name	City University of New York
budget	$2.3 billion
established	1961
type	Public System
chancellor	Matthew Goldstein
city	New York City
state	New York
students	480,000
faculty	6,100
website	cuny.edu
logo	}}

The City University of New York (CUNY; ) is the public university system of New York City, with its administrative offices in Yorkville in Manhattan. It is the largest urban university in the United States, consisting of 23 institutions: 11 senior colleges, six community colleges, the William E. Macaulay Honors College at CUNY, the doctorate-granting Graduate School and University Center, the City University of New York School of Law, CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, and the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education. More than 260,000 degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing and professional education students are enrolled at campuses located in all five New York City boroughs.

CUNY students hail from 205 countries. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, and Asian undergraduates make up more than 15 percent. Nearly 60 percent are female, and 29 percent are 25 or older. CUNY graduates include 12 Nobel laureates, a U.S. Secretary of State, a Supreme Court Justice, several mayors, members of Congress, state legislators, scientists and artists.

Millions of dollars in federal stimulus funds have been awarded to CUNY’s projects and programs, providing more opportunities for research, training and expansion. Chancellor Matthew Goldstein, who recently championed higher education as critical to the nation's economic recovery efforts, said enrollment at City University of New York is at its highest level in more than three decades.

CUNY is the third-largest university system in the United States, in terms of enrollment, behind the State University of New York (SUNY), and the California State University system. CUNY and SUNY are separate and independent university systems, although both are public institutions that receive funding from New York State. CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York.

History

CUNY's history dates back to the formation of the Free Academy in 1847 by Townsend Harris. The school was fashioned as "a Free Academy for the purpose of extending the benefits of education gratuitously to persons who have been pupils in the common schools of the city and county of New York." The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the oldest institution among the CUNY colleges. Hunter College – so-named in 1914, originally Female Normal and High School and later the Normal College – had existed since 1870, and later expanded into the Bronx in the early 20th century with what became Hebert Lehman College, but CCNY and Hunter resisted merging.

In 1926, in response to the growth in population of the city, the New York State legislature created the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York to integrate, coordinate and expand the institutions of higher education in the city. Through this agency, the state legislature asserted considerable control over the city's higher education. During the period the Board existed, John Jay College (1925), Brooklyn College (1930) and Queens College (1937) were created, along with a number of 2-year community colleges.

In 1961, Governor Nelson Rockefeller signed the bill that formally created the City University of New York to integrate these institutions, and a new graduate school, together into a coordinate system of higher education for the city, and by 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the Board of Trustees of the CUNY. Eventually, the system grew to include seven senior colleges, four hybrid schools, six community colleges, as well as graduate schools and professional programs.

CUNY has historically served a diverse student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. CUNY offered a high quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class and the immigrants of New York City until 1975, when the City's fiscal crisis forced the imposition of tuition. Many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY in the post-World War I era when Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews. The City College of New York has had a reputation of being "the Harvard of the proletariat."

Over its history, CUNY and its colleges, especially CCNY, have been involved in various political movements. It was known as a hotbed of socialistic support in the earlier 20th century. CUNY also lent some support to various conferences, such as the Socialist Scholars Conference.

CUNY's tradition of diversity continues today, with much of its student body new immigrants to New York City, representing 172 countries.

Open admissions and remedial education

Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew each decade after World War II into the 1970s. The increased demand for limited college slots had the effect in New York City of increasing the competitiveness of the city's system of higher education. By the end of the 1960s, admission to CUNY's flagship City College had become highly competitive.

In 1969, a group of black and Puerto Rican students occupied City College demanding the integration of CUNY, which at the time had an overwhelmingly white student body. The occupation spread to other CUNY campuses, forcing the Board of Trustees to implement a ground-breaking new admissions policy. The doors to CUNY were opened wide to all those demanding entrance, assuring all high school graduates, despite possible inadequacies of preparation, entrance to the University. This policy was known as "open admissions". Remedial education, to supplement the training of under-prepared students, became a significant part of CUNY's offerings.

The effect was instantaneous and dramatic. Whereas 20,000 freshmen had matriculated in one CUNY institution or another in 1969, more than 35,000 showed up for registration in the fall of 1970. Forty percent of these newcomers to the senior colleges were open-admissions students. The proportion of black and Hispanic students in the entering class nearly tripled.

Facing a fiscal crisis in 1975, the city imposed tuition on CUNY in that year. Middle-class students who had flocked to CUNY because it offered a cost-free alternative to the state university or a private college no longer had a reason to prefer it. Their enrollment at CUNY dropped precipitously and CUNY faced declines in enrollment through the 1980s and into the 1990s.

The end of open admissions

CUNY's prestige also declined in the 1970s and 1980s. Under a new chancellor, Matthew Goldstein, and facing pressure from Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, CUNY ended its open admissions policy to the University's four-year colleges in 1999. Critics had cautioned that the policy change could lead to a drop in enrollment of minority students at CUNY's four-year institutions.

CUNY officials reported that enrollment at its senior colleges increased 10.5% from 1999 to 2002, however. Mean SAT scores of admitted freshmen also rose. CUNY reported that the number of African-American students at its senior colleges had increased in the same time period, while changes in the proportions of other ethnic groups were "minimal." The University reported that two-thirds of its entering class were minority students.

CUNY students who are not directly admitted to the senior colleges because they do not meet academic admissions standards can choose to enroll in an associate degree program at one of CUNY’s community colleges, take part in "immersion" programs offered in the summer and winter months, find public or private tutoring, or participate in the one-semester "Prelude to Success" program taught by community college faculty at senior colleges. The graduates of the community college programs then earn admission to the senior colleges.

Structure

The City University is governed by the Board of Trustees composed of 17 members, ten of whom are appointed by the Governor of New York "with the advice and consent of the senate," and five by the Mayor of New York City "with the advice and consent of the senate." The final two trustees are ex-officio members. One is the chair of the university's student senate, and the other is non-voting and is the chair of the university's faculty senate. Both the mayoral and gubernatorial appointments to the CUNY Board are required to include at least one resident of each of New York City's five boroughs. Trustees serve seven-year terms, which are renewable for another seven years. College presidents report directly to the Board. The Chancellor is voted upon by the Board of Trustees, and is the "chief educational and administrative officer" of the City University.

Unlike some state college systems, CUNY in its early years did not operate as a central authority to the colleges. The central administration had limited power over the colleges. This is partly because most of the senior colleges (namely Brooklyn, Hunter, Queens, and City) predate CUNY and were thus established by mandate of the New York State Legislature, which has institutionalized the autonomy of the colleges. Veteran college presidents and faculty had typically viewed CUNY as a loose confederation of individual colleges rather than a unified university system. Nevertheless, in recent years and at the behest of the Governor and the Mayor, the Board of Trustees and the Chancellor have, through the power of the purse, succeeded in weakening the college presidents and faculty and consolidating executive powers to themselves.

Colleges

CUNY consists of three different types of institutions: senior colleges, which grant bachelor's degrees and occasionally master's and associates degrees; community colleges, which grant associate's degrees; and graduate/professional schools. CUNY's Law School grants Juris Doctor (J.D.) degrees, and Ph.D. degrees are awarded only by the CUNY Graduate Center.

The colleges are listed below, with establishment dates in parentheses.

Senior colleges

(1847) City College

(1870) Hunter College

(1919) Baruch College (as ''City College’s School of Business and Civic Administration'', renamed in 1953 to honor Bernard M. Baruch)

(1930) Brooklyn College

(1937) Queens College (formed by the merger of Hunter and City Colleges' Queens campuses)

(1946) New York City College of Technology

(1955) College of Staten Island

(1964) John Jay College of Criminal Justice

(1966) York College

(1968) Lehman College (from (1931) Lehman was the Bronx branch of Hunter College, known as ''Hunter-in-the-Bronx'')

(1970) Medgar Evers College

Community colleges

(1957) Bronx Community College

(1958) Queensborough Community College

(1963) Borough of Manhattan Community College

(1963) Kingsborough Community College

(1968) LaGuardia Community College

(1970) Hostos Community College

Graduate and professional schools

(1961) CUNY Graduate Center

(1973) Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education

(1983) CUNY School of Law

(2005) William E. Macaulay Honors College

(2006) CUNY Graduate School of Journalism

(2006) CUNY School of Professional Studies

(2008) CUNY School of Public Health

Programs

Programs hold an institutional level below that of a college within the CUNY system.

CUNY Baccalaureate for Unique and Interdisciplinary Studies

The CUNY Baccalaureate for Unique and Interdisciplinary Studies, also commonly known as the CUNY Baccalaureate Program or simply CUNY BA was founded in 1971. It is an individualized, University-wide degree where highly motivated, academically superior students work one-on-one with faculty mentors to design their own fields of study. The Program exists to give students an opportunity to pursue a course of study that may not exist within the current framework of CUNY. Part of the eligibility criteria includes demonstrating a desire and plan to pursue an area of concentration (like a major) that transcends the traditional college offerings. Students have created areas of concentration ranging from "20th Century American Literature" and "Adaptive Physical Education for Vulnerable Populations," to "World Politics and Social Change" and "Zoological Photography." Students must enroll in one of the CUNY colleges in order to participate; they then have access to courses and opportunities throughout the University. Additional admissions criteria include having completed at least 15 college credits with a 2.50 GPA or higher. The average GPA for admission is typically about 3.25, which means that a large portion of students enter with GPAs of 3.8 and higher. Given the rigorous admission process it is not surprising that CUNY BA boasts a 70% graduation rate within an average of 2.2 years and that 60% graduate with academic honors.

William E. Macaulay Honors College

The brainchild of CUNY chancellor Matthew Goldstein, CUNY Honors College was to be an independent institution within the university. However, support for existing honors programs at CUNY colleges and institutional opposition resulted in it being downgraded to a program. Now known as The Macaulay Honors College University Scholars Program, it graduated its first class in 2005, attracting students with a mean high school GPA of 3.5 and SAT scores of 1365 for the Class of 2009.

In July 2006 Dr. Ann Kirschner was appointed Dean of William E. Macaulay Honors College after a nationwide search. The standards of the Honors College continued to rise as well, with incoming freshmen having an average of 93.8 and SAT scores of 1381. Graduating high school students with Ivy League caliber academic records have given the Honors College a closer look as a result, and this has had a trickle-down effect in improving the image of CUNY as a whole, which prior to the inception of the HC had been criticized as 'an institution adrift' by the Giuliani administration.

As an incentive to students, University Scholars receive a free tuition, a laptop, a "cultural passport" that offers free or reduced-admission to various cultural institutions and venues in New York City, and a $7500 expense account that may be used for research and/or study abroad. Unlike honors programs at individual CUNY colleges, Macaulay Honors College students must be accepted into and begin the program as freshmen. They currently study at one of the participating senior CUNY colleges (Queens, Hunter, Staten Island, Lehman, Baruch, Brooklyn, and City), as well as taking part in cross-campus activities and programs. Institutional barriers that would allow cross campus enrollment in academic programs have not yet been eliminated.

In September 2006, The City University of New York received a $30,000,000 gift from philanthropist and City College alumnus, William E. Macaulay, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of First Reserve Corporation. It is the largest single donation in the history of CUNY and has been used to buy a landmark building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan that is to become the permanent home of the Honors College, and will add support to its endowment. As of May 2010, pending official confirmation of the New York State Board of Education, Macaulay Honors College will cease to be a 'program' and enter the CUNY system as joint-degree granting four-year college.

Public safety

CUNY has its own police force whose duties are to protect and serve all students and faculty members, and enforce all state and city laws at all of CUNY's universities. The force currently has more than 600 officers, making it one of the largest police forces in New York City.

City University Television (CUNY TV)

CUNY also has a cable TV service, CUNY TV (channel 75 on Time Warner) which airs tapes of freshman level survey telecourses, old and foreign films, and panel discussions in various languages.

City University Film Festival (CUFF)

CUFF is CUNY's official film festival. The festival was founded in 2009 by Hunter College student Daniel Cowen.

Alumni

The City University of New York boasts some very prominent alumni, whose professions range from politics to medicine.

City College

Herman Badillo (1951), Civil rights activist and the first Puerto Rican elected to the U.S. Congress

Michele Forsten (1976), Co-founder, New York City Lesbian Cancer Support Consortium

Abraham Foxman, National director, Anti-Defamation League

Felix Frankfurter (1902), U.S. Supreme Court Justice

William Hallett Greene (1884)), First black graduate of City College and first black member of the U.S. Army Signal Corps

Guillermo Linares (1975), New York City Council member, first Dominican-American City Council member and Commissioner of the Mayor's Office of Immigrant Affairs

Lisa Nakamura (1993) (1996), Associate Professor of the Institute of Communication Research and Asian Studies School at the University of Illinois, Champaign Urbana

Colin Powell (1958), Former Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State

Faith Ringgold (1955), Feminist, writer and artist

A. M. Rosenthal (1949), former executive editor of the New York Times who championed the publication of the Pentagon Papers; Pulitzer prize winning journalist expelled from Poland in 1959 for his reporting on the nation’s government and society

Jonas Salk (1934), Developed the first polio vaccine

Daniel Schorr (1939), Emmy award winning broadcast journalist for CBS-TV and National Public Radio

Baruch College

William Newman ('47) – Founder and chairman of New Plan Excel Realty Trust, Inc

Lawrence N. Field ('52) – Founder and principal of NSB Associates

Fernando Ferrer – New York City mayoral candidate in 2001 and 2005

Egemen Bağış, Turkish politician, government minister

Robin Byrd, host of public access program ''The Robin Byrd Show.'' (dropped out)

Po Sit ('85) – Partner at Davis Polk & Wardwell

Craig A. Stanley – member of New Jersey General Assembly since 1996.

Marcia A. Karrow – member of New Jersey General Assembly

Dennis Levine – a prominent player in the Wall Street insider trading scandals of the mid-1980s

Ralph Lauren – Chairman and CEO of Polo Ralph Lauren (dropped out)

Dolly Lenz – New York City real estate agent

Felipe Andres Coronel "Immortal Technique" – Rapper, Political activist, & GM of Viper Records

Jennifer Lopez – actress, singer, dancer (dropped out)

Tarkan – Turkish language singer

Sidney Harman ('39) – Founder and executive chairman of Harman Kardon

James Lam ('83) – Author and first CRO (Chief Risk Officer)

Abraham Beame ('28) – Mayor of New York City

Hunter College

Bella Abzug (1942), Feminist; political activist; U.S. Representative, 1971–1977

Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick (1963), First Hispanic woman named to the New York State Court of Appeals

Robert R. Davila (1965), President of Gallaudet University and advocate for the rights of the hearing impaired

Ruby Dee (1945), Emmy-nominated actress and civil rights activist

Martin Garbus (1955), First amendment attorney

Florence Howe (1950), founder of women's studies and founder/publisher of the Feminist Press/CUNY

Audre Lorde (1959), African-American lesbian poet, essayist, educator and activist

Soia Mentschikoff (1934), first woman partner of a major law firm; first woman elected president of the Association of American Law Schools

Thomas J. Murphy, Jr. (1973) – Three-term mayor of Pittsburgh, PA, 1994–2006

Pauli Murray (1933), first African-American woman named an Episcopal priest; human rights activist; lawyer and co-founder of N.O.W

John Jay College

Dr. Henry Lee (BS '72) - forensic scientist

Kimberly Amato (MA) - actress and writer

Petri Hawkins-Byrd (BS '89) - ''Judge Judy'' bailiff

Miguel Martinez (BS) - former member of the New York City Council representing the 10th District in upper Manhattan's Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill areas until his resignation on 14 July 2009. He pled guilty to three conspiracy charges on July 16.

Eva Norvind (MA) - actress and director

Imette St. Guillen - a graduate student, murdered in February, 2006, studying criminal justice; a scholarship was created in her name

Dorothy Uhnak (BA) - writer

Jennings Michael Burch - Spent his childhood going through multiple foster homes and wrote the 1984 best selling novel "They Cage the Animals at Night" which is a memoir of that period of his life.

Salvatore J. Cassano (B.S.) - 32nd Fire Commissioner, City of New York

Brooklyn College

Bill Baird (1955), reproductive rights activist and co-director of the Pro Choice League

Barbara Levy Boxer (1962), anti-war activist, environmentalist, U.S. Representative, 1982–1993, and U.S. Senator

Shirley Chisholm (1946), first African- American U.S. Congresswoman, 1968–1982. Candidate for president, 1972

Bruce Chizen (B.S. 1978), President & CEO, Adobe Systems

Stanley Cohen (B.A. 1943), biochemist and Nobel laureate (Physiology or Medicine, 1986)

Alan M. Dershowitz (B.A. 1959), Harvard Law School professor and author

Jerry Della Femina (A.A. 1957), Chairman & CEO, Della Femina, Jeary and Partners

Benjamin Eisenstadt (B.A. 1954), creator of Sweet'N Low and the founder of Cumberland Packing Corporation

Dan DiDio (B.A. 1983), American comic book editor and executive for DC Comics

Sandra Feldman (B.A 1960), President, American Federation of Teachers

Gata Kamsky (B.A 1999), Chess Grandmaster and former US Champion

Don Lemon (B.A. 1996), reporter, CNN

Leonard Lopate (B.A. 1967), host of the public radio talk show ''The Leonard Lopate Show'', broadcast on WNYC

Frank McCourt (M.A. 1967), Pulitzer Prize-winning author of ''Angela's Ashes'' and '''Tis''

Marty Markowitz (B.A. 1970), Former New York State Senator; Brooklyn Borough President (2001– present)

Paul Mazursky (B.A. 1951), film director, writer, producer; actor

Jerry Moss (B.A. 1957), co-founder of A&M; Records

Gloria Naylor (B.A. 1981), novelist; Winner National Book Award

Harvey Pitt (B.A. 1965), former Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission

Steve Riggio (B.A. 1974), CEO of Barnes & Noble, Inc.

Steve Schirripa (B.A. 1980), American actor known for his role as Bobby Baccalieri on the HBO TV series, ''The Sopranos''

Timothy Shortell (1992), anti-Christian activist

Jimmy Smits (B.A. 1980), Emmy Award-winning actor; ''NYPD Blue'' and ''L.A. Law''

Benjamin Ward (B.A. 1960), first black New York City Police Commissioner, 1983–1989

Iris Weinshall (B.A. 1975), vice chancellor at the City University of New York and a former commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation

Jack Weinstein (B.A. 1943), Senior Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York

Queens College

Joy Behar – comedienne and co-host of ''The View''

Robert Bertoldi – Class of '76. CFO of Amphion Innovations PLC and co-founder of VennWorks LLC.

Frank M. Boccio- Executive Vice President and CAO, New York Life Insurance Company

Lawrence Cohen – Consultant and Entrepreneur. Former President and CEO of The Merv Griffin Group of Companies

Jerry Colonna – Well-known venture capitalist and entrepreneur coach

Joseph Crowley – Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

Linda Eagle – Founder and President, The Edcomm Group Banker's Academy (1989–2009).

Daniel Goodman – CEO of Goodman Strategies

Alan Hevesi – former New York State Comptroller, former New York State Assemblyman, former Queens College professor

Nathan Leventhal – Former President of Lincoln Center

Allan Loren – Former Chairman & CEO, Dun & Bradstreet Corporation

Ruth Madoff – Wife of Bernard L. Madoff

Helen Marshall – Queens Borough President

Donna Orender – WNBA president

Leonard Schutzman – Chief Financial Officer, PepsiCo

Jerry Seinfeld – Actor and comedian

Charles Wang – founder of Computer Associates, owner of the New York Islanders

See also

Education in New York City

City University of New York Athletic Conference

The William E. Macaualay Honors College

CUNYfirst

CUNY Academic Commons

Notes

External links

Category:Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Category:Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities Category:American Association of State Colleges and Universities City University of New York Category:Educational institutions established in 1961 Category:1961 establishments in the United States

ar:جامعة مدينة نيويورك de:City University of New York es:Universidad de la Ciudad de Nueva York fa:دانشگاه شهری نیویورک fr:Université de la Ville de New York it:Università della Città di New York ja:ニューヨーク市立大学 no:City University of New York pt:Universidade da Cidade de Nova Iorque uk:Міський університет Нью-Йорка zh:纽约市立大学

name	Yu Dafu
birth date	December 07, 1896
birth place	Fuyang, Zhejiang, China
death date	September 17, 1945
occupation	Short Story writer and Poet
website	}}

Yu Dafu () (December 7, 1896—September 17, 1945). Born in Fuyang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, was a modern Chinese short story writer and poet.

Early years

Yu Dafu's father died at when he was only three, leaving the family poverty-stricken and destitute. He received a number of scholarships through the Chinese government and went on to receive a traditional Chinese education in Hangzhou. Chronologically he studied in Jiangxing-Fu Middle School (before he came to Hangzhou), Hangzhou-Fu Middle School, Yuying Academy (育英学堂, formerly of Zhejiang University).

In 1912, he entered Hangchow University (later its major part merged into Zhejiang University) preparatory through examination. He was there only for a short period before he was expelled for participation in a student strike.

He then moved to Japan, where he studied economics at the Tokyo Imperial University between 1913 and 1922, where he met other Chinese intellectuals (namely, Guo Moruo, Zhang Ziping and Tian Han). Together, in 1921 they founded the ''Chuangzao she'' 創造社 ("Creation Society"), which promoted vernacular and modern literature. One of his earlier works ''Chenlun'' 沉淪, also his most famous, published in Japan in 1921. The work had gained immense popularity in China, shocking the world of Chinese literature with its frank dealing with sex, as well as grievances directed at the incompetence of Chinese government at the time.

In 1922, he returned to China as a literary celebrity and worked as the editor of ''Creation Quarterly'', editing journals and writing short stories. In 1923, after an attack of tuberculosis, Yu Dafu directed his attention to the welfare of the masses.

In 1927, he worked as an editor of the ''Hongshui'' literary magazine. He later came in conflict with the Communist Party of China and fled back to Japan.

Second Sino-Japanese war

After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese war, he returned to China and worked as a writer of anti-Japanese propaganda in Hangzhou, and later in Zhejiang. From 1938 to 1942, he worked as a literary editor for the newspaper Sin Chew Jit Poh in Singapore.

In 1942 when the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Singapore, he was forced to flee to Sumatra. Known under a different identity, he settled there among other overseas Chinese and began a brewery business with the help of the locals. Later he was forced to help the Japanese military police as an interpreter when it was discovered that he was one of the few "locals" in the area who could speak Japanese.

In 1945, he was arrested by the Kempeitai when his true identity was finally discovered. It is believed that he was executed by the Japanese shortly after the surrender of Japan.

Works

''Chenlun'' 沉淪 "''Sinking''" (1921)

''Riji jiuzhong'' 日記九種 “''Nine Diaries''” (1927)

''Guoqu'' 過去 “''The Past''" (1927)

his first novel?? (1928) (moderately successful)

his second novel?? (1932)

''Chuben'' 出奔 "''Flight''" (1935)

His most popular work, breaking all Chinese sales records, was ''Jih-chi chiu-chung'' "''Nine Diaries''", which detailed his affair with the writer Wang Ying-hsin. The most critically acclaimed work is ''Kuo-ch'u'' or "''The Past''", written in 1927.

References

Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, article- "Yü Ta-fu"

External links

Category:1896 births Category:1945 deaths Category:Chinese expatriates in Japan Category:Hangzhou High School alumni Category:People from Hangzhou Category:Republic of China poets Category:University of Tokyo alumni Category:Zhejiang University alumni

de:Yu Dafu es:Yu Dafu fr:Yu Dafu it:Yu Dafu no:Yu Dafu zh:郁達夫