Simon_Bradstreet -
Spencer Phips
http://wn.com/Spencer_Phips -
Spiro Agnew
http://wn.com/Spiro_Agnew -
Steve Forbes
Malcolm Stevenson "Steve" Forbes, Jr. (born July 18, 1947) is an American editor, publisher, and businessman. He is the editor-in-chief of business magazine Forbes as well as president and chief executive officer of its publisher, Forbes Inc. He was a Republican candidate in the U.S. Presidential primaries in 1996 and 2000. He is the son of longtime Forbes magazine publisher Malcolm Forbes and the grandson of that publication's founder, B.C. Forbes.
http://wn.com/Steve_Forbes -
Steve Kubby
Steven "Steve" Wynn Kubby (born December 28, 1946) is a Libertarian Party activist who played a key role in the drafting and passage of California Proposition 215. The proposition was a ballot initiative to legalize medical marijuana which was approved by voters in 1996. Kubby himself is well-known as a cancer patient who relies on medical cannabis. He has authored two books on drug policy reform: The Politics of Consciousness, and Why Marijuana Should Be Legal. He was the Libertarian Party of California candidate for Governor of California in 1998 receiving 0.9% of the vote. In 2008, he declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party's 2008 presidential nomination and received significant support for the nomination, but was eliminated after the second ballot. Although various media reports have described him as a "felon" and "fugitive", Kubby's legal status was resolved on July 3, 2008, when California Superior Court Judge, David Nelson, dismissed all charges against Kubby, clearing his name and record of any criminal activity.
http://wn.com/Steve_Kubby -
Stewart Greenleaf
Stewart J. Greenleaf is a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 12th District since 1979. His district includes portions of Montgomery and Bucks Counties.
http://wn.com/Stewart_Greenleaf -
Ted Weill
Theodore "Ted" Weill (July 25, 1925 – November 20, 2009) was the nominee for President of the United States of the Reform Party of the United States of America in the 2008 election. He was nominated at the party's national convention on July 20, 2008 in Dallas, Texas.
http://wn.com/Ted_Weill -
Thaddeus McCotter
http://wn.com/Thaddeus_McCotter -
Theodore Roosevelt
http://wn.com/Theodore_Roosevelt -
Thomas Dudley
http://wn.com/Thomas_Dudley -
Thomas E. Dewey
http://wn.com/Thomas_E_Dewey -
Thomas G. Stemberg
Thomas G. Stemberg is an entrepreneur, venture capitalist and executive, most notable for founding office supply retail chain Staples Inc. with Leo Kahn.
http://wn.com/Thomas_G_Stemberg -
Thomas Gage
http://wn.com/Thomas_Gage -
Thomas H. Carter
Thomas Henry Carter (October 30, 1854 – September 17, 1911) was a delegate, a United States Representative, and a U.S. Senator from Montana.
http://wn.com/Thomas_H_Carter -
Thomas Pownall
http://wn.com/Thomas_Pownall -
Tim Pawlenty
Timothy James "Tim" Pawlenty (; born November 27, 1960), is the 39th and current Governor of Minnesota. In the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 2002, he was elected governor and was inaugurated on January 6, 2003. He was re-elected in 2006 with 46% of the vote. On June 2, 2009, Pawlenty announced that he would not seek re-election in 2010.
http://wn.com/Tim_Pawlenty -
Time 100
'Time 100' is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time. First published in 1999 as a result of a debate among several academics, the list has become an annual event.
http://wn.com/Time_100 -
Tom Tancredo
Thomas Gerard Tancredo (; born December 20, 1945) is an American politician from the state of Colorado, who represented in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican from 1999 to 2009. He ran for President of the United States during the 2008 election, and is currently the Constitution Party's nominee for Governor of Colorado.
http://wn.com/Tom_Tancredo -
Tom Vilsack
Thomas James "Tom" Vilsack (; born December 13, 1950) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and presently the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. He served as the 40th Governor of the state of Iowa. He was first elected in 1998 and re-elected to a second four-year term in 2002. On November 30, 2006, he formally launched his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election, but ended his bid on February 23, 2007.
http://wn.com/Tom_Vilsack -
Tommy Thompson
Tommy George Thompson (born November 19, 1941), a United States politician, was the 42nd Governor of Wisconsin, after which he served as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services. Thompson was a candidate for the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, but dropped out early after a poor performance in polls such as the Iowa Straw Poll.
http://wn.com/Tommy_Thompson -
Ulysses S. Grant
http://wn.com/Ulysses_S_Grant -
Valentino Castellani
Valentino Castellani (born March 19, 1940 in Varmo) was the independent mayor of Turin, Italy from July 22, 1993-May 31, 2001, when he led the centre-left coalition. He is also a noted university professor and alumni of the Polytechnic University of Turin. He is the author of some 70 scientific publications, some of which in the theory of transmission and coding applied to satellites and mobile communication.
http://wn.com/Valentino_Castellani -
Vermin Supreme
http://wn.com/Vermin_Supreme -
Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War -
Virgil Goode
Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr. (the last name sounds like the English word wooed rather than like wood), (born October 17, 1946) is an American politician, last serving as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented the 5th congressional district of Virginia ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/va05_109.gif map]) from 1997 to 2009. He lost his seat in the 2008 election to Democrat Tom Perriello.
http://wn.com/Virgil_Goode -
Virginia Abernethy
Virginia Deane Abernethy (born in Cuba in 1934) is an American professor (emerita) of psychiatry and anthropology at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. She received a B.A. from Wellesley College, an M.B.A. from Vanderbilt University, and Ph.D. from Harvard University. She is an anthropology fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
http://wn.com/Virginia_Abernethy -
Warren G. Harding
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding -
Wayne Allyn Root
Wayne Allyn Root (born July 20, 1961) is an American politician, entrepreneur, television and radio personality, author and political commentator. He was the 2008 Libertarian Party vice-presidential nominee. In June 2009 Richard Winger wrote he was the front runner for the 2012 Libertarian Presidential nomination. Root began his career as a professional sports handicapper, based in Las Vegas, Nevada.
http://wn.com/Wayne_Allyn_Root -
Wendell Willkie
Wendell Lewis Willkie (; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and was the dark horse Republican Party nominee for the 1940 presidential election, where he crusaded against the policies of the New Deal, which he thought were inefficient and anti-business, but waffled on the issue of intervention or isolation in the world war that Nazi Germany was winning. His opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term, with 55% of the popular vote and 85% of the electoral vote. Roosevelt found Willkie to be a compatible liberal and brought him aboard as a special ambassador-at-large. Willkie criss-crossed the globe, bringing home a vision of "One World" freed from imperialism and colonialism. His liberalism lost him supporters in the GOP and he dropped out of the 1944 race, then died of a heart attack.
http://wn.com/Wendell_Willkie -
Whitelaw Reid
Whitelaw Reid (October 27, 1837 – December 15, 1912) was a U.S. politician and newspaper editor, as well as the author of a popular history of Ohio in the Civil War.
http://wn.com/Whitelaw_Reid -
Will H. Hays
http://wn.com/Will_H_Hays -
William A. Wheeler
William Almon Wheeler (June 30, 1819 – June 4, 1887) was a Representative from New York and the 19th Vice President of the United States.
http://wn.com/William_A_Wheeler -
William Dummer
http://wn.com/William_Dummer -
William E. Miller
William Edward "Bill" Miller (March 22, 1914–June 24, 1983) was a New York politician. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1964 election. Miller is the only practicing Catholic to have been nominated for national office by the Republican Party.
http://wn.com/William_E_Miller -
William Eustis
http://wn.com/William_Eustis -
William Howard Taft
http://wn.com/William_Howard_Taft -
William L. Dayton
William Lewis Dayton (February 17, 1807 – December 1, 1864) was an American politician.
http://wn.com/William_L_Dayton -
William M. Butler
http://wn.com/William_M_Butler -
William McKinley
William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to that office.
http://wn.com/William_McKinley -
William Phips
Sir William Phips (or Phipps) (February 2, 1651 February 18, 1695) was a colonial governor of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/William_Phips -
William R. Wilcox
http://wn.com/William_R_Wilcox -
William Shirley
:For the English cricketer of the same name, see William Shirley (cricketer)
http://wn.com/William_Shirley -
William Tailer
http://wn.com/William_Tailer -
William Weld
William Floyd Weld (born July 31, 1945, in Smithtown, New York) was the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997. From 1981 to 1988, he was a federal prosecutor in the United States Justice Department. In November 2006, he rejoined the international law firm of McDermott Will & Emery as a partner in its New York office.
http://wn.com/William_Weld -
Winthrop M. Crane
Winthrop Murray Crane (April 23, 1853 October 2, 1920) was a U.S. political figure. He served as the 40th Governor of Massachusetts between 1900 and 1903. He also served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1904 until 1913. He was a Republican.
http://wn.com/Winthrop_M_Crane
ALBUMS
- Infernal Storm
- Eternal Hellbound
- Evil Curse
- Hellfire
- Purified by Hell
- Horn of Sacrifice
- Dark Legion
- Flames of Hate
- Old Man Wise
- Around Again
- Pain Behind Your Eyes
- Love (I Don't Need It Anymore)
- Heavy D...
- Let It Flow
- Empty Soul
- October Morning Wind
- Get Off My Cloud
- Tangerine
- Robin's Song
- Do Your Own Thing
- Dead
- Everything's Alright
- Shine
- Who Do You Think You Are
- Dear Friend
- Do You Know My Name
- Hypnotized
- I Wanna Be
- No More
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The Union: The Business Behind Getting High - Full Movie - High Quality
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:11
- Published: 02 Dec 2011
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
The Union crew has decided to place a high quality version of The Union on-line for those who are unable to afford the film, as it is our belief that everyone should have the right to view it regardless of their financial situation. For those who would like to support the film, we have provided the link below to give the ability to do so. We would like to express a heartfelt thank you to everyone who has stood behind the movie and its message, whether through purchasing a copy, sharing with friends, creating blogs or just commenting on Youtube. We are truly indebted to you all! www.thewatchbox.com www.theunionmovie.com Become a Facebook fan www.facebook.com sincerely, The Union Crew
http://wn.com/The_Union_The_Business_Behind_Getting_High_Full_Movie_High_Quality
The Union: the business behind getting high
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 31 May 2007
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
Feature Documentary Movie Trailer www.theunionmovie.com
http://wn.com/The_Union_the_business_behind_getting_high
Black Eyed Peas Union music video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Published: 30 Nov 2006
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Music Video for Black Eyed Peas song "Union".. shot in africa while doing free show for people of africa and visiting schools and orphanages with there charity The Peapod Foundation
http://wn.com/Black_Eyed_Peas_Union_music_video
The Union - Marijuana Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:14
- Published: 21 Jan 2012
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
The Union - Marijuana Documentary
http://wn.com/The_Union_Marijuana_Documentary
Union Rags wins the 144th Belmont Stakes!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Published: 09 Jun 2012
- Updated: 05 Jul 2012
Union Rags comes out of nowhere, and pulls past paynter and wins the 144th Belmont Stakes!
http://wn.com/Union_Rags_wins_the_144th_Belmont_Stakes!
Union is strength !!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Published: 26 Feb 2012
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Just be together .....
http://wn.com/Union_is_strength_!!
Union - "Time Leak feat. Talib Kweli and Sly Johnson" - OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Published: 21 Sep 2011
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Order the triangle shaped, neon blue vinyl: www.fatbeats.com "Time Leak" features Talib Kweli on the verses and Sly Johnson's soulful belting on the hooks. The music video pays homage to The Matrix, Alien, the work of David Cronenberg, and any other spacey cult classic you can name drop. The visuals show Union 'controlling" a female body with their instrumentals, eventually bringing her to life and getting her to dance. This single is available on a very special 12" offering from Fat Beats Records newest and most mysterious signees, Union. It comes on a neon, triangle shaped vinyl in a thick clear plastc poly bag. The A side is main version, along with the banging, spacey instrumental that Union is known for. The B Side contains two remixes: Redefinition Records' Damu the Fudgemunk, and Project Mooncircle's fLako. Union consists of two Parisian producers whose otherworldly approach to analog-driven, melodically abstract, sample free hip-hop inspired Fat Beats Records to extend a label invitation immediately. When a mysterious, monolithic, glossy black package arrived at FBHQ with nothing more than a cryptic note and an unlabeled CD inside, the staff wasn't sure if Stanley Kubrick had risen from the dead to make mixtapes or if their lives were about to be transformed forever. Luckily it was the latter, and today the legendary label is poised to unleash Union's debut album Analogtronics on an unsuspecting Earth in the Dawn of 2012.
http://wn.com/Union_Time_Leak_feat_Talib_Kweli_and_Sly_Johnson_OFFICIAL_MUSIC_VIDEO
hombre lobo en paris - la union
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 17 Apr 2009
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
esta song is very old but diz song is awesome
http://wn.com/hombre_lobo_en_paris_la_union
Union Boss Violence and Intimidation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Published: 25 Mar 2012
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
Sweatshop Union - Bill Murray
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 14 Apr 2012
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
From the release "Bill Murray EP". Directed by Stuey Kubrick. itunes.apple.com urbnet.bandcamp.com
http://wn.com/Sweatshop_Union_Bill_Murray
Andrew Klavan: Behold! Your Public Sector Unions at Work.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 10 Mar 2011
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
Everywhere you turn these days, your public sector unions are hard at work, protesting cutbacks to public sector unions. Andrew Klavan exposes the charming charm of your unionized civil servants.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Klavan_Behold!_Your_Public_Sector_Unions_at_Work
Sabaton - Union (Polish subs, Polskie napisy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Published: 27 Jun 2008
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Few pictures from Monte Cassino + Sabaton Union + Polish subs. To download this video: www.tubegold.pl Lyrics As the turn of the tide it is our turn to rise The force of a union at war March over mountains on our way to the north On the road that will lead us to Rome Our way will not be easy, it will take us through hardship and pain Hill after hill breaking their lines of defence Head on north Mile after mile our march carries on No army may stop our approach Fight side by side many nations unite In the shadow of Monte Cassino We fight and die together as we head for the valley of death Destiny calls we'll not surrender or fail To arms under one banner As a unit we stand and united we fall As one fighting together Bringing an end to the slaughter Winds are changing head on north
http://wn.com/Sabaton_Union_Polish_subs,_Polskie_napisy
![Выпускной Бал в Кремле 2012 [Street Union Open Show]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120715062335im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OfIfPMw_X1c/0.jpg "Выпускной Бал в Кремле 2012 [Street Union Open Show]")
Выпускной Бал в Кремле 2012 [Street Union Open Show]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 06 Jul 2012
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
director Sergey Eremin cast Ruslan Dzhavadov, Mikhail Belsky, Sergey Nosulenko, Seryoga Safyanov, Sanyok Morozov, Ilya Vorobyov, Dmitry Barannikov, Ilya Pozdnyakov, Maxim Surovtsev, Lyokha Ryabkov, Alexey Laptev, Sashka Akimov cameraman Michael Melvin
http://wn.com/Выпускной_Бал_в_Кремле_2012_Street_Union_Open_Show_
What does Mitt Romney think of unions?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Published: 14 May 2012
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
Mitt Romney has made it clear, over and over again, how he'll treat organized labor if he's elected our next president.
http://wn.com/What_does_Mitt_Romney_think_of_unions?
TSA Invades Chicago's Union Station
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Published: 09 Jul 2012
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
As I entered Chicago's Union Station back on July 5th, I noticed 3 Fully Uniform TSA Agents sitting inside the office of Amtrak Police. I took out my cell phone and started to follow these TSA agents, and it appeared to me that they were setting up a Check Point for Amtrak Riders. This is just another example of how TSA expanding their operations and entering Train Stations, Bus terminals, and major sporting and concert events. Will Americans allow TSA to bring their intrusive Pat Downs on the road or finally take a stand and say NO!!
http://wn.com/TSA_Invades_Chicago's_Union_Station
Union Town by Tom Morello: The Nightwatchman
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Published: 27 Apr 2011
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Visit saveworkers.org to join the fight and download "Union Town" for free. Video by Revolution Messaging. Directed and edited by Robin Bell. Tom Morello filmed by Sean Ricigliano Wisconsin convergence footage by Matt Wisniewski as well as the Transport Workers Union. LA Unity Rally footage by Chris Kissinger.
http://wn.com/Union_Town_by_Tom_Morello_The_Nightwatchman
Pastel Colored Union Jack Nails
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 07 Jul 2012
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
PRODUCTS USED: THE FACE SHOP BL601 THE FACE SHOP YL701 THE FACE SHOP PK101 PRORANCE #803White BN Beauty Nail TP Music by Sean Fournier. 「All I'll Ever Need」 youtu.be
http://wn.com/Pastel_Colored_Union_Jack_Nails
State of the Union Address: Speech by President Barack Obama (2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 65:02
- Published: 03 May 2012
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
thefilmarchive.org The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama, from 9 pm to 10:17 pm EST on Tuesday, January 24, 2012. In addition to Giffords, other notable guests were invited at the behest of either the White House or the Republican leadership: Mark Kelly, astronaut and husband of Giffords (invited by Michelle Obama) Laurene Powell Jobs, the widow of Apple Inc. former CEO Steve Jobs (invited by Michelle Obama) Mike Krieger, co-founder of Instagram (invited by Michelle Obama) Debbie Bosanek, secretary to Warren Buffett (invited by Michelle Obama) Julian Castro, mayor of San Antonio, Texas (invited by Michelle Obama) Navy Adm. William McRaven, United States Special Operations Command (invited by Michelle Obama) Air Force Col. Ginger Wallace, participated in multiple combat and rescue/recovery missions; her female partner was able to attend her promotion ceremony following the repeal of Don't ask, don't tell. (invited by Michelle Obama) Dale Delie, President of Welspun Tubular LLC, a subsidiary of Welspun Corp. Ltd, located in Little Rock, Arkansas (invited by Boehner) Sen. Chris Langemeier of the Nebraska State Legislature (invited by Boehner) During his state of the Union Address President Obama mentioned the completed US withdrawal from Iraq, the return of some US troops from Afghanistan and the accomplishments against the Taliban and al-Qaeda including the deaths of Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki. Obama underscored Americas <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/State_of_the_Union_Address_Speech_by_President_Barack_Obama_2012
Meaningful Advertisement - Union is Strength !!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Published: 02 Mar 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Let us to make a better place for our future generation...
http://wn.com/Meaningful_Advertisement_Union_is_Strength_!!!
Hayley Westenra - World In Union 2011 (Rugby World Cup Theme Song) (FULL SONG)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 02 Sep 2011
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Hayley Westenra sings the official song World In Union for the 2011 Rugby World Cup held in New Zealand. This is the Full Song in English. I've also uploaded the Maori version here:- www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Hayley_Westenra_World_In_Union_2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Theme_Song_FULL_SONG
HIGHLIGHTS: LA Galaxy vs. Philadelphia Union
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:16
- Published: 05 Jul 2012
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Landon Donovan, Robbie Keane and the LA Galaxy host Freddy Adu, Michael Farfan and the Philadelphia Union. Subscribe to our channel for more soccer content: www.youtube.com - Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com - Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com - Add us to your circle on Google Plus: plus.google.com About MLS: Headquartered in New York City, Major League Soccer is the top-flight professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. MLS features many stars from the US, Canada, and around the world. Major League Soccer's 17th season features 19 clubs each playing 34 regular-season matches. Those clubs are the Chicago Fire; Chivas USA; Colorado Rapids; Columbus Crew; DC United; FC Dallas; Houston Dynamo; 2011 MLS Cup champion LA Galaxy; New York Red Bulls; New England Revolution; Philadelphia Union; Portland Timbers; Real Salt Lake; San Jose Earthquakes; Seattle Sounders FC; Sporting Kansas City; Toronto FC; Vancouver Whitecaps FC; and, in their inaugural season, Montreal Impact. For more information about MLS, log on to the league's official website at www.MLSsoccer.com Tags Goal, Goals, gaol, gaols, Highlights, highlight, pro soccer, sports, MLS, Major League Soccer, Football, Futbol, Soccer
http://wn.com/HIGHLIGHTS_LA_Galaxy_vs_Philadelphia_Union
The Culture High - Kickstarter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Published: 23 Jun 2012
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Kickstarter video for "The Culture High" documentary funding (follow-up film to The Union). Please visit: www.kickstarter.com There you can find ways to support the project such as pre-purchasing your copy of the film. Thank you everyone for the amazing continued support!!!
http://wn.com/The_Culture_High_Kickstarter
Street Acrobats - Union Square, NYC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Published: 29 Oct 2010
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
A crew of street acrobats perform in Union Square, NYC. As the finale, the lead member, Tylon Moore, front flips over seven women from the audience. Filmed & edited by Jon Edwards - More on Jonney E TV: jonneye.com Official website www.heavyhittas.com Subscribe to Jonney E TV tiny.cc Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Like on Facebook: www.facebook.com © 2010 Jon Edwards Productions. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, or redistributed without permission.
http://wn.com/Street_Acrobats_Union_Square,_NYC
PIB of India / Photo Division, Ministry of I & B
PIB of India
PIB of India
Creative Commons / Bruce1ee
AP / Vadim Ghirda
Creative Commons / Bobak Ha'Eri
UN / Evan Schneider
UN / Jean-Marc Ferré
UN Photo / JC McIlwaine
UN Photo / JC McIlwaine
UN Photo / JC McIlwaine
UN Photo / JC McIlwaine
AP / Thibault Camus
AP / Vadim Ghirda
PIB of India
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
PIB of India
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
PIB of India
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
PIB of India
PIB of India
Creative Commons / Iskanderov Damir
Loading results ...
photo: AP
12 Jul 2012
Photos from Kate Middleton and Prince William’s honeymoon leaked online Wednesday and are stirring up controversy. The royal couple spent their honeymoon on the north island of the Seychelles...
photo: AP / Drug Enforcement Administration
13 Jul 2012
LOS ANGELES: US and Mexican authorities have unearthed a 240-yard-long drug smuggling tunnel under their joint border in the state of Arizona, the latest such find in the violence-scarred region, US...
photo: NASA
14 Jul 2012
A solar storm is racing toward Earth this weekend, but scientists say not to worry. The blast of charged solar particles was due to arrive on Saturday morning and last through Sunday as it slams into...
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Jeff Atherton
14 Jul 2012
Iran could prevent even "a single drop of oil" passing through the Strait of Hormuz if its security is threatened, country's naval commander has said, as tensions simmer over Tehran's...
photo: AP
13 Jul 2012
LAGOS, Nigeria -- A truck carrying fuel veered off the road into a ditch, caught fire and exploded in Nigeria's oil-rich delta Thursday, killing at least 95 people who had rushed to the scene to...
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
04 Jul 2012
Tweet KOLKATA: UK's Financial Services Authority told Union Bank of India to invest $200 million for setting up a banking subsidiary on its soil. Union Bank chairman and managing...
photo: AP / Virginia Mayo
29 Jun 2012
By ANGELA CHARLTON and DON MELVIN, Associated Press BRUSSELS (AP) — After tough all-night bargaining, European leaders appeared to salvage what had seemed to be a summit teetering toward failure...
photo: Creative Commons
28 Jun 2012
(Reuters) - Struggling French car maker is seeking additional cost savings this year and freeing capacity at one of its two Paris plants to prepare for the other's closure, union...
Miliband denies 'cosying' up to the unions as he becomes first Labour leader since Kinnnock ...
15 Jul 2012
The Daily Mail
Ed Miliband yesterday became the first Labour leader since Neil Kinnock to address the traditional Durham Miners' Gala. His appearance at the event - billed as the largest remaining working class demonstration in the country - has been warmly welcomed by local trade unionists and party activists....(size: 9.4Kb)
Sunday: Unions no longer needed
15 Jul 2012
The State
Years ago, managementâs desire to wring every pound of flesh out of workers was inhumane and demeaning. There were no laws to prevent racial, age, sex or other forms of discrimination. Work breaks were few and far between, and the work day stretched for 12 hours or more, the...(size: 1.9Kb)
Valdes' goal sends Union to victory over Impact
15 Jul 2012
TSN Canada
CHESTER, Pa. -- Carlos Valdes' goal in the 91st minute lifted the Philadelphia Union past the Montreal Impact 2-1 on Saturday. Lionard Pajoy also scored for the...(size: 1.1Kb)
The Miami Herald
In the coming months, as the criminal case against former Broward Teachers Union President Pat Santeramo moves forward, schools across the county will reopen, and teachers will resume working. Will the BTU be able to adequately represent them? Regardless of what happens to Santeramo in court, the...(size: 3.5Kb)
Carlos Valdes' late goal helps Union dump Impact
15 Jul 2012
CBC
Carlos Valdes' goal in the 91st minute lifted the Philadelphia Union past the Montreal Impact 2-1 on Saturday. Lionard Pajoy also scored for the Union (6-9-2),...(size: 1.1Kb)
The Washington Post
CHESTER, Pa. — Carlos Valdes’ goal in the 91st minute lifted the Philadelphia Union past the Montreal Impact 2-1 on Saturday. Lionard Pajoy also scored for the Union (6-9-2), who won their third in a row and fourth in five games. Loading... Comments...(size: 1.7Kb)
Union slip past Impact 2-1
15 Jul 2012
WPXI
Carlos Valdes' goal in the 91st minute lifted the Philadelphia Union past the Montreal Impact 2-1 on Saturday. Lionard Pajoy also scored for the Union (6-9-2), who won their...(size: 1.1Kb)
CBI holding up speedy trial against Union Carbide, declared absconder for the Bhopal gas tragedy in 1992
15 Jul 2012
The Times of India
Tweet NEW DELHI: Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), USA, was first declared absconder for the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy by the district court in 1992. And, in 2010, the UPA woke up again to push the criminal case against the company, and asked the CBI to take up the matter before courts on an urgent...(size: 2.4Kb)
 |
Look up union in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Union may refer to:
- Trade union or labor union, an organization of workers that have banded together, often for the purpose of getting better working conditions or pay
- Credit union
- Taxpayer groups (Taxpayers union), an organization of taxpayers, for the purpose of getting better budget responsibility from government
- Union (set theory), a mathematical set composed of all of the distinct elements of a collection of sets
- Union (computer science), a type of data
- Union (plumbing), a pipe fitting
- Union (American Civil War), a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States and loyal states during the American Civil War
It may also refer to:
|
Education[link]
- Union College (disambiguation)
- Union Institute & University, a college specializing in distance learning
- Union Public Schools, a school district in Oklahoma
- Union Theological College, in Northern Ireland
- Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York
- Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education, in Virginia
- Union University, a Baptist college in Tennessee
- Union University (New York), a federation of New York state institutions
- Union University (Serbia)
History and politics[link]
- Act of Union (1800), the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- Acts of Union 1707, the formation of Great Britain
- Dynastic union
- European Union
- Personal union
- Political union
- Soviet Union
- The Union, a term sometimes used to refer to the United States
- The Brazilian federal government (Portuguese: União)
- Union councils of Pakistan
- Union of India
- Union of South Africa, the predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa
- Union State, the entity combining the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus
Computer science[link]
- Union (SQL)
- Union mount, a concept in file storage
Media[link]
- Union (Dark Horse Comics), a Star Wars miniseries
- Union (comics), a Wildstorm character
- The Union: The Business Behind Getting High, a 2007 documentary film
[edit] Music
- Union (band)
- Union (The Boxer Rebellion album)
- Union (Chara album)
- Union (Toni Childs album)
- Union (Puya album)
- Union (Rasa album), by Rasa
- Union (Union album)
- Union (Yes album)
- "Union" (Black Eyed Peas song)
- "Union (Slopes of St. Benedict)", a song by Sabaton on the The Art of War (album)
Places[link]
- Canada
- Paraguay
- Philippines
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- United States
- Union, Alabama
- Arcata, California (Union, Humboldt County, California)
- Union, Merced County, California
- Union, Napa County, California
- Union, Connecticut
- Union, Illinois
- Union, Iowa
- Union, Nevada
- Union, Kentucky
- Union Parish, Louisiana
- Union, Maine
- Union, Mississippi
- Union, Missouri
- Union, Nebraska
- Union, New Hampshire
- Union, New York
- Union, Ohio
- Union, Oregon
- Union, South Carolina
- Union, Virginia
- Union, West Virginia
- Union, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
Sports[link]
- Philadelphia Union, a soccer team
- Rugby union, a sport
- The Union (professional wrestling)
- Unión de Santa Fe, an Argentine football (soccer) club
- Club Atlético Unión de Sunchales, an Argentine football (soccer) club
Transport[link]
- Union (TTC), a subway station in Toronto, named for the adjacent railway station
- HMS Union, the name of several British Royal Navy ships
- USS Union, the name of several United States Navy ships
- Union (ship), a snow sunk in Fiji in 1804
Other uses[link]
- Gabrielle Union, American actress
- Half-union, a coin
See also[link]
- Alliance
- La Unión (disambiguation)
- The Union
- Mount Union (disambiguation)
- Soyuz (disambiguation)
- Union City (disambiguation)
- Union County (disambiguation)
- Union Railroad (disambiguation)
- Union Station (disambiguation)
- Union Springs (disambiguation)
- Union Township (disambiguation)
- Uniondale
- Uniontown (disambiguation)
- Unionville (disambiguation)
- West Union (disambiguation)
- Unionism (disambiguation)
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
http://wn.com/Union
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Объединение
http://es.wn.com/Unión
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other persons of the same name, see Billy Murray (disambiguation) and William Murray (disambiguation).
| Bill Murray | |
|---|---|
 Murray at the premiere of Get Low at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival |
|
| Born | William James Murray (1950-09-21) September 21, 1950 (age 61) Wilmette, Illinois, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, writer, golfer |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Spouse | Margaret Kelly (1981–1996) Jennifer Butler (1997–2008) |
| Children | With Kelly: 2, With Butler: 4 |
| Family | Brothers: John Murray, Joel Murray, Brian Doyle-Murray Nancy Murray (sister) |
William James "Bill" Murray (born September 21, 1950) is an American actor, comedian and golfer. He first gained national exposure on Saturday Night Live in which he earned an Emmy Award and later went on to star in a number of critically and commercially successful comedic films, including Caddyshack (1980), Ghostbusters (1984), and Groundhog Day (1993). Murray gained additional critical acclaim later in his career, starring in Lost in Translation (2003), that earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination, and a series of films directed by Wes Anderson, including Rushmore (1998), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004) and Moonrise Kingdom (2012).
Contents |
Early life[link]
Murray was born and raised in Wilmette, Illinois, a northern suburb of Chicago, the son of Lucille (née Collins), a mail room clerk, and Edward Joseph Murray II, a lumber salesman.[1][2] Murray's father died in 1967 from complications of diabetes when Bill was 17 years old.[3][4] Murray, along with his eight siblings, was raised in an Irish American family.[5] Three of his siblings are actors: John Murray, Joel Murray and Brian Doyle-Murray. A sister, Nancy, is an Adrian Dominican nun in Michigan, who has traveled the United States in a one-woman programme, portraying St. Catherine of Siena.[6]
As a youth, Murray read children's biographies of American heroes like Kit Carson, Wild Bill Hickok and Davy Crockett.[7] He attended St. Joseph grade school and Loyola Academy. During his teen years, he worked as a golf caddy to fund his education at the Jesuit high school.[7][8] One of his sisters had polio and his mother suffered several miscarriages.[7] During his teen years he was the lead singer of a rock band called the Dutch Masters and took part in high school and community theatre.
After graduating, Murray attended Regis University in Denver, Colorado, taking premedical courses. However, he quickly dropped out, returning to Illinois.[9] In 2007, however, Regis awarded him an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree.[10]
Around 1971, police arrested Murray at Chicago's O'Hare Airport for trying to smuggle 9 pounds of marijuana which he had allegedly intended to sell.[8][9]
Career[link]
Second City[link]
With an invitation from his older brother, Brian, Murray got his start at The Second City in Chicago, an improvisational comedy troupe, studying under Del Close.[11] In 1974, he moved to New York City and was recruited by John Belushi[12] as a featured player on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.
[edit] Saturday Night Live
In 1975, an Off Broadway version of a Lampoon show led to his first television role as a cast member of the ABC variety show Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell that featured animal acts and little kids with loud voices.[11] That same season, another variety show titled NBC's Saturday Night premiered. Cosell's show lasted just one season, canceled in early 1976.
After working in Los Angeles with the "guerrilla video" commune TVTV on a number of projects, Murray rose to prominence in 1976. He joined the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live for the show's second season, following the departure of Chevy Chase.[13]
A Rutland Weekend Television sketch Eric Idle brought for his appearance on SNL developed into the 1978 mockumentary All You Need Is Cash with Murray (alongside other SNL cast members) appearing as "Bill Murray the K", a send-up of New York radio host Murray the K, in a segment of the film that is an obvious parody of the Maysles Brothers's documentary The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit.
During the first few seasons of SNL, Murray was in a romantic relationship with fellow cast member Gilda Radner.[14]
Film career[link]
Murray landed his first starring role with the film Meatballs in 1979. He followed this up with his portrayal of famed writer Hunter S. Thompson in 1980's Where the Buffalo Roam. In the early 1980s, he starred in a string of box-office hits including Caddyshack, Stripes, and Tootsie.
Murray became the first guest on NBC's Late Night with David Letterman on February 1, 1982. He would later appear on the first episode of The Late Show with David Letterman in August 1993, when the show moved to CBS. On January 31, 2012 – 30 years after his first appearance with Letterman, Murray appeared again on his talk show.
Murray began work on a film adaptation of the novel The Razor's Edge. The film, which Murray also co-wrote, was his first starring role in a dramatic film. He later agreed to star in Ghostbusters, in a role originally written for John Belushi. This was a deal Murray made with Columbia Pictures in order to gain financing for his film.[15] Ghostbusters became the highest-grossing film of 1984. But The Razor's Edge, which was filmed before Ghostbusters but not released until after, was a box-office flop.
Upset over the failure of Razor's Edge, Murray took four years off from acting to study philosophy and history at the Sorbonne, frequent the Cinematheque in Paris, and spend time with his family in their Hudson River Valley home.[12] During that time, his second son, Luke, was born.[7] With the exception of a cameo appearance in the 1986 movie Little Shop of Horrors, he did not make any appearances in films, though he did participate in several public readings in Manhattan organized by playwright/director Timothy Mayer and in a production of Bertolt Brecht's A Man's A Man.[7]
Murray returned to films in 1988 with Scrooged and the sequel Ghostbusters II in 1989. In 1990, Murray made his first and only attempt at directing when he co-directed Quick Change with producer Howard Franklin. His subsequent films What About Bob? (1991) and Groundhog Day (1993) were box-office hits and critically acclaimed.
After a string of films that did not do well with audiences (one of the exceptions being his role in the 1996 comedy Kingpin), he received much critical acclaim for Wes Anderson's Rushmore for which he won Best Supporting Actor awards from the New York Film Critics Circle, National Society of Film Critics, and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (tying with Billy Bob Thornton). Murray decided to take a turn towards more dramatic roles. Murray then experienced a resurgence in his career as a dramatic actor, taking on roles in Wild Things, Cradle Will Rock, Hamlet (as Polonius), and The Royal Tenenbaums.
In 2003, he garnered considerable acclaim for Sofia Coppola's Lost in Translation, and went on to earn a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award, and an Independent Spirit Award, as well as Best Actor awards from a number of film critic organizations.[16] He was considered a favorite to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, although Sean Penn ultimately won the award for his performance in Mystic River. In an interview included on the Lost in Translation DVD, Murray states that this is his favorite movie in which he has appeared. Also in 2003, he appeared in a short cameo for the movie Coffee and Cigarettes, in which he played himself "hiding out" in a local coffee shop.
During this time, Murray still appeared in comedic roles such as Charlie's Angels and Osmosis Jones. In 2004, he provided the voice of Garfield in Garfield: The Movie, and again in 2006 for Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties. (Later, Murray claimed that he only took part because he was under the misguided impression the screenplay, actually co-written by Joel Cohen, was the work of Joel Coen). In 2004, he made his third collaboration with Wes Anderson in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou. His dramatic role in Jim Jarmusch's Broken Flowers was also well received.
In 2005, Murray announced that he would take a break from acting,[17] as he had not had the time to relax since his new breakthrough in the late 1990s. He did return to the big screen, however, for brief cameos in Wes Anderson's The Darjeeling Limited and in Get Smart as Agent 13, the agent in the tree. In 2008, he played an important role in the post-apocalyptic film City of Ember, and in 2009, played himself in a cameo role in the zombie comedy Zombieland.
Murray provided the voice for the character Mr. Badger for the 2009 animated film Fantastic Mr. Fox. Though there was speculation that he might return to the Ghostbusters franchise[18] for the rumored Ghostbusters 3,[19] he dispelled such speculation in a recent interview with GQ. In March 2010, Bill Murray appeared on Late Show with David Letterman and talked about his return to Ghostbusters III, stating "I'd do it only if my character was killed off in the first reel".[20] In an interview with GQ, Murray said: "You know, maybe I should just do it. Maybe it'd be fun to do." In the interview, when asked "Is the third Ghostbusters movie happening? What's the story with that?", Bill Murray replied, "It's all a bunch of crock."[21] Despite this comment, later reports by Dan Aykroyd[22] and Stefano Paginini[23] suggest the movie is well underway, and the script has already been approved.
Golf-related work[link]
_cropped.jpg)
Murray is an avid golfer who often plays in celebrity tournaments. His 1999 book Cinderella Story: My Life in Golf, part autobiography and part essay, expounds on his love of the game. In 2002, he and his brothers starred in the Comedy Central series, The Sweet Spot, which chronicled their adventures playing golf. Caddyshack, one of Murray's earliest film roles, has him playing assistant greens-keeper Carl Spackler who lives in the golf course's tool shed. The title of his book is derived from a scene he played in Caddyshack, narrating his own golf fantasy (which was listed as #92 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list).
Murray's love for golf is also displayed in Space Jam, Lost in Translation, and Zombieland.
On February 13, 2011, Murray, playing with tournament champion D. A. Points, won the Pro-Am championship at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am.
Outside of show business[link]
He is a partner with his brothers in Murray Bros. Caddy Shack, a restaurant located near St. Augustine.[24]
He is a part-owner of the St. Paul Saints independent minor-league baseball team and occasionally travels to Saint Paul, Minnesota to watch the team's games.[25] He also owns part of the Charleston RiverDogs, Hudson Valley Renegades, and the Brockton Rox. He invested in a number of other minor league teams in the past, including the Utica Blue Sox, Fort Myers Miracle, Salt Lake Sting (APSL) and Salt Lake City Trappers. He was also a part-owner of the Auburn Astros (now the Auburn Doubledays) in Auburn, New York.[citation needed]
Being very detached from the Hollywood scene, Murray does not have an agent or manager and reportedly only fields offers for scripts and roles using a personal telephone number with a voice mailbox that he checks infrequently.[26] This practice has the downside of sometimes preventing him from taking parts that he had auditioned for and was interested in, such as that of Sulley in Monsters, Inc., Bernard Berkman in The Squid and the Whale, Frank Ginsburg in Little Miss Sunshine and Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.[27] He also regretted losing the chance to play Eddie Valiant in Who Framed Roger Rabbit when he heard that he was considered for the role, which he says he would have definitely accepted.[28]
Personal life[link]
During the filming of Stripes, Murray married Margaret Kelly on Super Bowl Sunday in Las Vegas on January 25, 1981.[7][11] Later, they re-married in Chicago for their families.[11] Margaret gave birth to two sons, Homer (born 1982) and Luke (born 1985). Luke is an assistant basketball coach at Towson University, located outside of Baltimore, MD. Following Murray's affair with Jennifer Butler, the couple divorced in 1996. In 1997, he married Butler. Together, they have four sons: Caleb (born January 11, 1993), Jackson (born October 6, 1995), Cooper (born January 27, 1997), and Lincoln (born May 30, 2001). Butler filed for divorce on May 12, 2008, accusing Murray of domestic violence, infidelity, and sex, drug and alcohol addiction.[29] Their divorce was finalized on June 13, 2008.
Murray has homes in Los Angeles, California; Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts;[30] Charleston, South Carolina; and Rockland County, New York, just outside of New York City.[31]
During the 2000 presidential campaign, Murray supported Green Party candidate Ralph Nader.[32]
Murray is a fan of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Chicago pro sports teams, especially the Chicago Cubs, Chicago Bears and the Chicago Bulls. (He was once a guest color commentator for a Cubs game during the 1980s.)[33] Murray is an avid Quinnipiac University basketball fan, where his son served as head of basketball operations. Murray is a regular fixture at home games. He cheered courtside for the Illinois Fighting Illini's game against the University of North Carolina in the NCAA Basketball Tournament's championship game in 2005. He is a fixture at home games of those teams when in his native Chicago. After traveling to Florida during the Cubs playoff run to help "inspire" the team (Murray told Cubs slugger Aramis Ramírez he was very ill and needed two home runs to give him the hope to live),[34] he was invited to the champagne party in the Cubs' clubhouse when the team clinched the NL Central in late September 2007, along with fellow actors John Cusack, Bernie Mac, James Belushi, and former Cubs legend Ron Santo. Murray appeared in Santo's documentary, This Old Cub.
As a Chicago native, Murray appeared at the 50th annual Chicago Air & Water Show in August 2008. He performed a tandem jump with the U.S. Army Parachute Team Golden Knights.[35] He was the M.C. for Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival on July 28, 2007, where he dressed in various guises of Clapton as he appeared through the years. He was MC again in 2010. Also because of his roots in the Chicago area, the founders of Housing Opportunities and Maintenance for the Elderly (H.O.M.E.) Michael and Lilo Salmon, were able to contact him through his former sister-in-law for support. In 1987 he made a sizeable donation to assist in the development and building of the Nathalie Salmon House. This home has been able to provide affordable housing for low-income seniors. Michael and Lilo Salmon credited him as performing "miracles" for them.
Filmography[link]
References[link]
 |
This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (March 2012) |
- ^ "Bill Murray profile at FilmReference.com". Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/24/Bill-Murray.html. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ "Bill Murray Family Tree". Ancestry.com. http://landing.ancestry.com/famoustree/Tree.aspx?name=murray&sourceCode=6865. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ The New York Times article: "The Rumpled Anarchy of Bill Murray", page 7.
- ^ Yahoo Movies: Bill Murray profile at Yahoo! Movies
- ^ Elder, Sean. "Brilliant Careers: Bill Murray". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/people/bc/2001/02/06/murray/index.html. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ The Macomb Daily "Bill Murray's Sister to Portray Saint at Local Churches", May 13, 2010. Retrieved on June 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f The New York Times article: "The Rumpled Anarchy of Bill Murray".
- ^ a b Murray, Bill; George Peper (1999). Cinderella Story: My Life in Golf. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-49571-4.
- ^ a b The New York Times article: "The Rumpled Anarchy of Bill Murray", p. 10
- ^ Denver, The (2007-07-17). "Regis University dropout Bill Murray earns stripes with honorary degree". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/headlines/ci_6391555. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
- ^ a b c d Chase, Chris (1981-07-03). "Bill Murray, A Black Sheep Now in Stripes". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Carr, Jay (1988-11-20). "Bill Murray's Somber Side". Boston Globe.
- ^ Early Career with SNL[dead link]
- ^ Radner, Gilda. It's Always Something. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
- ^ Fierman, Dan (8/2010), "Bill Murray Is Ready To See You Now,"GQ
- ^ "2003 Film Awards & Nominations". Metacritic. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080502193917/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2003/awardsandnominations.shtml. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ "IMDb bio". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000195/bio. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ "Round and Round We Go - More From Bill Murray on Ghostbusters 3". http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/38625/round-and-round-we-go-more-from-bill-murray-ghostbusters-3.
- ^ "Fans Convince Murray to Do Third 'Ghostbusters'?". http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/20949.
- ^ "Bill Murray Talks Ghostbusters 3 on Letterman". ShockTilYouDrop. CraveOnline. March 1, 2010. http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=14322. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
- ^ Bill Murray on Ghostbusters 3, Get Low, Ron Howard, and Kung Fu Hustle: Celebrities: GQ
- ^ http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2010/10/dan-akroyd-writing-ghostbusters-3-script-selling-vodka-out-of-his-rv.html
- ^ http://comicbookmovie.com/fansites/marvelmoviesuniverse/news/?a=24279
- ^ "Murray Bros. Caddyshack Restaurant". Murraybroscaddyshack.com. 2010-02-15. http://www.murraybroscaddyshack.com/. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
- ^ St. Paul Saints ownership
- ^ "How we work: Bill Murray, actor". rodcorp. http://rodcorp.typepad.com/rodcorp/2005/02/how_we_work_bil.html. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ "MSN Hotlist". Microsoft. http://hotlist.uk.msn.com/actors_and_film/bill_murray_gets_lost_in_transportation.aspx. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ "Trivia for "Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)"". IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096438/trivia. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
- ^ "The Post and Courier — Bill Murray sued for divorce — Charleston SC — postandcourier.com". Charleston.net. 2008-05-29. http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2008/may/29/bill_murray_sued_divorce42566/. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
- ^ "Under (one) Hot Tin Roof". Martha's Vineyard Magazine. http://www.mvmagazine.com/2006/july/hot_tin_roof.php. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ "Bill Murray: Funny, crazy and sweet". MondoStars. http://www.mondostars.com/entertainment/billmurray.html. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ Chen, David W. (2000-10-15). "THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE GREEN PARTY; In Nader Supporters' Math, Gore Equals Bush". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E4DD113FF936A25753C1A9669C8B63. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ Wine, Steven (September 27, 2007). "Comedian Bill Murray lightens Cubs' mood — at least briefly". Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news;_ylt=Ak6ARa.k7P1_XBcslCIr3LMV0bYF?slug=ap-cubs-murray&prov=ap&type=lgns. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ Keller, Tom (September 27, 2007). "Murray visits with Cubs prior to finale". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article_entertainment.jsp?ymd=20070927&content_id=2234194&vkey=entertainment&fext=.jsp. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ "Bill Murray to parachute at Chicago Air & Water Show". Chicago Tribune. 2008-07-21. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-07-22/news/0807210434_1_brady-bunch-jump-chicago-air. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. 2011-11-02. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/story/2011-11-02/fdr-bill-murray-hyde-park-on-hudson/51048466/1.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bill Murray |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bill Murray |
- Bill Murray at the Internet Movie Database
- Bill Murray at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Bill Murray at AllRovi
- Streaming audio interview from 1988 (18 minutes)
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jane Curtin and Dan Aykroyd |
Weekend Update Anchor (with Jane Curtin) 1978–1980 |
Succeeded by Charles Rocket |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Murray, Bill |
| Alternative names | Murray, William James |
| Short description | American actor and comedian |
| Date of birth | September 21, 1950 |
| Place of birth | Wilmette, Illinois, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bill_Murray
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Мюррей, Билл
http://es.wn.com/Bill Murray
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Andrew Klavan | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1954 New York City |
| Pen name | Keith Peterson |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | BA Business |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley |
| Genres | Mystery |
|
www.andrewklavan.com |
|
Andrew Klavan, (born 1954), known also by his pen name Keith Peterson, is an American writer of mystery novels, psychological thrillers, and screenplays for "tough-guy" mystery films. Two of Klavan's books have been adapted into motion pictures: True Crime (1999) and Don't Say A Word (2001). He has been nominated for the Edgar Award four times and has won twice.[1] Playwright and novelist Laurence Klavan is his brother.[2]
Contents |
Career[link]
Klavan dropped out of school temporarily to work in local radio news and wrote his first novel, Face of the Earth, in 1977. He then moved to Putnam County, New York, where he worked as a reporter for a local newspaper. His experience covering local crime later formed the basis for his novel Corruption.
Klavan later worked as a script reader for Columbia Pictures and a news writer for WOR Radio and the ABC Radio Network while writing mysteries and freelance book reviews.[2] During this time he adopted the pseudonym "Keith Peterson, "which appeared on The Trapdoor (1988), The Rain (1988), There Fell a Shadow (1988), Rough Justice (1989), and The Scarred Man (1992).The Rain won the 1990 Edgar Award for Best Original Paperback. Klavan has also written supernatural thrillers such as Don't Say A Word (1991) — which was also nominated for an Edgar, The Animal Hour (1992), and Corruption (1993), and wrote the screenplay for the film version of Simon Brett's novel A Shock to the System.
Klavan and his family then moved to London, where he wrote True Crime and two other novels. After seven years, he moved back to the United States, settling in Santa Barbara, California, where he completed the novel Man and Wife (currently in motion picture development)[2] and wrote his Weiss/Bishop trilogy: Dynamite Road, Shotgun Alley, and Damnation Street.
In 2008, he released a war-on-terror political novel, Empire of Lies. In 2009, he published The Last Thing I Remember, a thriller aimed at young adults.
Klavan has been a regular contributor of short video commentaries under the general title "Klavan on the Culture", posted at PJTV.com. He also became a contributor to the center-right social networking and blogging Web site Ricochet.com on May 17, 2010.[3]
In 2011, Klavan began appearing on Glenn Beck's network GBTV as host of the "Very Serious Commentary" segment.
Awards[link]
Klavan has received a number of award wins and nomination in the various mystery-genre awards ceremonies. Mrs. White, written as pen-name Margaret Tracy, won the 1984 Edgar Award for "Best Paperback Original".[4] Klavans next win came in 1989, with his novel Trapdoor (this time as Keith Peterson) picking up a nomination again in the "Best Paperback Original" category.[4] The following year he won the Edgar Award in this same category for The Rain, as well as a nomination at the 1990 Anthony Awards for Rough Justice again in the paperback running.[4][5] Klavan was nominated under his own name for the first time in 1992 for his novel Don't Say a Word, which was nominated for the "Best Novel" Edgar Award.[6] He received another Anthony Award nomination at the 1996 ceremony for his novel, True Crime, again for "Best Novel".[5]
Political philosophy[link]
Identifying himself as a conservative, Klavan has expressed the view that "rightists" are the victims of discrimination in Hollywood.[7] In his view, people in the American arts are not fulfilling their inherent role of "speaking truth to power," since they are not willing to criticize those of the Left in power.[8] In July 2008, he likened criticism of George W. Bush to the vilification of Batman in The Dark Knight.[9] This was widely criticized.[8]
Klavan said:
Every single one of our soldiers signed up or re-signed up after 9/11. The term, the longest one was six years, so every single one signed up after 9/11, every single one knew where he was going, what was going to happen to him, and has an idea of why it's the right thing to do. Those guys cannot appear in the movies. And you know, it wouldn't bother me so much, the movies that Hollywood makes never bother me so much as the movies they don't make. If there were eight films attacking our troops, I would still despise them for making them during war time. But if there were 8 films supporting our troops, I know that those films would win out with the audience and I know their arguments would be better and I know the depiction of life would be more realistic.[8]
In a December 2011 article, Klavan referred to himself as a "libertarian".[10]
Personal life[link]
Klavan was born in New York City. His father was Gene Klavan, a New York City disk jockey and one-half of the radio show "Klavan and Finch".[11] He grew up on Long Island with his three brothers.[2] He studied Business at the University of California, Berkeley.[2][12] At this time, he self-identified as a political liberal while opposing some liberal policies, such as "affirmative action".[8]
Klavan has two children with his wife Ellen.[13] Klavan was raised Jewish but became an agnostic after his Bar mitzvah.[8] He later converted to Christianity.[8]
Bibliography[link]
- Face of the Earth (1977)
- Agnes Mallory (1985)
- Mrs. White (1987) (as Margaret Tracy, with Laurence Klavan)
- There Fell A Shadow (1988) (as Keith Peterson)
- The Rain (1988) (as Keith Peterson)
- Darling Clementine (1988)
- The Trap Door (1988) (as Keith Peterson)
- Son of Man (1988)
- The Scarred Man (1989) (as Keith Peterson)
- Rough Justice (1989) (as Keith Peterson)
- Don't Say a Word (1991)
- The Animal Hour (1992)
- Corruption (1993)
- True Crime (1995)
- Suicide (1995)
- The Uncanny (1998)
- Hunting Down Amanda (1999)
- Man and Wife (2001)
- Dynamite Road (2003)
- Shotgun Alley (2004)
- Damnation Street (2006)
- Empire of Lies (2008)
- The Homelanders: The Last Thing I Remember (2009)
- The Homelanders: The Long Way Home (2010)
- The Homelanders: The Truth of the Matter (2010)
- The Identity Man (2010)
- The Homelanders: The Final Hour (2011)
- Crazy Dangerous (2012)
Filmography[link]
- White of the Eye (film) (1987)
- A Shock to the System (2008) (Screenplay)
References[link]
- ^ "Frontpagemag.com". Frontpagemag.com. http://frontpagemag.com/2009/12/11/andrew-klavan-my-way-into-and-out-of-the-left-by-jamie-glazov/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ a b c d e Biography. By M. Wallace. IMDB.com Retrieved July 6, 2009.
- ^ Ricochet.com[dead link]
- ^ a b c "Best Paperback Original Mystery Novel Edgar Award Winners and Nominees - Complete Lists". Mysterynet.com. http://www.mysterynet.com/edgars/previous/original/. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ a b "Bouchercon World Mystery Convention : Anthony Awards Nominees". Bouchercon.info. 2003-10-02. http://www.bouchercon.info/nominees.html. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ "Best Mystery Novel Edgar Award Winners and Nominees - Complete Lists". Mysterynet.com. http://www.mysterynet.com/edgars/previous/novel/. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ "Why Are We Whispering?" Washington Post. Published August 8, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f The World According to Andrew Klavan. Uncommon Knowledge. Filmed on August 28, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
- ^ "What Bush And Batman Have In Common". Wall Street Journal. Published July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Klavan, Andrew (2011-12-05). "Klavan On The Culture » O’Sullivan’s Law at the Movies: J. Edgar and Cultural Decay". Pjmedia.com. http://pjmedia.com/andrewklavan/2011/12/05/osullivans-law-at-the-movie/2/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ Gene Klavan, Radio Show Host, Dies at 79. By Douglas Martin. The New York Times. Published April 9, 2004.
- ^ Ellroy, James; Penzler, Otto, eds. (2010). The Best American Noir of the Century. Random House. ISBN 978-0547330778. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FXTBWZPD250C&pg=PT930&lpg=PT930#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ About Andrew Klavan | Biography. AndrewKlavan.com.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Andrew Klavan at the Internet Movie Database
- Andrew Klavan at AllRovi
- Klavan, Andrew Crime Time Interview
- Apuzzo, Jason. Liberty Film Festival [1]
- Curtis, Brian. "Do You Fear Me Now?" Slate, February 2006
- Klavan, Andrew. "Clinton Doth Protest Too Much." Los Angeles Times, September 2006
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Klavan, Andrew |
| Alternative names | Peterson, Keith; Tracy, Margaret |
| Short description | Novelist |
| Date of birth | 1954 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Andrew_Klavan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Klavan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Romney" redirects here. For other uses, see Romney (disambiguation).
| Mitt Romney | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 70th Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007 |
|
| Lieutenant | Kerry Healey |
| Preceded by | Jane Swift (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Deval Patrick |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Willard Mitt Romney (1947-03-12) March 12, 1947 (age 65) Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Ann Romney (m. 1969) «start: (1969)»"Marriage: Ann Romney to Mitt Romney" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Mitt_Romney) |
| Children | Taggart (b. 1970) Matthew (b. 1971) Joshua (b. 1975) Benjamin (b. 1978) Craig (b. 1981) |
| Residence | Belmont, Massachusetts Wolfeboro, New Hampshire San Diego, California |
| Alma mater | Brigham Young University (BA) Harvard University (MBA, JD) |
| Religion | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) |
| Positions | Co-founder, Bain Capital (1984–1999) CEO, Bain & Company (1991–1992) CEO, 2002 Winter Olympics Organizing Committee (1999–2002) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | MittRomney.com |
|
This article is part of a series about Mitt Romney |
Mitt Romney
 |
|---|---|---|
|
2012 Presidential campaign |
||
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 2002 but did not seek re-election in 2006. During his term he presided over a series of spending cuts and increases in fees that eliminated a projected $1.5 billion deficit. He also signed into law the Massachusetts health care reform legislation, the first of its kind in the nation, which provided near-universal health insurance access via state-level subsidies and individual mandates.
Romney ran for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, winning several primaries and caucuses but losing the nomination to John McCain. In the following years, he gave speeches and raised campaign funds on behalf of his fellow Republicans. In June 2011, he announced that he would seek the 2012 Republican presidential nomination; as of May 2012, he has won enough caucuses and primaries to become the party's presumptive nominee.
Contents
|
Early life and education[link]
See also: Romney family
Heritage and youth[link]
Willard Mitt Romney[1] was born at Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan,[2] the youngest child of George W. Romney, a self-made man who by 1948 had become an automobile executive, and Lenore Romney (née LaFount), an aspiring actress turned homemaker.[3][4][5] His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, Mexico, to American parents.[6][7] He is of primarily English descent, and also has more distant Scottish and German ancestry.[8][9][10] He is a fifth-generation member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[11][12] A great-great-grandfather, Miles Romney, converted to the faith in its first decade, and another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, was an early leader in the church during the same time.[13]
He was preceded in birth by three siblings: Margo Lynn, Jane LaFount, and G. Scott. Mitt followed after a gap of nearly six years. He was named after family friend, hotel magnate J. Willard Marriott, and his father's cousin Milton "Mitt" Romney, a former quarterback for the Chicago Bears.[14][nb 1] In 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills.[16] In 1954, his father became the chairmen and CEO of American Motors, a company he helped avoid bankruptcy, and return to profitability.[16] By the time Mitt was twelve, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television,[17] and Mitt idolized him.[18]
He attended public elementary schools[15] until the seventh grade, when he began commuting to Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, a traditional private boys' preparatory school where he was one of only a few Mormons and where many students came from backgrounds even more privileged than he.[19][20] He was not particularly athletic and at first did not excel academically.[18] During his sophomore year he participated in the 1962 campaign in which his father was elected Governor of Michigan.[nb 2] When his parents moved to the state capitol as part of George Romney taking office, Mitt took up residence at Cranbrook's Stevens Hall.[19] George Romney was re-elected twice; Mitt worked for him as an intern in the governor's office, and was present at the 1964 Republican National Convention when his moderate father battled conservative party nominee Barry Goldwater over issues of civil rights and ideological extremism.[18][22] During these years, Romney had a steady set of chores and summer jobs, including working as a security guard at a Chrysler plant.[23]
At Cranbrook he was a manager for the ice hockey team and a member of the pep squad,[19] and during his final year joined the cross country running team.[15] He belonged to eleven school organizations and school clubs, and started the Blue Key Club boosters group.[19] During his final year at Cranbook, Romney improved academically, but was still not a star pupil.[18][20] He won an award for those "whose contributions to school life are often not fully recognized through already existing channels".[20] Romney was involved in many pranks.[nb 3]
In March of his senior year, he began dating Ann Davies, two years his younger, whom he had first met in elementary school; she attended the private Kingswood School, the sister school to Cranbrook.[27][20] The two informally agreed to marriage around the time of his June 1965 graduation.[18]
University, France mission, marriage and children: 1965–1975[link]
Romney attended Stanford University for a year,[18][nb 4] where he worked as a night security guard in order to pay for trips home to see Ann.[28] Although the campus was becoming radicalized with the beginnings of 1960s social and political movements, he kept a well-groomed appearance and participated in pre-Big Game actions designed to protect the Stanford Axe.[18] In May 1966, he was part of a counter-protest against a group staging a sit-in in the university administration building in opposition to draft status tests.[18][29]
"As you can imagine, it's quite an experience to go to Bordeaux and say, 'Give up your wine! I've got a great religion for you!'"
—Mitt Romney in 2002 reflecting upon his missionary experience.[30]
In July 1966, he left for a thirty-month stay in France as a Mormon missionary,[18][31] a traditional rite of passage that his father and many other relatives had volunteered for.[nb 5] He arrived in Le Havre with ideas about how to change and promote the French Mission, while facing physical and economic deprivation in their cramped quarters.[33][13] Rules against drinking, smoking, and dating were strictly enforced.[13] Most individual Mormon missionaries do not gain many converts,[35] and Romney was no exception:[33] he later estimated ten to twenty for his entire mission.[36] The nominally Catholic but secular, wine-loving French people were especially resistant to a religion that prohibits alcohol.[18][13][30] He became demoralized, and later recalled it as the only time when "most of what I was trying to do was rejected."[33] In Nantes, he suffered a bruised jaw while defending two female missionaries who were being bothered by a group of local rugby players.[13] He continued to work hard; having grown up in Michigan rather than the more insular Utah world, Romney was better able to interact with the French than other missionaries.[37][13] He was promoted to zone leader in Bordeaux in early 1968, then in the spring of that year became assistant to the mission president in Paris, the highest position for a missionary.[33][13][38] In the Mission Home in Paris he enjoyed palace-like accommodations.[38] Romney's support for the U.S. role in the Vietnam War was only reinforced when the French greeted him with hostility over the matter and he debated them in return.[13][33] He witnessed the May 1968 general strike and student uprisings and was upset by the breakdown in social order.[39]
In June 1968, an automobile he was driving in southern France was hit by another vehicle, seriously injuring him and killing one of his passengers, the wife of the mission president.[nb 6] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,[nb 6] became co-acting president of a mission demoralized and disorganized by the May civil disturbances and by the car accident.[37] He rallied and motivated the others and they met an ambitious goal of 200 baptisms for the year, the most for the mission in a decade.[37] By the end of his stint in December 1968, he was overseeing the work of 175 fellow members.[33][40] Romney developed a lifelong affection for France and its people, and speaks French.[42] The experience in the country instilled in him a belief that life is fragile and that he needed seriousness of purpose.[18][37][13] It also represented a crucible, after having been an indifferent Mormon growing up: "On a mission, your faith in Jesus Christ either evaporates or it becomes much deeper ... For me it became much deeper."[33]
While he was away, Ann Davies had converted to the Mormon faith, guided by George Romney, and had begun attending Brigham Young University (BYU).[18] Mitt was nervous that she had been wooed by others while he was away, and she had indeed started dating popular campus figure Kim S. Cameron and had sent Romney in France a "Dear John letter", greatly upsetting him; he wrote to her to in an attempt to win her back.[43][15] At their first meeting following Romney's return they reconnected, and decided to get married immediately but agreed to wait three months to appease their parents.[44] At Ann's request, Romney began attending Brigham Young too, in February 1969.[43][nb 4] The couple were married on March 21, 1969, in a civil ceremony at Ann's family's home in Bloomfield Hills that was presided over by a church elder.[46][47][48] The following day, the couple flew to Utah for a wedding ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple.[46][47]
Romney had missed much of the tumultuous American anti-Vietnam War movement while away, and was surprised to learn that his father had turned against the effort during his unsuccessful 1968 presidential campaign.[33] Regarding the military draft, Romney had initially received a student deferment, then, like most Mormon missionaries, a ministerial deferment while in France, and then a student deferment.[33][49] When those ran out, his high number in the December 1969 draft lottery (300) ensured he would not be selected.[33][49][50]
At culturally conservative BYU, he remained isolated from much of the upheaval of the era, and did not join in protests against the war, or the LDS Church's policy at the time of denying full membership to blacks.[24][33][43] He became president of, and an innovative fundraiser for, the all-male Cougar Club booster organization and showed a new-found discipline in his studies.[33][43] In his senior year, he took leave to work as driver and advance man for his mother Lenore Romney's eventually unsuccessful 1970 campaign for U.S. Senator from Michigan.[24][46] He earned a Bachelor of Arts in English with highest honors in 1971,[43] and gave commencement addresses to both the College of Humanities and to the whole of BYU.[nb 7]
The Romneys' first son, Taggart, was born in 1970[46] while they were undergraduates at Brigham Young[52] and living in a basement apartment.[33][43] Ann subsequently gave birth to Matt (1971), Josh (1975), Ben (1978), and Craig (1981).[46] Her work as a homemaker would enable her husband to pursue his career.[53]
Romney still wanted to pursue a business path, but his father, by now serving in President Richard Nixon's cabinet as U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, advised him that a law degree would be valuable to his career.[54][55] Thus he became one of only fifteen students to enroll at the recently created joint Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration four-year program coordinated between Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School.[56] Fellow students considered him guilelessly optimistic, noting his solid work ethic and buttoned-down demeanor and appearance.[56][57] He readily adapted to the business school's pragmatic, data-driven case study method of teaching, participated in class well, and led a study group whom he pushed to get all A's.[55] He had a different social experience from most of his classmates, since he lived in a Belmont, Massachusetts, house with Ann and two children.[46][55] He was non-ideological and did not involve himself in the political or social issues of the day.[46][55] He graduated in 1975 cum laude from the law school, in the top third of that class, and was named a Baker Scholar for graduating in the top five percent of his business school class.[51][56]
Business career[link]
Management consulting[link]
Romney was recruited by several firms and chose to remain in Massachusetts to work for Boston Consulting Group (BCG), reasoning that working as a management consultant to a variety of companies would better prepare him for a future position as a chief executive.[54][58][nb 8] He was part of a 1970s wave of top graduates who chose to go into consulting rather than join a major company directly.[60] His legal and business education proved useful in his job[54] while he applied BCG principles such as the growth-share matrix.[61] He was viewed as having a bright future there.[54][62]
In 1977, he was hired away by Bain & Company, a management consulting firm in Boston that had been formed a few years earlier by Bill Bain and other former BCG employees.[61][54][63] Bain would later say of the thirty-year-old Romney, "He had the appearance of confidence of a guy who was maybe ten years older."[64] With Bain & Company, Romney learned what writers and business analysts have dubbed the "Bain way",[54][63][65] which consisted of immersing the firm in each client's business,[54][64] and not just issuing recommendations but staying with the company until changes were put into place.[61][63][66] Romney became a vice president of the firm in 1978,[15] and worked with clients such as the Monsanto Company, Outboard Marine Corporation, Burlington Industries, and Corning Incorporated.[58] Within a few years, he was one of Bain & Company's best consultants and was sought after by clients over more senior partners.[54][67]
Private equity[link]
File:Bain Capital.png
Logo of Bain Capital, the private equity firm Romney co-founded in 1984
Romney was restless for a company of his own to run, and in 1983, Bill Bain offered him the chance to head a new venture that would buy into companies, have them benefit from Bain techniques, and then reap higher rewards than consulting fees.[54][61] He initially refrained from accepting the offer, and Bain re-arranged the terms in a complicated partnership structure so that there was no financial or professional risk to Romney.[54][64][68] Thus, in 1984, Romney left Bain & Company to co-found the spin-off private equity investment firm, Bain Capital.[66] In the face of skepticism from potential investors, Bain and Romney spent a year raising the $37 million in funds needed to start the new operation, which had fewer than ten employees.[58][64][69] As general partner of the new firm, Romney spent little money on costs such as office appearance, and saw weak spots in so many potential deals that by 1986, few had been done.[54] At first, Bain Capital focused on venture capital opportunities.[54] Their first big success was a 1986 investment to help start Staples Inc., after founder Thomas G. Stemberg convinced Romney of the market size for office supplies and Romney convinced others; Bain Capital eventually reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, and Romney sat on the Staples board of directors for over a decade.[54][69][70]
Romney soon switched Bain Capital's focus from startups to the relatively new business of leveraged buyouts: buying existing firms with money mostly borrowed against their assets, partnering with existing management to apply the "Bain way" to their operations (rather than the hostile takeovers practiced in other leverage buyout scenarios), and selling them off in a few years.[54][64] Existing CEOs were offered large equity stakes in the process, owing to Bain Capital's belief in the emerging agency theory that CEOs should be bound to maximizing shareholder value rather than other goals.[70] Bain Capital lost most of its money in many of its early leveraged buyouts, but then started finding deals that made large returns.[54] The firm invested in or acquired Accuride, Brookstone, Domino's Pizza, Sealy Corporation, Sports Authority, and Artisan Entertainment, as well as lesser-known companies in the industrial and medical sectors.[54][64][71] He ran Bain Capital for fourteen years, during which time the firm's average annual internal rate of return on realized investments was 113 percent.[58] Much of this profit was earned from a relatively small number of deals; Bain Capital's overall success–to–failure ratio was about even.[nb 9]
Less an entrepreneur than an executive running an investment operation,[67][72] Romney was skilled at presenting and selling the deals the company made.[68] The firm initially gave a cut of its profits to Bain & Company, but Romney persuaded Bain to give that up.[68] Within Bain Capital, Romney spread profits from deals widely within the firm to keep people motivated, often keeping less than ten percent for himself.[73] Viewed as a fair manager, he received considerable loyalty from the firm's members.[70] Romney's wary instincts were still in force at times, and he was generally data-driven and averse to risk.[54][70] He wanted to drop a Bain Capital hedge fund that initially lost money, but other partners prevailed and it eventually gained billions.[54] He also personally opted out of the Artisan Entertainment deal, not wanting to profit from a studio that produced R-rated films.[54] Romney was on the board of directors of Damon Corporation, a medical testing company later found guilty of defrauding the government; Bain Capital tripled its investment before selling off the company, and the fraud was discovered by the new owners (Romney was never implicated).[54] In some cases, Romney had little involvement with a company once acquired.[69]
"Sometimes the medicine is a little bitter but it is necessary to save the life of the patient. My job was to try and make the enterprise successful, and in my view the best security a family can have is that the business they work for is strong."
—Mitt Romney in 2007, commenting on job losses at companies that Bain Capital executed leveraged buyouts of.[68]
Bain Capital's leveraged buyouts sometimes led to layoffs, either soon after acquisition or later after the firm had left.[61][68][69] How jobs added compared to those lost due to these investments and buyouts is unknown, due to a lack of records and Bain Capital's penchant for privacy on behalf of itself and its investors.[74][75][76] In any case, maximizing the value of acquired companies and the return to Bain's investors, not job creation, was the firm's fundamental goal, as it was for most private equity operations.[69][77] Bain Capital's acquisition of Ampad exemplified a deal where it profited handsomely from early payments and management fees, even though the subject company itself ended up going into bankruptcy.[54][70][77] Dade Behring was another case where Bain Capital received an eightfold return on its investment, but the company itself was saddled with debt and laid off over a thousand employees before Bain Capital exited (the company subsequently went into bankruptcy, with more layoffs, before recovering and prospering).[74] Bain was among the private equity firms that took the most fees in such cases.[64][70]
In 1990, Romney was asked to return to Bain & Company, which was facing financial collapse.[66] He was announced as its new CEO in January 1991[78][79] but drew only a symbolic salary of one dollar.[66] He managed an effort to restructure the firm's employee stock-ownership plan, real-estate deals and bank loans, while rallying the firm's thousand employees, imposing a new governing structure that included Bain and the other founding partners giving up control, and increasing fiscal transparency.[54][58][66] Within about a year, he had led Bain & Company through a turnaround and returned the firm to profitability without further layoffs or partner defections.[58] He turned Bain & Company over to new leadership and returned to Bain Capital in December 1992.[54][79][80]
Romney took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in February 1999 to serve as the President and CEO of the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee.[54][81] By that time, Bain Capital was on its way to being one of the top private equity firms in the nation,[68] having increased its number of partners from 5 to 18, with 115 employees overall, and $4 billion under its management.[64][69] Bain Capital's approach of applying consulting expertise to the companies it invested in became widely copied within the private equity industry.[25][69] Economist Steven Kaplan would later say, "[Romney] came up with a model that was very successful and very innovative and that now everybody uses."[70]
Personal wealth[link]
In August 2001, Romney announced that he would not return to Bain Capital.[81] He transferred his ownership to other partners and negotiated an agreement that allowed him to receive a passive profit share as a retired partner in some Bain Capital entities, including buyout and investment funds.[73][82] Because the private equity business continued to thrive, this deal brought him millions of dollars in annual income.[73] As a result of his business career, by 2007, Romney and his wife had a net worth of between $190 and $250 million, most of it held in blind trusts since 2003.[82] In 2012, it was estimated that he had amassed twice the net worth of the last eight presidents combined,[83] and would rank among the four richest in American history if elected.[83][84]
An additional blind trust existed in the name of the Romneys' children and grandchildren that was valued at between $70 and $100 million as of 2007.[85] The couple's net worth remained in the same range as of 2011, and was still held in blind trusts.[86] In 2010, Romney and his wife received $21.7 million in income, almost all of it from investments, of which about $3 million went to federal income taxes (a rate of 13.9 percent, based upon the beneficial rate accorded investment income by the U.S. tax code) and almost $3 million to charity, including $1.5 million to the LDS Church.[87] Romney has always tithed to the church, including stock from Bain Capital holdings.[13][88][89] In 2010, the Romney family's Tyler Charitable Foundation gave out about $650,000, with some of it going to organizations that fight specific diseases such as cystic fibrosis and multiple sclerosis.[90]
Local LDS Church leadership[link]
During his years in business, Romney also served in the local lay clergy (consisting of all Mormon men over the age of 12).[13] Around 1977, he became a counselor to the president of the Boston Stake.[91] He later served as bishop of the ward (leader of the congregation) at Belmont, Massachusetts, from 1981 to 1986, acting as the ecclesiastical and administrative head of his congregation.[92][93] As such, in addition to home teaching, he also formulated Sunday services and classes using LDS scriptures to guide the congregation.[94] He forged bonds with other religious institutions in the area when the Belmont meetinghouse was destroyed by a fire of suspicious origins in 1984; the congregation rotated its meetings to other houses of worship while it was rebuilt.[88][93]
From 1986 to 1994, he presided over the Boston Stake, which included more than a dozen wards in eastern Massachusetts with about 4,000 church members altogether.[67][94][95] He organized a team to handle financial and management issues, sought to counter anti-Mormon sentiments, and tried to solve social problems among poor Southeast Asian converts.[88][93] An unpaid position, his local church leadership often took 30 or more hours a week of his time,[94] and he became known for his tireless energy in the role.[67] He generally refrained from overnight business travel owing to his church responsibilities.[94]
He took a hands-on role in general matters, helping in maintenance efforts in- and outside homes, visiting the sick, and counseling troubled or burdened church members.[92][93][94] A number of local church members later credited him with turning their lives around or helping them through difficult times.[88][93][94] Some others were rankled by his leadership style and desired a more consensus-based approach.[93] Romney tried to balance the conservative dogma insisted upon by the church leadership in Utah with the desire of some Massachusetts members to have a more flexible application of doctrine.[67] He agreed with some modest requests from the liberal women's group Exponent II for changes in the way the church dealt with women, but clashed with women whom he felt were departing too much from doctrine.[67] In particular, he counseled women not to have abortions except in the rare cases allowed by LDS doctrine, and also in accordance with doctrine, encouraged prospective mothers who were not in successful marriages to give up children for adoption.[67] Romney later said that the years spent as an LDS minister gave him direct exposure to people struggling in economically difficult circumstances, and empathy for those going through problematic family situations.[96]
1994 U.S. senatorial campaign[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994
By 1993, Romney had been thinking about entering politics, partly based upon Ann's urging and partly to follow in his father's footsteps.[46] He decided to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, who was seeking re-election for the sixth time. Kennedy was potentially vulnerable that year – in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole, and in part because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had suffered some negative public relations regarding his character.[97][98][99] Romney changed his affiliation from Independent to Republican in October 1993 and formally announced his candidacy in February 1994.[46] He took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in November 1993, and stepped down from his church leadership role during 1994, due to the campaign.[100][94]
Radio personality Janet Jeghelian took an early lead in polls among candidates for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat, but Romney proved the most effective fundraiser.[101][102] He won 68 percent of the vote at the May 1994 Massachusetts Republican Party convention; businessman John Lakian finished a distant second and Jeghelian was eliminated.[103] Romney defeated Lakian in the September 1994 primary with over 80 percent of the vote.[15][104]
In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the young, telegenic, and well-funded Romney.[97] Romney ran as a fresh face, as a businessperson who stated he had created ten thousand jobs, and as a Washington outsider with a solid family image and moderate stances on social issues.[97][105] When Kennedy tried to tie Romney's policies to those of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Romney responded, "Look, I was an independent during the time of Reagan-Bush. I'm not trying to take us back to Reagan-Bush."[106] Romney stated: "Ultimately, this is a campaign about change."[107] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.[108][109]
Romney's campaign was effective in portraying Kennedy as soft on crime, but had trouble establishing its own positions in a consistent manner.[110] By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be approximately even.[97][111][112] Kennedy responded with a series of attack ads, which focused on Romney's seemingly shifting political views on issues such as abortion and on the treatment of workers at the Ampad plant owned by Romney's Bain Capital.[97][113][114] The latter was effective in blunting Romney's momentum.[70] Kennedy and Romney held a widely watched late October debate without a clear winner, but by then, Kennedy had pulled ahead in polls and stayed ahead afterward.[115] Romney spent $3 million of his own money in the race and more than $7 million overall.[116][nb 10] In the November general election, despite a disastrous showing for Democrats overall, Kennedy won the election with 58 percent of the vote to Romney's 41 percent,[54] the smallest margin in Kennedy's eight re-election campaigns for the Senate.[119]
2002 Winter Olympics[link]
Romney returned to Bain Capital the day after the election, but the loss had a lasting effect; he told his brother, "I never want to run for something again unless I can win."[46][120] When his father died in 1995, Mitt donated his inheritance to BYU's George W. Romney Institute of Public Management and joined the board and was vice-chair of the Points of Light Foundation (which had incorporated his father's National Volunteer Center).[45][81] His mother died in 1998. Romney felt restless as the decade neared a close; the goal of simply making more money was losing its appeal to him.[46][120] He no longer had a church leadership position, although he still taught Sunday School.[92] During the long and controversial approval and construction process for the $30 million Mormon temple in Belmont, he feared that as a political figure who had opposed Kennedy, he would become a focal point for opposition to the structure.[93] He thus kept to a limited, behind-the-scenes role in attempts to ease tensions between the church and local residents, but locals nonetheless sometimes referred to it as "Mitt's Temple".[88][92][93]
Ann Romney was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998; Mitt described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life.[46] After two years of severe difficulties with the disease, she found while living in Park City, Utah (where the couple had built a vacation home) a mixture of mainstream, alternative, and equestrian therapies that gave her a lifestyle mostly without limitations.[53] When the offer came for him to take over the troubled 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, to be held in Salt Lake City in Utah, she urged him to take it, and eager for a new challenge, he did.[120][121] On February 11, 1999, Romney was hired as the president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002.[122]
Before Romney came on, the event was running $379 million short of its revenue benchmarks.[122] Plans were being made to scale back the Games to compensate for the fiscal crisis, and there were fears the Games might be moved away entirely.[123] The Games had also been damaged by allegations of bribery involving top officials, including prior Salt Lake Olympic Committee president and CEO Frank Joklik. Joklik and committee vice president Dave Johnson were forced to resign.[124] Romney was chosen by Utah figures looking for someone with expertise in business and law and with connections to the state and the LDS Church.[125] The appointment faced some initial criticism from non-Mormons, and fears from Mormons, that it represented cronyism or gave the Games too Mormon an image.[30]
Romney ran the planning for the Games like a business.[126] He revamped the organization's leadership and policies, reduced budgets, and boosted fundraising, alleviated the concerns corporate sponsors and recruited many new ones.[120][125] He appealed to Utah's citizenry with a message of optimism that helped restore confidence in the effort.[120][126] He worked to ensure the safety of the Games following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by coordinating a $300 million security budget.[121] Overall, he oversaw a $1.32 billion budget, 700 employees, and 26,000 volunteers.[122] The federal government provided between approximately $400 million[125][127][128] and $600 million[126][129] of that budget, much of it a result of Romney's having aggressively lobbied Congress and federal agencies.[129][130][131] It would prove to be a record level of federal funding for the staging of a U.S. Olympics, a fact Romney would cite as a selling point during his campaign for the Massachusetts governorship.[128][130] An additional federal $1.1 billion was spent on indirect support in the form of highway and transit projects.[132]
Romney emerged as the public face of the Olympic effort, appearing in photographs, news stories and Olympics pins.[120] Robert H. Garff, the chair of the organizing committee, later said that "It was obvious that he had an agenda larger than just the Olympics,"[120] and that Romney wanted to use the Olympics to propel himself into the national spotlight and a political career.[125][133] Garff believed the initial budget shortfall was not as bad as Romney portrayed, given there were still three years to reorganize.[125] Utah Senator Bob Bennett said that much of the needed federal money was already in place and an analysis by The Boston Globe stated that the committee already had nearly $1 billion in committed revenues.[125] Olympics critic Steve Pace, who led Utahns for Responsible Public Spending, thought Romney exaggerated the initial fiscal state in order to lay the groundwork for a well-publicized rescue.[133] Kenneth Bullock, another board member of the organizing committee and also head of the Utah League of Cities and Towns, often clashed with Romney at the time, and later said that Romney deserved some credit for the turnaround but not as much as he claimed:[120] Bullock said: "He tried very hard to build an image of himself as a savior, the great white hope. He was very good at characterizing and castigating people and putting himself on a pedestal."[125]
Despite the initial fiscal shortfall, the Games ended up clearing a profit of $100 million.[134] His performance as Olympics head was rated positively by 87 percent of Utahns.[135] Romney and his wife contributed $1 million to the Olympics, and he donated to charity the $1.4 million in salary and severance payments he received for his three years as president and CEO.[136]
Romney was widely praised for his efforts with the 2002 Winter Olympics[121] including by President George W. Bush,[25] and it solidified his reputation as a turnaround artist.[125] Harvard Business School taught a case study based around his actions.[61] He wrote a book about his experience titled Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games, published in 2004. The role gave Romney experience in dealing with federal, state, and local entities, a public persona he had previously lacked, and the chance to re-launch his political aspirations.[120] He was mentioned as a possible candidate for statewide office in both Massachusetts and Utah, and also as possibly joining the Bush administration.[121][137][138]
Governor of Massachusetts[link]
2002 gubernatorial campaign[link]
Main article: Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002
In 2002, Republican Acting Governor Jane Swift's administration was plagued by political missteps and personal scandals.[135] Many Republicans viewed her as a liability and considered her unable to win a general election.[139] Prominent party figures – as well as the White House – wanted Romney to run for governor,[137][140] and the opportunity appealed to him for its national visibility.[141] One poll taken at that time showed Republicans favoring Romney over Swift by more than 50 percentage points.[142] On March 19, 2002, Swift announced she would not seek her party's nomination, and hours later Romney declared his candidacy,[142] for which would face no opposition in the primary.[143] In June 2002, Massachusetts Democratic Party officials contested Romney's eligibility to run for governor, citing residency issues involving his time in Utah for the Olympics.[144] That same month, the bipartisan Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission unanimously ruled that he was an eligible candidate.[145]
He again ran as a political outsider,[135] saying he was "not a partisan Republican" but rather a "moderate" with "progressive" views.[146] Supporters of Romney hailed his business success, especially with the Olympics, as the record of someone who would be able to bring a new era of efficiency into Massachusetts politics.[143] The campaign was the first to use microtargeting techniques, in which fine-grained groups of voters were reached with narrowly tailored messaging.[147] Nevertheless, Romney initially had difficulty connecting with voters and fell behind his Democratic opponent, Massachusetts State Treasurer Shannon O'Brien, in polls before rebounding.[148] During the election he contributed over $6 million – a state record at the time – to the nearly $10 million raised for his campaign overall.[149][150] Romney was elected governor on November 5, 2002, with 50 percent of the vote to O'Brien's 45 percent.[151]
Tenure, 2003–2007[link]
Main article: Governorship of Mitt Romney
When Romney was sworn in as the 70th governor of Massachusetts on January 2, 2003, [152] both houses of the Massachusetts state legislature held large Democratic majorities.[153] He picked his cabinet and advisors more on managerial abilities than partisan affiliation.[23] Upon entering office in the middle of a fiscal year, he faced an immediate $650 million shortfall and a projected $3 billion deficit for the next year.[138] Unexpected revenue of $1.0–1.3 billion from a previously enacted capital gains tax increase and $500 million in unanticipated federal grants decreased the deficit to $1.2–1.5 billion.[154][155] Through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and removal of corporate tax loopholes,[154] the state ran surpluses of around $600–700 million for the last two full fiscal years Romney was in office, although it began running deficits again after that.[nb 11]
Romney supported raising various fees by more than $300 million, including those for driver's licenses, marriage licenses, and gun licenses.[138][154] He increased a special gasoline retailer fee by two cents per gallon, generating about $60 million per year in additional revenue.[138][154] (Opponents said the reliance on fees sometimes imposed a hardship on those who could least afford them.)[154] Romney also closed tax loopholes that brought in another $181 million from businesses over the next two years and over $300 million for his term.[138][160] Romney did so in the face of conservative and corporate critics that considered them tax increases.[160]
The state legislature, with Romney's support, also cut spending by $1.6 billion, including $700 million in reductions in state aid to cities and towns.[161] The cuts also included a $140 million reduction in state funding for higher education, which led state-run colleges and universities to increase tuition by 63 percent over four years.[138][154] Romney sought additional cuts in his last year as governor by vetoing nearly 250 items in the state budget, but all were overridden by the heavily Democratic legislature.[162]
The cuts in state spending put added pressure on localities to reduce services or raise property taxes, and the share of town and city revenues coming from property taxes rose from 49 to 53 percent.[138][154] The combined state and local tax burden in Massachusetts increased during Romney's governorship but remained below the national average.[138]
Romney sought to bring near-universal health insurance coverage to the state. This came after Staples founder Stemberg told him at the start of his term that doing so would be the best way he could help people,[163][164][165] and after the federal government, owing to the rules of Medicaid funding, threatened to cut $385 million in those payments to Massachusetts if the state did not reduce the number of uninsured recipients of health care services.[23][163][166] Although he had not campaigned on the idea of universal health insurance,[165] Romney decided that because people without insurance still received expensive health care, the money spent by the state for such care could be better used to subsidize insurance for the poor.[164][165]
After positing that any measure adopted not raise taxes and not resemble the previous decade's failed "Hillarycare" proposal, Romney formed a team of consultants from diverse political backgrounds.[23][163][166] Beginning in late 2004, they came up with a set of proposals more ambitious than an incremental one from the Massachusetts Senate and more acceptable to him than one from the Massachusetts House of Representatives that incorporated a new payroll tax.[23][163][166] In particular, Romney pushed for incorporating an individual mandate at the state level.[21] Past rival Ted Kennedy, who had made universal heath coverage his life's work and who, over time, had developed a warm relationship with Romney,[167] gave the plan a positive reception, which encouraged Democratic legislators to cooperate.[163][166] The effort eventually gained the support of all major stakeholders within the state, and Romney helped break a logjam between rival Democratic leaders in the legislature.[163][166]
"There really wasn't Republican or Democrat in this. People ask me if this is conservative or liberal, and my answer is yes. It's liberal in the sense that we're getting our citizens health insurance. It's conservative in that we're not getting a government takeover."
—Mitt Romney upon passage of the Massachusetts health reform law in 2006.[163]
On April 12, 2006, Romney signed the resulting Massachusetts health reform law, commonly called "Romneycare", which requires nearly all Massachusetts residents to buy health insurance coverage or face escalating tax penalties, such as the loss of their personal income tax exemption.[168] The bill also establishes means-tested state subsidies for people who do not have adequate employer insurance and whose income is below a threshold, with funds that were previously used to compensate for the health costs of the uninsured.[169][170][171] He vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a controversial $295-per-employee assessment on businesses that do not offer health insurance and provisions guaranteeing dental benefits to Medicaid recipients.[168][172] The legislature overrode all eight vetoes, but the governor's office said the differences were not essential.[172] The law was the first of its kind in the nation and became the signature achievement of Romney's term in office.[166][nb 12]
At the beginning of his governorship, Romney opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions, but advocated tolerance and supported some domestic partnership benefits.[166][174][175] Faced with the dilemma of choosing between same-sex marriage or civil unions after the November 2003 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision legalizing same-sex marriages (Goodridge v. Department of Public Health), Romney reluctantly backed a state constitutional amendment in February 2004 that would have banned same-sex marriage but still allow civil unions, viewing it as the only feasible way to ban same-sex marriage in Massachusetts.[176] In May 2004, Romney instructed town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but citing a 1913 law that barred out-of-state residents from getting married in Massachusetts if their union would be illegal in their home state, no marriage licenses were to be issued to out-of-state same-sex couples not planning to move to Massachusetts.[174][177] In June 2005, Romney abandoned his support for the compromise amendment, stating that the amendment confused voters who oppose both same-sex marriage and civil unions.[174] Instead, Romney endorsed a petition effort led by the Coalition for Marriage & Family that would have banned same-sex marriage and made no provisions for civil unions.[174] In 2004 and 2006, he urged the U.S. Senate to vote in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment.[178][179]
In 2005, Romney revealed a change of view regarding abortion, moving from the "unequivocal" pro-choice position expressed during his 2002 campaign to a pro-life one in opposition to Roe v. Wade.[166] He subsequently vetoed a bill on pro-life grounds that would expand access to emergency contraception in hospitals and pharmacies[180] (the veto was overridden by the legislature).[181]
Romney generally used the bully pulpit approach towards promoting his agenda, staging well-organized media events to appeal directly to the public rather than pushing his proposals in behind-doors sessions with the state legislature.[166] Romney dealt with a public crisis of confidence in Boston's Big Dig project – that followed a fatal ceiling collapse in 2006 – by wresting control of the project from the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority.[166]
During 2004, Romney spent considerable effort trying to bolster the state Republican Party, but it failed to gain any seats in the state legislative elections that year.[138][182] He was given a prime-time appearance at the 2004 Republican National Convention, and was already being discussed as a potential 2008 presidential candidate.[183] Midway through his term, Romney decided that he wanted to stage a full-time run for president,[184] and on December 14, 2005, announced that he would not seek re-election for a second term.[185][186] As chair of the Republican Governors Association, Romney traveled around the country, meeting prominent Republicans and building a national political network;[184] he spent part or all of more than 200 days out of state during 2006, preparing for his run.[187]
He had a 61 percent job approval rating in public polls after his initial fiscal actions in 2003, but it began to sink after that.[188] His frequent out-of-state travel contributed to a decline in his approval rating towards the end of his term;[189][188] at 34 percent in November 2006, his rating level ranked 48th of the 50 U.S. governors.[190] Dissatisfaction with Romney's administration and the weak condition of the Republican state party were among several factors that led to Democrat Deval Patrick's lopsided win over Republican Kerry Healey, Romney's Lieutenant Governor, in the 2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election.[191][189]
Romney filed to register a presidential campaign committee with the Federal Election Commission on his penultimate day in office as governor.[192] His term ended January 4, 2007.
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2008
Romney formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president on February 13, 2007, at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.[193] In his speech, he frequently invoked his father and his own family and stressed experiences in the private, public, and voluntary sectors that had brought him to this point.[193][194] He said, "Throughout my life, I have pursued innovation and transformation,"[194] and casting himself as a political outsider, said, "I do not believe Washington can be transformed from within by a lifelong politician."[195]
Romney's campaign initially emphasized his résumé of a highly profitable career in the business world and his stewardship of the Olympics.[184][196][nb 13] He also had political experience as governor, together with a political pedigree courtesy of his father, and had a reputation for a strong work ethic and energy level.[184][196][65] Ann Romney, who had become an outspoken advocate for those with multiple sclerosis,[199] was in remission and would be an active participant in his campaign,[200] helping to soften his political personality.[65] Moreover, a number of commentators noted that with his square jaw and ample hair graying at the temples, the 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m)[201] Romney – referred to as handsome in scores of media stories[202] – physically matched one of the common images of what some believed a president should look like.[66][203][204][205] Romney's liabilities included having run for senator and served as governor in one of the nation's most liberal states, having taken some positions there that were opposed by the party's conservative base, and subsequently shifting those positions.[184][196][200] His religion was also viewed with suspicion and skepticism by some in the Evangelical portion of the party.[206]
Romney assembled for his campaign a veteran group of Republican staffers, consultants, and pollsters.[196][207] He was little-known nationally, though, and stayed around the 10 percent range in Republican preference polls for the first half of 2007.[184] He proved the most effective fundraiser of any of the Republican candidates;[208] his Olympics ties helped him with fundraising from Utahns and from sponsors and trustees of the games.[136] He also partly financed his campaign with his own personal fortune.[196] These resources, combined with the mid-year near-collapse of nominal front-runner John McCain's campaign, made Romney a threat to win the nomination and the focus of the other candidates' attacks.[209] Romney's staff suffered from internal strife and the candidate himself was indecisive at times, constantly asking for more data before making a decision.[196][210]
During all of his political campaigns, Romney has generally avoided speaking publicly about specific Mormon doctrines, referring to the U.S. Constitution prohibition of religious tests for public office.[211] But persistent questions about the role of religion in Romney's life in this race, as well as Southern Baptist minister and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's rise in the polls based upon an explicitly Christian-themed campaign, led to the December 6, 2007, "Faith in America" speech.[212] He said should neither be elected nor rejected based upon his religion,[213] and echoed Senator John F. Kennedy's famous speech during his 1960 presidential campaign in saying, "I will put no doctrine of any church above the plain duties of the office and the sovereign authority of the law."[212] Instead of discussing the specific tenets of his faith, he said that he would be informed by it and that, "Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom. Freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone."[212][213] Academics would later study the role religion had played in the campaign.[nb 14]
In the January 3, 2008, Iowa Republican caucuses, the first contest of the primary season, Romney received 25 percent of the vote and placed second to the vastly outspent Huckabee, who received 34 percent.[216][217] Of the 60 percent of caucus-goers who were evangelical Christians, Huckabee was supported by about half of them while Romney by only a fifth.[216] Two days later, Romney won the lightly contested Wyoming Republican caucuses.[218]
At a Saint Anselm College debate, Huckabee and McCain pounded away at Romney's image as a flip flopper.[216] Indeed, this label would stick to Romney through the campaign[196] (but was one that Romney rejected as unfair and inaccurate, except for his acknowledged change of mind on abortion).[65][219] Romney seemed to approach the campaign as a management consulting exercise, and showed a lack of personal warmth and political feel; journalist Evan Thomas wrote that Romney "came off as a phony, even when he was perfectly sincere."[65][220] Romney's staff would conclude that competing as a candidate of social conservatism and ideological purity rather than of pragmatic competence had been a mistake.[65]
Romney finished in second place by 5 percentage points to the resurgent McCain in the next-door-to-his-home-state New Hampshire primary on January 8.[216] Romney rebounded to win the January 15 Michigan primary over McCain by a solid margin, capitalizing on his childhood ties to the state and his vow to bring back lost automotive industry jobs which was seen by several commentators as unrealistic.[nb 15] On January 19, Romney won the lightly contested Nevada caucuses, but placed fourth in the intense South Carolina primary, where he had effectively ceded the contest to his rivals.[225] McCain gained further momentum with his win in South Carolina, leading to a showdown between him and Romney in the Florida primary.[226][227]
For ten days, Romney campaigned intensively on economic issues and the burgeoning subprime mortgage crisis, while McCain repeatedly, and inaccurately, asserted that Romney favored a premature withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq.[nb 16] McCain won key last-minute endorsements from Florida Senator Mel Martinez and Governor Charlie Crist, which helped push him to a 5 percentage point victory on January 29.[226][227] Although many Republican officials were now lining up behind McCain,[227] Romney persisted through the nationwide Super Tuesday contests on February 5. There he won primaries or caucuses in several states, including Massachusetts, Alaska, Minnesota, Colorado, and Utah, but McCain won more, including large states such as California and New York.[229] Trailing McCain in delegates by a more than two-to-one margin, Romney announced the end of his campaign on February 7 during a speech before the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington.[229]
Altogether, Romney had won 11 primaries and caucuses,[230] received about 4.7 million total votes,[231] and garnered about 280 delegates.[232] He spent $110 million during the campaign, including $45 million of his own money.[233]
Romney endorsed McCain for president a week later.[232] He became one of the McCain campaign's most visible surrogates, appearing on behalf of the GOP nominee at fundraisers, state Republican party conventions, and on cable news programs.[234] His efforts earned McCain's respect and the two developed a warmer relationship; he was on the nominee's short list for the vice presidential running mate slot, where his economic expertise would have balanced one of McCain's weaknesses.[235] McCain, behind in the polls, opted instead for a high-risk, high-reward "game changer", and selected Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[236] McCain lost the election to Democratic Senator Barack Obama.
Activity between presidential campaigns[link]
Following the election, Romney paved the way for a possible 2012 presidential campaign by using his Free and Strong America political action committee (PAC) to raise money for other Republican candidates and to pay his existing political staff's salaries and consulting fees.[237][238] An informal network of former staff and supporters around the nation were eager for him to run again.[239] He continued to give speeches and raise funds for Republicans,[240] but turned down many potential media appearances, fearing overexposure.[219] He also spoke before business, educational, and motivational groups.[241] He served on the board of directors of Marriott International from 2009 to 2011 (having earlier served on it from 1993 to 2002).[242]
In 2009, the Romneys sold their primary residence in Belmont and their ski chalet in Utah, leaving them an estate along Lake Winnipesaukee in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, and an oceanfront home in the La Jolla district of San Diego, California, which they had bought the year before.[219][243][244] The San Diego home was beneficial in location and climate for Ann Romney's multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis and lumpectomy for mammary ductal carcinoma in situ.[243][245][246] Both it and the New Hampshire location were near some of their grandchildren,[243] who by 2011 numbered sixteen.[247] Romney maintained his voting registration in Massachusetts, however, and bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010.[245][248][nb 17] In February 2010, Romney had a minor altercation with LMFAO member Skyler Gordy, known as Sky Blu, on an airplane flight.[nb 18]
Romney's book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, was released in March 2010; an 18-state book tour was undertaken.[255] The book, which debuted atop The New York Times Best Seller list,[256] avoided anecdotes about his personal or political life in favor of a presentation of his economic and geopolitical views.[257][258] Earnings from the book were donated to charity.[86]
In nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Presidential primaries, Romney led or placed in the top three with Palin and Huckabee. A January 2010 National Journal survey of political insiders found that a majority of Republican insiders, and a plurality of Democratic insiders, predicted Romney would be the party's 2012 nominee.[259] Romney campaigned heavily for Republican candidates in the 2010 midterm elections,[260] raising more money than the other prospective 2012 Republican presidential candidates.[261] Beginning in early 2011, Romney presented a more relaxed visual image, including rarely wearing a necktie.[262][263]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012
See also: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012 , Results of the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, and Republican Party vice presidential candidates, 2012
On April 11, 2011, Romney announced in a video taped outdoors at the University of New Hampshire that he had formed an exploratory committee for a run for the Republican presidential nomination.[264][265] A Quinnipiac University political science professor stated, "We all knew that he was going to run. He's really been running for president ever since the day after the 2008 election."[265]
Romney stood to gain from the Republican electorate's tendency to nominate candidates who had previously run for president and appeared to be "next in line" to be chosen.[239][266][267] The early stages of the race found him as the apparent front-runner in a weak field, especially in terms of fundraising prowess and organization.[268][269][270] Perhaps his greatest hurdle in gaining the Republican nomination was party opposition to the Massachusetts health care reform law that he had shepherded five years earlier.[263][265][267] As many potential Republican candidates decided not to run (including Mike Pence, John Thune, Haley Barbour, Mike Huckabee, and Mitch Daniels), Republican party figures searched for plausible alternatives to Romney.[268][270]
On June 2, 2011, he formally announced the start of his campaign. Speaking on a farm in Stratham, New Hampshire, he focused on the economy and criticized President Obama's handling of it.[271] He said, "In the campaign to come, the American ideals of economic freedom and opportunity need a clear and unapologetic defense, and I intend to make it – because I have lived it."[267]
Romney raised $56 million during 2011, far more than any of his Republican opponents,[272] and refrained from spending any of his own money on his campaign.[273] He initially ran a low-key, low-profile campaign.[274] Michele Bachmann staged a brief surge in polls, then by September 2011, Romney's chief rival in polls was a recent entrant, Texas Governor Rick Perry.[275] Perry and Romney exchanged sharp criticisms of each other during a series of debates among the Republican candidates.[276] The October 2011 decisions of Chris Christie and Sarah Palin not to run finally settled the field.[277][278] Perry faded after poor performances in those debates, while Herman Cain's long-shot bid gained popularity until allegations of sexual misconduct derailed him.[279][280]
Romney continued to seek support from a wary Republican electorate; at this point in the race, his poll numbers were relatively flat and at a historically low level for a Republican frontrunner.[277][281][282] After the charges of flip-flopping that marked his 2008 campaign began to accumulate again, Romney declared in November 2011 that "I've been as consistent as human beings can be."[283][284][285] In the final month before voting began, Newt Gingrich enjoyed a major surge, taking a solid lead in national polls and in most of the early caucus and primary states,[286] before settling back into parity or worse with Romney following a barrage of negative ads from Restore Our Future, a pro-Romney Super PAC.[287]
In the initial 2012 Iowa caucuses of January 3, Romney was announced as the victor on election night with 25 percent of the vote, edging out a late-gaining Rick Santorum by eight votes (with an also-strong Ron Paul finishing third),[288] but sixteen days later, Santorum was certified as the winner by a 34-vote margin.[289] Romney decidedly won the New Hampshire primary the following week with a total of 39 percent; Paul finished second and Jon Huntsman third.[290]
In the run-up to the South Carolina Republican primary, Gingrich launched attack ads criticizing Romney for causing job losses while at Bain Capital, Perry referred to Romney's role there as "vulture capitalism", and Sarah Palin questioned whether Romney could prove his claim that 100,000 jobs were created during that time.[291][292] Many conservatives rallied in defense of Romney, rejecting what they inferred as criticism of free-market capitalism.[291] However, during two debates, Romney fumbled questions about releasing his income tax returns, while Gingrich gained support with audience-rousing attacks on the debate moderators.[293][294] Romney's double-digit lead in state polls evaporated and he lost to Gingrich by 13 points in the January 21 primary.[293] Combined with the delayed loss in Iowa, Romney's admitted bad week represented a lost chance to end the race early, and he decided to release his tax returns quickly.[293][295] The race turned to the Florida Republican primary, where in debates, appearances, and advertisements, Romney unleashed a concerted, unrelenting attack on Gingrich's past record and associations and current electability.[296][297] Romney enjoyed a big spending advantage from both his campaign and his aligned Super PAC, and after a record-breaking rate of negative ads from both sides, Romney won Florida on January 31, gaining 46 percent of the vote to Gingrich's 32 percent.[298]
There were several caucuses and primaries during February, and Santorum won three in a single night early in the month, propelling him into the lead in national and some state polls and positioning him as Romney's main rival.[299] Romney won the other five, including a closely fought contest in his home state of Michigan at the end of the month.[300][301] In the Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses of March 6, Romney won six of ten contests, including a narrow victory in Ohio over a greatly outspent Santorum, and although he failed to win decisively enough to end the race, still held a more than two-to-one edge over Santorum in delegates.[302] Romney maintained his delegate margin through subsequent contests,[303] and Santorum stopped his campaign on April 10.[304] Following a sweep of five more contests on April 24, the Republican National Committee put its resources behind Romney as the party's presumptive nominee.[305] Romney clinched a majority of the delegates with a win in the Texas primary on May 29.
Political positions and public perceptions[link]
For more details on specific Romney positions on many issues, see Political positions of Mitt Romney.
For much of his business career, Romney did not take public political positions.[306][307] While he had kept abreast of national politics during college,[33] and the circumstances of his father's presidential campaign loss would irk him for decades,[24] his early philosophical influences were often non-political, as during his missionary days when he read Napoleon Hill's pioneering self-help tome Think and Grow Rich, and encouraged his colleagues to do the same.[13][61] Until his 1994 U.S. Senate campaign, he was registered as an Independent.[46] In the 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he voted for the Democratic former senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas.[306][308]
In the 1994 Senate race, Romney aligned himself with Republican Massachusetts Governor William Weld, saying "I think Bill Weld's fiscal conservatism, his focus on creating jobs and employment and his efforts to fight discrimination and assure civil rights for all is a model that I identify with and aspire to."[309] As a gubernatorial candidate in 2002, and then initially as Governor of Massachusetts, he generally operated in the mold established by Weld and followed by Weld's two other Republican successors, Paul Cellucci and Jane Swift: restrain spending and taxing, be tolerant or permissive on social issues, protect the environment, be tough on crime, try to appear post-partisan.[308][310]
Later during his time as governor, Romney's position on abortion changed in conjunction with a similar change of position on stem cell research.[166][nb 19] Also during that time, his position or choice of emphasis on some aspects of gay rights,[nb 20] and some aspects of abstinence-only sex education,[nb 21] moved in a more conservative direction. The change in 2005 on abortion was the result of what he described as an epiphany experienced while investigating stem cell research issues.[166] He later said, "Changing my position was in line with an ongoing struggle that anyone has that is opposed to abortion personally, vehemently opposed to it, and yet says, 'Well, I'll let other people make that decision.' And you say to yourself, but if you believe that you're taking innocent life, it's hard to justify letting other people make that decision."[166]
This increased alignment with traditional conservatives on social issues coincided with Romney's becoming a candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for President.[317][318] He joined the National Rifle Association and portrayed himself as a lifelong hunter.[nb 22] He downplayed the Massachusetts health care law,[21][308][318] became a convert on signing an anti-tax pledge,[61][21] and backed away from further closings of corporate tax loopholes.[160] There was a display of aggressiveness on foreign policy matters, such as wanting to double the number of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[318] Skeptics, including some Republicans, charged Romney with opportunism and having a lack of core principles.[166][196][308] The fervor with which Romney adopted his new stances and attitudes contributed to the perception of inauthenticity which hampered that campaign.[61][262]
While there have been many biographical parallels between the lives of George and Mitt Romney,[nb 23] one particular difference is that while George was willing to defy political trends, Mitt has been much more willing to adapt to them.[21][23] Mitt Romney has said that learning from experience and changing views accordingly is a virtue, and that, "If you're looking for someone who's never changed any positions on any policies, then I'm not your guy."[324] Romney responded to criticisms of ideological pandering with the explanation that "The older I get, the smarter Ronald Reagan gets."[200]
Journalist Daniel Gross sees Romney as approaching politics in the same terms as a business competing in markets, in that successful executives do not hold firm to public stances over long periods of time, but rather constantly devise new strategies and plans to deal with new geographical regions and ever-changing market conditions.[308] Political profiler Ryan Lizza notes the same question regarding whether Romney's business skills can be adapted to politics, saying that "while giving customers exactly what they want may be normal in the corporate world, it can be costly in politics".[61] Writer Robert Draper holds a somewhat similar perspective: "The Romney curse was this: His strength lay in his adaptability. In governance, this was a virtue; in a political race, it was an invitation to be called a phony."[65] Writer Benjamin Wallace-Wells sees Romney as a detached problem solver rather than one who approaches political issues from a humanistic or philosophical perspective.[70] Journalist Neil Swidey views Romney as a political and cultural enigma, "the product of two of the most mysterious and least understood subcultures in the country: the Mormon Church and private-equity finance," and believes that has led to the continued interest in a 1983 episode in which Romney kept his family dog on the roof of his car during a long road trip.[nb 24] Political writer Joe Klein views Romney as actually more conservative on social issues than he portrayed himself during his Massachusetts campaigns and less conservative on other issues than his presidential campaigns have represented, and concludes that Romney "has always campaigned as something he probably is not."[328]
Immediately following the March 2010 passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Romney attacked the landmark legislation as "an unconscionable abuse of power" and said the act should be repealed.[329] The antipathy Republicans felt for it created a potential problem for the former governor, since the new federal law was in many ways similar to the Massachusetts health care reform passed during Romney's term; as one Associated Press article stated, "Obamacare ... looks a lot like Romneycare."[329] While acknowledging that his plan was an imperfect work in progress, Romney did not back away from it, and has consistently defended its underpinning state-level health insurance mandate.[329][330] He has focused on its bipartisan support in the state legislature, the absence of Congressional Republican support for Obama's plan,[329] and has contended that it was the right answer to Massachusetts' specific problems at the time.[329][331] While Romney has not explicitly argued for a federally imposed mandate, and as of 2010 explicitly opposes one, during his 1994 Senate campaign he indicated he would vote for an overall health insurance proposal that contained one.[332][333] He suggested during his time as governor and during his 2008 presidential campaign that the Massachusetts plan was a model for the nation and that, over time, mandate plans might be adopted by most or all of the nation.[334][335][336]
Romney's foreign policy views are rooted in a firm belief in American exceptionalism and the need to preserve American supremacy in the world.[257] This parallels the Mormon belief that the United States Constitution is divinely inspired and that the U.S. was selected by God to play a special part in human history.[337] Indeed, Romney's political beliefs regarding a limited role for government, a need for self-reliance, and requirements for welfare recipients, often reflect Mormon tenets adapted for the secular world.[337][338]
Throughout his business, Olympics, and political career, Romney's instinct has been to apply the "Bain way" towards problems.[65][318][339] Romney has said, "There were two key things I learned at Bain. One was a series of concepts for approaching tough problems and a problem-solving methodology; the other was an enormous respect for data, analysis, and debate."[339] He has written, "There are answers in numbers – gold in numbers. Pile the budgets on my desk and let me wallow."[61] Romney believes the Bain approach is not only effective in the business realm but also in running for office and, once there, in solving political conundrums such as proper Pentagon spending levels and the future of Social Security.[318][339] Former Bain and Olympics colleague Fraser Bullock has said of Romney, "He's not an ideologue. He makes decisions based on researching data more deeply than anyone I know."[25] Romney's technocratic instincts have thus always been with him; in his public appearances during the 2002 gubernatorial campaign he sometimes gave PowerPoint presentations rather than conventional speeches.[340] Upon taking office he became, in the words of The Boston Globe, "the state's first self-styled CEO governor".[138] During his 2008 presidential campaign, he constantly asked for data, analysis, and opposing arguments,[318] and has been decribed by Slate magazine as a potential "CEO president".[308]
Awards and honors[link]
Romney has received five honorary doctorates, including one in Business from the University of Utah in 1999,[341] in Law from Bentley College in 2002,[342] in Public Administration from Suffolk University Law School in 2004,[343] in Public Service from Hillsdale College in 2007,[344] and in Humanities from Liberty University in 2012.[345]
People magazine included him in its 50 Most Beautiful People list for 2002,[346] and in 2004, he received the inaugural Truce Ideal Award for his role in the 2002 Winter Olympics.[347] The Cranbrook School gave him their Distinguished Alumni Award in 2005.[19] In 2008 he shared with his wife Ann, the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during the presidential campaign.[348] In 2012 Romney was named to the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[349]
Writings[link]
- With Timothy Robinson (2004). Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-084-0.
- No Apology: The Case for American Greatness. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-312-60980-1.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He was called "Billy" until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for "Mitt".[15]
- ^ Mitt's campaigning for his father included working the phone banks and appearing at county fairs where he manned a booth and exclaimed over a loudspeaker, "You should vote for my father for Governor. He's a truly great person. You've got to support him. He's going to make things better."[21]
- ^ Such pranks included sliding down golf courses on large ice cubes, dressing as a police officer and tapping on the car windows of teenage friends who were making out, and staging an elaborate formal dinner on the median of a busy street.[18][20] The golf course escapade apparently got Romney and Ann Davies arrested, or otherwise detained, by the local police.[24][25] Romney was also arrested in 1981 while at a family outing at Lake Cochituate in Massachusetts. According to Romney, a ranger from Cochituate State Park told him his motorboat had an insufficiently visible license number and he would face a $50 fine if he took the boat onto the lake. Disagreeing about the license and wanting to continue the outing, Romney took it out anyway, saying he would pay the fine. The angry officer then arrested him for disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped several days later after Romney threatened to sue the officer and the state for false arrest.[26]
- ^ a b When initially considering colleges after high school, Romney had not wanted to go to BYU.[43] He later recounted that he had planned to attend BYU to convince Ann to marry him, then the couple planned to transfer together back to Stanford, but in the end, they enjoyed BYU and decided to stay.[45]
- ^ Romney's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and two uncles had been missionaries,[32] as had his older brother.[33] All five of Romney's sons later served as missionaries as well.[34]
- ^ a b On June 16, 1968, Romney was driving fellow missionaries on dangerous roads in southern France.[18][37][40] As they drove through the village of Bernos-Beaulac, a Mercedes that was passing a truck missed a curve and swerved into the opposite lane hitting the Citroën DS Romney was driving in a head-on collision.[18][41] Trapped between the steering wheel and door, the unconscious and seriously injured Romney had to be pried from the car; a French police officer mistakenly wrote Il est mort in his passport.[18][24][40] The wife of the mission president was killed and other passengers were seriously injured as well.[40] George Romney relied on his friend Sargent Shriver, the U.S. Ambassador to France, to go to the local hospital and discover that his son had survived.[24] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,[33][40] had suffered broken ribs, a fractured arm, a concussion, and facial injuries, but recovered quickly without needing surgery.[37][40] The French police say that they have no records of the incident because such records are routinely destroyed after 10 years.[40]
- ^ Some sources incorrectly report that Romney graduated BYU as valedictorian. Romney himself has corrected this notion, saying that he was not. While he believes he did have the highest grade point average for his BYU years in the College of Humanities, he did not if his Stanford year was factored in, and he did not among the graduating class university-wide.[51][45]
- ^ Romney sat for the bar exam in his home state of Michigan in July 1975, passed it and was admitted to practice law there, but never worked as a lawyer and only considered in case his business career did not work out.[59]
- ^ One study of 68 deals that Bain Capital made during Romney's time there found that the firm lost money or broke even on 33 of them.[67] Another study that looked at the eight-year period following 77 deals during Romney's time found that in 17 cases the company went bankrupt or out of business, and in 6 cases Bain Capital lost all its investment. But 10 deals were very successful and represented 70 percent of the total profits.[72]
- ^ Kennedy spent $10.5 million overall, including a $1.5 million loan to himself.[117] This was the second-most expensive race of the 1994 election cycle, after the Dianne Feinstein–Michael Huffington Senate race in California.[118]
- ^ Official state figures for fiscal year 2005 (July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005) declared a $594.4 million surplus.[138][156] For fiscal 2006, the surplus was $720.9 million.[156] During fiscal 2007, Romney cut $384 million in spending that the legislature wanted; in January 2007, midway through the fiscal year, incoming Governor Deval Patrick restored that amount,[157] and also declared that the state faced a "looming budget shortfall" of $1 billion for fiscal 2008.[158] Patrick consequently proposed a budget for fiscal 2008 that included $515 million in spending cuts and $295 million in new corporate taxes.[159] As it happened, the state ended fiscal 2007 with a $307.1 million deficit and fiscal 2008 with a $495.2 million deficit.[156]
- ^ Within four years, the Massachusetts law had achieved its primary goal of expanding coverage: in 2010, 98% of state residents had coverage, compared to a national average of 83%. Among children and seniors the 2010 coverage rate was even higher, 99.8% and 99.6% respectively. Approximately two-thirds of residents received coverage through employers; one-sixth each received it through Medicare or public plans.[173]
- ^ American political opinion periodically looked towards industry for business managers who it was thought could straighten out what was held to be wrong in the nation's capital. The track record of such efforts was at best mixed, with Lee Iacocca declining to run, Romney's father George and Steve Forbes failing to get far in the primaries, and Ross Perot staging one of the more successful third-party runs in American history.[197][198]
- ^ Regarding the role of Romney's religion in the 2008 campaign, one academic study, based upon research conducted throughout the 2008 primaries, showed that a negative perception of Mormonism was widespread during the election, and that perception was often resistant to factual information that would correct mistaken notions about the religion or Romney's relationship to it.[214] The authors concluded that, "For Romney ... religion is the central story."[214] Another study, analyzing a survey conducted during January 2008 (when an African American, a woman, and a Mormon all had realistic chances of becoming the first president from that group), found that voters had internally accepted the notion of black equality, paving the way for Barack Obama's election; had partially established but not fully internalized the notion of gender equality, making Hillary Rodham Clinton's task somewhat more difficult; but had only selectively internalized the notion of religious equality, and in particular not extended it to Mormons, thus making Romney's run significantly more difficult.[215] Those authors concluded that, "for a Mormon candidate, the road to the presidency remains very rough ... The bias against a Mormon candidate is substantial."[215]
- ^ Romney proposed a $20 billion "workout, not a bailout" of the U.S. auto industry. It was termed unrealistic or "pandering" by several news reports.[221][222][223][224]
- ^ Previously, Romney had proposed a private timetable for gradually reducing U.S. forces. McCain's statements regarding this were termed dishonest or misleading by several news reports.[226][227][228]
- ^ Following the August 2009 death of his past rival and sometime ally Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Romney declared that he had no interest in running in the special January 2010 election to replace him.[249] Romney was an early supporter of Scott Brown, the successful Republican candidate in that race. Some of Romney's former aides were used by Brown's campaign and Romney raised funds for Brown.[250][251]
- ^ After having attended the 2010 Winter Olympics, Romney and wife were on board an Air Canada plane waiting to take off on a flight from Vancouver to Los Angeles when he got into a physical altercation with Sky Blu, sitting in front of him, over Sky Blu's seat not being in the upright position. Romney said that Sky Blu became physically violent and that he did not retaliate, while Sky Blu said that Romney gave him a "Vulcan grip" first and that he responded physically to that. Sky Blu was escorted off the aircraft by Canadian police but Romney did not press charges and Sky Blu was released.[252][253][254]
- ^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney expressed support for embryonic stem cell research, and said he would lobby President Bush (who had banned most federal funding for such research) to support it. In early 2005, Romney announced his position on therapeutic cloning, saying he was against it – and vetoing a funding bill for stem cell research because it allowed it – but still in favor of research on unused embryos from fertility treatments. In early 2007, he said he was now against expanded federal funding for such excess embryo research (but still thought private funding for such research was ethical, to the dismay of some conservative Republicans).[311]
- ^ As described. While Romney has consistently rejected same-sex marriage throughout his political career, there was a rhetorical shift in emphasis during his time as governor. The shift culminated in Romney avoiding discussions about the protection of gays from bias and instead characterizing himself as a conservative stalwart in the battle against same-sex marriage and in support of heterosexual families. The shift is even greater if compared to Romney's pledges from his 1994 senatorial campaign.[312][313]
- ^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney said he backed age-appropriate, comprehensive sex education in public schools. In 2005, he accepted federal funding to a faith-based organization to teach abstinence-only education in public schools. Romney said such programs would supplement rather than replace existing ones, while opponents feared that funding pressure would lead to schools dropping comprehensive programs for the freely available abstinence-only ones.[314][315][316]
- ^ Romney joined the National Rifle Association as a life member in August 2006. In December 2007, he cited a past endorsement from them, which he later said was unofficial support.[21][206][319][320] In April 2007, he said, "I've been a hunter pretty much all my life," but then said he had only gone hunting twice and did not own guns, and "I'm not a big-game hunter. I've made that very clear. I've always been a rodent and rabbit hunter. Small varmints, if you will. I began when I was 15 or so and I have hunted those kinds of varmints since then. More than two times."[321]
- ^ Biographical parallels between George and Mitt Romney include: Both served as Mormon missionaries in Europe and considered the experiences formative. Both pursued high school sweethearts singlemindedly until the women agreed to marry them several years later, then had families with four or five children. Both had very successful careers in business and became known for turning around failing companies or organizations. Both presided over a stake in the LDS Church. Both achieved their first elected position at age 55, as Republican governor of a Democratic-leaning state. The two bear a close physical resemblance at similar ages and both have been said to "look like a president". Both staged their first presidential run in the year they turned 60. Both were considered suspect by ideological conservatives within the Republican Party.[21][322] There are also obvious differences in their paths, including that George had a hardscrabble upbringing while Mitt's was affluent, and that Mitt far exceeded George's accomplishments in formal education. Another is that Mitt's personality is more reserved, private, and controlled than his father's was, traits he got from his mother Lenore.[323]
- ^ In summer 1983, Romney and his family embarked on a 12-hour drive from Boston to his parents' cottage on the Canadian side of Lake Huron. Seamus, the family Irish setter, was put up on the station wagon's roof rack, inside a dog carrier with its own attached windshield, but after some hours the dog suffered gastrointestinal distress, evidence of which was readily seen on the rear window. With his five children loudly expressing revulsion, Romney calmly stopped off at a service station, hosed off the dog, carrier, and car, put the dog back in the carrier and completed the journey.[46][325] Since becoming public in 2007, the story has been the source of complaints from animal lovers, a point of psychological study regarding Romney's emotion-free crisis management, an obsession to New York Times columnist Gail Collins, and the occasional target of news stories, talk show hosts and political rivals.[325][206][326][327]
References[link]
- ^ Hosenball, Mark (May 29, 2012). "Romney's birth certificate evokes his father's controversy". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-29/news/sns-rt-us-usa-campaign-romney-birth-certificatebre84s1gf-20120529_1_george-romney-republican-mitt-romney-citizen.
- ^ Page, Susan (February 20, 2012). "Home sweet home? Michigan primary a challenge for Romney". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-02-17/michigan-primary-santorum-romney/53159656/1.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 59–62, 63–65, 94–96, 104, 113, 159.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). "For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/us/politics/18romney.html.
- ^ Miroff, Nick (July 21, 2011). "In besieged Mormon colony, Mitt Romney's Mexican roots". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-besieged-mormon-colony-mitt-romneys-mexican-roots/2011/07/21/gIQAFGOXVI_story.html.
- ^ Burnett, John (January 22, 2012). "Mexican Cousins Keep Romney's Family Tree Rooted". NPR. http://app1.kuhf.org/articles/npr1327244449-Mexican-Cousins-Keep-Romneys-Family-Tree-Rooted.html.
- ^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 52, 70.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (1998). Notable Kin: An Anthology of Columns First Published in the NEHGS NEXUS 1986–1995, Volume 2. Boston: Carl Boyer, 3rd. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-936124-20-9.
- ^ Potter, Mitch (January 23, 2012). "Mitt Romney has Canadian roots". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1120129--mitt-romney-has-canadian-roots?bn=1.
- ^ "Mitt Romney Pictures". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-500146_162-3482233-4.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Factbox: Presidential candidate Mitt Romney". Reuters. January 9, 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/09/us-usa-campaign-romney-fb-idUSTRE8080YL20120109.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kranish, Michael; Paulson, Michael (June 25, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 2: Centered in faith, a family emerges". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/25/centered_in_faith_a_family_emerges/. Also available in HighBeam. Also available as "Mitt's LDS roots run deep", Deseret Morning News, July 2, 2007.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b c d e f Gell, Jeffrey N. (October 21, 1994). "Romney Gains Momentum As He Keeps On Running". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/10/21/romney-gains-momentum-as-he-keeps/.
- ^ a b Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Candee, Marjorie Dent (ed.) (1958). Current Biography Yearbook 1958. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-8242-0124-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Swidey, Neil; Paulson, Michael (June 24, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/24/privilege_tragedy_and_a_young_leader/. Also available from HighBeam. Also available as "Mitt Romney: the beginning", Deseret Morning News, July 1, 2007 (archived from the original on September 18, 2007).
- ^ a b c d e Horowitz, Jason (May 10, 2012). "Mitt Romney’s prep school classmates recall pranks, but also troubling incidents". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romneys-prep-school-classmates-recall-pranks-but-also-troubling-incidents/2012/05/10/gIQA3WOKFU_story.html?hpid=z2.
- ^ a b c d e Greenberger, Scott S. (June 12, 2005). "From prankster to politician, Romney deemed a class act". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2005/06/12/from_prankster_to_politician_romney_deemed_a_class_act/.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tumulty, Karen (May 10, 2007). "What Romney Believes". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1619212,00.html.
- ^ Martelle, Scott (December 25, 2007). "Romney's running mate". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/25/nation/na-romneydadson25.
- ^ a b c d e f Cohn, Jonathan (July 2, 2007). "Parent Trap: How Mitt Romney un-became his father". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/parent-trap-how-mitt-romney-un-became-his-father.
- ^ a b c d e f LeBlanc, Steve (December 16, 2007). "Fortunate Son: Mitt Romney's life is his father's legacy". Deseret Morning News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626075029/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695236445,00.html.
- ^ a b c d Vickers, Marcia (June 27, 2007). "The Republicans' Mr. Fix-it". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/07/09/100121803/index.htm.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (May 5, 1994). "GOP hopeful arrested in 1981; Charge dismissed in boating case". The Boston Globe: p. 37. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61957067.html?dids=61957067:61957067&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 27–29.
- ^ Rodeffer, Mark H. (October 2, 2002). "Romney And Wife Open Up". National Journal. http://www3.nationaljournal.com/members/adspotlight/2002/10/1002mrma1.htm.
- ^ "Draft Deferment Exams Today For 250,000 College Students". The Norwalk Hour. Associated Press: p. 1. May 21, 1966. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BAEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SXYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6249,5063963&dq=stanford+sit-in+administration+building&hl=en.
- ^ a b c Wright, Lawrence (January 21, 2002). "Lives of the Saints". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/21/020121fa_FACT1.
- ^ "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 2: Photo 3". The Boston Globe. June 18, 2007. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/gallery/romney_france?pg=3. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kirkpatrick, David D. (November 15, 2007). "Romney, Searching and Earnest, Set His Path in '60s". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/15/us/politics/15romney.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, p. 82.
- ^ Bushman, Claudia Lauper; Bushman, Richard Lyman (2001). Building the Kingdom: A History of Mormons in America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-515022-3.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 69.
- ^ a b c d e f Saslow, Eli (December 10, 2007). "A Mission Accepted". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/09/AR2007120901473.html.
- ^ a b Samuel, Henry; Swaine, Jon (December 15, 2011). "Mitt Romney's life as a poor Mormon missionary in France questioned". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8959440/US-election-2012-Mitt-Romneys-life-as-a-poor-Mormon-missionary-in-France-questioned.html.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 77–78.
- ^ a b c d e f g Paulson, Michael (June 24, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Survivors recall tragic car crash in France with Romney at the wheel". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_side/. Also available as "Survivors recall tragic car crash in France with Romney", The New York Times, same date.
- ^ "La jeunesse française de Mitt Romney" (in French). L'Express. January 23, 2008. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130005110/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/usa2008/diaporama.asp?id=464805.
- ^ Wangsness, Lisa (July 26, 2007). "Romney to France: Je t'aime!". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2007/07/romney_to_franc.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g Horowitz, Jason (February 18, 2012). "Mitt Romney, as a student at a chaotic time for BYU, focused on family, church". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romney-as-a-student-at-a-chaotic-time-for-byu-focused-on-family-church/2012/02/17/gIQABaWaMR_print.html.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 88.
- ^ a b c Romney, Mitt (March 19, 2006). Gov. Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts). Interview with Brian Lamb. Q&A. C-SPAN. http://www.q-and-a.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1066.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Swidey, Neil; Ebbert, Stephanie (June 27, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 4: Journeys of a shared life: Raising sons, rising expectations bring unexpected turns". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/27/raising_sons_rising_expectations/. Also available in HighBeam. Also available as "Romney determined to make mark early", Deseret Morning News, July 4, 2007.
- ^ a b "Mitt Romney Marries Ann Davies". The New York Times: p. 37. March 22, 1969. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50B12FD3A5D137A93C0AB1788D85F4D8685F9.
- ^ "Mitt Romney Through the Years: March 21, 1969". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romney-through-the-years/2011/12/09/gIQAWkp0kO_gallery.html#photo=5. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ a b Kranish, Michael (June 24, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Mormon church obtained Vietnam draft deferrals for Romney, other missionaries". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_side_2/.
- ^ "Results from Lottery Drawing – Vietnam Era – 1970". Selective Service System. http://www.sss.gov/LOTTER8.HTM. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- ^ a b Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, p. 46.
- ^ Jill Radsken, "Ann Romney on her choices, family, health and future", Boston Herald, December 8, 2002.
- ^ a b "Ann Romney: From the Saddle to the Campaign Trail". ABC News. August 14, 2007. http://www.abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3477592.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Gavin, Robert; Pfeiffer, Sacha (June 26, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 3: Reaping profit in study, sweat". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100112040340/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part3_main/. Also available in HighBeam. Also available as "Plenty of 'pitting' preceded Romney's profits", Deseret Morning News, July 3, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Kantor, Jodi (December 25, 2011). "At Harvard, a Master's in Problem Solving". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/us/politics/how-harvard-shaped-mitt-romney.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ a b c Pfeiffer, Sacha (June 26, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Romney's Harvard classmates recall his quick mind, positive attitude". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part3_side/.
- ^ Pfeiffer, Sacha (November 22, 2011). "Romney's Harvard Years: An Earnest Traditionalist". WBUR. http://www.wbur.org/2011/11/22/romney-harvard.
- ^ a b c d e f Rees, Matthew (December 1, 2006). "Mister PowerPoint Goes to Washington". The American. http://www.american.com/archive/2006/december/mitt-romney/.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 97.
- ^ Leonhardt, David (December 11, 2011). "Consultant Nation". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/sunday-review/consultant-nation.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lizza, Ryan (October 29, 2007). "The Mission: Mitt Romney's strategies for success". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/29/071029fa_fact_lizza?currentPage=all.
- ^ Barbaro, Michael (April 7, 2012). "A Friendship Dating to 1976 Resonates in 2012". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/us/politics/mitt-romney-and-benjamin-netanyahu-are-old-friends.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ a b c Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kirkpatrick, David D. (June 4, 2007). "Romney's Fortunes Tied to Business Riches". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/04/us/politics/04bain.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Draper, Robert (February 1, 2008). "Almost Human". GQ. http://www.gq.com/blogs/the-q/2008/02/almost-human.html.
- ^ a b c d e f Pappu, Sridhar (September 2005). "The Holy Cow! Candidate". The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200509/pappu/3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (February 2012). "The Meaning of Mitt". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/02/mitt-romney-201202.
- ^ a b c d e f Sorkin, Andrew Ross (June 4, 2007). "Romney's Presidential Run Puts Spotlight on Bain Capital". The New York Times. http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/04/romneys-presidential-run-throws-spotlight-on-bain-capital/.
- ^ a b c d e f g Blum, Justin; Lerer, Lisa (July 20, 2011). "Romney's Record Defies Image as Job-Creator". Bloomberg News. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-20/romney-as-job-creator-clashes-with-bain-record-of-job-cuts.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (October 23, 2011). "Mitt Romney and the 1% Economy". New York. http://nymag.com/print/?/news/politics/mitt-romney-2011-10/.
- ^ "Bain Capital's Romney aiming for politics after Olympics". Boston Business Journal. August 23, 2001. http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2001/08/20/daily27.html.
- ^ a b Maremont, Mark (January 9, 2012). "Romney at Bain: Big Gains, Some Busts". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204331304577140850713493694.html.
- ^ a b c Confessore, Nicholas; Drew, Christopher; Creswell, Julie (December 18, 2011). "Buyout Profits Keep Flowing to Romney". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/us/politics/retirement-deal-keeps-bain-money-flowing-to-romney.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
- ^ a b Barbaro, Michael (November 13, 2011). "After a Romney Deal, Profits and Then Layoffs". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/us/politics/after-mitt-romney-deal-company-showed-profits-and-then-layoffs.html.
- ^ Hicks, Josh (November 2, 2011). "Romney's claims about Bain Capital job creation". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/post/fact-checker-biography-romneys-claims-about-bain-capital-job-creation/2011/10/28/gIQAA447cM_blog.html.
- ^ Hagey, Keach (January 11, 2012). "Mitt Romney's Bain Capital days: A black box". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71344.html.
- ^ a b Gavin, Robert (January 27, 2008). "As Bain slashed jobs, Romney stayed to side". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/01/27/as_bain_slashed_jobs_romney_stayed_to_side/?page=2.
- ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (January 30, 1991). "Bain Names Chief Executive And Begins a Reorganization". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/30/business/business-people-bain-names-chief-executive-and-begins-a-reorganization.html.
- ^ a b Johnson, Glen (February 24, 2007). "Romney urges states to divest from Iran despite links to business interests there". Telegram & Gazette. Associated Press (Worcester). http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070224/NEWS/702240385/1052/RSS01.
- ^ Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House, p. 51.
- ^ a b c Roche, Lisa Riley; Bernick Jr., Bob (August 20, 2001). "Public service for Romney". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/859621/Public-service-for-Romney.html.
- ^ a b Kuhnhenn, Jim (August 14, 2007). "Romney Worth As Much As $250 Million". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293140,00.html.
- ^ a b "Romney would rank among richest presidents ever". USA Today. Associated Press. January 28, 2012. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-01-28/romney-richest-presidents/52838148/1.
- ^ Barrett, William P. (January 24, 2012). "How Romney Would Rank Among the Richest U.S. Presidents". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampbarrett/2012/01/24/how-romney-would-rank-among-the-richest-u-s-presidents/.
- ^ Luo, Michael (May 12, 2007). "Romney Aides Say His Worth Is at Least $260 Million". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/12/us/politics/12romney.html.
- ^ a b Viser, Matt (August 12, 2011). "Romney's net worth pegged at $190–$250M". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/08/romney-net-worth-pegged/lHBpKxaHYWDhJzOiCuA7fI/index.html.
- ^ Scherer, Ron (January 24, 2012). "Romney tax return shows he paid $3 million. His tax plan wouldn't bump that.". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/President/2012/0124/Romney-tax-return-shows-he-paid-3-million.-His-tax-plan-wouldn-t-bump-that.
- ^ a b c d e Brady-Myerov, Monica (December 6, 2011). "At Belmont Temple, Romney Was An Influential Leader". WBUR. http://www.wbur.org/2011/12/06/romney-mormonism.
- ^ Mosk, Matthew; Ross, Brian (January 18, 2012). "Mitt Romney Sent Millions to Mormon Church". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/mitt-romney-millions-mormon-church/story?id=15380149#.TxiUH2_lMuY.
- ^ Moore, Mary (January 24, 2012). "Boston MS charities get big gifts from Romney foundation". Boston Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2012/01/24/romney-foundation-gives-210k-in-boston.html.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d Pappu, Sridhar (December 15, 2007). "In Mitt Romney's Neighborhood, A Mormon Temple Casts a Shadow". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/14/AR2007121401846.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 15, 2011). "For Romney, a Role of Faith and Authority". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/us/politics/for-romney-a-role-of-faith-and-authority.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g Semuels, Alana (December 7, 2011). "Romney, an active man of faith". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/07/nation/la-na-romney-faith-20111208.
- ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, p. 123.
- ^ Parker, Ashley (December 13, 2011). "As Rivalry Tightens, Romney Is Reflective". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/us/politics/gingrichs-rise-prompts-romney-to-speak-more-of-mormon-role.html.
- ^ a b c d e Kahn, Joseph P. (February 19, 2009). "Ted Kennedy: Chapter 5: Trials & Redemptions: An untidy private life, then a turn to stability". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/02/19/chapter_5_trials__redemption/.
- ^ Marcus, Ruth (October 21, 1994). "Clinton Gets a Sense of the Real Thing; Kennedy and Massachusetts Democrats Put on a Campaign Rally". The Washington Post.
- ^ Trott, Robert W. (July 17, 1994). "Ted Kennedy lacks luster as he seeks re-election". Daily News. Associated Press (Bowling Green, Kentucky): p. 12C. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4LEaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=p0cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6812,1794559&dq=edward+kennedy+vulnerable+1994&hl=en.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (October 8, 1994). "Romney agrees to talk; union balks". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8299040.html.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (April 5, 1994). "Romney leads GOP Senate hopefuls in race for funds". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8273657.html.
- ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 124, 126–127.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (May 15, 1994). "Romney wins GOP approval; Given the nod for US Senate". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8279357.html.
- ^ "Romney will oppose Sen. Kennedy in Nov". Providence Journal. Associated Press: p. B1. September 21, 1994.
- ^ Clymer, Edward M. Kennedy, p. 549.
- ^ "DNC calls out Romney's evolving affection for Reagan". PolitiFact.com. November 29, 2011. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/nov/29/democratic-national-committee/dnc-calls-out-romneys-evolving-affection-reagan/.
- ^ Clymer, Edward M. Kennedy, p. 553.
- ^ Rimer, Sara (September 29, 1994). "Religion Is Latest Volatile Issue to Ignite Kennedy Contest". The New York Times: p. A22. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/29/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-religion-latest-volatile-issue-ignite-kennedy.html.
- ^ Cooper, Michael (November 6, 1994). "Massachusetts The Last Weekend: Senate Races Where the Battle Has Been Intense; Romney Eclectic In Final Sprint". The New York Times: p. 26. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-last-weekend-senate-races-where-battle-has-been.html.
- ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 128–129, 139.
- ^ Rimer, Sarah (September 24, 1994). "Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/24/us/1994-campaign-kennedy-s-wife-giving-him-political-advantage-difficult-contest.html.
- ^ Gordon, Al. "Kennedy in Fight of His Political Life" Newsday (Nassau and Suffolk edition), p. A4, October 2, 1994.
- ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Apple Jr., R. W. (October 26, 1994). "Kennedy and Romney Meet, and the Rancor Flows Freely". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-kennedy-romney-meet-rancor-flows-freely.html.
- ^ Clymer, Adam (October 27, 1994). "Kennedy and Romney Look to Round 2". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/27/us/the-1994-campaign-massachusetts-kennedy-and-romney-look-to-round-2.html.
- ^ Lehigh, Scot (November 8, 1994). "2 million may vote on Weld–Roosevelt, Kennedy–Romney". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8303189.html.
- ^ "Kennedy reports $1.3 million debt". The Gainesville Sun: p. 5A. August 1, 1995. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vwASAAAAIBAJ&sjid=seoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6451,26718&dq=senate+race+1994+kennedy+romney+spent+million&hl=en.
- ^ Miller, Jerry (April 24, 2000). "Record Fund raising". CNS News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071212140325/http%3A//www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp%3FTry%3DNo%26Page%3D%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200004%5CPOL20000424d.html. Retrieved April 20, 2007. According to figures in The Almanac of American Politics 1996, which relies on official campaign finance reports.
- ^ Kennedy, Edward M. (2009). True Compass. Twelve. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-446-53925-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Johnson, Kirk (September 19, 2007). "In Olympics Success, Romney Found New Edge". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/19/us/politics/19romney.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
- ^ a b c d Zernike, Kate (February 12, 2002). "Olympics: The Man in Charge: Romney's Future After Salt Lake A Guessing Game". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/12/sports/olympics-the-man-in-charge-romney-s-future-after-salt-lake-a-guessing-game.html.
- ^ a b c Call, Jeff (Winter 2002). "The Fire Within". BYU Magazine. http://magazine.byu.edu/?act=view&a=843.
- ^ "Officials deny Salt Lake could lose 2002 Olympics". The Bryan Times. Associated Press: p. 13. January 12, 1999. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ULgKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Qk4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3197,1083753&dq=salt+lake+scale+back+olympics&hl=en.
- ^ "Man who led Salt Lake's Olympic bid denies wrongdoing". CNN. January 10, 1999. http://www.cnn.com/US/9901/10/ioc.bribery/index.html?iref=allsearch.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hohler, Bob (June 28, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 5: In Games, a showcase for future races". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/28/in_games_a_showcase_for_future_races/. Also available from HighBeam. Also available as "Mitt used Games role for political impetus", Deseret Morning News, July 5, 2007 (archived from the original on August 19, 2007).
- ^ a b c Dobner, Jennifer; Hunt, Kasie (February 18, 2012). "Romney led Olympics to success – with some help". Associated Press. Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/romney-led-olympics-success-help-085513182--spt.html.
- ^ Drogin, Bob (February 3, 2008). "GOP spat began with Olympics". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/03/nation/na-olympics3/2.
- ^ a b Karl, Jonathan (March 2, 2012). "In '02 Romney touted D.C. connections, federal funds". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/03/exclusive-in-02-romney-touted-d-c-connections-federal-funds/.
- ^ a b Helderman, Rosalind S. (February 16, 2012). "Romney's work on Olympics, Mass. projects reveals complex history with earmarks". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romneys-work-on-olympics-mass-projects-reveals-a-complex-history-with-earmarks/2012/02/15/gIQAHJ72HR_story.html.
- ^ a b Isikoff, Michael (February 18, 2012). "Salt Lake City Olympics Earmarks a Double-Edged Sword for Romney". NBC News. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/18/10444876-salt-lake-city-olympics-earmarks-a-double-edged-sword-for-romney?lite.
- ^ Romney; Robinson, Turnaround, pp. 228–238.
- ^ Hunt, Kasie (February 18, 2012). "Romney cites Olympics success, rivals are leery". Deseret News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765552098/Romney-cites-Olympics-success-rivals-are-leery.html.
- ^ a b Shipley, Amy (February 12, 2012). "10 years after Salt Lake City Olympics, questions about Romney’s contributions". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/10-years-after-salt-lake-city-olympics-questions-about-romneys-contributions/2012/02/01/gIQABnCX9Q_story.html.
- ^ "SLOC plotting how to dole out Olympics profits". Associated Press. ESPN. September 17, 2002. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1433186&type=news.
- ^ a b c Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 772.
- ^ a b Hohler, Bob (June 28, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Romney's Olympic ties helped him reap campaign funds". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part5_side/.
- ^ a b Berwick Jr., Bob; Roche, Lisa Riley. "Boston GOP beseeching Mitt: But hero of S.L. Games is coy about his future" Deseret News (Salt Lake City), February 22, 2002.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mooney, Brian (June 29, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 6: Taking office, remaining an outsider". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100112081226/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part6_main/?. Also available in HighBeam. Also available as "Romney took on 'outsider' role at helm of Bay State", Deseret Morning News, July 6, 2007.
- ^ Frank, Mitch."Jane Swift Takes One For the Team" Time, March 21, 2002.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (March 20, 2002). "GOP's Swift drops out". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-20/news/0203200179_1_massachusetts-governor-first-governor-mitt-romney.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 224–225.
- ^ a b "Swift exits, Romney joins Mass. governor's race". CNN. March 19, 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/03/19/massachusetts.governor/index.html.
- ^ a b "Vote 2002: Massachusetts Governor's Race". Online News Hour. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2002/races/ma_governor.html. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
- ^ Crummy, David R. (June 8, 2002). "State Dems file challenge on residency of Romney". Boston Herald.
- ^ Osnos, Evan (June 25, 2002). "Mass. board confirms GOP gubernatorial candidate's residency". Chicago Tribune. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120282117.html.
- ^ Killough, Ashley (December 13, 2011). "Democrats rail against Romney over decade-old comments". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/13/democrats-rail-against-romney-over-decade-old-comments/. See "Romney in 2002: I'm 'Moderate,' 'Progressive,' and 'Not a Partisan Republican' [VIDEO]" for video.
- ^ Cillizza, Chris (July 5, 2007). "Romney's Data Cruncher". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/04/AR2007070401423.html.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 232–235.
- ^ Mooney, Brian C. (August 22, 2006). "Gabrieli surpasses spending record". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/08/22/gabrieli_surpasses_spending_record/.
- ^ Bunker, Ted (November 11, 2002). "Donor cash still floods campaigns". Boston Herald. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-94133968.html.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 773.
- ^ Buckley, M.R.F. (January 2, 2003). "Romney Sworn In As Bay State's Governor". WCVB-TV. http://www.thebostonchannel.com/r/1865313/detail.html.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 789.
- ^ a b c d e f g Landrigan, Kevin (December 13, 2007). "Taxing Matter". The Telegraph (Nashua, New Hampshire). Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071221092907/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071213/NEWS08/312130115/-1/news08.
- ^ "More Mitt Missteps". FactCheck. July 9, 2007. http://www.factcheck.org/more_mitt_missteps.html.
- ^ a b c "DWS State Tax-Free Trust: Statement of Additional Information". DWS Investments. September 27, 2011. pp. 31–32. https://www.dws-investments.com/EN/docs/fund-literature/sai/DMATF-13.pdf. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ Carroll, Matt (January 7, 2007). "Patrick's reversal of cuts brings joy". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/07/patricks_reversal_of_cuts_brings_joy/.
- ^ "Patrick says state has $1 billion deficit". Associated Press. WHDH. January 5, 2007. http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/BO39099/.
- ^ Frank Phillips; Andrea Estes (February 28, 2007). "Patrick says budget 'without gimmicks'". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/02/28/patrick_says_budget_without_gimmicks/.
- ^ a b c Barbaro, Michael (October 1, 2011). "Seeking Taxes, Romney Went After Business". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/us/politics/romneys-strategies-as-governor-bucked-his-ceo-image.html.
- ^ Viser, Matt (December 18, 2005). "Property taxes still on rise in Mass". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/12/18/property_taxes_still_on_rise_in_mass/.
- ^ Barrick, Daniel (May 3, 2007). "Romney's vetoes seldom stood". Concord Monitor. http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/romneys-vetoes-seldom-stood.
- ^ a b c d e f g Belluck, Pam (April 6, 2006). "On Health Care, Massachusetts Leaders Invoke Action, Not Talk". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/us/06health.html?fta=y.
- ^ a b Knox, Richard (April 8, 2006). "Romney's Mission: Massachusetts Health Care". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5330854.
- ^ a b c Mooney, Brian C. (May 30, 2011). "Romney and health care: In the thick of history". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/health/articles/2011/05/30/romney_and_health_care_in_the_thick_of_history/?page=full.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mooney, Brian C.; Ebbert, Stephanie; Helman, Scott (June 30, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 7: Ambitious goals; shifting stances". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/29/ambitious_goals_shifting_stances/. Also available in HighBeam.
- ^ Canellos, The Last Lion, p. 300.
- ^ a b LeBlanc, Steve (April 13, 2006). "Mass. governor signs health bill, with vetoes". The Beaufort Gazette. Associated Press: p. 4A. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F44iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QKoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1040,6024975.
- ^ Crook, Clive (June 2006). "The Massachusetts Experiment". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200606u/nj_crook_2006-06-27.
- ^ "An Act Providing Access to Affordable, Quality, Accountable Health Care" Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Acts of 2006 (Session Laws), Chapter 58. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
- ^ Dembner, Alice (January 19, 2007). "Outline for new insurance plan proposed". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/01/outline_for_new_1.html.
- ^ a b LeBlanc, Steve (April 26, 2006). "Mass. House Overrides Gov. Romney Veto of Health Care Fee". Insurance Journal. Associated Press. http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2006/04/26/67613.htm.
- ^ Geisel, Jerry (December 14, 2010). "Massachusetts' insured rate hits 98.1%: Analysis". Business Insurance. http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20101214/BENEFITS03/101219966.
- ^ a b c d Mehren, Elizabeth (June 17, 2005). "Massachusetts ballot initiative could halt same-sex marriages". Los Angeles Times for Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 4A. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OPEeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q4QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,1388597&dq=romney+coalition+for+marriage+%26+family&hl=en.
- ^ "Mitt Romney on the Issues". Romney for Governor 2002. Archived from the original on December 18, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021218005104/www.romneyhealey.com/issues/. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (February 23, 2005). "Romney's stance on civil unions draws fire". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/02/23/romneys_stance_on_civil_unions_draws_fire/.
- ^ Abraham, Yvonne; Phillips, Frank (May 19, 2004). "Romney Eyes Order on Licenses; Seeks to Halt Marriage of Gay Outsiders". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7839919.html.
- ^ Romney, Mitt (June 2, 2006). "Letter to the US Senate" (PDF). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061117202508/http%3A//www.mass.gov/Agov2/docs/20060602_Marriage_Letter.pdf.
- ^ "Testimony of Honorable Mitt Romney, Governor, Massachusetts". United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. June 22, 2004. Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061227213222/http%3A//judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm%3Fid%3D1234%26wit_id%3D3608.
- ^ "Romney Vetoes Emergency Contraception Bill". WMUR-TV. July 25, 2005. http://www.wmur.com/r/4766618/detail.html.
- ^ Greenberger, Scott S. (September 16, 2005). "Lawmakers override governor's contraception veto: Move will ease morning-after pill's availability". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/women/articles/2005/09/16/lawmakers_override_governors_contraception_veto/.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2006, p. 809.
- ^ Bradley, Nina (August 29, 2004). "Is Romney ready for the big time?: Mass. Gov. gets plum prime-time speaking spot during convention". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5831818.
- ^ a b c d e f Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 238.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (December 14, 2005). "Romney to announce he won't seek re-election". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/12/14/romney_to_announce_he_wont_seek_re_election/.
- ^ Phillips, Frank; Helman, Scott. "It's 1 term for Romney; he says 'future is open'" The Boston Globe, December 15, 2005.
- ^ "Romney out of state 212 days so far in 2006". Associated Press. EdgeBoston.com. December 26, 2006. http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=nightlife&sc=&sc2=photoalbum&id=30744.
- ^ a b Mason, Edward; Mashberg, Tom (December 9, 2011). "Mitt has Always Plummeted in the Polls". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/2011/12/09/mitt_has_always_plummeted_in_the_polls/.
- ^ a b Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 790.
- ^ "Approval Ratings for All 50 Governors as of 11/20/06". SurveyUSA. http://www.surveyusa.com/50State2006/Approval50StateGovernor061120.htm. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (September 30, 2006). "Patrick has a Big Lead in New Poll". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/09/30/patrick_has_a_big_lead_in_new_poll/?page=full.
- ^ "Romney Takes Step Toward an '08 Run". The New York Times. January 4, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/04/us/politics/04romney.html.
- ^ a b Helman, Scott; Ryan, Andrew (February 13, 2007). "Romney formally announces run for president". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/02/romney_formally_2.html.
- ^ a b Struglinski, Suzanne (February 13, 2007). "Romney officially enters presidential race". Deseret Morning News (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,660195186,00.html.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 239.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 293–294.
- ^ Libert, Barry; Faulk, Rick (2009). Barack, Inc.: Winning Business Lessons of the Obama Campaign. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-13-702207-6.
- ^ Webber, Alan M. (February 22, 2012). "Does America need a CEO in the Oval Office?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2012/0222/Does-America-need-a-CEO-in-the-Oval-Office.
- ^ Melanson, Mike (September 13, 2003). "Ann Romney tackles multiple sclerosis head-on". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2003/09/13/ann_romney_tackles_multiple_sclerosis_head_on/.
- ^ a b c Fiore, Fay (November 24, 2007). "Working to break his own storybook spell". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/24/nation/na-perfect24.
- ^ James, Susan Donaldson (October 18, 2011). "Caveman Politics: Americans Like Their Presidents Tall". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/caveman-politics-point-mitt-romney-presidential-winner-study/story?id=14755562#.T5qMIfUZun9.
- ^ An April 2012 Google News archive search for the period of Romney's 2007–2008 campaign. Among those describing Romney as handsome was another presidential candidate, Senator Barack Obama.
- ^ "Mr Smooth of Massachusetts". The Economist. July 5, 2007. http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441455.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 11.
- ^ "Politico's Simon: Romney "up close ... is almost overpowering. He radiates vigor"". Media Matters for America. February 13, 2007. http://mediamatters.org/research/200702140001. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 294–295.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 247.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 261–263.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 276.
- ^ Feldmann, Linda (December 11, 2007). "Romney moves to allay Mormon concerns directly". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1207/p01s03-uspo.html.
- ^ a b c "Mitt Romney Pledges to Serve No One Religion in Faith Speech". Fox News. December 6, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,315486,00.html.
- ^ a b McPike, Erin (December 6, 2007). "On the Ground at Romney Speech". msnbc.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/06/499942.aspx.
- ^ a b Campbell, David; Green, John Green; Monson, J. Quin (2009). "Framing Faith: How Voters Responded to Candidates' Religions in the 2008 Presidential Campaign". Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Toronto. http://americandemocracy.nd.edu/assets/16823/campbellmonsongreen_apsa2009_final.pdf.
- ^ a b Monson, J. Quin; Riding, Scott (2009). "Social Equality Norms for Race, Gender and Religion in the American Public During the 2008 Presidential Primaries". The Transformative Election of 2008. Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Ohio State University. http://polisci.osu.edu/conferences/2008election/papers/Monson.pdf.
- ^ a b c d Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 280–281.
- ^ "Huckabee, Obama have huge night in Iowa". CNN. January 4, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/03/iowa.caucuses/index.html.
- ^ Clymer, Adam (January 5, 2008). "First G.O.P. Delegate Goes to Romney". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/us/politics/05cnd-wyoming.html.
- ^ a b c Issenberg, Sasha (August 30, 2009). "The Long-Distance Runner". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2009/08/30/the_long_distance_runner/.
- ^ Thomas, "A Long Time Coming", p. 45.
- ^ Fournier, Ron (January 15, 2008). "Mitt Won, Authenticity Lost". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004127282_apondeadlinemichigan15.html.
- ^ Dickerson, John (January 15, 2008). "Mitt's Not Over". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2182157.
- ^ Thomas, "A Long Time Coming", p. 46
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 281–282.
- ^ "Clinton Wins Nevada Democratic Caucuses". CBS News. January 19, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/19/politics/main3731581.shtml?source=related_story.
- ^ a b c Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 283–285.
- ^ a b c d Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 312–313.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (January 28, 2008). "McCain attacks Romney on Iraq". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/01/mccain_attacks_romney_on_iraq.html.
- ^ a b "Romney suspends presidential campaign". CNN. February 7, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/07/romney.campaign/index.html.
- ^ "Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#R. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ "2008 Republican Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/republican_vote_count.html. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
- ^ a b Sidoti, Liz (February 14, 2008). "Ex-GOP Candidate Romney Endorses McCain". Associated Press. Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Feb14/0,4670,McCainRomney,00.html.
- ^ Kranish, Michael (July 17, 2008). "Romney not getting his $45m back: Says he won't seek gifts to repay campaign loans". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/07/17/romney_not_getting_his_45m_back/.
- ^ Wangsness, Lisa (June 8, 2008). "Once a rival now a Champion: Romney returns to promote McCain". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/06/08/once_a_rival_now_a_champion/.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 328, 331.
- ^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 334–335.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (December 8, 2008). "Romney paves way for possible '12 run". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/12/08/romney_paves_way_for_possible_12_run/.
- ^ Hiar, Corbin (March 5, 2012). "Money for Love? Romney Campaign Gives Over $1.7 Million to Republicans". Center for Public Integrity. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/corbin-hiar/money-for-love-romney-cam_b_1321624.html.
- ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (June 29, 2009). "Mitt Romney's team awaits 2012". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0609/24316.html.
- ^ Cannon, Carl M. (June 2, 2009). "Mitt's Makeover: Channeling Reagan for 2012 Run". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/06/02/meet-the-new-mitt-romney-same-as-the-old-mitt/.
- ^ Confessore, Nicholas (August 12, 2011). "Romney Reports Net Assets Of as Much as $264 Million". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E7D61030F930A2575BC0A9679D8B63.
- ^ "Mitt Romney stepping down from Marriott board, again". Deseret News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). January 13, 2011. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700100480/Mitt-Romney-stepping-down-from-Marriott-board-again.html.
- ^ a b c McPike, Erin; Barnes, James A. (May 6, 2009). "A Granite State Home Base For Romney?". The Hotline. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2009/05/a_granite_state.php.
- ^ Abel, David (February 17, 2009). "2 Romney estates hit the market". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/02/17/2_romney_estates_hit_the_market/.
- ^ a b Johnson, Glen (April 19, 2010). "GOP's Romney takes to life in new California home". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/04/19/gops_romney_takes_to_life_in_new_california_home/.
- ^ Levenson, Michael (December 6, 2008). "Ann Romney has surgery to remove precancerous lump". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/12/06/ann_romney_has_surgery_to_remove_precancerous_lump/.
- ^ "Factbox: Romney kicks off White House campaign". Reuters. June 2, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/02/us-usa-campaign-romney-factbox-idUSTRE7510WM20110602.
- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (August 24, 2010). "A 25-state midterm swing for Romney". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/08/24/romney_road_trip_may_set_stage_for_white_house_bid/.
- ^ Barr, Andy (August 27, 2009). "Mitt Romney won't run for Ted Kennedy's seat". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0809/26513.html.
- ^ Hand, Jim (October 31, 2009). "Romney goes to bat for Brown". The Sun Chronicle (Attleboro, Massachusetts). http://www.thesunchronicle.com/articles/2009/10/31/news/6359328.txt.
- ^ Dumcius, Gintautas (September 14, 2009). "Brown launches Senate bid". The Arlington Advocate. State House News Service. http://www.wickedlocal.com/arlington/news/x1851493018/Brown-launches-Senate-bid. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ "Romney Assaulted on Flight Leaving Olympics", Fox News, February 16, 2010
- ^ "Is 'Vulcan Grip' Rapper Sky Blu, Who Tussled With Mitt Romney, the Nerdiest Hip-Hop Artist Ever?", The Wall Street Journal, February 19, 2010
- ^ "Sky Blu of LMFAO claims Mitt Romney got physical first on flight from Vancouver", New York Daily News, February 19, 2010.
- ^ Barr, Andy (January 4, 2010). "Mitt Romney headed to Iowa". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0110/31133.html.
- ^ Zimmermann, Eric (March 13, 2010). "Romney tops bestseller list, but with an asterisk". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/86573-romney-tops-bestseler-list-but-with-an-asterisk.
- ^ a b Altman, Alex (March 3, 2010). "The Skimmer: Mitt Romney's 'No Apology'". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1969266,00.html.
- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (March 2, 2010). "In book, Romney styles himself wonk, not warrior". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2010/03/02/mitt_romneys_no_apology_is_not_light_reading/.
- ^ "GOP Insiders Sour On Palin". The Hotline. January 7, 2010. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2010/01/gop_insiders_so.php.
- ^ Burns, Alexander (October 13, 2010). "Mitt Romney's plan: Go big, go everywhere". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43566.html.
- ^ Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 14, 2010). "Romney's $1.7 million tops field". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43607.html.
- ^ a b Zeleny, Jeff (March 5, 2011). "To Quiet Critics, Romney Puts 2012 Focus on Jobs". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/us/politics/06romney.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
- ^ a b Martin, Jonathan; Burns, Alexander (April 12, 2011). "5 challenges for front-runner Mitt Romney". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52981.html.
- ^ "Romney forms presidential exploratory committee". CNN. April 11, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/11/romney-forms-presidential-exploratory-committee/.
- ^ a b c Viser, Matt (April 12, 2011). "Romney takes next big step toward run for president". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2011/04/12/romney_takes_next_big_step_toward_run_for_president/?page=all.
- ^ Lewis, Matt (October 20, 2009). "Palin or Romney: Republicans Weigh Passion vs. Principle". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/10/20/palin-or-romney-republicans-weigh-passion-vs-principle/.
- ^ a b c Shear, Michael D. (June 2, 2011). "Romney, Opening Race, Presents Himself as the Candidate to Face Obama". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/us/politics/03romney.html.
- ^ a b Burns, Alexander (May 17, 2011). "X factor: 5 questions for the GOP race". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0511/55095.html.
- ^ Green, Joshua (May 5, 2011). "The Do-Nothing Frontrunner". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/the-do-nothing-frontrunner/238376/.
- ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (May 22, 2011). "With Mitch Daniels out, GOP looking for new 2012 option". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0511/55425.html.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie (June 2, 2011). "Romney launches presidential bid with Obama "misery index" attack". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20068348-503544.html?tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea.
- ^ Shear, Michael D. (January 13, 2012). "Obama Raised $42 Million in Last Quarter of '11". The New York Times. http://mobile.nytimes.com/article?a=892875&f=77.
- ^ Viser, Matt (September 27, 2011). "Romney expects to raise much less money this quarter". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/09/romney-expects-raise-much-less-money-this-quarter/gOgGPHq6sp8zUl8toWr54L/index.html.
- ^ Smith, Ben (August 1, 2011). "Mitt Romney's low-profile strategy". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/60444.html.
- ^ "Accelerating GOP Race Poised to Test Perry’s Staying Power, Romney’s Obama Strategy". Fox News. September 3, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/03/accelerating-gop-race-poised-to-test-perrys-staying-power-romneys-obama/.
- ^ Kucinich, Jackie (September 25, 2011). "GOP debates signal a race between Romney and Perry". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-09-25/GOP-presidential-race-Romney-Perry-debates/50547872/1.
- ^ a b Babington, Charles (October 5, 2011). "With GOP Field Set, Romney Woos The Unconvinced". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2016416269_apuscampaign2012reset.html.
- ^ Tulumello, Jennifer Skalka (November 11, 2011). "Newt Gingrich: Will his mini-surge in the polls last?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/President/2011/1111/Newt-Gingrich-Will-his-mini-surge-in-the-polls-last.
- ^ "Cain and Gingrich Benefit from Perry Swoon". Fox News. September 29, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/29/cain-and-gingrich-benefit-from-perry-swoon/.
- ^ "Cain Suspends Presidential Campaign, Cites 'Hurt' Caused by 'False' Allegations". Fox News. December 3, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/12/03/cain-prepares-to-discuss-campaigns-future-after-damage-assessment/.
- ^ "Cain Surges, Nearly Ties Romney for Lead in GOP Preferences". The Gallup Organization. October 10, 2011. http://www.gallup.com/poll/149990/Cain-Surges-Nearly-Ties-Romney-Lead-GOP-Preferences.aspx.
- ^ Klein, Joe (December 1, 2011). "Why Don't They Like Mitt?". Time. http://swampland.time.com/2011/12/01/mitt-romney-why-dont-they-like-him/.
- ^ Elliot, Philip (October 9, 2011). "Romney rivals may go after him for flip-flops". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/articles/2011/10/09/romney_rivals_may_go_after_him_for_flip_flops/.
- ^ Coral Davenport (October 28, 2011). "Mitt Romney's shifting views on climate change". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20127273-503544/mitt-romneys-shifting-views-on-climate-change/.
- ^ Wallsten, Peter (November 3, 2011). "Romney says he's been consistent". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/post/romney-says-hes-been-consistent/2011/11/03/gIQAbfJejM_blog.html.
- ^ Allen, Mike (December 12, 2011). "Mitt Romney on Newt Gingrich: He's the front-runner". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/70298_Page2.html.
- ^ Montopoli, Brian (December 19, 2011). "Poll: Newt Gingrich's lead over Romney is gone". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57345145-503544/poll-newt-gingrichs-lead-over-romney-is-gone/.
- ^ "Romney defeats Santorum by 8 votes in Iowa". CNN. January 4, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/03/politics/iowa-caucus/index.html.
- ^ Silver, Nate (January 19, 2012). "The Semantics and Statistics of Santorum's Win in Iowa". The New York Times. http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/19/the-semantics-and-statistics-of-santorums-win-in-iowa/.
- ^ "Romney secures front-runner status with New Hampshire win, looks to take momentum into South Carolina". Fox News. January 11, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/01/10/new-hampshire-republican-primary/.
- ^ a b "Romney, Gingrich tangle over ads in South Carolina". Fox News. January 13, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/01/13/conservatives-rally-against-criticism-romneys-bain-record/.
- ^ Lee, MJ (January 12, 2012). "Sarah Palin: Mitt Romney needs Bain show & tell". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71364.html.
- ^ a b c "Gingrich wins huge come-from-behind victory in South Carolina". McClatchy Newspapers. January 21, 2012. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/01/21/136532/gingrich-appears-to-be-headed.html.
- ^ Dickerson, John (January 20, 2012). "The Brawl". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/01/south_carolina_debate_gingrich_nails_open_marriage_question_bests_a_flustered_romney_.html.
- ^ "Mitt Romney will release tax returns Tuesday; rival Newt Gingrich calls himself most electable GOP candidate". Associated Press. MassLive.com. January 22, 2012. http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/01/mitt_romney_will_release_tax_r.html.
- ^ Burns, Alexander; Bravender, Robin (January 24, 2012). "Florida Republican primary is 'Armageddon'". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71862.html.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Zeleny, Jeff (January 28, 2012). "The Calculations That Led Romney to the Warpath". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/us/politics/the-calculations-that-led-romney-to-the-warpath.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=all.
- ^ Cohen, Tom; Steinhauser, Paul (February 1, 2012). "Romney claims victory in Florida, builds new momentum". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/31/politics/florida-primary/index.html.
- ^ "Polls: All tied up between Romney and Santorum". CNN. February 14, 2012. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/14/polls-all-tied-up-between-romney-and-santorum/.
- ^ "Romney wins Michigan and Arizona". CNN. February 28, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/28/election/2012/primaries/index.html?hpt=hp_t1.
- ^ "Mitt Romney wins Wyoming caucuses". The Washington Post. February 29, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/mitt-romney-wins-wyoming-caucuses/2012/02/29/gIQAj2yRjR_blog.html.
- ^ "Romney builds delegate lead with Super Tuesday wins". Fox News. March 7, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/07/romney-builds-delegate-lead-with-super-tuesday-wins/.
- ^ "Romney sweeps 3 primary contests, eyes general election battle". Fox News. April 4, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/03/romney-looks-for-big-night-and-beyond-in-wisconsin/.
- ^ Cohen, Tom (April 10, 2012). "Santorum suspends campaign, clearing Romney's path". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/10/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.
- ^ "RNC officially names Mitt Romney the party's 'presumptive nominee'". Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2012. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-rnc-officially-names-mitt-romney-the-partys-presumptive-nominee-20120425,0,790798.story.
- ^ a b Hersh, The Shadow President, p. 139.
- ^ Canellos, The Last Lion, p. 295.
- ^ a b c d e f Gross, Daniel (February 26, 2007). "The CEO Candidate". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2160642/.
- ^ Zeller, Shawn (December 11, 2007). "Romney haunted by liberal past". PolitiFact.com. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2007/dec/11/romney-haunted-liberal-past/.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 769.
- ^ Helman, Scott (February 11, 2007). "Romney's stem cell view may upset the right". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2007/02/11/romneys_stem_cell_view_may_upset_the_right/.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Kirkpatrick David D. (December 9, 2006). "Romney's Gay Rights Stance Draws Ire". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/us/politics/09romney.html.
- ^ "Run touts success, dodges shifts". USA Today. June 15, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/mitt-romney.htm.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 19, 2007). "Romney also once backed 'age-appropriate' sex ed". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0707/Romney_also_once_backed_ageappropriate_sex_ed.html.
- ^ Donald, Brooke (April 21, 2006). "Romney promotes abstinence classes". Bangor Daily News. Associated Press: p. B8. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mAE1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Mk8KAAAAIBAJ&pg=3578,1309352&dq=romney+abstinence+only+education&hl=en.
- ^ "Romney Announces Abstinence Education Program". WCVB-TV. April 20, 2006. http://www.thebostonchannel.com/r/8858946/detail.html.
- ^ "Profile: Mitt Romney". BBC News. February 15, 2007 (updated February 7, 2008). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6362249.stm.
- ^ a b c d e f Luo, Michael (November 24, 2007). "For Romney & Company, Campaign Is All Business". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/24/us/politics/24manage.html.
- ^ McPike, Erin (December 17, 2007). "Romney's tough day on the trail". msnbc.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2007/12/17/4436604-romneys-tough-day-on-the-trail.
- ^ Shear, Michael D. (December 16, 2007). "Romney Claims NRA Endorsement He Didn't Receive". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2007/12/romney-claims-nra-endorsement.html.
- ^ Udell, Emily (April 5, 2007). "Romney Aims Again to Explain Hunting". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070405/romney-hunting/.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (January 13, 2008). "Romney plays nostalgia card in Michigan". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0108/7848.html.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (February 23, 2012). "Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/us/politics/political-lessons-from-a-mothers-losing-run.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ "Romney: I'll keep campaign promises". Associated Press. msnbc.com. December 16, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22287061/ns/politics-decision_08/.
- ^ a b Swidey, Neil (January 8, 2012). "What our fascination with Mitt Romney's dog Seamus says about our culture". The Boston Globe. http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-08/news/30605151_1_romney-family-mitt-romney-dog.
- ^ "Mitt Romney and the dog on the car roof: one columnist's obsession". PolitiFact.com. September 8, 2011. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/sep/13/gail-collins/mitt-romney-and-dog-car-roof-one-columnists-obsess/.
- ^ Moos, Jeanne (January 13, 2012). "Mitt Romney 'dog-on-the-roof' story appears in Newt Gingrich ad". CNN. KSDK. http://www.ksdk.com/news/article/296683/18/Mitt-Romney-dog-on-the-roof-story-appears-in-Newt-Gingrich-ad.
- ^ Klein, Joe (December 12, 2011). "Where is the Love?". Time: p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e Johnson, Glen (March 26, 2010). "Romneycare may come back to haunt Mitt on health issue". Deseret News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700019894/Romneycare-may-come-back-to-haunt-Mitt-on-health-issue.html.
- ^ Johnson, Glen (December 15, 2010). "Health Mandate Cases to Loom Over 2012 Romney Run". Associated Press. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=12405439.
- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (March 30, 2010). "Romney defends Mass. health care law". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/03/30/romney_defends_massachusetts_health_care_law/.
- ^ Smith, Ben (April 19, 2010). "Blogger: Romney wants repeal, but not of mandate". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0410/Blogger_Romney_wants_repeal_but_not_of_mandate.html.
- ^ Viser, Matt (May 12, 2011). "Romney support for individual mandate complicates health care politics". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2011/05/romney_support.html.
- ^ Appleby, Julie (July 5, 2005). "Mass. Gov. Romney's health care plan says everyone pays". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/2005-07-04-health-insurance-usat_x.htm.
- ^ Romano, Andrew (April 16, 2010). "If the Mitt Fits". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2010/04/15/if-the-mitt-fits.html.
- ^ Sargent, Greg (May 11, 2011). "Flashback: Mitt Romney hoped for 'a nation that's taken a mandate approach'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/flashback-mitt-romney-hoped-for-a-nation-with-a-mandate-approach/2011/03/03/AFPqVUqG_blog.html.
- ^ a b Kantor, Jodi (May 19, 2012). "Romney’s Faith, Silent but Deep". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/us/politics/how-the-mormon-church-shaped-mitt-romney.html?_r=1&hp&pagewanted=all.
- ^ Bowman, Matthew (February 8, 2012). "President Romney, Compassionate Conservative? How Mormonism May Shape Mitt's Welfare Policies". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/100490/mormon-romney-poverty-welfare-poor.
- ^ a b c Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, pp. 56–58.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 772.
- ^ Egan, Dan (April 9, 1999). "SLOC Boss Romney Will Give U. Commencement Address". The Salt Lake Tribune: p. B3.
- ^ "Mitt Romney Calls for Bentley College Graduates to 'Be American Heroes'" (Press release). Bentley College. May 1, 2002. http://newsroom.bentley.edu/press-release/mitt-romney-calls-bentley-college-graduates-be-american-heroes-0.
- ^ "Suffolk University to Award Eight Honorary Degrees" (Press release). Suffolk University. May 24, 2004. http://www.suffolk.edu/16089.html.
- ^ "Commencement 2007". Hillsdale College. http://www.hillsdale.edu/images/userImages/cclawson/Page_4889/PC_News_Summer07.pdf. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ Bible, Mitzi (May 12, 2012). "Commencement 2012: Paying tribute to Liberty’s heritage, God's blessings". Liberty University. http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=55432.
- ^ "Mitt Romney: Politician". People. May 13, 2002. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20137022,00.html.
- ^ Pane, Lisa Marie (February 13, 2006). "Romney looks ahead, back in Olympics visit". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/olympics/articles/2006/02/13/romney_looks_ahead_back_in_olympics_visit/?page=all.
- ^ Roche, Lisa Riley (May 10, 2008). "Romney honored for 'Defense of Religious Liberty'". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700224763,00.html.
- ^ Mayer, Marissa (April 18, 2012). "The 100 Most Influential People in the World". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112000,00.html.
Bibliography[link]
- Balz, Dan; Johnson, Haynes (2009). The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-02111-6.
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2004) (paperback). The Almanac of American Politics 2004. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-106-1.
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2006). The Almanac of American Politics 2006. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-111-5.
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008) (paperback). The Almanac of American Politics 2008. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
- Canellos, Peter S. (ed.) and The Team at The Boston Globe (2009). The Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-3817-5.
- Clymer, Adam (1999). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. New York: Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN 978-0-688-14285-8.
- Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
- Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-883642-30-3.
- Hewitt, Hugh (2007). A Mormon in the White House?: 10 Things Every American Should Know About Mitt Romney. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-502-5.
- Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-212327-5.
- Mahoney, Tom (1960). The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 236830.
- Thomas, Evan (2009). "A Long Time Coming": The Inspiring, Combative 2008 Campaign and the Historic Election of Barack Obama. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.
Further reading[link]
- Foster, Craig (2008). A Different God?: Mitt Romney, the Religious Right, and the Mormon Question. Draper, Utah: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1-58958-117-3.
- Hines, Phillip (2012). Mitt Romney in His Own Words. New York: Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1-4516-8780-4.
- Scott, Ronald B. (2011). Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-7927-7.
- Turner, Lisa Ray; Field, Kimberly (2007). Mitt Romney: The Man, His Values, and His Vision. Silverton, Idaho: Mapletree Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60065-109-0.
External links[link]
| Find more about Mitt Romney on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official
- Other
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Mitt Romney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Biography at the National Governors Association
- Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
- Mitt Romney at the Open Directory Project
| Business positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | Chief Executive Officer of Bain Capital 1984–1999 |
Succeeded by Joshua Bekenstein |
| Preceded by Bill Bain |
Chief Executive Officer of Bain & Company Acting 1991–1992 |
Succeeded by Steve Ellis as Worldwide Managing Director |
| Succeeded by Orit Gadiesh as Chairman of the Board |
||
| Sporting positions | ||
| Preceded by Makoto Kobayashi |
President of Organizing Committee for Winter Olympic Games 2002 |
Succeeded by Valentino Castellani |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Jane Swift Acting |
Governor of Massachusetts 2003–2007 |
Succeeded by Deval Patrick |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Joe Malone |
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (Class 3) 1994 |
Succeeded by Jack Robinson |
| Preceded by Paul Cellucci |
Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 2002 |
Succeeded by Kerry Healey |
| Preceded by John McCain |
Republican Party presidential candidate Presumptive 2012 |
Most recent |
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Romney, Willard Mitt |
| Alternative names | Romney, Mitt |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | March 12, 1947 |
| Place of birth | Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mitt_Romney
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Ромни, Митт
http://es.wn.com/Mitt Romney
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tom Morello | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The Nightwatchman |
| Born | (1964-05-30) May 30, 1964 (age 48) Harlem, New York |
| Origin | Libertyville, Illinois |
| Genres | Alternative metal, acoustic rock, funk metal, heavy metal, hard rock |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, activist, actor |
| Instruments | Guitar, vocals, harmonica, mandolin, bass guitar, drums, piano, banjo |
| Years active | 1979–present |
| Labels | SonyBMG, Epic, Interscope |
| Associated acts | Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave, The Crystal Method, The Nightwatchman, Street Sweeper Social Club, Lock Up, Class of '99, Cypress Hill, Axis of Justice, Electric Sheep, Guitarmy, Travis Barker |
| Notable instruments | |
| "Arm the Homeless" - Custom guitar with a Kramer neck and custom performance body. "Soul Power" - Custom Fender Stratocaster "Sendero Luminoso" - Fender Telecaster "Burnt Budweiser" - Gibson Les Paul "Whatever It Takes" - Ibanez classical acoustic Ibanez Artstar Hollowbody (Custom). |
|
Thomas Baptiste Morello (born May 30, 1964) is a Grammy Award-winning American guitarist best known for his tenure with the bands Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave, his acoustic solo act The Nightwatchman, and his newest group, Street Sweeper Social Club. Tom is also the co-founder (along with Serj Tankian) of the non-profit political activist organization Axis of Justice, which airs a monthly program on Pacifica Radio station KPFK (90.7 FM) in Los Angeles. He is best known for his unique and creative guitar playing style, which incorporates feedback noises, unconventional picking and tapping as well as heavy use of guitar effects. He was ranked #26 in Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."[1]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Tom Morello was born on May 30, 1964, in Harlem, New York, to Ngethe Njoroge and Mary Morello. Tom is of Irish and Italian descent on his maternal side, and Kikuyu Kenyan descent on his paternal side. His mother was a schoolteacher from Marseilles, Illinois, who earned a Master of Arts at Loyola University, Chicago and travelled to Germany, Spain, Japan, and Kenya as an English language teacher between 1977 to 1983.[2] His father was a Kenyan participant in the Mau Mau Uprising, and served as Kenya's first ambassador to the United Nations.[3] Morello's paternal great-uncle, Jomo Kenyatta, was the first elected president in Kenyan history.[3] His parents met in August 1963, while attending a pro-democracy protest in Nairobi, Kenya.[4] After discovering her pregnancy, Mary returned to the United States with Njoroge in November, and married in New York City.
When Morello was 16 months old, Njoroge returned to his native Kenya, and denied his paternity of his son.[4][5] Morello was raised solely by his mother in Libertyville, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. There he attended Libertyville High School, where his mother was a U.S. history teacher. She was the homeroom teacher for Tom's classmate and fellow guitarist Adam Jones, of the band Tool, while teaching at Libertyville. Tom sang in the school choir and was active in speech and drama club; a prominent role was Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Morello developed leftist political leanings early, and has described himself as having been "the only anarchist in a conservative high school", and has since identified as a nonsectarian socialist. In the 1980 mock elections at Libertyville, he campaigned for a fictitious anarchist "candidate" named Hubie Maxwell, who came in fourth place in the election. He also wrote a piece headlined "South Africa: Racist Fascism That We Support" for the school alternative newspaper The Student Pulse.
Morello graduated from high school with honors in June 1982, and enrolled at Harvard University as a political science student that autumn. He was the first student at his high school to be accepted at Harvard, and was in fact the first person from Libertyville, Illinois ever to enroll there.[4] Morello graduated in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Social Studies.[6] Adam Jones, his high school classmate, moved to Los Angeles as well; Morello introduced Jones and Maynard James Keenan to Danny Carey, who would come to form the band Tool. He moved to Los Angeles, where he supported himself, first by working as an exotic male stripper.[7]
"When I graduated from Harvard and moved to Hollywood, I was unemployable. I was literally starving, so I had to work menial labour and, at one point, I even worked as an exotic dancer. 'Brick House' (by The Commodores) was my jam! I did bachelorette parties and I'd go down to my boxer shorts. Would I go further? All I can say is thank God it was in the time before YouTube! You could make decent money doing that job – people do what they have to do.[7] "
From 1987 to 1988, Morello worked in the office of California Democratic Senator Alan Cranston;[7] however, this proved to be a negative experience for Morello, who decided never to pursue a career in politics.
"I never had any real desire to work in politics but if there was any ember burning in me, it was extinguished working in that job because of two things: one of them was the fact that 80 per cent of the time I spent with the Senator, he was on the phone asking rich people for money. It just made me understand that the whole business was dirty. He had to compromise his entire being every day. The other was the time a woman phoned up to the office and wanted to complain that there were Mexicans moving into her neighborhood. I said to her, 'Ma'am, you're a damn racist,' and she was indignant. I thought I was representing our cause well, but I got yelled at for a week by everyone for saying that! I thought to myself that if I'm in a job where I can't call a damn racist a damn racist, then it's not for me.[7] "
Musical influences[link]
At age 13, Morello joined his first band; a Led Zeppelin cover band as the lead singer. At this same age, Morello purchased his first guitar. Around 1984, Morello first started studying the guitar seriously. He had formed a band in the same year called the Electric Sheep which featured future Tool guitarist Adam Jones on bass.[3] The band wrote original material that included politically charged lyrics. None of the songs composed by the Sheep contained solos; soloing was a skill that Morello began learning in college.
At the time, Morello's musical tastes lay in the direction of hard rock and heavy metal, particularly Kiss, Iron Maiden. As he stated in Flight 666 he is a huge fan of Piece of Mind, Alice Cooper, Led Zeppelin, and Black Sabbath. Morello developed his own unique sound through the electric guitar. Later, his musical style and politics were greatly influenced by punk rock bands like The Clash, The Sex Pistols, and Devo.
Recording career[link]
Rage Against the Machine (1991–2000; 2007–present)[link]
Main article: Rage Against the Machine
In 1991 Tom was looking to form an old band after Lock Up disbanded. Tom was impressed by Zack de la Rocha's freestyle rapping and asked him to join his band. He also drafted drummer Brad Wilk, who he knew from his band Lock Up, where Wilk unsuccessfully auditioned for a drumming spot. The band's lineup was completed when Zack convinced his childhood friend Tim Commerford to play bass. After frequenting the L.A. club circuit, Rage Against the Machine signed a record deal with Epic Records in 1992. That same year, the band released their self titled debut. They achieved a considerable amount of mainstream success and released three more studio albums.
In August 2000 in Los Angeles during the Democratic National Convention, Rage Against the Machine performed outside the Staples Center to a large crowd numbering in the thousands while the Convention took place inside.[8] After several audience members began to throw rocks, the Los Angeles Police Department turned off the power and ordered the audience to disperse, firing rubber bullets and pepper spray into the crowd.[9]
In late 2000, after Commerford's stunt at the VMA's, the disgruntled de la Rocha quit the band. On September 13, 2000, Rage Against the Machine performed their last concert at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles. After the band disbanded, their fourth studio album, Renegades, became a collection of cover songs from artists such as Bob Dylan, MC5, Bruce Springsteen and Cypress Hill. 2003 saw the release of their last album, titled Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium, an edited recording of the band's final two concerts on September 12 and 13, 2000 at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles. It was accompanied by an expanded DVD release of the last show and included a previously unreleased music video for "Bombtrack".
After disbanding, Morello, Wilk and Commerford went on to form Audioslave with former Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell, and released three albums as well as a DVD from the band's concert in Cuba. De la Rocha started working on a solo album collaboration with DJ Shadow, Company Flow, and The Roots' Questlove, but the project was dropped in favor of working with Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor. Recording was completed, but the album will probably never be released.[10] So far, only one track has been released: "We Want It All" was featured on "Songs and Artists that Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11".
Main article: Rage Against the Machine reunion tour
On April 29, 2007, Rage Against the Machine reunited at the Coachella Music Festival. The band played in front of an EZLN backdrop to the largest crowds of the festival. The performance was initially thought to be a one-off, but this turned out not to be the case. The band played 7 more shows in the United States in 2007 (including their first non-festival concert in 7 years at the Alpine Valley Music Theater in East Troy, Wisconsin), and in January 2008, they played their first shows outside the US since re-forming as part of the Big Day Out Festival in Australia and New Zealand. In August 2008 they headlined nights at the Reading and Leeds festivals.[11][12]
The band has since continued to tour around the world, headlining many large festivals in Europe and the United States, including Lollapalooza in Chicago. In 2008 the band also played shows in Denver, Colorado and Minneapolis, Minnesota to coincide with the Democratic National Convention and Republican National Convention, respectively. In July, 2011, Rage Against the Machine played at L.A. Rising, a concert formed by the band in Los Angeles, in which they headlined and played with other artists including Muse and Rise Against. Though they played together for these events, they do not play together regularly.
Audioslave (2001–2007)[link]
Main article: Audioslave
After de la Rocha left Rage Against the Machine, the remaining band mates began collaborating with former Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell at the suggestion of producer Rick Rubin. The new group was first rumored to be called The Civilian Project, but the name Audioslave was confirmed before their first album was released.
The band released their eponymous debut album on November 19, 2002. It was a critical and commercial success, attaining triple-platinum status.
The band released their second album, Out of Exile, on May 24, 2005. It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard charts and attained platinum status. In the same year, they released a DVD documenting their trip as the first American rock band to play a free show in Cuba. The band's third album, Revelations, was released in the fall of 2006. As of February 15, 2007, Audioslave have broken up as a result of frontman Cornell's departure due to "irresolvable personality conflicts". The band reunited with Zack de la Rocha and resumed their previous band, Rage Against the Machine.
The Nightwatchman (2003–present)[link]
Main article: The Nightwatchman
Morello is less known for his folk music, which he plays under the alias The Nightwatchman. He has explained:
"The Nightwatchman is my political folk alter ego. I've been writing these songs and playing them at open mic nights with friends for some time. This is the first time I've toured with it. When I play open mic nights, it's announced as The Nightwatchman. There will be kids there who are fans of my electric guitar playing, and you see them there scratching their heads. But it's something that I enjoy doing. I look at it more as an extension of my politics. Then again, some of the songs are not explicitly political. It really helped me grow as an artist and songwriter. Once you prick the vein you never know what is going to come out. You could aim for all union songs and you find yourself in other territory."
In November 2003 The Nightwatchman joined artists Billy Bragg, Lester Chambers of The Chambers Brothers, Steve Earle, Jill Sobule, Boots Riley of The Coup and Mike Mills of R.E.M. on the Tell Us the Truth Tour. The thirteen-city tour was supported by unions, environmental and media reform groups including Common Cause, Free Press and A.F.L.-C.I.O. with the ultimate goal of "informing music fans, and exposing and challenging the failures of the major media outlets in the United States."[13] Tom Morello explained:
"Media consolidation needs smashing and globalization needs unmasking. When presidents and politicians lie, it is the job of the press to expose those lies. When the press fails, the gangstas come out from hiding. The lie becomes the law. The point of the Tell Us the Truth Tour is to help others make connections, and to show them that activism can change the policies of this country."[14]
One of his many songs, "No One Left", which compares the aftermath of September 11 to that of a U.S. attack on Iraq, appears on the album Songs and Artists that Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11.
The Nightwatchman also appeared on the album/DVD Axis Of Justice: Concert Series Volume 1, contributing the songs "Until the End", "The Road I Must Travel", and "Union Song".
Morello, as The Nightwatchman, released his debut solo album, One Man Revolution, on April 24, 2007.
The Nightwatchman joined the Dave Matthews Band for its short European tour in May 2007. As well as opening for the Dave Matthews Band, he was invited to guest on a couple of songs each night. The last night of this Morello/DMB arrangement was May 30, 2007 at Wembley Arena in London, on Tom's birthday.
The Nightwatchman is currently supporting Ben Harper on tour. During this tour, Morello has been joining Harper onstage for a cover of Bob Dylan's "Masters of War", on which he plays the electric guitar in the style for which he's best known.
Morello has presided over a Hotel Café residency in L.A. since November 2007, which has featured many of his musical cohorts, including Serj Tankian, Perry Farrell, Jon Foreman of Switchfoot, Shooter Jennings, Nuno Bettencourt, Sen Dog of Cypress Hill, Jill Sobule, Boots Riley, Alexi Murdoch, Wayne Kramer of MC5 and others.
On October 10, 2008, The Nightwatchman appeared on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson as a musical guest, promoting his new album The Fabled City.
Street Sweeper Social Club (2006–present)[link]
Main article: Street Sweeper Social Club
Following Audioslave's breakup in 2007, Morello met up with Boots Riley of The Coup, suggesting that they start a band which Morello had named Street Sweeper. After giving Riley a tape of various songs to write to, the two created the duo Street Sweeper Social Club.
Street Sweeper Social Club opened for Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction in May 2009.
Other side projects (1994–present)[link]
Morello and RATM bandmate Brad Wilk joined with Maynard James Keenan of Tool and Billy Gould of Faith No More to record the song "Calling Dr. Love" for the 1994 Kiss tribute album Kiss My Ass. The lineup was billed as Shandi's Addiction.
Morello played lead guitar and produced on three tracks of Primus' 1999 studio album Antipop. Morello played the guitar on The Faculty soundtrack, featured with Class of '99 for their cover of Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall (pt. 2)".
Morello recorded guitars along with country legend Johnny Cash during his late career with American Recordings, which was released on Unearthed.[15]
Morello played a short solo on the Benny Mason band song "Exodus IV".[16]
As The Nightwatchman, Morello has often performed alongside Boots Riley, frontman of The Coup; also, he produced and performed on a track for The Coup's 2006 release Pick a Bigger Weapon. In July 2006, it was reported that Morello and Riley were to collaborate on a project called Street Sweepers (see section above).[17]
Morello appears in Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock as a "guitar boss" (the first of 3 in the career mode of the game) in a night club. Beating him in a one-on-one battle (playing an original composition he recorded for the game) will unlock him as a playable character and will result in the player and Tom playing the master track of "Bulls on Parade" as an encore immediately following the battle.[18] Morello's original composition features many of his trademark guitar effects like those heard in songs such as Audioslave's "Cochise" and "Doesn't Remind Me" and Rage Against the Machine's "Bulls on Parade" and "Sleep Now in the Fire".
In April 2006, Morello produced two tracks for the group Outernational;[19] on the band's website, it states that Morello will be producing their debut album.[20]
In April 2008, Morello made two guest appearances with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band at the Anaheim Pond. They performed an extended electric version, featuring guitar solos, of "The Ghost of Tom Joad" (which had been previously covered by Rage Against the Machine on Renegades). One of these performance was included on Springsteen's Magic Tour Highlights EP as an audio track or video download.
On October 29, 2009 Morello performed at the 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concert at Madison Square Garden. He performed "The Ghost of Tom Joad", "London Calling", "Badlands" and "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band.
On February 23, 2010 Cypress Hill released the second single, "Rise Up", from their album Rise Up featuring Tom Morello on guitar. He is also featured on the track "Shut 'Em Down" from the same album, unlike "Rise Up", which is very similar in style to Morello's rap metal band Rage Against the Machine, it contains strong Latin and punk influences.
On November 2, 2010 Travis Barker & Tom Morello released a song alongside RZA & Raekwon called "Carry It". It would later appear on Travis's debut solo album Give the Drummer Some. Like "Rise Up", it is very similar in style to Morello's previous band Rage Against the Machine.
Morello will appear on a song on the upcoming Bruce Springsteen album, Wrecking Ball which is due for release on March 6, 2012. He performed with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band and The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (March 2, 2012) to preview the album.
Morello, as The Night Watchman, contributed a version of "Blind Willie McTell" on the "Chimes Of Freedom: The Songs Of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years Of Amnesty International" tribute album released in 2012.
Appearances in films[link]
Morello played on a number of soundtracks, including Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story, Spider-Man, and most recently The A-Team. He was credited as "Additional Electric Guitar" in the 2008 superhero movie Iron Man and played a terrorist. He also stars in the movie Berkeley (2005) and in Star Trek: Insurrection. He also collaborated with John Debney for the score for Iron Man 2
Additionally, Morello has appeared as himself in an array of documentary films; such as Sounds Like a Revolution, Iron Maiden: Flight 666, about heavy metal band Iron Maiden's Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, and in Chevolution, an exposé about the famous Guerrillero Heroico photo of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.
Morello was also featured in the 2012 documentary film "Let Fury Have the Hour" by writer and director Antonino D'Ambrosio, where Morello talks about world citizenship, creative activism and his support for workers' rights.
Writing[link]
In 2011 it was announced that Morello would write a new 12-issue comic book series for Dark Horse Comics, entitled Orchid. The series is a post-apocalyptic story in which the title character is "a teenage prostitute who learns that she is more than the role society has imposed upon her." The first issue was published in October 2011, and Morello is releasing an exclusive new song to accompany each issue. Orchid is illustrated by Canadian artist Scott Hepburn.[21]
The release party sponsored by Dark Horse was held at Jetpack Comics in Rochester, New Hampshire on October 12, 2011.[22]
Guitar playing technique[link]
Morello is famed for his guitar style, which consists of heavy metal/punk hybrid riffs and hip hop-inspired sounds. A 1993 Melody Maker live review of a Rage Against The Machine gig, said Guitarist Tom Morello wears his guitar high up to wring every sound out of it. Falling bombs, police sirens, scratching - he can do them all.[23]
To produce his alien guitar sounds, Morello chooses various effects pedals. During his tenure in RATM, he used a Dunlop Cry Baby, a DigiTech WH-1 Whammy, a Boss DD-2 Digital Delay, a DOD EQ pedal (set flat and just used to boost the volume during guitar solos or particular rocking moments), and an Ibanez DFL Flanger. Around the time of The Battle of Los Angeles he added a Boss TR-2 Tremolo pedal (which can be heard on "Guerrilla Radio"). For Audioslave, Morello replaced the Ibanez Flanger with a MXR Phase 90. His amplifier of choice has always been a 50-watt Marshall JCM 800 2205 and a Peavey 4x12 cabinet. Though the Marshall is his amp of choice with Rage Against the Machine, he used a Vox AC30 combo amplifier for multiple overdubs on Audioslave's album Revelations. While the Marshall amplifier has two channels, he only uses the overdrive channel, and simply turns down the volume on his guitar to get cleaner sounds.
In the studio, Morello uses the same setup for the bulk of the guitar tracks. For The Battle of Los Angeles, he also used a few other amps, such as a Line 6 as heard on the clean, spacey intro of "Mic Check", plus a Pignose mini-amp and a MusicMan "Twin" style amp.[24] During the recording of Audioslave's last album, Revelations, Morello experimented with different amplifier setups. For the title track's solo he split his signal to his standard Marshall 2205 head and Peavey cabinet and a 100 watt Fender Bassman head and an Orange cabinet. With delay sent to one while the other is unaffected the sound is being "ping-ponged" between the two amplifiers. He also borrowed a VOX AC30 amplifier from producer Brendan O’Brien for some tracks.[25]
Morello's unique technique and talent led to him being voted the fifth greatest guitarist of the past 30 years in a 2010 BBC poll.[26]
Politics[link]
Activism[link]
On August 27, 2008 Morello performed in Denver, Colorado at the Open The Debates rally in opposition to the Commission on Presidential Debates exclusion of third party candidates from the nationally televised debates. He performed "This Land is Your Land" as The Nightwatchman and endorsed Independent Presidential Candidate Ralph Nader. Sean Penn, Jello Biafra, Brooke Smith and Cindy Sheehan were also part of the rally.[27]
In October 2009, Morello, among a number of musicians, sued the U.S. government for the declassification of all documents relating to the use of music in interrogations at Guantanamo Bay. He stated, "Guantanamo is known around the world as one of the places where human beings have been tortured -- from waterboarding to stripping, hooding and forcing detainees into humiliating sexual acts -- playing music for 72 hours in a row at volumes just below that to shatter the eardrums. Guantanamo may be Dick Cheney's idea of America, but it's not mine. The fact that music I helped create was used in crimes against humanity sickens me."[28][29]
On February 21, 2011 Morello organized and performed an acoustic concert in support of the protests over collective bargaining rights in Madison, WI. The concert also featured The MC5's Wayne Kramer and Boston punk band Street Dogs. He wrote an article in Rolling Stone about his experience.[30]
Recently, Morello has played at many Occupy movements, including Occupy Wall Street as well as Occupy Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Vancouver, British Columbia, Nottingham and Newcastle, England protests. [31]
Axis of Justice[link]
Main article: Axis of Justice
| “ | America touts itself as the land of the free, but the number one freedom that you and I have is the freedom to enter into a subservient role in the workplace. Once you exercise this freedom you’ve lost all control over what you do, what is produced, and how it is produced. And in the end, the product doesn’t belong to you. The only way you can avoid bosses and jobs is if you don’t care about making a living. Which leads to the second freedom: the freedom to starve. | ” |
|
— Tom Morello[32]
|
Morello and Serj Tankian of System of a Down are the co-founders of Axis of Justice, a political group whose declared purpose is "to bring together musicians, fans of music, and grassroots political organizations to fight for social justice together." They "aim to build a bridge between fans of music around the world and local political organizations to effectively organize around issues of peace, human rights, and economic justice."[33] The group has worked for such causes as immigrant rights and death-penalty abolition. Its recommended book list includes such authors as Noam Chomsky, Karl Marx, Che Guevara, George Orwell, Mumia Abu-Jamal and Grant Morrison.[34]
Morello and Tankian, together with a handful of other artists, including Maynard James Keenan, Wayne Kramer of the MC5, the hip hop group Jurassic 5, and Michael "Flea" Balzary of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, released a live recording of covers and original songs, titled The Axis of Justice Concert Series Volume 1.
On April 6, 2006, Tom Morello was honored with the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award for his support of worker's rights and for his AOJ work.[35] Tom has worked on numerous labor campaigns: the Guess sweatshop boycott, the LA janitors strike, the Taco Bell boycott, the southern California grocery workers strike and lockout, and others.
Morello was a strong supporter of the Immigrants Reform Rally and protest around the US. He feels that there's enough room for everyone in the United States, whether those people want to work or not. Morello played as The Nightwatchman at MacArthur Park in Los Angeles and has featured many articles on AOJ. On September 28, 2006, Morello was one of 400 protesters arrested protesting in support of immigrant hotel workers' rights, in what organizers called "the largest act of civil disobedience in the history of the Los Angeles".[36] Morello knew he was going to be arrested; he wore bright yellow signs, and gave the LAPD his driver's license number a few days before the march. Morello told MTV:
"In these political dark ages, it's important for us to stand up for one another. These hotel workers by the airport make 20% less wages than the hotel workers around the rest of Los Angeles. We are here to express our solidarity with them, to help them unionize and help them close the gap between their sub-poverty wages and the millions and millions of dollars the people who own these hotels make."
Personal life[link]
Tom and his wife Denise have two sons, Rhoads and Roman. Morello is a vegetarian for both health and ethical reasons.[37][38]
Equipment[link]
Guitars[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Morello uses heavily modified guitars from various manufacturers, but he has never had an official endorsement deal with any company.
- Mongrel Custom "Arm The Homeless" - Morello's most famous guitar, and his main guitar for standard tuning since 1986. The original guitar was made by Performance Guitar USA for Morello to his exact specifications. It featured a Stratocaster body with a Performance Corsair neck, 2 Seymour Duncan JB pickups and A chrome original Floyd Rose tremolo system. However, when he got the guitar he hated everything about it and completely reassembled it. Since then just about everything has been changed countless times. The only thing that remains from the original guitar is the body. The body is blue with the words "Arm the Homeless" written on it in black and red. It has a 3-way toggle switch (pickup selector) mounted on the lower horn, 2 volume knobs and 1 tone knob, 4 Hippos (painted) on the front, one large hippo (upside down) painted on the back, and a hammer and sickle symbol sticker. The neck is Kramer knock-off of unknown make. It is made of graphite, has a 22 fret rosewood board and a "banana" headstock. It also has Gotoh Crownhead tuners. It has an EMG 85/EMG H set of pickups and a Ibanez Edge Floyd Rose Tremolo. The guitar is tuned to standard E. This guitar is available in the video game Guitar Hero 3:Legends of Rock.
- Fender Stratocaster "Soul Power" - Originally made as a Factory Special Run for Guitar Center, Morello found it on the rack and really liked the look of it. It has a black finish with white binding and a color-matched headstock. It also has a mirror pickguard, Ibanez Edge Floyd Rose Tremolo, a 2-way on/off toggle switch wired as a kill switch, a Seymour Duncan Hotrails pickup in the bridge and Fender Noiseless pickups in the middle and neck positions. It has the words "Soul Power" on the top of the body in silver paint and is his main guitar in Audioslave for songs that are in standard E tuning.
- Fender Telecaster, "Sendero Luminoso" - A black stock 1982 Standard Telecaster, his main guitar for use in drop-D in Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave and Street Sweeper Social Club. He got this guitar in a trade with his roommate. The guitar has various stickers on its body, most notably the words "sendero luminoso" in white and red.
- Fender telecaster 2. Black with white binding, mirror pickguard and toggle switch on the lower horn. Tom used this guitar when he played with Fistful of mercy on Conan.
- Ibanez Artstar Hollowbody (Custom) - Made especially for Morello. Based on an old Vox Ultrasonic, it contains several on-board effects (wah, echo, dist, treble/bass boost) and is painted red and black paint. Used live on the song "Guerrilla Radio" by Rage Against the Machine but rarely seen anywhere else, until it was used in the video clip for Cypress Hill's "Rise Up".
- Goya Rangemaster de Greco, "St. George Creamy" - Bought by Morello at a Canadian pawnshop for $60. It was modified with a Seymour Duncan hotrails pickup in the bridge position. A toggle switch was also added that is dead in the middle position, resulting in a "hummingbird chirp" when toggled. Used as a drop D guitar for some songs on the Rage Against The Machine record Evil Empire and played live in drop-B tuning. Used in Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave.
- Ibanez Talman (Custom) - Has 3 single coil "lipstick" pickups, an Ibanez Lo-Pro Edge tremolo, and a killswitch. It has a custom Kenyan flag finish and was used on "Revolver", "How I Could Just Kill a Man", and "Pistol Grip Pump" for Rage Against the Machine and "Exploder" for Audioslave. The guitar has a faulty internal pickup which makes odd feedback noises, which Tom adjusts by tweaking the tone knob and using the guitars tremolo. This technique can be heard at the beginning of Rage Against the Machine's "Revolver", Audioslave's "Exploder", and the live version of Street Sweeper Social Club's Promenade. In addition to this effect, Tom also uses this guitar for drop-D songs that require a killswitch. Tom owns a second Talman, in a white finish, with two humbuckers.
- Gibson EDS-1275 (Double Neck SG) - Tuned to drop-D on the 6-string neck, and only seen used live on "The Ghost of Tom Joad".
- Ovation Breadwinner - Tuned to standard E, used for "Ashes in the Fall" for Rage Against the Machine. Also used with a MusicMan amp and Tone Bender pedal to capture the Korean radio station audio heard at the end of "Sleep Now in the Fire".He owns 2 others and confines them to the studio because he thinks they look ugly. Morello used one of these guitars in the video for Travis Barker's "Carry It", which he is featured in.
- Gibson "Budweiser" Les Paul - Used during the recording of Audioslave's third album, Revelations. Originally bearing an orange Budweiser logo that Morello hated and burned off with a lighter. He liked the new appearance and modified the guitar with DiMarzio pickups. Drop-D tuning.
- Gibson Les Paul Standard, #1 - orange burst finish. Tuned to drop-B for use in Audioslave and Street sweeper social club.
- James Trussart Steelcaster - A Telecaster style guitar with a body made in steel, finished with a red star graphic over a holey front. Has Seymour Duncan pickups ( Alnico pro II in neck and a Hot rails in bridge). Seen occasionally on the Rage Against the Machine reunion tour, Tom also owns one with polished finish that was used on early tours.
- Ibanez roadstar- Tom's backup guitar for arm the homeless. It has all the same specs as arm the homeless (light blue finish, edge trem, toggle switch on the bottom horn, emg pickups etc.) but has several small hippo stickers instead of the 4 larger ones seen on the original guitar. This guitar can be seen briefly in the "sleep now in the fire" music video.
- "Whatever It Takes" guitar - A custom Ibanez Galvador classical acoustic guitar he uses during concerts as The Nightwatchman. Plain body with 'Whatever It Takes ((star))' left of the bridge.
- "Black Spartacus" guitar- A black Gibson steel string acoustic guitar used as The Nightwatchman, used prominently on the World Wide Rebel Songs album. Has symbol of Kenyan flag left of the bridge and "Black Spartacus" in white on the top of the guitar. Tom Morello says he wrote song "Black Spartacus Heart Attack Machine" as a love song for this new guitar, which appears in the music video for this song.
- Tanglewood Acoustic Guitar.
Effects and amplifiers[link]
Morello's amplifier and effects setup has been practically the same throughout his career in Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave and Street Sweeper Social Club.
- Pedalboard
- DigiTech Whammy WH-1
- Dunlop Cry Baby (from the mid 1980s)
- Boss DD-2 Digital Delay
- Boss TR-2 Tremolo
- DOD FX40b Equalizer
- Ibanez DFL Flanger
- MXR Phase 90 (Replaced the Ibanez Flanger for Audioslave)
- Amplification
- Marshall JCM800 2205 50-watt head (with the Marshall logo blocked out to avoid endorsment proposals)
- Peavey 4x12 Cabinet (with Che Guevara's silhouette on the grill)
Selected discography[link]
For a more comprehensive list, see Tom Morello discography.
Lock Up
Rage Against the Machine
- Rage Against the Machine (1992) US 3x Platinum
- Evil Empire (1996) US 3x Platinum
- Live & Rare (1998)
- The Battle of Los Angeles, (1999) US 2x Platinum
- Renegades (2000) US Platinum
- Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium (2003)
Audioslave
- Audioslave (2002) US 3x Platinum
- Out of Exile (2005) US Platinum
- Revelations (2006) US Gold
The Nightwatchman
- One Man Revolution (2007)
- The Fabled City (2008)
- Union Town (2011)
- World Wide Rebel Songs (2011)
Street Sweeper Social Club
- Street Sweeper Social Club (2009)
- The Ghetto Blaster EP (2010)
Filmography[link]
- Saturday Night Live (Episode #21.17, 1996) .... Musical Guest (Rage Against the Machine)
- Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) (uncredited) .... Son'a officer
- Star Trek: Voyager (Season 6, Episode 20, 2000, "Good Shepherd") .... Crewman Mitchell
- Made (2001) .... Best Man
- Berkeley (2005) .... Blue
- Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (2005) ... As Himself
- Iron Man (2008) .... Insurgent #5
- Chevolution (2008)... As Himself
- Iron Maiden: Flight 666 (2009) .... As Himself
- Iron Man 2 (2010) .... Insurgent #5
References[link]
- ^ "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5945/32609.
- ^ "The Mary Morello and Cindy Sheehan Show". Axis of Justice. August 6, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20071211052444/http://www.axisofjustice.org/MM_080607.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ a b c Devenish, Colin (2001). Rage Against the Machine. St. Martin's Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-312-27326-6.
- ^ a b c Tom Morello:One Man Revolt by The Huffington Post, July 21, 2009
- ^ Holthouse, David (September 26, 1996). "Bottled Anger Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello pours forth the vitriol". Phoenix New Times. http://search.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-09-26/music/bottled-anger/. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ "Tom Morello: From Harvard to Hollywood". YouTube. 2009-06-16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cjZzoSz2bw&feature=related. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ a b c d Harper, Kate (2009-11-03). "Tom Morello Used To Be A Stripper". CHARTattack. http://www.chartattack.com/news/76346/tom-morello-used-to-be-a-stripper. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ Asch, Andrew (2000-08-15). "Rage Wage Battle of Los Angeles at DNC". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rageagainstthemachine/articles/story/5923647/rage_wage_battle_of_los_angeles_at_dnc. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Thousands take to the streets outside Democratic convention". CNN. 2000-08-15. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311040905/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/15/campaign.protests/index.html. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Reznor Says Collabos With De La Rocha, Keenan May Never Surface". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1501617/20050510/reznor_trent.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
- ^ Shedden, Iain (2008-01-21). "Silverchair in an even bigger day out". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23082231-5006786,00.html. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ "BDO revellers get ready for heat". Television New Zealand. 2008-01-18. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/423466/1548409. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ Portner, Matt and Heller, Sarah. Tell Us the Truth Tour. The Boston Underground retrieved 12/14/2007
- ^ Nichols, John. Tell Us The Truth! The Nation. retrieved 12/14/2007
- ^ "Johnny Cash Unearthed CD". Cduniverse.com. 2003-11-25. http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=6419694&cart=804201198. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Benny Mason Band op Myspace Music – Gratis gestreamde MP3’s, foto’s en Videoclips". Myspace.com. http://myspace.com/bennymasonband. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "TheNewsTribune.com". Blogs.thenewstribune.com. http://blogs.thenewstribune.com/ej/?title=street_sweepers_to_feature_the_coup_s_bo&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Grammy Award-Winning Guitarist Tom Morello to Appear in Guitar Hero(TM) III: Legends of Rock". Activision. 2007-09-06. http://investor.activision.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=262991. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ^ Tom Morello Thinks Outernational Could Be The Next Rage Against The Machine, Gil Kaufman, MTV News Online, May 26, 2006.
- ^ Outernational's website[dead link]
- ^ Orchid solicitation page at Dark Horse website.
- ^ "Updated - Winner Announced: Win A Release Party For Tom Morello's Orchid! :: Blog :: Dark Horse Comics". Darkhorse.com. 2011-10-12. http://www.darkhorse.com/Blog/627/rock-your-local-comic-book-shop-win-release-party. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
- ^ Melody Maker - 29th May 1993 issue
- ^ Tom Morello Radical Shriek. musicfanclubs.org.
- ^ "Tom Morello: Science Friction". Guitar World. http://www.guitarworld.com/article/tom_morello_science_friction?page=0%2C3. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Chilis star is modern guitar hero". BBC News. April 9, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8611997.stm. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ Sean Penn, Val Kilmer, Tom Morello and Cindy Sheehan at Nader/Gonzalez Super Rally in Denver, VoteNader.org, August 19, 2008 [1]
- ^ US bands blast use of music in Guantanamo interrogations, October 22, 2009 [2][dead link]
- ^ Alan Connor (2009-12-18). "What is anti-X Factor song Killing In The Name all about?". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8419446.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
- ^ By Tom Morello (2011-02-25). "Frostbite and Freedom: Tom Morello on the Battle of Madison | Rolling Stone Politics". Rollingstone.com. http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/frostbite-and-freedom-tom-morello-on-the-battle-of-madison-20110225. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ "How Music Is Playing an Integral Role in the Occupy Wall Street Protests". The Hollywood Reporter. 2011-11-13. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/occupy-wall-street-protests-tom-morello-260993. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
- ^ Shouting At The Devil: “Fuck You, Capitalism!”, By Jason Miller, November 10, 2007
- ^ Mission. Axis of Justice.
- ^ Books. Axis of Justice.
- ^ 2006 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Awards Celebration. americanrightsatwork.org.
- ^ Moss, Corey with Chris Harris Tom Morello Arrested At Protest, Spends Night In Lockup. MTV.com, September 2006
- ^ "October, 2008 interview with The Nightwatchman". Concertlivewire.com. 2008-10-24. http://www.concertlivewire.com/morelloint.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Tom Morello is a vegetarian - Famous Vegetarians - Vegan Celebrities - by HappyCow". Happycow.net. http://www.happycow.net/famous/tom_morello/. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (December 2011) |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tom Morello |
- Tom Morello at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
- The Nightwatchman
- Sandmonkey Lives (!)
- Axis of Justice
- Video of Tom Morello's network TV debut of "House Gone Up in Flames"
- "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", Rolling Stone, August 27, 2003. Accessed May 30, 2011.
- Listen online: Tom Morello On Corporate Imperialism
- Tom Morello at the Internet Movie Database
- Performing live at SXSW 2007 on 89.3 The Current
- Tom Morello on The Hour
- It’s Guitarist Tom Morello - video report by Democracy Now!
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Morello, Tom |
| Alternative names | Thomas Baptist Morello, The Nightwatchman |
| Short description | American guitarist and singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | 1964-5-30 |
| Place of birth | New York, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Tom_Morello
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Морелло, Том
http://es.wn.com/Tom Morello
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Morello
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
3:47
TSA Invades Chicago's Union Station
1776umphreys
TSA Invades Chicago's Union Station
As I entered Chicago's Union Station back on July 5th, I noticed 3 Fully Uniform TSA Agents sitting inside the office of Amtrak Police. I took out my cell phone and started to follow these TSA agents, and it appeared to me that they were setting up a Check Point for Amtrak Riders. This is just another example of how TSA expanding their operations and entering Train Stations, Bus terminals, and major sporting and concert events. Will Americans allow TSA to bring their intrusive Pat Downs on the road or finally take a stand and say NO!!
3:06
Union Town by Tom Morello: The Nightwatchman
SaveWorkers
Union Town by Tom Morello: The Nightwatchman
Visit saveworkers.org to join the fight and download "Union Town" for free. Video by Revolution Messaging. Directed and edited by Robin Bell. Tom Morello filmed by Sean Ricigliano Wisconsin convergence footage by Matt Wisniewski as well as the Transport Workers Union. LA Unity Rally footage by Chris Kissinger.
65:02
State of the Union Address: Speech by President Barack Obama (2012)
thefilmarchived
State of the Union Address: Speech by President Barack Obama (2012)
thefilmarchive.org The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama, from 9 pm to 10:17 pm EST on Tuesday, January 24, 2012. In addition to Giffords, other notable guests were invited at the behest of either the White House or the Republican leadership: Mark Kelly, astronaut and husband of Giffords (invited by Michelle Obama) Laurene Powell Jobs, the widow of Apple Inc. former CEO Steve Jobs (invited by Michelle Obama) Mike Krieger, co-founder of Instagram (invited by Michelle Obama) Debbie Bosanek, secretary to Warren Buffett (invited by Michelle Obama) Julian Castro, mayor of San Antonio, Texas (invited by Michelle Obama) Navy Adm. William McRaven, United States Special Operations Command (invited by Michelle Obama) Air Force Col. Ginger Wallace, participated in multiple combat and rescue/recovery missions; her female partner was able to attend her promotion ceremony following the repeal of Don't ask, don't tell. (invited by Michelle Obama) Dale Delie, President of Welspun Tubular LLC, a subsidiary of Welspun Corp. Ltd, located in Little Rock, Arkansas (invited by Boehner) Sen. Chris Langemeier of the Nebraska State Legislature (invited by Boehner) During his state of the Union Address President Obama mentioned the completed US withdrawal from Iraq, the return of some US troops from Afghanistan and the accomplishments against the Taliban and al-Qaeda including the deaths of Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki. Obama underscored Americas <b>...</b>
3:19
Hayley Westenra - World In Union 2011 (Rugby World Cup Theme Song) (FULL SONG)
540trickzter
Hayley Westenra - World In Union 2011 (Rugby World Cup Theme Song) (FULL SONG)
Hayley Westenra sings the official song World In Union for the 2011 Rugby World Cup held in New Zealand. This is the Full Song in English. I've also uploaded the Maori version here:- www.youtube.com
show more
add to playlist
clear
