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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Aaron Ciechanover
http://wn.com/Aaron_Ciechanover -
Aaron Klug
Sir Aaron Klug, OM, PRS (born 11 August 1926) is a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
http://wn.com/Aaron_Klug -
Adolf Butenandt
http://wn.com/Adolf_Butenandt -
Adolf von Baeyer
http://wn.com/Adolf_von_Baeyer -
Ahmed Zewail
Ahmed Hassan Zewail () (born February 26, 1946 in Damanhour, Egypt) is an Egyptian-American scientist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. He is the Linus Pauling Chair Professor Chemistry and Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology. Dr. Zewail has been nominated and will participate in President Barack Obama's Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). The council will talk about education, science, defense, energy, the economy, and technology.
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Zewail -
Alan J. Heeger
Alan Jay Heeger (born January 22, 1936) is an American physicist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry.
http://wn.com/Alan_J_Heeger -
Alan MacDiarmid
http://wn.com/Alan_MacDiarmid -
Alfred Werner
Alfred Werner (December 12, 1866 - November 15, 1919) was a Swiss chemist who was a professor at the University of Zurich. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 for proposing the octahedral configuration of transition metal complexes. Werner developed the basis for modern coordination chemistry. He was the first inorganic chemist to win the Nobel prize, and the only one prior to 1973.
http://wn.com/Alfred_Werner -
Antoine Lavoisier
.
http://wn.com/Antoine_Lavoisier -
Arne Tiselius
http://wn.com/Arne_Tiselius -
Arthur Harden
http://wn.com/Arthur_Harden -
Avram Hershko
Avram Hershko () (born 31 December 1937) is a Hungarian-born Israeli biochemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Avram_Hershko -
Charles J. Pedersen
Charles John Pedersen (October 3, 1904 – October 26, 1989) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. His Japanese first name was .
http://wn.com/Charles_J_Pedersen -
Dan Shechtman
http://wn.com/Dan_Shechtman -
Derek Barton
http://wn.com/Derek_Barton -
Dmitri Mendeleev
http://wn.com/Dmitri_Mendeleev -
Donald J. Cram
Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host-guest chemistry.
http://wn.com/Donald_J_Cram -
Dorothy Hodgkin
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Hodgkin -
Eduard Buchner
http://wn.com/Eduard_Buchner -
Edwin McMillan
Edwin Mattison McMillan (September 18, 1907 – September 7, 1991) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate credited with being the first ever to produce a transuranium element. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg in 1951.
http://wn.com/Edwin_McMillan -
Ei-ichi Negishi
is a Japanese chemist who has spent most of his career at Purdue University, United States. He is best known for his discovery of the Negishi coupling. He was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for palladium catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" jointly with Richard F. Heck and Akira Suzuki.
http://wn.com/Ei-ichi_Negishi -
Ernest Rutherford
http://wn.com/Ernest_Rutherford -
Ernst Otto Fischer
Ernst Otto Fischer (November 10, 1918 – July 23, 2007) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneering work in the area of organometallic chemistry.
http://wn.com/Ernst_Otto_Fischer -
Frederick Sanger
Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and twice a Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth (and only living) person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Sanger -
Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy (2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1921, and has a crater named for him on the far side of the Moon.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Soddy -
Friedrich Bergius
Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius (October 11, 1884 – March 30, 1949) was a German chemist known for the Bergius process for producing synthetic fuel from coal, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1931, together with Carl Bosch) in recognition of contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods. Having collaborated with IG Farben during World War Two and committed to Nazi victory, his citizenship came into question following the war, where he ultimately fled to Argentina, advising the Ministry of Industry.
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Bergius -
Fritz Pregl
http://wn.com/Fritz_Pregl -
Gabriël Metsu
http://wn.com/Gabriël_Metsu -
Geoffrey Wilkinson
Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (14 July 1921 – 26 September 1996) was a Nobel laureate English chemist who pioneered inorganic chemistry and homogeneous transition metal catalysis.
http://wn.com/Geoffrey_Wilkinson -
Georg Wittig
Georg Wittig (June 16, 1897 – August 26, 1987) was a German chemist who reported a method for synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones using compounds called phosphonium ylides in the Wittig reaction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert C. Brown in 1979.
http://wn.com/Georg_Wittig -
George Andrew Olah
http://wn.com/George_Andrew_Olah -
George de Hevesy
George Charles de Hevesy, Georg Karl von Hevesy, (1 August 1885 – 5 July 1966) was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in the metabolism of animals.
http://wn.com/George_de_Hevesy -
George Porter
George Hornidge Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham, OM, FRS (6 December 1920 – 31 August 2002) was a British chemist.
http://wn.com/George_Porter -
Gerhard Ertl
Gerhard Ertl (born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist and a Professor emeritus at the Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Berlin, Germany. He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Ertl -
Gerhard Herzberg
Gerhard Herzberg, PC, CC, FRSC, FRS (December 25, 1904 – March 3, 1999) was a pioneering physicist and physical chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1971. Born in Germany, he fled to Canada in 1935, where he continued his distinguished scientific career.
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Herzberg -
Giulio Natta
Giulio Natta (26 February 1903 - 2 May 1979) was an Italian chemist and Nobel laureate. He who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 with Karl Ziegler for work on high polymers.
http://wn.com/Giulio_Natta -
Glenn T. Seaborg
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American scientist who won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements", contributed to the discovery and isolation of ten elements, and developed the actinide concept, which led to the current arrangement of the actinoid series in the periodic table of the elements. He spent most of his career as an educator and research scientist at the University of California, Berkeley where he became the second Chancellor in its history and served as a University Professor. Seaborg advised ten presidents from Truman to Clinton on nuclear policy and was the chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 to 1971 where he pushed for commercial nuclear energy and peaceful applications of nuclear science. Throughout his career, Seaborg worked for arms control. He was signator to the Franck Report and contributed to the achievement of the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Seaborg was a well-known advocate of science education and federal funding for pure research. He was a key contributor to the report "A Nation at Risk" as a member of President Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education and was the principal author of the Seaborg Report on academic science issued in the closing days of the Eisenhower administration.
http://wn.com/Glenn_T_Seaborg -
Hans Fischer
:for the Swiss painter see Hans Fischer (painter)
http://wn.com/Hans_Fischer -
Harold Urey
Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter.
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Harry Kroto
Sir Harold (Harry) Walter Kroto, KCB, FRS (born 7 October 1939), born Harold Walter Krotoschiner, is a British chemist and one of the three recipients to share the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Hartmut Michel
Hartmut Michel is a German biochemist and Nobel Laureate.
http://wn.com/Hartmut_Michel -
Henri Moissan
Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (September 28, 1852, Paris – February 20, 1907) was a French chemist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds.
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Henry Taube
Professor Henry Taube, Ph.D , M.Sc , B.Sc , FRSC (November 30, 1915 – November 16, 2005) was a Canadian-born American chemist noted for having been awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his work in the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes." He was the first Canadian-born chemist to win the Nobel Prize. Taube completed his undergraduate and Masters degrees at the University of Saskatchewan, and his Ph.D from the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Henry_Taube -
Herbert A. Hauptman
Herbert Aaron Hauptman (born February 14, 1917) is an American mathematician and Nobel laureate. He pioneered and developed a mathematical method that has changed the whole field of chemistry and opened a new era in research in determination of molecular structures of crystallized materials. Today, Hauptman's direct methods, which he has continued to improve and refine, are routinely used to solve complicated structures. It was the application of this mathematical method to a wide variety of chemical structures that led the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to name Hauptman and Jerome Karle recipients of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Herbert_A_Hauptman -
Herbert C. Brown
Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was a chemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate for his work with organoboranes.
http://wn.com/Herbert_C_Brown -
Hermann Emil Fischer
http://wn.com/Hermann_Emil_Fischer -
Hermann Staudinger
Hermann Staudinger (23 March 1881 – 8 September 1965) was a German chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules which he characterized as polymers. For this work he received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for his discovery of ketenes and of the Staudinger reaction.
http://wn.com/Hermann_Staudinger -
Hideki Shirakawa
http://wn.com/Hideki_Shirakawa -
Ilya Prigogine
http://wn.com/Ilya_Prigogine -
Irving Langmuir
http://wn.com/Irving_Langmuir -
Irwin Rose
Irwin A. Rose (born July 16, 1926) is an American biologist. Along with Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
http://wn.com/Irwin_Rose -
Irène Joliot-Curie
http://wn.com/Irène_Joliot-Curie -
James B. Sumner
James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 – August 12, 1955) was an American chemist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946 with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley.
http://wn.com/James_B_Sumner -
Jaroslav Heyrovský
http://wn.com/Jaroslav_Heyrovský -
Jean-Marie Lehn
Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French chemist. He received the Nobel Prize together with Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen in 1987 for his work in Chemistry, particularly his synthesis of the cryptands. Lehn was an early innovator in the field of supramolecular chemistry, i.e., the chemistry of host-guest molecular assemblies created by intermolecular interactions, and continues to innovate in this field. He has published in excess of 800 peer-reviewed articles in chemistry literature.
http://wn.com/Jean-Marie_Lehn -
Jens Christian Skou
Jens Christian Skou (; born October 8, 1918) is a Danish chemist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Jens_Christian_Skou -
Jerome Karle
Jerome Karle, born Jerome Karfunkel (born June 18, 1918) is an American Jewish physical chemist. Jointly with Herbert A. Hauptman, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1985, for the direct analysis of crystal structures using X-ray scattering techniques.
http://wn.com/Jerome_Karle -
John Cornforth
'''Sir John Warcup 'Kappa' Cornforth''', AC, CBE, FRS (born 7 September 1917), is an Australian scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
http://wn.com/John_Cornforth -
John Fenn (chemist)
http://wn.com/John_Fenn_(chemist) -
John Howard Northrop
http://wn.com/John_Howard_Northrop -
John Kendrew
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, CBE, FRS (24 March 1917 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz; their group in the Cavendish Laboratory investigated the structure of heme-containing proteins.
http://wn.com/John_Kendrew -
John Polanyi
http://wn.com/John_Polanyi -
John Pople
http://wn.com/John_Pople -
Karl Barry Sharpless
Karl Barry Sharpless (born 28 April 1941) is an American chemist known for his work on stereoselective reactions.
http://wn.com/Karl_Barry_Sharpless -
Kary Mullis
Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize winning American biochemist, author, and lecturer. In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year. The process was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana, and allows the amplification of specific DNA sequences. The improvements made by Mullis allowed PCR to become a central technique in biochemistry and molecular biology, described by The New York Times as "highly original and significant, virtually dividing biology into the two epochs of before P.C.R. and after P.C.R."
http://wn.com/Kary_Mullis -
Kenichi Fukui
http://wn.com/Kenichi_Fukui -
Koichi Tanaka
is a Japanese scientist who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for developing a novel method for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules with John Bennett Fenn and Kurt Wuthrich (the latter for work in NMR spectroscopy).
http://wn.com/Koichi_Tanaka -
Kurt Alder
Kurt Alder (10 July 1902 – 20 June 1958) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Kurt_Alder -
Kurt Wüthrich
http://wn.com/Kurt_Wüthrich -
Lars Onsager
Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 – October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Lars_Onsager -
Leopold Ružička
http://wn.com/Leopold_Ružička -
Linus Pauling
http://wn.com/Linus_Pauling -
Luis Federico Leloir
http://wn.com/Luis_Federico_Leloir -
Manfred Eigen
Manfred Eigen (born May 9, 1927) is a German biophysicist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions.
http://wn.com/Manfred_Eigen -
Marie Curie
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie -
Mario J. Molina
http://wn.com/Mario_J_Molina -
Martin Chalfie
Martin Chalfie (born January 15, 1947) is an American scientist. He is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Biological Sciences at Columbia University, where he is also chair of the department of biological sciences. He shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP". He holds a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard University.
http://wn.com/Martin_Chalfie -
Max Perutz
http://wn.com/Max_Perutz -
Melvin Calvin
Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 - January 8, 1997) was an American chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Melvin_Calvin -
Nikolay Semyonov
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Semyonov -
Odd Hassel
Odd Hassel (17 May 1897 — 11 May 1981) was a Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.
http://wn.com/Odd_Hassel -
Osamu Shimomura
is a Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist, and Professor Emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and Boston University Medical School. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery and development of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two American scientists: Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and Roger Tsien of the University of California-San Diego.
http://wn.com/Osamu_Shimomura -
Otto Diels
Otto Paul Hermann Diels (23 January 1876 – 7 March 1954) was a German chemist. He was the son of a professor of philology at the University of Berlin, where he himself earned his doctorate in chemistry, in the group of Emil Fischer.
http://wn.com/Otto_Diels -
Otto Hahn
http://wn.com/Otto_Hahn -
Paul Berg
Paul Berg (born on June 30, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1943, received his B.S. in biochemistry from Penn State University in 1948 and Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952. He is a member of the Beta Sigma Rho fraternity (now Beta Sigma Beta). In 1980 he shared half of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the team of Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. All three were recognized for their important contributions to basic research in nucleic acids. His studies as a postgraduate involved the use of radioisotope tracers in intermediary metabolism. This resulted in the understanding of how foodstuffs are converted to cellular materials, through the use of isotopic carbons or heavy nitrogen atoms. Paul Berg's doctorate paper is now known as the conversion of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol to fully reduced states of methyl groups in methionine. He was also one of the first to demonstrate that folic acid and B12 cofactors had roles in the processes mentioned.
http://wn.com/Paul_Berg -
Paul D. Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (born July 31, 1918) is an American biochemist and analytical chemist. He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E. Walker; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
http://wn.com/Paul_D_Boyer -
Paul Flory
http://wn.com/Paul_Flory -
Paul J. Crutzen
Paul Jozef Crutzen (born December 3, 1933, Amsterdam) is a Dutch Nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist.
http://wn.com/Paul_J_Crutzen -
Paul Karrer
http://wn.com/Paul_Karrer -
Peter Agre
Peter Agre (pronounced "ahg-ray") (born January 29, 1949) American medical doctor, professor, and molecular biologist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which he shared with Roderick MacKinnon) for his discovery of aquaporins. Aquaporins are water-channel proteins that move water molecules through the cell membrane. In February 2009, Peter Agre was inducted as the 163rd president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the nation's largest scientific organization.
http://wn.com/Peter_Agre -
Peter D. Mitchell
Peter Dennis Mitchell, FRS (29 September 1920–10 April 1992) was a British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.
http://wn.com/Peter_D_Mitchell -
Peter Debye
Peter Joseph William Debye (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Peter_Debye -
Richard F. Heck
Richard Fred Heck (born August 15, 1931) is an American chemist noted for the discovery and development of the Heck reaction, which uses the metal palladium to catalyze organic chemical reactions that couple aryl halides with alkenes.
http://wn.com/Richard_F_Heck -
Richard Kuhn
Richard Kuhn (December 3, 1900 – August 1, 1967) was an Austrian-German biochemist, Nobel laureate, and Nazi collaborator.
http://wn.com/Richard_Kuhn -
Richard R. Ernst
Richard Robert Ernst (born August 14, 1933) is a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.
http://wn.com/Richard_R_Ernst -
Richard R. Schrock
Richard Royce Schrock (born 4 January 1945) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry.
http://wn.com/Richard_R_Schrock -
Richard Smalley
http://wn.com/Richard_Smalley -
Richard Willstätter
http://wn.com/Richard_Willstätter -
Roald Hoffmann
Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937) is an American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
http://wn.com/Roald_Hoffmann -
Robert Curl
Robert Floyd Curl, Jr. (born August 23, 1933) the son of a Methodist Minister is a graduate of Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, Texas and is an emeritus professor of chemistry at Rice University.
http://wn.com/Robert_Curl -
Robert H. Grubbs
Robert Howard Grubbs (b. 27 February 1942 near Possum Trot, Kentucky) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Robert_H_Grubbs -
Robert Huber
Robert Huber is a German biochemist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Robert_Huber -
Robert S. Mulliken
Robert Sanderson Mulliken (June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American physicist and chemist, primarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory, i.e. the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules. Dr. Mulliken received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1966. He received the Priestley Medal in 1983.
http://wn.com/Robert_S_Mulliken -
Roderick MacKinnon
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.
http://wn.com/Roderick_MacKinnon -
Roger D. Kornberg
Roger David Kornberg (born ) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
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Roger Y. Tsien
Roger Yonchien Tsien (; born February 1, 1952) is an American biochemist and a professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego. He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two other chemists: Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and Osamu Shimomura of Boston University and Marine Biological Laboratory.
http://wn.com/Roger_Y_Tsien -
Rudolph A. Marcus
Rudolph "Rudy" Arthur Marcus (born July 21, 1923) is a Canadian-born chemist who received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of electron transfer. Marcus theory, named after him, provides a thermodynamic and kinetic framework for describing one electron outer-sphere electron transfer.
http://wn.com/Rudolph_A_Marcus -
Ryōji Noyori
is a Japanese chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001. Noyori shared half of the prize with William S. Knowles for the study of chirally catalyzed hydrogenations; the second half of the Prize went to K. Barry Sharpless for his study in chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions (Sharpless epoxidation).
http://wn.com/Ryōji_Noyori -
Sidney Altman
Sidney Altman is a Canadian molecular biologist, who is currently the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University. In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA.
http://wn.com/Sidney_Altman -
Stanford Moore
Stanford Moore (September 4, 1913 – August 23, 1982) was a U.S. biochemist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 (with Christian B. Anfinsen and William Howard Stein, for work done at Rockefeller University on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease and for contributing to the understanding of the connection between the chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule.
http://wn.com/Stanford_Moore -
Svante Arrhenius
http://wn.com/Svante_Arrhenius -
Theodor Svedberg
http://wn.com/Theodor_Svedberg -
Thomas A. Steitz
Thomas Arthur Steitz (born August 23, 1940) is a Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Steitz was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Ada Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome". Steitz also won the Gairdner International Award in 2007 "for his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome which showed that the peptidyl transferase was an RNA catalyzed reaction, and for revealing the mechanism of inhibition of this function by antibiotics".
http://wn.com/Thomas_A_Steitz -
Thomas Cech
http://wn.com/Thomas_Cech -
Victor Grignard
http://wn.com/Victor_Grignard -
Vincent du Vigneaud
http://wn.com/Vincent_du_Vigneaud -
Vladimir Prelog
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Prelog -
Walter Gilbert
Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Walter_Gilbert -
Walter Kohn
Walter Kohn (born March 9, 1923, in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist.
http://wn.com/Walter_Kohn -
Walther Nernst
http://wn.com/Walther_Nernst -
Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (; 2 September 1853 – 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities. Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, and Svante Arrhenius are usually credited with being the modern founders of the field of physical chemistry.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Ostwald -
Willard Libby
Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist, famous for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology.
http://wn.com/Willard_Libby -
William Giauque
http://wn.com/William_Giauque -
William Howard Stein
William Howard Stein (June 25, 1911 – February 2, 1980) was an American biochemist.
http://wn.com/William_Howard_Stein -
William Lipscomb
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. (born December 9, 1919) is an American inorganic chemist, working in experimental and theoretical chemistry and biochemistry.
http://wn.com/William_Lipscomb -
William Ramsay
Sir William Ramsay, KCB FRSE (2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" (along with Lord Rayleigh who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for the discovery of argon).
http://wn.com/William_Ramsay -
Yuan T. Lee
Yuan Tseh Lee (; born November 19, 1936) is a chemist. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate, who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and American Dudley R. Herschbach won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 "for their contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes."
http://wn.com/Yuan_T_Lee -
Yves Chauvin
http://wn.com/Yves_Chauvin
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Chemist Career Overview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Published: 10 Jul 2009
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Interested in becoming a chemist? Watch this video to learn what the work of a chemist is really like. Provides an overview of the working life of a chemist. Also, visit www.citytowninfo.com for more information on careers as a chemist.
http://wn.com/Chemist_Career_Overview
Becoming a chemist - Viewer Questions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Published: 17 Jan 2012
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Continuing our (occasional) series responding to viewer questions... How or why did our team end up becoming professional chemists? More chemistry at www.periodicvideos.com Follow us on Facebook at www.facebook.com And on Twitter at twitter.com Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran Brady other channels include: www.youtube.com (Physics and astronomy) www.youtube.com (Numbers and maths) www.youtube.com (Space stuff) www.youtube.com (Science and behind the scenes) www.youtube.com (Food science) www.youtube.com (Big science facilities) www.youtube.com (Favourite scientists) www.youtube.com (Academic look at the Bible) www.youtube.com (Modern language and culture)
http://wn.com/Becoming_a_chemist_Viewer_Questions
The Chemist - Lullaby #1 (mercy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 16 Sep 2010
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Directed by Dom Pearce & produced by Stephen Lloyd Lullaby #1 (mercy) has been lifted off The Chemist's latest concept EP titled, "lullabies"
http://wn.com/The_Chemist_Lullaby_1_mercy
The Mark of the Chemist - Periodic Table of Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 09 Jul 2010
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
How can you tell if someone is chemist? Look at their hands. The Professor explains more in this video about a clever essay by Primo Levi. More videos at www.periodicvideos.com Our trip to Turin was supported by www.cost.esf.org
http://wn.com/The_Mark_of_the_Chemist_Periodic_Table_of_Videos
Angry Chemists - Periodic Table of Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Published: 22 Aug 2011
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
UK chemists have written to Prime Minister David Cameron over funding cuts in the field of organic chemistry. The Professor explains why. And here's a link to a letter The Professor himself wrote to Margaret Thatcher... periodicvideos.blogspot.com More chemistry at www.periodicvideos.com Follow us on Facebook at www.facebook.com And on Twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Angry_Chemists_Periodic_Table_of_Videos
Pushing Buttons - DJ Shadow, Cut Chemist, DJ Numark (2002)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:41
- Published: 18 Feb 2007
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
An amazing performance by DJ Shadow, Cut Chemist, and DJ Numark performing live on Akai MPC samplers!! From the 2002 DJ Shadow DVD "Live! In Tune & On Time". You can pick up a copy at Amazon here: www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Pushing_Buttons_DJ_Shadow,_Cut_Chemist,_DJ_Numark_2002
Cut Chemist - The Garden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Published: 20 Jun 2009
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Cut Chemist - The Garden Album - the audience's listening Vocal sample : (Astrud Gilberto ~ Berimbau)
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_The_Garden
Swedish Chemist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:24
- Published: 10 Aug 2006
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Short but sweet sketch from Not The Nine O'Clock News.
http://wn.com/Swedish_Chemist
Ozomatli - Cut Chemist Suite ©(Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Published: 28 Sep 2009
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
finally, here's the real video, enjoy... Copyrights owned by echomusic, LLC (echo) and UMG © no copyrights infringement intended, just posting my favorite music. Please comment and rate.
http://wn.com/Ozomatli_Cut_Chemist_Suite_©Official_Video
The Swedish Chemist's Shop
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:23
- Published: 22 Jul 2006
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
"Not the 9 o'clock news" strikes again. Short and to the point... Mel Smith and Rowan Atkinson. "... ball or a-er-o-sol..." ;)
http://wn.com/The_Swedish_Chemist's_Shop
Cut Chemist drum scratching.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 05 Nov 2006
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Live in the Apple Store in Chicago. quite a dope show.
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_drum_scratching
Cut Chemist - Addictive
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 22 Apr 2009
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
From the Skate 2 Soundtrack
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_Addictive
Cut Chemist LIVE @ The Sound Garden pt 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Published: 13 Nov 2006
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
This is the first of a series of videos of Cut Chemist performing LIVE @ The Sound Garden in Baltimore, Maryland. This video was shot around July 2006 and all together runs around 27 minutes. Sorry for the shaky camera work, but the music more than makes up for it. Sadly, one of the CDJ's that Cut was using wouldnt go into the mode that he needed it in, so he couldnt perform a bunch of his "tricks". he does just fine only using vinyl =)
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_LIVE_@_The_Sound_Garden_pt_1
Cut Chemist + Nu Mark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Published: 28 Nov 2006
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Cut Chemist and Nu Mark at Coachella.
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_+_Nu_Mark
![Cut Chemist - What's the Altitude (ft Hymnal) [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120806051002im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Q8ER41n9SRE/0.jpg "Cut Chemist - What's the Altitude (ft Hymnal) [HD]")
Cut Chemist - What's the Altitude (ft Hymnal) [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Published: 23 Jun 2009
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
In no way shape or form do I own any of the information contained in this video.
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_What's_the_Altitude_ft_Hymnal_HD_
If Not a Chemist - Viewer Questions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Published: 21 Feb 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
What would our chemists have like to have done - if they weren't chemists of course! Featuring the periodicvideos team at the University of Nottingham. More chemistry at www.periodicvideos.com Follow us on Facebook at www.facebook.com And on Twitter at twitter.com Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran
http://wn.com/If_Not_a_Chemist_Viewer_Questions
Cut Chemist feat. Hymnal "What's the Altitude" Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 07 May 2008
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Cut Chemist feat. Hymnal - What's the Altitude Music Video THIS IS NOT A HACKED ONE. [:
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_feat_Hymnal_What's_the_Altitude_Music_Video
Cut Chemist featuring Blackbird - Outro (Revisited)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 02 May 2012
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
You can buy song here itunes.apple.com Deantoni Parks on drums Blackbird on the mic Cut Chemist on the beat Produced by Allopoietic Systems Directed, Shot and Edited by Corey Brandenstein Stunt Driving by Jason "Hawke" Hamilton Check out the "Outro Dub" Video here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist_featuring_Blackbird_Outro_Revisited
Product Placement - DJ Shadow & Cut Chemist (Complete Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:03
- Published: 17 Apr 2011
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Mix one (DJ Shadow): * Sesame Street (Oscar the Grouch) - "I Got Two" * Little Grady Lewis & Soul Smokers - "Smokin' Soul" * Dennis Coffey - "A Whole Lot Of Love" * LL Cool J - "I Need Love" * Eddie Simpson - "Big Black Funky Slave" * Harold Alexander - "Mama Soul" * Charlie Whitehead - "Let's Do It Again (Part 3)" * Cold Grits - "It's Your Thing" * Backyard Heavies - "Expo '83" * Rory-O & Chuck Colbert- "Do It Your Way" * Timmy Thomas - "Sexy Woman" * Kool & The Gang - "NT" * Freddie Scott - "(You) Got What I Need" * James & Bobby Purify - "I'm Your Puppet" * The Oceanliners - "Funky Pants" * Thunder, Lightning & Rain - "Super Funky Part 1" * James Brown - "Talkin' Loud And Sayin' Nothin'" * ??? - "Superstition" * National Fuel Gas Distribution Corporation - "Rappin' With Gas" * CD III - "Get Tough" * Man Parrish - "Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)" * The B-Boys - "Rock The House" * Newcleus - "Jam On It" * Davy DMX - "One For The Treble" * Grandmaster Melle Mel - "Step Off" * Newcleus - "Destination Earth" * Soul Searchers - "Ashley's Roachclip" * Orange Krush - "Action" * Pieces Of A Dream - "Mt. Airy Groove" * Bill Withers - "Kissin' My Love" * Mandrill - "Mango Meat" * Jazzy Jeff - "A Touch Of Jazz" * Kid 'N Play - "Last Night (Instrumental)" * Esther Williams - "Last Night Changed It All" * James Brown - "Funky President" * Miami - "Chicken Yellow" * Johnny Cameron & The Camerons - "Funky John (original pressing) * Willie John Ellison - "You Got To Have Rhythm" * Harvey <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Product_Placement_DJ_Shadow_Cut_Chemist_Complete_Mix
Medical Careers : How to Become a Chemist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 27 Nov 2008
- Updated: 09 Feb 2012
To become a chemist, a bachelor's degree in a science field and a PhD in chemistry are required, followed by a post-doctoral fellowship. Explore becoming a chemist with tips from a practice administrator in this free video on career information. Expert: Mark MacBayne Bio: Mark MacBayne, with a Master of Public Health degree, is a practice manager at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center. Filmmaker: Bing Hu
http://wn.com/Medical_Careers_How_to_Become_a_Chemist
Falling Mirror - Johnny Calls the Chemist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Published: 08 Feb 2007
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Music video for Johnny Calls the Chemist by South African band Falling Mirror
http://wn.com/Falling_Mirror_Johnny_Calls_the_Chemist
Monty Python - Chemist sketch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Published: 06 Jan 2008
- Updated: 20 Jul 2012
Well, this is actually the last eight and a half minutes of The Buzz Aldrin Show (season 2, episode 17), including two Gumby announcements, the Chemist sketch and general madness of the lovely Pythons :D
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_Chemist_sketch
9/11: EXPLOSIVE TESTIMONY EXCLUSIVE - AE911Truth.org Niels Harrit-Chemist.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:45
- Published: 03 Nov 2010
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
AE911Truth's EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW! Chemist Niels Harrit - One of the scientists who found Explosive Thermite in the World Trade Center dust discusses Thermite, Nanothermite, Explosives and Incendiaries. This interview is some raw footage of one of the world class experts appearing in Architects and Engineer's upcoming hard hittingdocumentary "9/11: Explosive Evidence - Experts Speak Out" Read The Open Chemical Physics Journal, 2009, 2, 7-31 -- " Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe " by NH & al www.bentham.org Preview the New AE911Truth.org Documentary "9/11 Experts Speak Out": www.youtube.com Pre-Order the DVD Video September 11 2011: www.ae911truth.net Buy the 9/11 Book "9/11 The Simple Facts": www.ae911truth.net Follow AE911TRUTH around the Web: AE911truth.org www.911ExpertsSpeakOut.org http www.BuildingWhat.org http www.Twitter.com www.Youtube.com www.Flickr.com www.AE911truth.net www.AE911truth.org AE911Truth.org World Trade Center Explosives September 11 2011 video September 11th 2011 attack September 11th 2011 news September 11th 2011 events September 11th 2011 attacks September 11 2011 videos attack attacks news memorial museum footage jumpers tribute song copenhagen incendiaries explosive Physicist 9/11 thermite thermate nanothermite steven jones AE911Truth wtc architect engineer high-rise demolition wtc7 Niels Harrit AE911Truth.org
http://wn.com/9_11_EXPLOSIVE_TESTIMONY_EXCLUSIVE_AE911Truthorg_Niels_Harrit-Chemistm4v
Creative Commons / Unknown
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Creative Commons / Periodic Table of Videos
US Coastguard / PA1 Roger W. Wetherell
US Coastguard / PA1 Roger W. Wetherell
AP / Andy Wong![Wąbrzeźno [vɔmˈbʐɛʑnɔ] ( listen) (German: Briesen) is a town in Poland, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 35 km northeast of Toruń. It is the capital of the Wąbrzeźno County. The population is 13,971 inhabitants (2004). The town is the birthplace of Walther Nernst, a chemist who in 1920 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the Nernst equation, which gives the standard electrode potential of an electric cell containing various concentrations of electrolytes.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120806051002im_/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/49/97/67a04d48e7ffdb6ffba3769705d5_small.jpg "Wąbrzeźno [vɔmˈbʐɛʑnɔ] ( listen) (German: Briesen) is a town in Poland, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 35 km northeast of Toruń. It is the capital of the Wąbrzeźno County. The population is 13,971 inhabitants (2004). The town is the birthplace of Walther Nernst, a chemist who in 1920 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the Nernst equation, which gives the standard electrode potential of an electric cell containing various concentrations of electrolytes.")
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AP / Mahesh Kumar A.
WN / Hana Kotulanova
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
WN / Imran Nissar
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AP / Jun Dumaguing
Public Domain / Keith Weller
AP Photo / Manish Swarup
AP Photo/HO
(AP Photo/HO)
White House
![Wąbrzeźno [vɔmˈbʐɛʑnɔ] ( listen) (German: Briesen) is a town in Poland, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 35 km northeast of Toruń. It is the capital of the Wąbrzeźno County. The population is 13,971 inhabitants (2004). The town is the birthplace of Walther Nernst, a chemist who in 1920 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the Nernst equation, which gives the standard electrode potential of an electric cell containing various concentrations of electrolytes.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120806051002/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/49/97/67a04d48e7ffdb6ffba3769705d5_medium.jpg "Wąbrzeźno [vɔmˈbʐɛʑnɔ] ( listen) (German: Briesen) is a town in Poland, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 35 km northeast of Toruń. It is the capital of the Wąbrzeźno County. The population is 13,971 inhabitants (2004). The town is the birthplace of Walther Nernst, a chemist who in 1920 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the Nernst equation, which gives the standard electrode potential of an electric cell containing various concentrations of electrolytes.")
photo: AP / Jon Super
04 Aug 2012
WIMBLEDON, England - Serena Williams became only the second woman to complete a career Golden Slam when she won her first Olympic singles gold medal Saturday by beating Maria Sharapova 6-0, 6-1. The...
photo: AP
05 Aug 2012
China has summoned a senior US diplomat to protest against America's criticism of Beijing's establishment of a military garrison in the South China Sea. The move had intensified a bitter row over the...
photo: WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
02 Aug 2012
With hardly any flow in the Cauvery, if south-west monsoon too fails in Tamil Nadu this month, the State might witness a serious shortfall in banana output. G. Ajeethan, general secretary of the Tamil...
photo: Public Domain
21 Jul 2012
CHESTERTOWN, Md. - Every week, Christeena Minopetros combs bays and beaches for sea glass, whether she's in Florida, Greece, or her childhood home of Sea Bright, N.J. This month, she was dipping her...
photo: WN / Marzena J.
17 Jul 2012
Related topics Scienceanthropology Advertisement The first reconstruction of the diet of the hominid Australopithecus anamensis based on a direct analysis of the result of the interaction of diet with...
Indian Express
Two persons died and as many others took ill reportedly after consuming some syrup containing high level of alcohol at Vijapardi village in Savarkundla taluka of...(size: 1.1Kb)
The Daily Mail
Ferguson Whyte,...(size: 0.1Kb)
Kashmir Observer
Srinagar, 01 Aug – Health experts, chemists and druggists have welcomed the government’s draft proposal to move away from cost-based pricing to market-based drug pricing policy saying it is a positive step towards finding solutions to improve availability and affordability of essential medicines in...(size: 2.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
In a recent report on the Intellectual Property sector in the UK, Pete Fellows, MD of Fellows and Associates suggests that the market is tough for practices who are recruiting Patent Attorneys with a technical background in electronics. (PRWEB) August 01, 2012 In the report, Pete Fellows claims that...(size: 3.1Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
Providing excellent customer support to complement its professional testing & analysis services has always been important for the Michigan based custom testing laboratory. Avomeen’s CEO Shri Thanedar realized that since his company provides such custom solutions and testing services that when...(size: 4.3Kb)
Fox News
June 27, 2012: Michael Phelps swims in the men's 200-meter butterfly preliminaries at the U.S. Olympic swimming trials in Omaha, Neb. As he prepared to chase Olympic glory, swimmer Michael Phelps held to an amazing daily ritual. Each morning, he sat down to a training table breakfast that staggers...(size: 6.6Kb)
Buffalo News
Robert D. Roach Jr. (Jan. 22, 1927 - July 27, 2012), a longtime employee of Bell Aircraft and Calspan Corp., died Friday in Buffalo General Medical Center after a short illness. He was 85. Born in Dunkirk, Mr. Roach grew up on his grandfather's grape farm in Sheridan. He attended School House No. 5,...(size: 2.2Kb)
Business Wire
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/8vsjhh/top_500_chemists_a) has announced the addition of the "Top 500 Chemists & Pharmacies (Global)" report to their offering. This report is an in-depth financial evaluation of the GlobalChemists &...(size: 5.6Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
THERE SEEMS TO BE no method to the madness of one backroom chemist who allegedly used his real name to check into a Center City hotel room this weekend where he set up a mobile meth lab, police said. About 5:30 a.m. Saturday, the Fire Department was called to the Hampton Inn on Race Street near 13th...(size: 2.8Kb)
The Times of India
Tweet NEW DELHI: To promote penetration of insurance in the country, IRDA today proposed to rope in kirana shopowners, chemists shops and petrol pump operators to sell micro insurance products. Micro insurance products are schemes with low ticket size and targeted towards rural and urban poor. "In...(size: 2.2Kb)
This article is about a scientific profession. For other uses, see Chemist (disambiguation).
A chemist is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties such as density and acidity. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties.
Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition, and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, which are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of chemistry
The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glass. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called Alchemy. The word chemist is derived from the New Latin noun chimista, an abbreviation of alchimista (alchemist). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of Conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th century.
Education[link]
Jobs for chemists usually require at least a bachelor's degree, but many positions, especially those in research, require a Ph.D. Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "the central science", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and physical chemistry. Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions.
Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at a complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as chemical technicians. Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, repetitive analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories.
Employment[link]
The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the chemical industry and the pharmaceutical industry, and government laboratories.
Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology, and several engineering disciplines.
- Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.
- Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, for example, in medicinal chemistry.
A chemist prepares a new fuel cell for testing.
A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask.
- Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry is also the study of atomic and molecular structure and bonding.
- Medicinal chemistry is the science involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships.
- Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and chemical reaction of organic compounds.
- Physical chemistry is the study of the physical fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with theoretical chemistry and molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of calculus in deriving equations.
- Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with condensed matter physics and molecular physics.See Reductionism.
All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include Astrochemistry (and Cosmochemistry), Atmospheric chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental science, Forensic science, Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, Medical science, Molecular Biology, Molecular genetics, Nanotechnology, Nuclear chemistry, Oenology, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, Photochemistry, Phytochemistry, Polymer chemistry, Supramolecular chemistry and Surface chemistry.
It has been suggested that chemists going into employment in scientific research should honor a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists which is required as a Professional Chemist.
Professional societies[link]
Chemists may belong to professional societies that specialize in chemist members, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, or theAmerican Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States.
Honors and awards[link]
The highest honor awarded to chemists is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
See also[link]
 |
Wikiversity has learning materials about School of Chemistry |
- Pharmacist
- List of chemistry topics
- List of chemists
- List of Russian chemists
- List of important publications in chemistry
- List of scientific journals in chemistry
- List of compounds
- List of Chemistry Societies
References[link]
- American Chemical Society website
- Chemical Abstracts Service indexes and abstracts the world's chemistry-related literature and patents
- Chemists and Materials Scientists from the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook
- Royal Society of Chemistry website
- History of Chemistry links for chemists
- Luminaries of the Chemical Sciences accomplishments, biography, and publications from 44 of the most influential chemists
- Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
- Links for Chemists guide to web sites related to chemistry
- ChemistryViews.org website
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| DJ Shadow | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Joshua Paul Davis |
| Also known as | Josh Davis |
| Born | (1972-06-29) June 29, 1972 (age 39) San Jose, California, U.S. |
| Origin | Davis, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop, Hyphy, Plunderphonics, instrumental hip hop, trip hop, turntablism, electronic |
| Occupations | Producer, DJ |
| Instruments | Keyboards, turntables, sampler, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | Mo'Wax Quannum Projects Solesides MCA Universal Verve |
| Associated acts | UNKLE The Quannum Collective Cut Chemist |
| Website | djshadow.com |
Joshua Paul "Josh" Davis (born June 29, 1972)[1][2] better known as DJ Shadow is an American music producer, DJ and songwriter. He is considered a prominent figure in the development of instrumental hip hop and first gained notice with the release of his highly acclaimed debut album Endtroducing....., which was the first album to be recorded using only sampled sounds.[3] He has an exceptionally large personal record collection, with over 60,000 records.[4] He is the cousin of singer and guitarist Richie Kotzen.
Contents |
History[link]
Early years[link]
DJ Shadow was experimenting with a four-track recorder while in high school in Davis, California, and began his music career as a disc jockey for the University of California, Davis campus radio station KDVS. During this period he was significant in developing the experimental hip hop style associated with the London-based Mo' Wax record label. His early singles, including "In/Flux" and "Lost and Found (S.F.L.)", were genre-bending works of art merging elements of funk, rock, hip hop, ambient, jazz, soul, and used-bin found records. Andy Pemberton, a music journalist writing for Mixmag, coined the term "trip hop" in June 1994 to describe Shadow's "In/Flux" single and similar tracks being spun in London clubs at the time.[5] Though his music is hard to categorize, his early contributions were certainly important for alternative hip hop. He cited groups such as Kurtis Mantronik, Steinski, and Prince Paul as influences on his sample-based sound, further claiming that "lyrics (...) were confining, too specific". His music rarely features more than short clips of voices or vocal work.[6]
During 1991-1992, DJ Shadow remixes were released on Hollywood BASIC, a short-lived rap/hip-hop subsidiary label of Hollywood Records. Notable amongst these is a 1992 compilation release titled "BASIC Beats Sampler",[7] which features a remix of The Real Deal, a song by Lifers' Group, as well as a 12-plus-minute "Mega Mix" of the rest of the album, including tracks by west-coast underground hip-hop act, Raw Fusion and east-coast acts, Organized Konfusion and Zimbabwe Legit. Also in 1992, Shadow contributed scratching and production work to Sleeping with the Enemy, the controversial second release by rapper Paris.
Early in 1993, Shadow was a part of the creation of the Solesides underground hip-hop label, in conjunction with Blackalicious and Lyrics Born (whose stage name at the time was Asia Born). The first 12" release on this new imprint was titled "Entropy",[8] with the A-side containing the Asia Born track "Send Them" and a dub rendition of the DJ Shadow track "Count and Estimate", and the entire B-side consisting of the 17-plus-minute title track. Rapper Gift of Gab is featured in the version of "Count and Estimate" that appears in Entropy. Shadow continued to participate in releases on the Solesides label for years to come, until the label was disbanded in 1996 in favour of Quannum Projects.
Also in 1993, Mo' Wax's James Lavelle contacted Shadow about releasing "In/Flux" on the fledgling imprint. The association with Mo' Wax was a productive one; his tracks "In/Flux" and "Lost and Found" made their way onto a number of releases over the next few years. Shadow also worked with DJ Krush during this period. On a 1995 visit to the Mo' Wax studios in London, England, Shadow was recruited to perform scratches on a James Lavelle and Tim Goldsworthy mix of the Massive Attack song Karmacoma.[9]
[edit] Endtroducing.....
Shadow's first full-length work, Endtroducing....., was released in late 1996 to critical acclaim. Endtroducing would go on to make the Guinness World Records book for "First Completely Sampled Album" in 2001.[10] The only pieces of equipment Shadow used to produce the album were the AKAI MPC60 12-bit sampling drum machine, a pair of turntables and a borrowed-by-visiting Pro Tools setup from an early adopter of the technology, Dan "The Automator" Nakamura. In November 2006 Time magazine named it one of its "All-Time" 100 best albums.[11]
[edit] Preemptive Strike
In 1998 Shadow released Preemptive Strike, a compilation of early singles. Later that year, he produced Psyence Fiction, the debut album by Unkle, a long-time Mo' Wax production team that featured guest appearances including Thom Yorke (Radiohead), Richard Ashcroft (The Verve), Mike D (Beastie Boys), Kool G. Rap, Jason Newsted (Metallica) among others.
[edit] Dark Days
Around 2000 he produced the score for the documentary Dark Days filmed by British director Marc Singer. This film is about a community of transients who live underground in a subway tunnel. It has six award wins in various competitions.[12]
[edit] The Private Press
Nearly six years after his debut production album, his second album, The Private Press, was released in June 2002. In the same year[clarification needed], the movie Scratch (2001, Doug Pray) was released to DVD with DJ Shadow appearing several times throughout the movie. A video for his track "Six Days" was also released in 2002, directed by Wong Kar-wai. The album was mixed by Jim Abbiss.
[edit] In Tune and on Time
In 2004, Shadow's first feature-length DVD, In Tune and on Time, was released. It features a live performance in London that emphasizes visuals.
[edit] The Outsider
The Outsider album was released on 18 September 2006. A special edition CD box set was also released containing The Outsider, the album on CD and a DVD entitled Tour Visuals. The Outsider, which prominently featured several artists from the local San Francisco Bay Area hyphy hip hop movement, got a mixed welcome among Shadow's fans. Responding to criticisms, the DJ/producer explained on his blog why he made no apologies: "Repeat Endtroducing over and over again? That was never, ever in the game plan. Fuck that. So I think it's time for certain fans to decide if they are fans of the album, or the artist."[13][14] DJ Shadow has also collaborated with fellow DJ Cut Chemist. Together they have created three popular mixtapes entitled Brainfreeze, Product Placement, and the recent The Hard Sell. These mixes fuse jazz, funk, and soul in the framework of a cohesive concept. He has also collaborated with several other artists, including Blackalicious, Zack de la Rocha, Keak Da Sneak, Mos Def, David Banner, and Dr. Octagon, an alter ego of Kool Keith.
In 2006, he signed a deal with Universal Records. DJ Shadow and Cut Chemist toured in 2008 in support of their mixtape The Hard Sell with Kid Koala opening for them.
[edit] Diminishing Returns
Diminishing Returns was a 2-hour DJ Mix originally broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on March 29, 2003. It was released in 2003 on CD in a pressing limited to 1000 copies on the Reconstruction Productions label.[15] Reconstruction Productions reissued the album in 2009 with a sticker stating "official, last chance limited edition, re-release".[16]
[edit] The Less You Know, the Better
During Shadow's Outsider 2007 tour, he was spotted filming with Dean Fernando (aka "DINO") as reported on Shadow/Quannum fansite Solesides. On April 1, 2009, DJ Shadow announced on his Facebook page that he was working on a Diminishing Returns re-release.
On March 7, 2009, Shadow announced that he was working on new music. Though no release date was given, he assured, "It will sound different from the last one."[17] DJ Shadow released a track from the new album called "Def Surrounds Us" as a preview. During his gig in Antwerp in August 2010, he played some tracks from the new album, although he stated that it was not yet ready and that he would continue working toward having it ready in time for his 2011 tour.
On May 10, 2011, Shadow confirmed via his Facebook page and official website that his new album, titled The Less You Know, the Better, was finished and that it would be released the following September on Verve/Universal.[18] The same day, he also released a EP called I Gotta Rokk featuring remixed tracks from the forthcoming album. A second single "I'm Excited" was also released, featuring Afrikan Boy, on July 29, 2011. However the single was pulled because of copyright infringement.[19] The infringement also delayed the album's release. Another song from the album, titled "Warning Call," featuring Tom Vek, was released on 7 September 2011, and was featured as a free download on the official DJ Shadow Facebook page. Shadow announced on September 30, 2011 via Twitter that The Less You Know, the Better would be released on a 3xUSB format.
The artwork for this album, the associated singles and promotional material was done by Tony Papesh, an artist from San Francisco, California.[20] The album was mixed by Jim Abbiss
Studio and equipment[link]
The book Behind the Beat documents Shadow's home studio (named "Reconstruction") through photos and a brief description (as of 2005).[21] It is "nestled within a leafy San Francisco suburb"[21] and Shadow apparently moved to the area "to be closer to the local record store".[21] It also states that "Shadow only keeps a small selection of vinyl at home with the rest occupying storage units around town".[21] His equipment as of 2005, according to Behind the Beat, consists of two Akai MPC 3000s and a Korg Triton.[21] His album Endtroducing was "created on an AKAI MPC60 and an ADAT".[21]
Sampling[link]
DJ Shadow's reputation is largely built on the skill with which he manipulates samples, taking rare and unheard pieces of music and reworking them into parts and phrases for his songs. Many of his tracks feature dozens of samples from a wide array of styles and influences including rock, soul, funk, experimental, electronic and jazz. Shadow famously sampled American composer David Axelrod twice: the piano in "Midnight In A Perfect World" from 1996's Endtroducing was originally recorded for Axelrod's "The Human Abstract"; and on his collaboration with DJ Krush, "Duality", sampling Axelrod's "The Warnings" (Part 1). Although Shadow currently uses fewer samples than on his earlier albums, several examples feature on 2006 album, The Outsider. His collaboration with David Banner, "Seein' Thangs", features a synthesizer and vocals from Cecilia's "Crimson Red" and "Outsider Intro" includes an excerpt from Ron Geesin's "Concrete Line Up" from the 1973 album, As He Stands.[22]
Discography[link]
Main article: DJ Shadow discography
- Endtroducing..... (1996)
- Preemptive Strike (1998)
- The Private Press (2002)
- The Outsider (2006)
- The Less You Know, the Better (2011)
References[link]
- ^ Discogs Profile
- ^ Family Tree Legends Joshua P. Davis
- ^ "First album made completely from samples". Guinnessworldrecords.com. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/first-album-made-completely-from-samples/. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ "DJ Shadow: Endtroducing… » Sleevage » Music, Art, Design". Sleevage. 2007-06-26. http://sleevage.com/dj-shadow-endtroducing/. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ Pemberton, Andy (June 1994). "Trip Hop". Mixmag.
- ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions, Inc.. pp. 254 pages. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2. see p.319, 323
- ^ "Various - BASIC Beats Sampler". http://www.discogs.com/Various-BASIC-Beats-Sampler/release/379613.
- ^ "DJ Shadow / Asia Born: Entropy". http://www.djshadow.com/release/dj-shadow-asia-born.
- ^ "Massive Attack: Karmacoma". http://www.djshadow.com/release/massive-attack-karmacoma.
- ^ Guinness World Records Entry
- ^ "The All-TIME 100 Albums". Time. 16 November 2006. http://www.time.com/time/2006/100albums/0,27693,Endtroducing,00.html.
- ^ Dark Days (2000) - Awards
- ^ Shadow's Digest, August 3rd, 2006
- ^ "Out of the Shadow", Interview with Eric K. Arnold, SF Weekly, September 13, 2006
- ^ "DJ Shadow - Diminishing Returns Party Pak (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. 2003-03-29. http://www.discogs.com/DJ-Shadow-Diminishing-Returns-Party-Pak/release/476322. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ "DJ Shadow - Diminishing Returns (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/DJ-Shadow-Diminishing-Returns/release/1751438. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ "News". DJ Shadow. http://www.djshadow.com/news/article/122. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ Posted May 10, 2011 (2011-05-10). "I Gotta Rokk EP". DJ Shadow. http://www.djshadow.com/news/new-ep-i-gotta-rokk. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ Posted Aug 30, 2011 (2011-08-30). "I'm Excited EP - Currently Unavailable". DJ Shadow. http://djshadow.com/news/im-excited-ep-currently-unavailable. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ "Tony Papesh - Google+ - Just noticed that the second single from DJ Shadow is‌". Plus.google.com. 2011-07-25. https://plus.google.com/101873699381369338617/posts/FYQDbL3n8Ky#101873699381369338617/posts/FYQDbL3n8Ky. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ^ a b c d e f Raph, 2005, Behind the Beat: Hip Hop Home Studios, Gingko Press, p. 61.
- ^ "DJ Shadow". whosampled.com. http://www.whosampled.com/artist/DJ%20Shadow/. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- Arnold, Eric K. (2006-09-13). "Out of the Shadow". SF Weekly. http://www.sfweekly.com/2006-09-13/news/out-of-the-shadow/. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- Wilder, Eliot (2005). 33⅓ Endtroducing.... London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1682-9.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: DJ Shadow |
- Official website
- Quannum Projects
- Solesides
- DJ Shadow discography at Discogs
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Davis, Joshua Paul |
| Alternative names | DJ Shadow |
| Short description | Trip-hop DJ |
| Date of birth | 1972-06-29 |
| Place of birth | San Jose, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/DJ_Shadow
Related pages:
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (July 2011) |
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2008) |
| Cut Chemist | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Lucas C. MacFadden |
| Born | (1972-10-04) October 4, 1972 (age 39) |
| Origin | U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop, turntablism |
| Occupations | DJ, record producer |
| Instruments | Turntables, sampler |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Associated acts | Ozomatli, Jurassic 5, DJ Shadow |
| Website | http://www.cutchemist.com/ |
Lucas MacFadden (born October 4, 1972),[1] better known as Cut Chemist, is an American DJ and record producer. He is a former member of the funk Latin band Ozomatli, and of hip hop group Jurassic 5. He has collaborated with fellow turntablist DJ Shadow on a number of projects.
Contents |
Career[link]
Cut Chemist became known through the Los Angeles-based rap group Unity Committee, and debuted on vinyl on the B-side of Unity Committee's 1993 single, "Unified Rebelution". The track, "Lesson 4: The Radio" was an ovation of Double Dee and Steinski's "Lessons 1-3."
Preceding the vinyl release, Unity Committee formed Jurassic 5, along with another group, Rebels of Rhythm. Cut Chemist contributed avidly to the group, adding "Lesson 6: The Lecture" to Jurassic 5's eponymous EP, and co-producing the entirety of the record. Between then and other releases, he explored remixing alongside DJ Shadow and Liquid Liquid, and performed doing outside work (sampling and scratching for Less Than Jake, and appearing with Ozomatli). From late 1996 to early 1997, Cut Chemist recorded his album debut, Live at Future Primitive Sound Session, with Shortkut of Invisibl Skratch Piklz.
Cut Chemist did not appear on their latest album Feedback. In May 2006, he indicated to Billboard that he had left the group.[2]
Cut Chemist's first full-length solo album, The Audience's Listening, was released on July 11, 2006.[3] The album includes the pre-released song "The Garden", which features a bossa nova style, vocals from Astrud Gilberto's Brazilian song "Berimbau", and berimbau instrumentals.
The song "The Audience Is Listening Theme Song" from The Audience's Listening has been featured in a 2G Apple iPod nano advertisement.
More recently, Cut Chemist has opened for Shakira in 2007 on the European leg of her Oral Fixation Tour, and at the press conference held by car-maker SEAT to promote their sponsorship of the shows.
Cut Chemist made an appearance in the 2007 comedy Juno, playing a high school chemistry teacher, playing on his "chemist" stage-name. His logo was present in this scene in the form of a large pair of prop scissors suspended over a beaker.
Cut Chemist joined DJ Shadow on a world wide tour to support their new mix The Hard Sell beginning in early 2008. Kid Koala opened for them. Dates included Dallas, New York, San Francisco, Melbourne, Toronto, Vancouver, London, Hamburg and Paris among others.
In October 2008, Cut Chemist's video for the song "What's the Altitude" featuring Hymnal was removed for violating a WMG copyright.[4]
Cut Chemist is featured in the award-winning documentary This is the Life, chronicling the music movement which was birthed at The Good Life Cafe in South Central Los Angeles. The Good Life is the open-mic workshop where he first performed with Unity Committee in the early 1990s and launched Jurassic 5.
Most recently, Cut Chemist was featured in the film Up In The Air under his name Cut Chemist as the conference DJ who introduces Young MC.
Discography[link]
Releases[link]
- Brainfreeze (CD)
- Live at Future Primitive Sound Session Version 1.1 (CD)
- Product Placement (CD)
- Brain Freeze Original Sound Track 1979
- The Litmus Test (CD)
- Rare Equations (2xCD)
- The Audience's Listening (CD)
- The Hard Sell (CD)
Remixes[link]
- The Re-Return Of The Original Art Form (12")
- Midnight In A Perfect World (12")
- Midnight In A Perfect World / The Number Song (12")
- The Remix EP (12")
- Midnight In A Perfect World / Number Song (CD5")
- Number Song / Painkiller (12")
- A2G EP (12")
- Cut Chemist Suite (12")
- Remixes (12")
- Super Bowl Sundae (12")
- The Art Of War: Who Dares Wins (2xCD)
- Now, Listen! (CD)
- Urban Theory Presents...Meltdown (2x12")
- Urban Theory Presents: Meltdown (2xCD)
- One To Grow On (CD)
- Herbal Blend (2x12")
- Solid Steel Presents The Herbaliser - Herbal Blend (CD)
- The Document II (3x12")
- The Document II (CD)
- They Mixes (12")
- Biz Markie ripped up megamix (7')
Scratches[link]
- The Funky Precedent (CD)
- Later That Day (2x12")
- Street Signs (CD)
Production[link]
- Jurassic 5 EP (2x12")
- Jurassic 5 EP (12")
- Concrete Schoolyard (12")
- Improvise / Lesson 6: The Lecture (12")
- Jayou / Action Satisfaction (12")
- Jayou / Without A Doubt (12")
- A2G (12")
- A2G EP (2x12")
- Jurassic 5 (LP)
- Nia (3x12")
- The Funky Precedent (CD)
- The Litmus Test (CD)
- Alphabet Aerobics -Blackalicious (12")
DJ mixes[link]
- Brainfreeze (CD)
- Product Placement
- The Litmus Test (CD)
- The Hard Sell (CD)
- The Hard Sell (Encore) (CD)
Appears on[link]
- Got What You Need (12")
- The 5 O'Clock Shadow EP (12")
- My Vinyl Weighs A Ton (CD)
- My Vinyl Weighs a Ton (2x12")
- Tale of Five Cities (12")
- 2001: A Rhyme Odyssey (3x12")
- 2001: A Rhyme Odyssey (CD)
- No Categories 3:: A Ubiquity Compilation (2xCD)
- Embrace the Chaos (CD)
- Blazing Arrow (2x12") by Blackalicious
- Blazing Arrow (CD)
- The Private Press (Limited Edition) (2xCD)
- Freestyle (Steinski's Additive Remix) (12")
- Later That Day... (CD)
- Make Yourself (CD)
- Chemical Calisthenics (CD)
- Jennifer's Body
Tracks appear on[link]
- Audio Alchemy (Experiments In Beat Reconstruction) (2x12")
- Audio Alchemy (Experiments In Beat Reconstruction) (CD)
- Scratchmasters Volume #3 (CD)
- Return Of The D.J. Vol. 1 (CD)
- Return Of The DJ Vol. 1 (2x12")
- Deep Concentration (2xCD)
- The Funky Precedent (CD)
- Urban Revolutions The Future Primitive Sound Collective (3x12")
- Bunky's Pick (CD5")
- Bunky's Pick (12")
- Product Placement (2x12")
- Slinky Presents Superclub DJ's (2xCD)
- In The Mix / Live (12")
- Later That Day... (CD)
- The Ultimate Lessons (2x12")
- The Ultimate Lessons (CD)
- The Ultimate Lessons 2 (2x12")
- The Ultimate Lessons 2 (CD)
- Nat King Cole RE: Generations (CD)
References[link]
- ^ Family Tree Legends
- ^ "Cut Chemist Finds New 'Audience' On Solo Debut". Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. 2006-05-10. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002500222. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ http://www.earfuzz.com/2006/05/audiences-listening-to-cut-chemist.html
- ^ "Cut Chemist feat. Hymnal "What's the Altitude" Music Video". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AVHXe-ol-s. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lucas MacFadden |
| Alternative names | Cut Chemist |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 4, 1972 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Cut_Chemist
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Cut Chemist
http://fr.wn.com/Cut Chemist
http://es.wn.com/Cut Chemist
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_Chemist
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jurassic 5 | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California |
| Genres | Alternative hip hop |
| Years active | 1993–2007 |
| Labels | TVT Interscope JVC |
| Associated acts | Ozomatli |
| Website | http://www.jurassic5.com/ |
| Past members | |
| Akil Zaakir Mark 7even DJ Nu-Mark Chali 2na Cut Chemist |
|
Jurassic 5 was an American alternative hip hop group formed in 1993 from members of two previous groups, Rebels of Rhythm and Unity Committee[1] by rappers Charles Stewart (Chali 2na), Dante Givens (Akil), Courtenay Henderson (Zaakir), Marc Stuart (Mark 7even), and disc jockeys Mark Potsic (DJ Nu-Mark) and Lucas Macfadden (Cut Chemist).[2] The six piece crew that was formed, came out of the Los Angeles, California Venue called "Good Life". [3] The group broke up in 2007,[4] shortly after releasing their fourth LP Feedback, citing "Musical Differences" [5]
Contents |
History[link]
Jurassic 5 debuted nationally in 1995 from TVT Records with their first single, "Unified Rebeluation". [6] Jurassic 5 released their first record, Jurassic 5 EP, in 1997. After Jurassic 5 put out their first record it, "cemented their position in the 1990s alternative hip hop movement, alongside artists such as Company Flow, Black Star and Kool Keith. [7] The group later signed to Interscope Records and the EP was repackaged with additional tracks and released in December 1998 as the full-length, eponymous debut album entitled Jurassic 5.[4]
This was followed by their second album Quality Control, which peaked at #43 on the Billboard 200.[8]
In 2002, they released their third album, Power In Numbers which peaked at #15 on the Billboard 200 chart.
Jurassic 5 eventually toured without Cut Chemist,[9] who left the group to pursue a solo career.[10] The remaining five members released their fourth album, Feedback, on July 25, 2006. The album peaked at #15 on the Billboard 200.[8]
In other media[link]
Jurassic 5's music has been used in several video games. In 2000, "Jayou" was featured in Grind Session. Also in 2000, Jet Set Radio was released in North America including the track "Improvise" from the album Quality Control - though it only appears on the US pressing. All other pressings of the album have the track Concrete And Clay instead - and an instrumental version of the same song. The following year, the track "Great Expectations" from the same album was also included in Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX.[11] The song "In The House" from Feedback was featured in NBA Live 06.[12] while "Red Hot" was featured in SSX On Tour.[13] In 2003, "A Day At The Races" was included in Tony Hawk's Underground. The song "What's Golden" from Power In Numbers was featured in ATV Offroad Fury 2.
Breakup[link]
The group split in 2007.[14] Reasons for the break-up have been attributed to disagreements among members of the group.[15]
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US [16] |
US R&B [17] |
US Rap [18] |
UK [19] |
||||||
| Jurassic 5 | — | — | — | 70 | |||||
| Quality Control |
|
43 | 33 | — | 23 | ||||
| Power in Numbers |
|
15 | 13 | — | 46 | ||||
| Feedback |
|
15 | 12 | 6 | 59 | ||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||||||||
Singles[link]
| Year | Single | Peak chart positions |
Album | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US R&B [20] |
US Rap [21] |
UK [19] |
|||||||
| 1998 | "Jayou" | — | — | 56 | Jurassic 5 | ||||
| "Concrete Schoolyard" | — | — | 35 | ||||||
| 1999 | "Improvise" | — | 41 | — | |||||
| 2000 | "Quality Control" | 96 | 12 | — | Quality Control | ||||
| 2001 | "W.O.E. Is Me (World of Entertainment)" | 94 | 8 | — | |||||
| "The Influence" | — | — | — | ||||||
| 2002 | "What's Golden" | — | — | — | Power in Numbers | ||||
| 2003 | "Freedom" | — | — | — | |||||
| 2004 | "Thin Line" | — | — | — | |||||
| "Hey" | — | — | — | ||||||
| 2005 | "Red Hot" | — | — | — | Feedback | ||||
| 2006 | "Canto de Osshanha" | — | — | — | |||||
| "Work It Out" (with Dave Matthews Band) | — | — | 116 | ||||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||||||||
Extended Plays[link]
- Unified Rebelution (1995)
- Jurassic 5 EP (1997)
Miscellaneous[link]
- Jet Grind Radio Music Sampler (2000)
- Jurassick! (Freestyles and Rarities) (2003, Interscope Records)
- Pre-Historik Rarities (2003)
- The Inside Track (2003, Interscope Records)
- Linguistics (2006)
References[link]
- ^ Jee, Bevan. "Old school Classic Jurassic 5 Interview". Bombhiphop.com. http://www.bombhiphop.com/jurassic.htm. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Pop: Jurassic 5's monster success by Tim Perry, The Independent, May 16, 1998].
- ^ [1] by Last.fm, "Jurassic 5", Retrieve April 7, 2012.
- ^ a b 2na learning to swim alone by Mike Devlin, The Times-Colonist, September 23, 2010
- ^ [2] by John Bush: Rovi, "Jurassic 5 Biography", Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^ [3] by Peiro Scaruffi,"The History of Rock Music. Jurassic 5", Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ [4] by LyricsFreak, "Jurassic 5", Retrieved Aprill 9,2012.
- ^ a b Jurassic 5 Chart History, billboard.com, Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ http://www.pixelsurgeon.com/interviews/interview.php?id=241
- ^ http://www.cutchemist.com/#/bio
- ^ April 10, 2001 4:39PM PDT (2001-09-30). "Soundtrack for Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX announced". GameSpot.com. http://www.gamespot.com/news/2706661.html. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
- ^ NBA Live 06 Soundtrack, ign.com, September 13, 2005
- ^ SSX On Tour Soundtrack Announced, tvg.com, by Jon Wilcox, September 12, 2005
- ^ "Jurassic 5 announce split". NME. http://www.nme.com/news/nme/27208. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Rapper Bitter About Jurassic 5 Split". Contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/rapper-bitter-about-jurassic-5-split_1025611. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Jurassic 5 Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/jurassic-5/chart-history/260237. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Jurassic 5 Album & Song Chart History - R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/jurassic-5/chart-history/260237?f=333&g=Albums. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Jurassic 5 Album & Song Chart History - Rap Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/jurassic-5/chart-history/260237?f=335&g=Albums. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ a b "Chart Log UK: Candy J. - JX". The Official Charts Company. http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_J.HTM. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Jurassic 5 Album & Song Chart History - R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/jurassic-5/chart-history/260237?f=367&g=Singles. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Jurassic 5 : Allmusic : Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jurassic-5-p290296/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
External links[link]
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| Monty Python | |
|---|---|
|
275px Front row: Terry Jones, John Cleese, Michael Palin |
|
| Medium | Television, film, theatre, audio recordings, books |
| Nationality | British[1] |
| Years active | 1969–1983 |
| Genres | Satire, surreal humour, dark comedy |
| Influences | The Goons, Spike Milligan, Peter Cook |
| Influenced | Douglas Adams, Eddie Izzard, George Carlin, Vic and Bob, Steve Pemberton, Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Matt Groening |
| Notable works and roles | Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–1974) And Now for Something Completely Different (1971) Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974) Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982) Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) |
| Members | Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin |
| Website | PythOnline |
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons)[2][3] was a British surreal comedy group who created Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group's influence on comedy has been compared to The Beatles' influence on music.[4][5]
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, was conceived, written and performed by members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach (aided by Gilliam's animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content.[6][7] A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons' creative control allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of Saturday Night Live through to more recent absurdist trends in television comedy. "Pythonesque" has entered the English lexicon as a result.
In a 2005 UK poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, three of the six Pythons members were voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at #2, Idle at #21, and Palin at #30.[8]
Contents |
[edit] Before Flying Circus
Palin and Jones met at Oxford University, where they performed together with the Oxford Revue. Cleese and Chapman met at Cambridge. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Cleese and Chapman. Cleese met Gilliam in New York while on tour with the Cambridge University Footlights revue Cambridge Circus (originally entitled A Clump of Plinths). Chapman, Cleese and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that time also included the future Goodies (Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie and Graeme Garden), and Jonathan Lynn (co-writer of Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister). During Idle's presidency of the Club, feminist writer Germaine Greer and broadcaster Clive James were members. Recordings of Footlights revues (called "Smokers") at Pembroke College include sketches and performances by Idle and Cleese. They are kept in the archives of the Pembroke Players, along with tapes of Idle's performances in some of the college drama society's theatrical productions.
Python members appeared in and/or wrote the following shows before Monty Python's Flying Circus. The Frost Report is credited as first uniting the British Pythons and providing an environment in which they could develop their particular styles:
- I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again (radio) (1964–1973) [Cleese: cast member & writer] – [Idle and Chapman: writers]
- The Frost Report (1966–1967) [Cleese: cast member and writer] – [Idle: writer of Frost's monologues] – [Chapman, Palin and Jones: writers]
- At Last the 1948 Show (1967) [Chapman and Cleese: writers and cast members] – [Idle: writer]
- Twice a Fortnight (1967) [Palin and Jones: cast members and writers]
- Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967–1969) [Idle, Jones, and Palin: cast members & writers] – [Gilliam: animation]
— Bonzo Dog Band: musical interludes] - We Have Ways of Making You Laugh (1968) [Idle: cast member & writer] – [Gilliam: animation]
- How to Irritate People (1968) [Cleese and Chapman: cast members & writers] – [Palin: cast member]
- The Complete and Utter History of Britain (1969) [Palin and Jones: cast members & writers]
- Doctor in the House (1969) [Cleese & Chapman: writers]
Several featured other important British comedy writers or performers of the future, including Marty Feldman, Jonathan Lynn, David Jason and David Frost, as well as members of other future comedy teams, Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker (the Two Ronnies), and Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (the Goodies).
Following the success of Do Not Adjust Your Set, originally intended to be a children's programme, with adults, ITV offered Palin, Jones, Idle and Gilliam their own series together. At the same time Cleese and Chapman were offered a show by the BBC, which had been impressed by their work on The Frost Report and At Last The 1948 Show. Cleese was reluctant to do a two-man show for various reasons, including Chapman's supposedly difficult personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin and invited him to join the team. With the ITV series still in pre-production, Palin agreed and suggested the involvement of his writing partner Jones and colleague Idle—who in turn suggested that Gilliam could provide animations for the projected series. Much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleese's desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold.[9]
[edit] Monty Python's Flying Circus
Main article: Monty Python's Flying Circus
Development of the series[link]
The Pythons had a definite idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore on Beyond the Fringe, and had worked on Frost, which was similar in style. They enjoyed Cook and Moore's sketch show Not Only... But Also. One problem the Pythons perceived with these programmes was that though the body of the sketch would be strong, the writers would often struggle to then find a punchline funny enough to end on, and this would detract from the overall sketch quality. They decided that they would simply not bother to "cap" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the Flying Circus series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that "This is the silliest sketch I've ever been in"—they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set). However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, Spike Milligan, recording his groundbreaking series Q5 (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy, Milligan would often "give up" on sketches halfway through and wander off set (often muttering "Did I write this?"). It was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate.
After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for Do Not Adjust Your Set called Beware of the Elephants, which had intrigued him with its stream-of-consciousness style. Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series: allowing sketches to blend into one another. Palin had been equally fascinated by another of Gilliam's efforts, entitled Christmas Cards, and agreed that it represented "a way of doing things differently". Since Cleese, Chapman and Idle were less concerned with the overall flow of the programme, it was Jones, Palin and Gilliam who became largely responsible for the presentation style of the Flying Circus series, in which disparate sketches are linked to give each episode the appearance of a single stream-of-consciousness (often using a Gilliam animation to move from the closing image of one sketch to the opening scene of another).
Writing started at 9 am and finished at 5 pm. Typically, Cleese and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a 'writer', rather than an actor desperate for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had carte blanche to decide how to bridge them with animations, using a camera, scissors, and airbrush.
While the show was a collaborative process, different factions within Python were responsible for elements of the team's humour. In general, the work of the Oxford-educated members (Jones and Palin) was more visual, and more fanciful conceptually (e.g., the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition in a suburban front room), while the Cambridge graduates' sketches tended to be more verbal and more aggressive (for example, Cleese and Chapman's many "confrontation" sketches, where one character intimidates or hurls abuse, or Idle's characters with bizarre verbal quirks, such as The Man Who Speaks In Anagrams). Cleese confirmed that "most of the sketches with heavy abuse were Graham's and mine, anything that started with a slow pan across countryside and impressive music was Mike and Terry's, and anything that got utterly involved with words and disappeared up any personal orifice was Eric's".[10] Gilliam's animations, meanwhile, ranged from the whimsical to the savage (the cartoon format allowing him to create some astonishingly violent scenes without fear of censorship).
Several names for the show were considered before Monty Python's Flying Circus was settled upon. Some were Owl Stretching Time, Toad Elevating Moment, A Bucket, a Horse and a Spoon, Vaseline Review and Bun, Wackett, Buzzard, Stubble and Boot. Flying Circus stuck when the BBC explained it had printed that name in its schedules and was not prepared to amend it. Many variations on the name in front of this title then came and went (popular legend holds that the BBC considered Monty Python's Flying Circus to be a ridiculous name, at which point the group threatened to change their name every week until the BBC relented). "Gwen Dibley's Flying Circus" was named after a woman Palin had read about in the newspaper, thinking it would be amusing if she were to discover she had her own TV show. "Baron Von Took's Flying Circus" was considered as an affectionate tribute to Barry Took, the man who had brought them together. Arthur Megapode's Flying Circus was suggested, then discarded.
There are differing, somewhat confusing accounts of the origins of the Python name although the members agree that its only "significance" was that they thought it sounded funny. In the 1998 documentary Live At Aspen during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the group implied that "Monty" was selected (Eric Idle's idea) as a gently-mocking tribute to Field Marshal Lord Montgomery, a legendary British general of World War II; requiring a "slippery-sounding" surname, they settled on "Python". On other occasions Idle has claimed that the name "Monty" was that of a popular and rotund fellow who drank in his local pub; people would often walk in and ask the barman, "Has Monty been in yet?", forcing the name to become stuck in his mind. The name Monty Python was later described by the BBC as being "envisaged by the team as the perfect name for a sleazy entertainment agent".[11]
Style of the show[link]
Flying Circus popularised innovative formal techniques, such as the cold open, in which an episode began without the traditional opening titles or announcements.[12] An example of this is the "It's" man: Palin, outfitted in Robinson Crusoe garb, making a tortuous journey across various terrains, before finally approaching the camera to state, "It's...", only to be then cut off by the title sequence and theme music. On several occasions the cold open lasted until mid show, after which the regular opening titles ran. Occasionally the Pythons tricked viewers by rolling the closing credits halfway through the show, usually continuing the joke by fading to the familiar globe logo used for BBC continuity, over which Cleese would parody the clipped tones of a BBC announcer. On one occasion the credits ran directly after the opening titles. Because of their dislike of finishing with punchlines, they experimented with ending the sketches by cutting abruptly to another scene or animation, walking offstage, addressing the camera (breaking the fourth wall), or introducing a totally unrelated event or character. A classic example of this approach was the use of Chapman's "Colonel" character, who walked into several sketches and ordered them to be stopped because things were becoming "far too silly." Another favourite way of ending sketches was to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" prop on one of the characters when the sketch seemed to be losing momentum, or a knight in full armour (played by Terry Gilliam) would wander on-set and hit characters over the head with a rubber chicken,[13] before cutting to the next scene. Yet another way of changing scenes was when John Cleese, usually outfitted in a dinner suit, would come in as a radio commentator and make the formal and determined announcement, "And now for something completely different."
The Python theme music is The Liberty Bell, a march by John Philip Sousa, which was chosen, among other reasons, because the recording was in the public domain.[12]
The use of Gilliam's surreal, collage stop motion animations was another innovative intertextual element of the Python style. Many of the images Gilliam used were lifted from famous works of art, and from Victorian illustrations and engravings. The giant foot which crushes the show's title at the end of the opening credits is in fact the foot of Cupid, cut from a reproduction of the Renaissance masterpiece Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time by Bronzino. This foot, and Gilliam's style in general, are visual trademarks of the series.
The Pythons used the British tradition of cross-dressing comedy by donning frocks and makeup and playing female roles themselves while speaking in falsetto. Generally speaking, female roles were played by a woman (usually Carol Cleveland) only when the scene specifically required that the character be sexually attractive (although sometimes they used Idle for this). In some episodes and later in Monty Python's Life of Brian they took the idea one step further by playing women who impersonated men (in the stoning scene).
Many sketches are well-known and widely quoted. "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Spam", "Nudge Nudge", "The Spanish Inquisition", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Cheese Shop" and "The Ministry of Silly Walks" are just a few examples.
Introduction to North America[link]
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) added Monty Python’s Flying Circus to its national September 1970 fall lineup.[14] They aired the 13 episodes of Series 1, which had first run on the BBC the previous fall (October 1969 to January 1970), as well as the first 6 episodes of Series 2 only a few weeks after they first appeared on the BBC (September to November 1970).[14] The CBC dropped the show when it returned to regular programming after the Christmas 1970 break, choosing to not place the remaining 7 episodes of series 2 on the January 1971 CBC schedule.[14] Within a week the CBC received hundreds of calls complaining of the cancellation, and more than 100 people staged a demonstration at the CBC’s Montreal studios.[14]
Time-Life Films had the right to distribute all BBC-TV programs in the United States, however they had decided that British comedy simply would not work in America. Therefore, it was not worth the investment to convert the Python episodes from the European PAL standard to the American NTSC standard.
Sketches from Monty Python’s Flying Circus were introduced to American audiences in August 1972, with the release of the Python movie And Now for Something Completely Different, featuring sketches from series 1 and 2 of the television show. This 1972 release met limited box office success.
In the summer of 1974 Ron Devillier, the program director for non-profit PBS television station KERA in Dallas, Texas, started airing episodes of Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Ratings shot through the roof, providing an encouraging sign to the other 100 PBS stations that had signed up to begin airing the show in October 1974—exactly 5 years after their BBC debut. There was also cross-promotion from FM radio stations across the country, whose airing of tracks from the Python LPs had already introduced American audiences to this bizarre brand of comedy. The popularity on PBS resulted in the 1974 re-release of the 1972 "...Completely Different" movie, with much greater box office success.
The ability to show Monty Python’s Flying Circus under the American NTSC standard had been made possible by the commercial actions of American television producer Greg Garrison. Garrison produced the NBC series The Dean Martin Comedy World, which ran during the summer of 1974. The concept was to show clips from comedy shows produced in other countries, including tape of the Python sketches "Bicycle Repairman" and "The Dull Life of a Stockbroker". Payment for use of these two sketches was enough to allow Time-Life Films to convert the entire Python library to NTSC standard, allowing for the sale to the PBS network stations who then brought the entire show to US audiences.
With the popularity of Python throughout the rest of the 1970s and through most of the 1980s, PBS stations looked at other British comedies, leading to UK shows such as Are You Being Served? gaining a US audience, and leading, over time, to many PBS stations having a "British Comedy Night" which airs many popular UK comedies.[15]
[edit] End of Flying Circus
Having considered the possibility at the end of the second series, Cleese left the Flying Circus at the end of the third. He later explained that he felt he no longer had anything fresh to offer the show, and claimed that only two Cleese-and-Chapman-penned sketches in the third series ("Dennis Moore" and the "Cheese Shop") were truly original, and that the others were bits and pieces from previous work cobbled together in slightly different contexts.[9] He was also finding Chapman, who was at that point in the full throes of alcoholism, difficult to work with. According to an interview with Idle, "It was on an Air Canada flight on the way to Toronto, when John (Cleese) turned to all of us and said 'I want out.' Why? I don't know. He gets bored more easily than the rest of us. He's a difficult man, not easy to be friendly with. He's so funny because he never wanted to be liked. That gives him a certain fascinating, arrogant freedom."[16]
The rest of the group carried on for one more "half" series before calling a halt to the programme in 1974. The name Monty Python's Flying Circus appears in the opening animation for series four, but in the end credits the show is listed as simply "Monty Python". Despite his official departure from the group, Cleese supposedly made a (non-speaking) cameo appearance in the fourth series, but never appeared in the credits as a performer. Several episodes credit him as a co-writer since some sketches were recycled from scenes cut from the Holy Grail script. While the first three series contained 13 episodes each, the fourth ended after six.
[edit] Life after the Flying Circus
Filmography[link]
[edit] And Now for Something Completely Different (1971)
Main article: And Now for Something Completely Different
The Pythons' first feature film (directed by Ian MacNaughton, reprising his role from the television series). It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the Flying Circus, reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "How Not To Be Seen" and "Nudge Nudge". Financed by Playboy's UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK (this still being in the era before home video would make it much more accessible to view the material again). The group did not consider the film a success.
[edit] Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974)
Main article: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first "proper" feature film, containing entirely new material. Monty Python and the Holy Grail was based on Arthurian Legend and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but it was Chapman who took the lead as King Arthur. Cleese returned to the group for the film, feeling that the group were once again breaking new ground. Holy Grail was filmed on location, in picturesque rural areas of Scotland, with a budget of only £229,000; the money was raised in part with investments from rock groups such as Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Led Zeppelin—and UK music industry entrepreneur Tony Stratton-Smith (founder and owner of the Charisma Records label, for which the Pythons recorded their comedy albums).
The backers of the film wanted to cut the famous Black Knight scene (in which the Black Knight loses his limbs in a duel) but it was eventually kept in the movie.[17]
[edit] Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Main article: Monty Python's Life of Brian
Following the success of Holy Grail, reporters asked for the title of the next Python film, despite the fact that the team had not even begun to consider a third one. Eventually, Idle flippantly replied "Jesus Christ – Lust for Glory", which became the group's stock answer once they realised that it shut reporters up. However, they soon began to seriously consider a film lampooning the New Testament era in the same way Holy Grail had lampooned Arthurian legend. Despite them all sharing a distrust of organised religion, they agreed not to mock Jesus nor his teachings directly. Instead, they decided to write a satire on credulity and hypocrisy among the followers of someone who had been mistaken for the "Messiah," but who had no desire to be followed as such. Chapman was cast in the lead role of Brian.
The focus therefore shifted to a separate individual born at the same time, in a neighbouring stable. When Jesus appears in the film (first, as a baby in the stable, and then later on the Mount, speaking the Beatitudes), he is played straight (by actor Kenneth Colley) and portrayed with respect. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance. ("I think he said, 'Blessed are the cheesemakers.'")
Directing duties were handled solely by Jones, having amicably agreed with Gilliam that Jones' approach to film-making was better suited for Python's general performing style. Holy Grail's production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. He had a cameo role as the 'owner of the Mount.'
Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked Holy Grail in sixth place, with Life of Brian at the top.[18]
[edit] Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
Main article: Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl
Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for The Meaning of Life, this was a concert film (directed by Terry Hughes) in which the Pythons performed sketches from the television series in front of an audience. The released film also incorporated footage from the German television specials (the inclusion of which gives Ian MacNaughton his first on-screen credit for Python since the end of Flying Circus) and live performances of several songs from the troupe's then-current Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album.
[edit] Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Main article: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life
Python's final film returned to something structurally closer to the style of Flying Circus. A series of sketches loosely follows the ages of man from birth to death. Directed again by Jones solo, The Meaning of Life is embellished with some of Python's most bizarre and disturbing moments, as well as various elaborate musical numbers. The film is by far their darkest work, containing a great deal of black humour, garnished by some spectacular violence (including an operation to remove a liver from a living patient without anaesthetic and the morbidly obese Mr. Creosote exploding over several restaurant patrons). At the time of its release, the Pythons confessed their aim was to offend "absolutely everyone."
Besides the opening credits and the fish sequence, Gilliam, by now an established live action director, no longer wanted to produce any linking cartoons, offering instead to direct one sketch—The Crimson Permanent Assurance. Under his helm, though, the segment grew so ambitious and tangential that it was cut from the movie and used as a supporting feature in its own right. (Television screenings also use it as a prologue.) Crucially, this was the last project that all six Pythons would collaborate on, except for the 1989 compilation Parrot Sketch Not Included, where they are all seen sitting in a closet for four seconds. This would be the last time Chapman appeared on-screen with the Pythons.
[edit] Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows
Members of Python contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes—sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals. The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the human rights work of Amnesty International. Between 1976 and 1981, the troupe or its members appeared in four major fund-raisers for Amnesty—known collectively as the Secret Policeman's Ball shows—which were turned into multiple films, TV shows, videos, record albums and books. These benefit shows and their many spin-offs raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty, raised public and media awareness of the human rights cause and influenced many other members of the entertainment community (especially rock musicians) to become involved in political and social issues.[19] Among the many musicians who have publicly attributed their activism—and the organisation of their own benefit events—to the inspiration of the work in this field of Monty Python are U2, Bob Geldof, Pete Townshend and Sting.[19] The shows are credited by Amnesty with helping the organisation develop public awareness in the US where one of the spin-off films was a major success.
Cleese and Jones had an involvement (as performer, writer or director) in all four Amnesty benefit shows, Palin in three, Chapman in two and Gilliam in one. Idle did not participate in the Amnesty shows. Notwithstanding Idle's lack of participation, the other five members (together with "Associate Pythons" Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes) all appeared together in the first Secret Policeman's Ball benefit—the 1976 A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)—where they performed several Python sketches. In this first show they were collectively billed as Monty Python. (Peter Cook deputised for the errant Idle in one major sketch The Courtroom.) In the next three shows, the participating Python members performed many Python sketches, but were billed under their individual names rather than under the collective Python banner. After a six-year break, Amnesty resumed producing Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows in 1987 (sometimes with, and sometimes without variants of the iconic title) and by 2006 had presented a total of twelve such shows. The shows since 1987 have featured newer generations of British comedic performers, including many who have attributed their participation in the show to their desire to emulate the Python's pioneering work for Amnesty. (Cleese and Palin made a brief cameo appearance in the 1989 Amnesty show; apart from that the Pythons have not appeared in shows after the first four.)
Going solo[link]
Each member has pursued various film, television and stage projects since the break-up of the group, but often continued to work with one another. Many of these collaborations were very successful, most notably A Fish Called Wanda (1988), written by Cleese, in which he starred along with Palin. The pair also appeared in Time Bandits (1981), a film directed by Gilliam, who wrote it together with Palin. Gilliam directed Jabberwocky (1977), and also directed and co-wrote Brazil (1985) and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), which featured Palin and Idle respectively. Yellowbeard (1983) was co-written by Chapman and featured Chapman, Cleese and Palin alongside many of their English contemporaries, including Peter Cook, Spike Milligan and Marty Feldman.
Palin and Jones wrote the comedic TV series Ripping Yarns (1976–79), starring Palin. Jones also appeared in the pilot episode and Cleese appeared in a non-speaking part in the episode "Golden Gordon". Jones' film Erik the Viking, also has Cleese playing a small part.
In 1996, Terry Jones wrote and directed an adaption of Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows. It featured four members of Monty Python: Jones as Mr. Toad, Idle as Ratty, Cleese as Mr. Toad's lawyer, and Palin as the Sun. Gilliam was considered for the voice of the river.
In terms of numbers of productions, Cleese has the most prolific solo career, having appeared in 59 theatrical films, 22 TV shows or series (including Cheers, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Q's assistant in the James Bond movies, and Will & Grace), 23 direct-to-video productions, six video games, and a number of commercials.[20] His BBC sitcom Fawlty Towers (written by and starring Cleese together with his then-wife Connie Booth), is considered the greatest solo work by a Python since the sketch show finished. It is the only comedy series to rank higher than the Flying Circus on the BFI TV 100's list, topping the whole poll.
Idle enjoyed critical success with Rutland Weekend Television in the mid-1970s, out of which came the Beatles parody The Rutles (responsible for the cult mockumentary All You Need Is Cash), and as an actor in Nuns on the Run (1990) with Robbie Coltrane. Idle has had success with Python songs: "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" went to no. 3 in the UK singles chart in 1991. The song had been revived by Simon Mayo on BBC Radio 1, and was consequently released as a single that year. The theatrical phenomenon of the Python musical Spamalot has made Idle the most financially successful of the troupe post-Python. Written by Idle, it has proved an enormous hit on Broadway, London's West End and also Las Vegas.[21] This was followed by Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), which repurposes The Life of Brian as an oratorio. For the work's 2007 premiere at the Luminato festival in Toronto (which commissioned the work), Idle himself sang the "baritone-ish" part.
Post-Python reunions[link]
Since The Meaning of Life, their last project as a team, the Pythons have often been the subject of reunion rumours.[21] The final reunion of all six members occurred during the Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python special. The death of Chapman in 1989 (on the eve of their 20th anniversary) put an end to the speculation of any further reunions. There have been several occasions since 1989 when the surviving five members have gathered together for appearances—albeit not formal reunions.
In 1996, Jones, Idle, Cleese and Palin were featured in a film adaptation of The Wind in the Willows, which was later renamed Mr. Toad's Wild Ride.
In 1998 during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the five remaining members along with what was purported to be Chapman's ashes, were reunited on stage for the first time in 18 years.[22] The occasion was in the form of an interview called Monty Python Live At Aspen, (hosted by Robert Klein, with an appearance by Eddie Izzard) in which the team looked back at some of their work and performed a few new sketches.
On 9 October 1999, to commemorate 30 years since the first Flying Circus television broadcast, BBC2 devoted an evening to Python programmes, including a documentary charting the history of the team, interspersed with new sketches by the Monty Python team filmed especially for the event. The program appears, though omitting a few things, on the DVD The Life of Python. Though Idle's involvement in the special is limited, the final sketch marks the only time since 1989 that all surviving members of the troupe appear in one sketch, albeit not in the same room.
In 2002, four of the surviving members, bar Cleese, performed "The Lumberjack Song" and "Sit on My Face" for George Harrison's memorial concert. The reunion also included regular supporting contributors Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland, with a special appearance from Tom Hanks.
In an interview to publicise the DVD release of The Meaning of Life, Cleese said a further reunion was unlikely. "It is absolutely impossible to get even a majority of us together in a room, and I'm not joking," Cleese said. He said that the problem was one of business rather than one of bad feelings.[23] A sketch appears on the same DVD spoofing the impossibility of a full reunion, bringing the members “together” in a deliberately unconvincing fashion with modern bluescreen/greenscreen techniques.
Idle has responded to queries about a Python reunion by adapting a line used by George Harrison in response to queries about a possible Beatles reunion. When asked in November 1989 about such a possibility, Harrison responded: "As far as I'm concerned, there won't be a Beatles reunion as long as John Lennon remains dead." Idle's version of this was that he expected to see a proper Python reunion, "just as soon as Graham Chapman comes back from the dead", but added, "we're talking to his agent about terms."[24]
2003's The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons, compiled from interviews with the surviving members, reveals that a series of disputes in 1998, over a possible sequel to Holy Grail that had been conceived by Idle, may have resulted in the group's permanent fission. Cleese's feeling was that The Meaning of Life had been personally difficult and ultimately mediocre, and did not wish to be involved in another Python project for a variety of reasons (not least amongst them was the absence of Chapman, whose straight man-like central roles in the original Grail and Brian films had been considered to be essential performance anchorage). Apparently Idle was angry with Cleese for refusing to do the film, which most of the remaining Pythons thought reasonably promising (the basic plot would have taken on a self-referential tone, featuring them in their main 'knight' guises from Holy Grail, mulling over the possibilities of reforming their posse). The book also reveals that a secondary option around this point was the possibility of revitalising the Python brand with a new stage tour, perhaps with the promise of new material. This idea had also hit the buffers at Cleese's refusal, this time with the backing of other members.
March 2005 saw a full, if non-performing, reunion of the surviving cast members at the premiere of Idle's musical Spamalot, based on Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It opened in Chicago and has since played in New York on Broadway, London and numerous other major cities across the world. In 2004, it was nominated for 14 Tony Awards and won three: Best Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for Mike Nichols and Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Sara Ramirez, who played the Lady of the Lake, a character specially added for the musical. Cleese played the voice of God, played in the film by Chapman.
Owing in part to the success of Spamalot, PBS announced on 13 July 2005, that it would begin to re-air the entire run of Monty Python's Flying Circus and new one-hour specials focusing on each member of the group, called Monty Python's Personal Best.[25] Each episode was written and produced by the individual being honoured, with the five remaining Pythons collaborating on Chapman's programme, the only one of the editions to take on a serious tone with its new material.
Eric Idle and John Cleese appeared on stage together singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" with the rest of the performers for the climax of Prince Charles 60th Birthday Show.
In 2009, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a six part documentary entitled Monty Python: Almost the Truth (The Lawyer's Cut) was released, featuring interviews with the surviving members of the team as well as archive interviews with Graham Chapman and numerous excerpts from the television series and films.
Also in commemoration of the 40th anniversary Idle, Palin, Jones and Gilliam appeared in a production of Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) at the Royal Albert Hall. The European premiere was held on 23 October 2009.[26] An official 40th anniversary Monty Python reunion event took place in New York City on 15 October 2009 where the Team received a Special Award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.[27]
In June 2011, it was announced that Monty Python have begun production on their first film project since the Meaning of Life in 1983. Their next film, A Liar's Autobiography, is an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of the late Python member, Graham Chapman, who died in 1989 at the age of 48. A Liar’s Autobiography was published in 1980 and details Chapman's journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity and the toils of surreal comedy.
Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: "Nothing . . . it’s all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie."
The film will use Chapman's own voice - from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer - and entertainment channel EPIX announced that the film will be released in early 2012 in both 2D and 3D formats. Produced and directed by London-based Bill Jones, Ben Timlett and Jeff Simpson, the new film has 15 animation companies working on chapters that will range from three to 12 minutes in length, each in a different style.
John Cleese has recorded new dialogue which will be matched with Chapman’s voice and Michael Palin will voice Chapman’s mother and father. Terry Gilliam plays various roles. Among the original Python group, only Eric Idle has not become involved, though Timlett said the filmmakers are “working on” him.[28]
Python members[link]
Graham Chapman was originally a medical student, joining the Footlights at Cambridge. He completed his medical training and was legally entitled to practice as a doctor. Chapman is best remembered for the lead roles in Holy Grail, as King Arthur, and Life of Brian, as Brian Cohen. He died of spinal and throat cancer on 4 October 1989. At Chapman's memorial service, Cleese delivered an irreverent eulogy that included all the euphemisms for being dead from the Dead Parrot sketch, which they had written.
John Cleese is the oldest Python. He met his future Python writing partner, Graham Chapman, in Cambridge.
Terry Gilliam, an American, was the only member of the troupe of non-British origin.[29] He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for Harvey Kurtzman's Help! magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the USA to England, he animated features for Do Not Adjust Your Set and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: Monty Python's Flying Circus. He co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance "The Crimson Permanent Assurance", the short film that appears before The Meaning of Life).
When Monty Python was first formed, two writing partnerships were already in place: Cleese and Chapman, Jones and Palin. That left two in their own corners: Gilliam, operating solo due to the nature of his work, and Eric Idle. Regular themes in his contributions were elaborate wordplay and musical numbers. After Flying Circus, he hosted Saturday Night Live four times in the first five seasons. Idle's initially successful solo career faltered in the 1990s with the failures of his 1993 film Splitting Heirs (written, produced by and starring him) and 1998's An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (in which he starred), which was awarded five Razzies, including 'Worst Picture of the Year'. He revived his career by returning to the source of his worldwide fame, adapting Monty Python material for other media. He also wrote the Broadway musical Spamalot, based on the Holy Grail movie. He also wrote Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), an oratorio derived from the Life of Brian.
Terry Jones has been described by other members of the team as the “heart” of the operation. Jones had a lead role in maintaining the group's unity and creative independence. Python biographer George Perry has commented that should you "speak to him on subjects as diverse as fossil fuels, or Rupert Bear, or mercenaries in the Middle Ages or Modern China... in a moment you will find yourself hopelessly out of your depth, floored by his knowledge." Many others agree that Jones is characterised by his irrepressible, good-natured enthusiasm. However, Jones' passion often led to prolonged arguments with other group members—in particular Cleese—with Jones often unwilling to back down. Since his major contributions were largely behind the scenes (direction, writing), and he often deferred to the other members of the group as an actor, Jones' importance to Python was often underrated. However, he does have the legacy of delivering possibly the most famous line in all of Python, as Brian's mother Mandy in Life of Brian, "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions.[30][31]
Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series Ripping Yarns together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After Flying Circus, he hosted Saturday Night Live four times in the first ten seasons. His comedy output began to decrease in amount following the increasing success of his travel documentaries for the BBC. Palin released a book of diaries from the Python years entitled Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979, published in 2007.
Associate Pythons[link]
Several people have been accorded unofficial "Associate Python" status over the years. Occasionally such people have been referred to as the 7th Python, in a style reminiscent of George Martin (or other associates of The Beatles) being dubbed "the Fifth Beatle." The two collaborators with the most meaningful and plentiful contributions have been Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland. Both were present and presented as Associate Pythons at the official Monty Python 25th anniversary celebrations held in Los Angeles in July 1994.
File:CarolCleveland.jpg
Carol Cleveland as the stereotypical "blonde bombshell" in the Marriage Guidance Counsellor sketch.
Neil Innes is the only non-Python besides Douglas Adams to be credited with writing material for the Flying Circus. He appeared in sketches and the Python films, as well as performing some of his songs in Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl. He was also a regular stand-in for absent team members on the rare occasions when they re-created sketches. For example, he took the place of Cleese at the Concert for George. Gilliam once noted that if anyone qualified for the title of the "Seventh Python," it would certainly be Innes. He was one of the creative talents in the off-beat Bonzo Dog Band. He would later portray Ron Nasty of the Rutles and write all of the Rutles' compositions for All You Need is Cash (1978). By 2005, a falling out had occurred between Idle and Innes over additional Rutles projects, the results being Innes' critically acclaimed Rutles "reunion" album The Rutles: Archaeology and Idle's straight-to-DVD The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch, each undertaken without the other's participation. According to an interview with Idle in the Chicago Tribune in May 2005, his attitude is that he and Innes go back "too far. And no further." Innes has remained silent on the dispute.
Carol Cleveland was the most important female performer in the Monty Python ensemble, commonly referred to as the "Python Girl." Originally hired by producer/director John Howard Davies for just the first five episodes of the Flying Circus, she went on to appear in approximately two-thirds of the episodes as well as in all of the Python films, and in most of their stage shows as well. Her common portrayal as the stereotypical "blonde bimbo" eventually earned her the sobriquet "Carol Cleavage" from the other Pythons, but she felt that the variety of her roles should not be described in such a pejorative way.
Other contributors[link]
Cleese's first wife Connie Booth appeared in, amongst others "The Lumberjack Song" and as the "witch" in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Cleese and Booth later co-wrote and co-starred in Fawlty Towers.
Douglas Adams was "discovered" by Chapman when a version of the Footlights Revue (a 1974 BBC2 television show featuring some of Adams' early work) was performed live in London's West End. In Cleese's absence from the final TV series, the two formed a brief writing partnership, with Adams earning a writing credit in one episode for a sketch called "Patient Abuse". In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor's office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment. He also had two cameo appearances in this season. Firstly, in the episode The Light Entertainment War, Adams shows up in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. Secondly, at the beginning of Mr. Neutron, Adams is dressed in a "pepperpot" outfit and loads a missile onto a cart being driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ("Any old iron..."). Adams and Chapman also subsequently attempted a few non-Python projects, including Out of the Trees. He also contributed to a sketch on the soundtrack album for Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Stand-up comedian Eddie Izzard, a devoted fan of the group, has occasionally stood in for absent members. When the BBC held a "Python Night" in 1999 to celebrate 30 years of the first broadcast of Flying Circus, the Pythons recorded some new material with Izzard standing in for Idle, who had declined to partake in person (he taped a solo contribution from the US). Izzard hosted a history of the group entitled The Life of Python (1999) that was part of the Python Night and appeared with them at a festival/tribute in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998 (released on DVD as Live at Aspen).
Cultural influence[link]
By the time of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Monty Python in 1994, the point was already being made that "the five surviving members had with the passing years begun to occupy an institutional position in the edifice of British social culture that they had once had so much fun trying to demolish".[32] A similar point is made in a 2006 book on the relationship between Monty and philosophy: "It is remarkable, after all, not only that the utterly bizarre Monty Python's Flying Circus was sponsored by the BBC in the first place, but that Monty Python itself grew into an institution of enormous cultural influence"[33] Matt Groening, creator and co-developer of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, names Monty Python as an influence and pays tribute through a couch gag used in seasons five and six.[34]
Space[link]
In 2010 the commercial space company SpaceX, launched a wheel of cheese into low earth orbit and returned it safely to the earth. Elon Musk, CEO and CTO of SpaceX, claimed this was done as a tribute to Monty Python.
World records[link]
On St George's Day, 23 April 2007, the cast and creators of Spamalot gathered in Trafalgar Square under the tutelage of the two Terrys (Jones and Gilliam) to set a new record for the world's largest coconut orchestra. They led 5,567 people "clip-clopping" in time to the Python classic "Always Look On The Bright Side of Life" for the Guinness World Records attempt.[35]
'Pythonesque'[link]
Amongst the more visible cultural influences of Monty Python is the inclusion of terms either directly from, or derived from, Monty Python, into the lexicon of the English language. The most obvious of these is the term 'pythonesque', which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in standard dictionaries.[36] Terry Jones commented on his disappointment at the existence of such a term, claiming the initial aim of Monty Python was to create something new and impossible to categorize and that "the fact that Pythonesque is now a word in the Oxford English Dictionary shows the extent to which we failed".[37]
The term has been applied to animations similar to those constructed by Gilliam (e.g. the cut-out style of South Park, whose creators have often acknowledged a debt to Python, including contributing material to the aforementioned 30th anniversary theme night).[38]
Good Eats creator Alton Brown cited Python as one of the influences that shaped how he created the series, as well as how he authors the script for each episode.[39] Recent episodes even include Gilliam-style animations to illustrate key points.
Things named after Monty Python[link]
Beyond a dictionary definition, Python terms have entered the lexicon in other ways.
- The Python programming language by Guido van Rossum is named after the troupe, and Monty Python references are often found in sample code created for that language. Additionally, a 2001 April Fool's Day joke by van Rossum and Larry Wall involving the merger of Python with Perl was dubbed "Parrot" after the Dead Parrot Sketch. The name "Parrot" was later used for a project to develop a virtual machine for running bytecode for interpreted languages such as Perl and Python. Also, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory wrote some spacecraft navigation software in Python, which they dubbed "Monty". There is also a python refactoring tool called bicyclerepair ( [1] ), named after Bicycle Repair Man sketch.
- In 1985, a fossil of a previously unknown species of gigantic prehistoric snake from the Miocene was discovered in Riversleigh, Queensland, Australia. The Australian palaeontologist who discovered the fossil snake was a Monty Python fan, and he gave the snake the taxonomic name of Montypythonoides riversleighensis in honour of the Monty Python team.[40] (Transliterated from Greek Μοντυπυθωνοειδής back to English, Montypythonoides means "like Monty Python".)
- In 2006, Ben & Jerry's, known for their "celebrity flavours", introduced to the lineup "Vermonty Python", a coffee liqueur ice cream with a chocolate cookie crumb swirl and fudge cows. The name "Minty Python" had been suggested before in 1996 in a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor.[41][42]
- In 1999, Black Sheep Brewery released an ale named "Monty Python's Holy
Grail Ale."[43] - The band Toad the Wet Sprocket drew its name from the Eric Idle monologue "Rock Notes" on Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album from 1980.
- The band Boxhamsters, which is the German translation of Brook-Hamster, the winner of the Upper Class Twit of the Year.[44]
- A philosophy lecture series entitled Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Reflected in the Work of Monty Python.[45][46]
- The term "spam" in reference to bulk, unsolicited email is derived from the programme's 1970 "Spam" sketch.[47]
- In the book The Reptile Room by "Lemony Snicket", the character Uncle Monty was named after Monty Python, in a joke referring to his obsession with snakes.
- Seven asteroids are named after Monty Python: 9617 Grahamchapman, 9618 Johncleese, 9619 Terrygilliam, 9620 Ericidle, 9621 Michaelpalin, 9622 Terryjones, and 13681 Monty Python .
- The endangered Bemaraha woolly lemur (Avahi cleesei) is named after John Cleese.
- Dead Parrot Society is the title of a comedy CD released in 1993 featuring sketches from Monty Python's Flying Circus as well as Graham Chapman, Peter Cook, John Cleese, Dudley Moore, and The Portsmouth Sinfonia The title is also a play on the 1989 film Dead Poets Society.
Media[link]
Main article: Monty Python mediagraphy
Television[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–74)
- The show that started the Python phenomenon. See also List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes
- Two 45-minute specials made by WDR for West German television. The first was recorded in German, while the second was in English with German dubbing.
- Monty Python's Personal Best (2006)
- Six one-hour specials, each episode presenting the best of one member's work.
Films[link]
There were five Monty Python productions released as theatrical films:
- A collection of sketches from the first and second TV series of Monty Python's Flying Circus purposely re-enacted and shot for film.
- King Arthur and his knights embark on a low-budget search for the Holy Grail, encountering humorous obstacles along the way. Some of these turned into standalone sketches.
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
- Brian is born on the first Christmas, in the stable next to Jesus'. He spends his life being mistaken for a messiah.
- A videotape recording directed by Ian MacNaughton of a live performance of sketches. Originally intended for a TV/video special. Transferred to 35mm and given a limited theatrical release in the US.
- An examination of the meaning of life in a series of sketches from conception to death and beyond.
- This film features interviews with all the surviving Python members, along with archive representation for the late Graham Chapman.
- This is an animated film which is based on the memoir of the late Monty Python member, Graham Chapman.
Albums[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1970)
- Another Monty Python Record (1971)
- Monty Python's Previous Record (1972)
- The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief (1973)
- Monty Python Live at Drury Lane (1974)
- The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
- Monty Python Live at City Center (1976)
- The Monty Python Instant Record Collection (1977)
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
- Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album (1980)
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
- The Final Rip Off (1988)
- Monty Python Sings (1989)
- The Monty Python Instant Record Collection, Volume 2 (1991)
- The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off (1994)
- The Instant Monty Python CD Collection (1994)
- Spamalot (Broadway version of Monty Python and the Holy Grail with Tim Curry as King Arthur) (2005)
- The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album (unreleased)
Theatre[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Between 1974 and 1980 (Live at the Hollywood Bowl was released in 1982, but was performed in 1980) the Pythons made three sketch-based stage shows, comprising mainly material from the original television series.
- Monty Python's Spamalot – Written by Idle directed by Mike Nichols, with music and lyrics by John Du Prez and Idle, and starring Hank Azaria, Tim Curry, and David Hyde Pierce, Spamalot is a musical adaptation of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It ran in Chicago from 21 December 2004 to 23 January 2005, and began performances on Broadway on 17 March 2005. It won three Tonys.
- Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) – The Toronto Symphony Orchestra commissioned Idle and John Du Prez to write the music and lyrics of an oratorio based on Monty Python's Life of Brian. Entitled Not the Messiah, it had its world premiere as part of Luminato, a "festival of arts and creativity" taking place 1–10 June 2007 in Toronto. Not the Messiah was conducted by Peter Oundjian, Music Director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, who is Idle’s cousin. It was performed by a narrator, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, with guest soloists and choir. According to Idle, "It will be funnier than Handel, though not as good".
Books[link]
- Monty Python's Big Red Book (1971) ISBN 0-413-29520-6.
- The Brand New Monty Python Bok (1973) ISBN 0-7493-1170-3.
- Monty Python and The Holy Grail (book) – Mønti Pythøn ik den Hølie Gräilen (Bøk) (1977) ISBN 0-413-38520-5.
- MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK/ The Life of Brian (1979) ISBN 0-413-46550-0.
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Just The Words Volume 1 (1989) ISBN 0-413-62540-0.
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Just The Words Volume 2 (1989) ISBN 0-413-62550-8.
- The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus Volumes 1 & 2
- The Fairly Incomplete & Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book (1994) ISBN 0-413-69000-8
- Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979
- The Pythons: Autobiography by the Pythons
- The Life of Brian/Jesus (2011) ISBN 978-1-84876-628-0.
Games[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1990) a computer game released by Virgin Games for 8-bit systems such as the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum[48]
- Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time (1994) released by 7th Level for PC / DOS
- Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail (1996), official game released by 7th Level. It used footage and imagery from the film, as well as audio clips (some new) and featured an animated version of a scene never filmed entitled "King Brian The Wild".
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1997), also released by 7th Level. According to the jewel case description, it's based on the film by the same name, but it's really something completely similar yet entirely different.
- Python-opoly (2007), a Monty Python-themed property game released by Toy Vault Inc.[49]
- Monty Python Fluxx (2008), a card game released by Looney Labs[50]
- Blazing Dragons
See also[link]
- Beyond the Fringe
- List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes
- List of recurring characters in Monty Python's Flying Circus
- Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time
- Python (Monty) Pictures
- Spamalot
- The Goodies
- The Goon Show
References[link]
- ^ Gilliam was born American and obtained British citizenship in 1968. In protest at George W. Bush, he renounced his American citizenship in January 2006 and is now only a British citizen. (in German) Kopflos am Potsdamer Platz, DE: Tagesspiegel, 10 February 2006, http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/;art772,2004101, retrieved 15 September 2007
- ^ Wilmut (1980), p. 250.
- ^ The Pythons by 'The Pythons', ISBN 0-7528-5293-0.
- ^ Todd Leopold (11 December 2003). "How Monty Python changed the world". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/12/10/monty.python/index.html. Retrieved 30 March 2007. "Python has been called "the Beatles of comedy,""
- ^ Mark Lewisohn. "Monty Python's Flying Circus". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/m/montypythonsflyi_1299002137.shtml. Retrieved 31 March 2007. "In essence, the Monty Python team are the comedy equivalent of the Beatles."
- ^ 'Holy' Monty Python History Lesson. Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ 'Monty Python' Reunion Planned for New Movie. Christian Post. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ "Cook voted 'comedians' comedian'". BBC News. 2 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4141019.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons—Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Michael Palin, John Chapman, David Sherlock, Bob McCabe—Thomas Dunne Books; Orion, 2003
- ^ Wilmut (1980), p.211
- ^ "BBC – Comedy – Monty Python". http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/montypython/index.shtml.
- ^ a b Museum of Broadcast Communications. "Monty Python's Flying Circus". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/montypython/montypython.htm.
- ^ Monty Python's Flying Circus Just The Words Volume 1, p33. Methuen, 1990
- ^ a b c d Jamie Bradburn, with reference to Toronto Star article of 1971-02-02 (2011-09-20). "Vintage Toronto Ads: Jack of Hearts’ Flying Circus". St. Joseph Media. http://torontoist.com/2011/09/vintage-toronto-ads-jack-of-hearts-flying-circus/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ David Stewart; David C. Stewart (May 1999). The PBS companion: a history of public television. TV Books. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-57500-050-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=U3S4AAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Richard Ouzounian, "Python still has legs", Toronto Star, 16 July 2006
- ^ Interview with John Cleese on Q-The Podcast with host John Ghomeshi, on 16 July 2009
- ^ "50 Greatest Comedy Films". channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/G/greatest-comedyfilms/index.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b Secret Policeman's Ball recruits New York's finest to Amnesty celebration. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ IMDB; as of January 2005; includes pre-release items.
- ^ a b Alan Parker; Mick O'Shea (1 April 2006). And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs. The Disinformation Company. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-932857-31-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC&pg=PA68. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Alleen Pace Nilsen; Don Lee Fred Nilsen (2000). Encyclopedia of 20th-century American humor. Oryx Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-57356-218-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=0ufWAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Monty Python reunion 'unlikely', BBC News, 9 September 2003
- ^ Graham Chapman; John Cleese; Terry Gilliam; Eric Idle (15 November 2005). The Pythons Autobiography by the Pythons. Macmillan. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-312-31145-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Q-XD02f4oQC&pg=PT328. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Exclusive new Monty Python specials slated to premiere in 2006, PBS, 13 July 2005
- ^ mollyblack wrote: (11 July 2009). "retrieved 6 July 2009". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/monty-python-stars-to-stage-reunion-1733638.html. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Pythons receive BAFTA Special Award". Bafta.org. 18 October 2009. http://www.bafta.org/access-all-areas/videos/monty-python-special-award,877,BA.html. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
- ^ "Monty Python back for 3D animated film". The Daily Telegraph (London). 28 June 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8602765/Monty-Python-back-for-3D-animated-film.html.
- ^ David Morgan (6 October 2006). "Terry Gilliam Sounds Off, Director Of 'Brazil' Says Current Events Parallel His Cult Movie". CBSNews. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/06/movies/main2071659.shtml. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Philip French, Mark Kermode, Jason Solomons, Akin Ojumu, and Killian Fox (22 July 2007). "The last laugh: your favourite 50". The Observer (UK). http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2131880,00.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Sarah Womack (19 February 2002). "Life of Brian wins the vote for film's best laughter line". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1385293/Life-of-Brian-wins-the-vote-for-film's-best-laughter-line.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Perry, George (1999). The Life of Python. London: Pavilion Books. p. 6. ISBN 1-85793-441-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+python#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Hardcastle, G.L., & Reisch, G.A. (2006). "”What’s All This Then?” The Introduction". In Gary L. Hardcastle & George A Reisch. Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!. Vol. 19 in Popular Culture and Philosophy series. Chicago: Open Court. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8126-9593-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=monty+python#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Also ISBN 0-8126-9593-3
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus Foot couch gag - Simpsons Wiki". Simpsons.wikia.com. 2011-12-24. http://simpsons.wikia.com/wiki/Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus_Foot_couch_gag. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ BBC-Spamalot cast sets coconut record.
- ^ "Monty Pythonesque." Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.7). Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 23 November 2007. Pythonesque
- ^ Monty Python: Live at Aspen, 1998
- ^ "Monty Python meets South Park". BBC News. 4 October 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/464765.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Marc Berman (27 September 2009). "Mr. TV: Food for Thought". Mediaweek. http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/community/programming-insider/column/e3icbd5f8a8048766fc980ec4910fe71b25. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
- ^ Monty Python – a Brief History, BBC, 29 January 2002
- ^ "STAN FREBERG HERE – British Ice Cream Flavors:". http://leemichaelwithers.tripod.com/sfh7_16_96.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream has just finished a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor. ... They wanted a kind of "pun" flavor along the lines of their successful American flavor, "Cherry Garcia"--hmm, my favorite. Anyhow, the winner was "Cool Brittania." ... But some of the 7500 losers might have been better. How about this, for British flavors: "Minty Python"? "Jack the Ripple"? Or how about "The Rolling Scones"?"
- ^ "American Scoops Up Prize For Name Of Brit Ben & Jerry's – Orlando Sentinel". Wall Street Journal. 4 July 1996. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-07-04/business/9607030986_1_ben-jerry-ice-cream-flavor. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "If Britain were an ice cream, what flavor would it be? Jack the Ripple? Charles and Diana Split? Those names were floated in a contest run by Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc. to create the quintessential British ice cream flavor, along the lines of its world-famous American flavor, Cherry Garcia."
- ^ "Monty Python's Holy Grail". Blacksheepbrewery.com. http://www.blacksheepbrewery.com/Beers/BottledBeers/HolyGrail.aspx. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "Boxhamsters". www.boxhamsters.net. http://www.boxhamsters.net. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ Eric Barnes. "Gary L. Hardcastle: Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Relfected in the Work of Monty Python". Mtholyoke.edu. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/python.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Gary L. Hardcastle & George A Reisch, ed. (2006). Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9593-9. Also ISBN 0-8126-9593-3
- ^ "RFC 2635 – DON\x27T SPEW A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings (spam*):". http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2635. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus on World of Spectrum". Worldofspectrum.org. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0003260. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Toy Vault web site for Python-opoly, retrieved November 20, 2008". Toyvault.com. http://www.toyvault.com/pythonopoly/index.htm. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Web site for Monty Python Fluxx". Fluxxgames.com. http://fluxxgames.com/. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
Further reading[link]
- Graham Chapman; Jim Yoakum (1997). Graham Crackers: Fuzzy Memories, Silly Bits, and Outright Lies. Career Press. ISBN 978-1-56414-334-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=8xGcAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Marcia Landy (2005). Monty Python's flying circus. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3103-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=J1CxIuG-_NkC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Darl Larsen (2003). Monty Python, Shakespeare, and English Renaissance drama. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1504-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=qVa1Hfh11V0C. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- David Morgan (1999). Monty Python speaks!. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-168-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=aTYcAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Alan Parker; Mick O'Shea (2006). And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs. The Disinformation Company. ISBN 978-1-932857-31-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- George Perry (2007). The Life of Python. Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-86205-762-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Roger Wilmut (1980). From fringe to flying circus: celebrating a unique generation of comedy, 1960–1980. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-46950-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=PzxaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- The Secret Policeman's Balls, 3-DVD set (2009)
- "The Secret Policeman's Balls DVD Release". Music For Human Rights. 27 January 2009. http://www.musicforhumanrights.org/news/secret-policemans-balls-dvd-release. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity
- "Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity". Life.com. 5 October 2009. http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34232/monty-python-40-years-of-insanity. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- The Life of Python – 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches (40th Anniversary)
- "The Life of Python – 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches". Gnews.com. 5 October 2009. http://gnews.com/entertainment/The-Life-of-Python-20-Greatest-Monty-Python-Sketches-110424014489.html. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Monty Python |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Monty Python |
- Pythonline.com – Monty Python's sort-of official site, actively maintained by Eric Idle
- Monty Python – Official YouTube page
- Monty Python Videos – Monty Python's best videos and movies
- 2012 interview with Carol Cleveland, covering Flying Circus and Holy Grail
- Python at ifilm.com
- Pythonisms: Python quotes as figures of speech
- Release of the 3-DVD Secret Policeman's Balls
- 40 Years of Monty Python – photo essay by TIME magazine
- Monty Python Reunion event, New York, 15 October 2009
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