Coordinates | 33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N |
---|---|
Name | Bopomofo |
Type | Semisyllabary |
Typedesc | (letters for onsets and rimes; diacritics for tones) |
Time | 1913 to the present, now used as ruby characters in Taiwan for Chinese, and as the principal script for Formosan |
Languages | Chinese languages, Formosan languages |
Fam1 | Oracle Bone Script |
Fam2 | Seal Script |
Fam3 | Clerical Script |
Sisters | Simplified Chinese, Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Khitan script |
Unicode | U+3100–U+312F, U+31A0–U+31BF |
Iso15924 | Bopo |
Sample | Zhuyinbaike.svg |
Creator | Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation }} |
|s=|bpmf=ㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ|p=Zhùyīn fúhào|poj=Chù-im hû-hō|j=zyu3 jam1 fu4 hou6*2|y=jyu yām fùh houh}} Zhuyin fuhao (|zhu=ㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ|l=phonetic symbol}}), often abbreviated as zhuyin and colloquially called bopomofo, was introduced in the 1910s as the first official phonetic system for transcribing Chinese, especially Mandarin.
Consisting of 37 characters and four tone marks, it transcribes all possible sounds in Mandarin. Despite being phased out on China in the 1950s, this system is still widely used as an educational tool and Chinese computer input method in Taiwan.
In English translations, the system is often called either Chu-yin or the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols. A romanized version of bopomofo, released in 1984, is called MPS II.
The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Woo Tsin-hang from 1912 to 1913, created a system called Guóyīn Zìmǔ "National Pronunciation Letters") or Zhùyīn Zìmǔ ( or "Sound-annotating Letters") which is based on Zhang Binglin's shorthands.
A draft was released on July 11, 1913, by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until November 23, 1928. zhùyīn zìmǔ was renamed zhùyīn fúhào in April 1930.
The symbols were initially called Zhùyīn Zìmǔ ("Phonetic Alphabet"); later they were also called Guóyīn Zìmǔ ("National Phonetic Alphabet"). The fear that they might be considered an alphabetic system of writing independent of characters led to their being renamed Zhùyīn Fúhào ("Phonetic Symbols") in 1930.
After 1949, bopomofo was superseded in mainland China by the pinyin system promulgated by the People's Republic of China, but its use is retained in Taiwan.
In grade one, Chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with bopomofo as students take ten weeks to learn them.
In teaching Mandarin, Taiwan institutions and some overseas communities still use bopomofo as a learning tool.
Besides transcribing Chinese, bopomofo is also used as the primary writing system for a few aboriginal languages of Taiwan, such as Atayal, Seediq, Paiwan, or Tao. It is sometimes used to annotate Taiwanese Hokkien, a widely spoken Chinese language in Taiwan, however pe̍h-ōe-jī romanization is more common in use.
+ colspan="3" | Origin of zhuyin symbols |
Zhuyin!! | |
b | |
p | |
m | |
f | |
d | |
t | |
n | |
l | |
g | |
k | |
h | |
j | |
q | |
x | |
zh | |
ch | |
sh | |
r | |
z | |
c | |
s | |
i, y | |
u, w | |
ü, yu | |
a | |
o | |
e | |
ê | |
ai | |
ei | |
ao | |
ou | |
an | |
en | |
ang | |
eng | |
er | |
-i> |
Tone number>Tone | ! bopomofo | ! Pinyin |
1 | none | }} |
2 | }} | }} |
3 | }} | }} |
4 | }} | }} |
short | }} | none |
Bopomofo, when used in conjunction with Chinese characters, are typically placed to the right of the Chinese character vertically or to the top of the Chinese character in a horizontal print.
Below is an example for the word "bottle" (): {| |- | style="padding: 0 0 0.5em 0" | {| |- | style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" | || style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em" | |- | style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" | || style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em" | |} | style="padding:0 1.5em" | or || {| |- | style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; text-align:center" | || style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; text-align:center" | |- | style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" | || style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" | |} |}
:【】represents the form used in combination with other letters.
A comparison between pinyin and bopomofo for Standard Chinese can also be done by comparing the transcription of various syllables at Comparison of Chinese Phonetic Systems.
+ Bopomofo vs. Pinyin | Initials | ||||
!Bopomofo!!Hanyu Pinyin!!Tongyong Pinyin!!Wade-Giles!!Example (Bopomofo, Pinyin) | |||||
ㄅ | b| | b | p | 八 (ㄅㄚ, bā) | |
ㄆ | p| | p | p' | 杷 (ㄆㄚˊ, pá) | |
ㄇ | m| | m | m | 馬 (ㄇㄚˇ, mǎ) | |
ㄈ | f| | f | f | 法 (ㄈㄚˇ, fǎ) | |
ㄉ | d| | d | t | 地 (ㄉㄧˋ, dì) | |
ㄊ | t| | t | t' | 提 (ㄊㄧˊ, tí) | |
ㄋ | n| | n | n | 你 (ㄋㄧˇ, nǐ) | |
ㄌ | l| | l | l | 利 (ㄌㄧˋ, lì) | |
ㄍ | g| | g | k | 告 (ㄍㄠˋ, gào) | |
ㄎ | k| | k | k' | 考 (ㄎㄠˇ, kǎo) | |
ㄏ | h| | h | h | 好 (ㄏㄠˇ, hǎo) | |
ㄐ | j| | j | ch | 叫 (ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào) | |
ㄑ | q| | c | ch' | 巧 (ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo) | |
ㄒ | x| | s | hs | 小 (ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo) | |
ㄓ | zhi 【zh】| | jhih 【jh】 | chih 【ch】 | 主 (ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ) | |
ㄔ | chi 【ch】| | chih 【ch】 | ch'ih 【ch'】 | 出 (ㄔㄨ, chū) | |
ㄕ | shi 【sh】| | shih 【sh】 | shih 【sh】 | 束 (ㄕㄨˋ, shù) | |
ㄖ | ri 【r】| | rih 【r】 | jih 【j】 | 入 (ㄖㄨˋ, rù) | |
ㄗ | zi 【z】| | zih 【z】 | tzû 【ts】 | 在 (ㄗㄞˋ, zài) | |
ㄘ | ci 【c】| | cih 【c】 | tz'û 【ts'】 | 才 (ㄘㄞˊ, cái) | |
ㄙ | si 【s】| | sih 【s】 | ssû 【s】 | 塞 (ㄙㄞ, sāi) | |
Finals | |||||
!Bopomofo!!Hanyu Pinyin!!Tongyong Pinyin!!Wade-Giles!!Example(Bopomofo, Hanyu) | |||||
ㄚ | a| | a | a | 大 (ㄉㄚˋ, dà) | |
ㄛ | o| | o | o | 多 (ㄉㄨㄛ, duō) | |
ㄜ | e| | e | e | 得 (ㄉㄜˊ, dé) | |
ㄝ | ê| | e | eh | 爹 (ㄉㄧㄝ, diē) | |
ㄞ | ai| | ai | ai | 晒 (ㄕㄞˋ, shài) | |
ㄟ | ei| | ei | ei | 誰 (ㄕㄟˊ, shéi) | |
ㄠ | ao| | ao | ao | 少 (ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo) | |
ㄡ | ou| | ou | ou | 收 (ㄕㄡ, shōu) | |
ㄢ | an| | an | an | 山 (ㄕㄢ, shān) | |
ㄣ | en| | en | en | 申 (ㄕㄣ, shēn) | |
ㄤ | ang| | ang | ang | 上 (ㄕㄤˋ, shàng) | |
ㄥ | eng| | eng | eng | 生 (ㄕㄥ, shēng) | |
ㄦ | er| | er | erh | 而 (ㄦˊ, ér) | |
style="border-top: 2px solid black;" | ㄧ | style="border-top: 2px solid black;"yi 【i】 || | yi 【i】 | yi 【i】 | 逆 (ㄋㄧˋ, nì) |
ㄧㄣ | yin 【in】| | yin 【in】 | yin 【in】 | 音 (ㄧㄣ, yīn) | |
ㄧㄥ | ying 【ing】| | ying 【ing】 | ying 【ing】 | 英 (ㄧㄥ, yīng) | |
style="border-top: 2px solid black;" | ㄨ | style="border-top: 2px solid black;"wu 【u】 || | wu 【u】 | wu 【u】 | 努 (ㄋㄨˇ, nǔ) |
ㄨㄣ | wen 【un】| | wun 【un】 | wen 【un】 | 文 (ㄨㄣˊ, wén) | |
ㄨㄥ | weng 【ong】| | wong 【ong】 | ng 【ung】 | 翁 (ㄨㄥ, wēng) | |
style="border-top: 2px solid black;" | ㄩ | style="border-top: 2px solid black;"yu 【u, ü】 || | yu 【u, yu】 | yü 【ü】 | 女 (ㄋㄩˇ, nǚ) |
ㄩㄣ | yun 【un】| | yun 【un, yun】 | yün 【ün】 | 韻 (ㄩㄣˋ, yūn) | |
ㄩㄥ | yong 【iong】| | yong | yung 【iung】 | 永 (ㄩㄥˇ, yǒng) |
Another comparison table
Three letters formerly used in non-standard dialects of Mandarin are now also used to write other Chinese languages. Some bopomofo fonts do not contain these letters; see External links for PDF pictures.
!Char!!Pinyin | |
ㄪ | v |
ㄫ | ng |
ㄬ | ny |
In addition, diacritics were used to create new letters for Min-nan and Hakka.
+Extended bopomofo | !Char!!Pinyin!! !!Char!!Pinyin!! !!Char!!Pinyin!! !!Char!!Pinyin | ||||||||||
bb* | | | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A6.svg>16px) | oo | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AC.svg>16px) | syllabic m | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B2.svg>16px) | ong | ||||
ㆡ(File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A1.svg | 16px) | zz*| | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A7.svg>16px) | onn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AD.svg>16px) | syllabic ng | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B3.svg>16px) | innn | |||
ㆢ(File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A2.svg | 16px) | jj*| | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A8.svg>16px) | ir | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AE.svg>16px) | ainn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B4.svg>16px) | Final p | |||
ㆣ(File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A3.svg | 16px) | gg*| | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A9.svg>16px) | ann | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AF.svg>16px) | aunn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B5.svg>16px) | Final t | |||
ㆤ(File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A4.svg | 16px) | ee| | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A8.svg>16px) | inn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B0.svg>16px) | am | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B6.svg>16px) | Final k | |||
ㆥ(File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A5.svg | 16px) | enn| | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AB.svg>16px) | unn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B1.svg>16px) | om | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B7.svg>16px) | Final h |
+ Tones | Char !! Tone Value !! Unicode | |
˪ (└) | Chao number "11", depicts 低平"low, level tone" (陰去聲 "upper departing") in Taiwanese Minnan | U+02EA |
˫ (├) | Chao number "33", depicts 平"mid, level tone" (陽去聲 "lower departing") in Taiwanese Minnan |
The Unicode block for Bopomofo is U+3100 ... U+312F:
Extended Bopomofo was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
The Unicode block for Extended Bopomofo is U+31A0 ... U+31BF:
Category:Writing systems Category:Mandarin words and phrases Category:Auxiliary and educational artificial scripts Category:Ruby characters Category:Chinese scripts Category:Transcription of Chinese Category:Han character input
ar:بوبوموفو zh-min-nan:Chù-im hû-hō ca:Zhuyin cs:Ču-jin fu-chao de:Zhuyin es:Zhuyin eo:Bopomofo fr:Bopomofo gl:Zhùyīn fúhào ko:주음 부호 id:Bopomofo it:Bopomofo mg:Bopomofo ms:Zhuyin nl:Zhuyin ja:注音符号 no:Jhuyin pl:Bopomofo pt:Bopomofo ru:Чжуинь simple:Zhuyin sr:Бопомофо sh:Bopomofo su:Bopomofo sv:Zhuyin th:จู้อิน uk:Чжуїнь zh:注音符號
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