Junia
Andronicus, Athanasius of Christianopoulos and Saint Junia
Honored in	Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches
Feast	May 17, 23 Pashons (Coptic Orthodox)

Junia or Junias was a 1st century Christian highly regarded and complimented by the apostle Paul:

Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.

— Romans 16:7 Authorized Version
(other versions: Romans 16:7)

Paul describes Junia (and Andronicus) as kinsmen, fellow prisoners, and as being "in Christ" before Paul's dramatic Damascus road conversion. The phrase, "of note among the apostles," (KJV, Douay, Darby, ERV, YLT, KJ21, NKJV, AKJV) leads many to the conclusion that she is the only woman apostle mentioned in the New Testament. It is assumed by some that Andronicus of Pannonia (Greek: Ανδρόνικος) was her husband. Both her gender and her apostleship are subjects of considerable debate. Understandably, this verse has received and continues to draw a great deal of attention in scholarly literature.

Junia's apostleship[link]

The identification of Junia in Romans 16:7 has been a familiar problem in biblical interpretation. Most studies, however, are preoccupied with the gender of the name, assuming that Junia's apostolic status is not in doubt. Burer and Wallace propose that the converse is true. They agree that Junia was a woman. However, they assert that the correct rendition of the Greek text places her as well known to the apostles rather than prominent among the apostles. That translation would indicate that the pair were not apostles, but that they enjoyed a high reputation among the apostles.^[1]

Classicist Evelyn Stagg and New Testament scholar Dr. Frank Stagg believe that Paul is competent to endorse the couple as "apostles" on the basis of his own involvement with them. His references to the couple's imprisonment with him, and to the time of their conversion relative to his own, would give him no need to defer to the opinion of others as a source of credentials. The Staggs maintain that both the context and the content of this verse require that it be read naturally as Paul's commendation of Andronicus and Junias not only as remarkable Christian workers, but as members of the larger group commonly called "apostles" such as Silas, Timothy, and others.^[2]

Linda Belleville, Richard Bauckham, and Eldon Epp have taken on the task of correcting some findings pertaining to Junia. Belleville's article is in NTS^{[expand acronym]} and is titled "Iounian...episamoi en tois apostolois: A Re-examination of Romans 16.7 in Light of Primary Source Materials" NTS 51 (2005).^{[citation needed]} Bauckham's book "Gospel Women : Studies of the Named Women in the Gospels" devotes several pages to interacting, refuting, and correcting the Burer and Wallace article.^{[citation needed]} In chapter 5 of his book, Professor Bauckham develops a fascinating case for identifying Junia with Joanna, the wife of Chuza, "Joanna" being her Jewish name, and "Junia" her Roman.

Moving past the name and gender debate, the way Paul acknowledges the apostleship of Andronicus and Junia, coupled with "in Christ before me," indicates that the couple's apostleship did not hinge on Paul's recognition of their status.^{[citation needed]} There are two main discussions regarding Paul's intentions behind his greeting to Junia and Andronicus.

• The first proposes that Junia was a Hellenised Jew, and that she belonged to Paul's Law-free^{[clarification needed]} mission to the Gentiles. In that scenario Paul is seen to be reinforcing the couple's gospel by praising them.^[3]

• The other possibility is that Junia belonged to the more conservative element of the early Christian movement such as Jewish Christianity (Jews that still maintained the importance of the Jewish Law) and that Paul was petitioning them to accept him. Martin Hengel has proposed that the Roman congregation was originally founded by the Hellenists,^[4] which was a group of Greek-speaking Jews that belonged to the Synagogue of the Freedman, associated with Stephen, who openly abandoned the Jewish Law. The evidence points to Junia belonging to this movement and her geographical location indicates that Junia would have been one of the earliest founders of the Roman Christian community.^[3] However, no matter whom Junia associated with, all the conjecture about her allegiances presupposes Junia to have been a woman of great prestige. Being called an apostle would have meant that she had a post-resurrection experience of Jesus and a divine commissioning. She was most likely among the 500 that Paul mentions to have received a Christophany.^{[1 Cor 15:1-11] [5]}

It is also of note that Junia possesses a Latin name which could have stemmed from servile origins. This could mean that she was a freed slave who adopted the name of her patron.^[6] Alternatively as previously mentioned, Junia could have belonged to a family of Hellenized Jews. According to Harry Leon, it was common place during this period for Greek-speaking Jewish families to give their daughters Latin names and their sons Greek names, hence the Greek name of Andronicus.^[7] Further, 75% of the 517 names found in the six Jewish catacombs of ancient Rome are Greek names.^[8] Junia was also a popular name for nobility.^[3]

Junia's relationship with Andronicus is somewhat ambiguous. While it is generally supposed that they were husband and wife, they could have been siblings or simply a team of evangelists. What is important is that Junia is referred to in her own right,^{[dubious – discuss]} not as an attachment to someone else. This means that she earned her title and position on her own merit, rather than accepting it as a natural derivation from her husband's status.^[3]

A popular work exploring Junia has been published by journalist Rena Pederson. This book has been reviewed in the Toronto Star.^[9][10]

Paul's "enthusiastic acclamation" of Junia prompted Chrysostom, prominent Church Father, to marvel at her apparent devotion such that "...she would be even counted worthy of the appellation of apostle.”^[11] Some scholars see Romans 16:7 as proof that Paul the Apostle, whose name is ascribed to fourteen epistles in the New Testament, encouraged female leaders in the Church.^[11]

The opposing interpretation of this verse disavows either Junia's apostleship, her female gender, or both.^[12] Complementarians believe that the Bible limits or prohibits women's leadership roles in the church, and requires male leadership/female submission in marriage.

Junia's gender[link]

That she was a woman is seldom contested today among Christian theologians.^[11] U.S. journalist Rena Pederson argues that medieval translators such as the 13th-century Archbishop Giles changed her name to Junias, as a reflection of an institutionaled prejudice against women that stretched back to ancient Greek scholars.^[13] She opines that the growing acknowledgment of Junia's female apostleship will establish an important precedent for women preaching and teaching. "And since Paul often has been viewed as someone who wanted to keep women quiet, his praise for Junia seems to show that he was much more broadminded in practice,"^[14] Pederson adds.

Stephen Finlan notes that Junia is recognized as “the only female apostle named in the NT.”^[15] He writes that Junia is clearly a female name that was changed to the male "Junias" in the Latin translations of the New Testament. In Paul's identification of her as a relative, as being "in Christ" before him and "prominent among the apostles," Finlan finds it significant that Paul greeted her as an "apostle" in a straightforward, matter-of-fact way as if there is nothing unusual in a female apostle. In the Corinthian and Roman letters, Paul addressed a number of women as "leaders," but Junia is the only female apostle named in the New Testament.^{[15][dubious – discuss]} The problem of translating the name arises because, when the New Testament was composed, Greek was normally written without accents, although these already had been invented. If written with an acute accent on the penultimate syllable (Ἰουνίαν), the name is "Junia" (a woman's name); if with a circumflex accent on the final syllable (Ἰουνιᾶν), it is "Junias" (a man's). No conclusion can be drawn from the masculine gender of the associated words in the same verse, since they apply also to the male Andronicus. Accordingly, even if Junia(s) is a woman, the rules of Greek grammar put those words in the masculine form. The overwhelming choice of the male form, (Ἰουνιᾶν), when in the 9th century accents were added in manuscripts, may have been influenced by the grammatical gender of these words, but it has also been attributed to a supposed bias on the part of scribes against the idea of a female apostle.^[16]

Epp in his book Junia: The First Woman Apostle gives a textual critical evaluation of the history of Junia in the Greek text and also the search in non-Biblical Greek literature for "Junias"─the alleged masculine form of the name which has not been found in writings from New Testament times and only rarely thereafter.^[17] He points out that the earliest copies of the Greek texts for Romans 16:7 are majuscules (capital letters). There are no accent marks in them. The importance of this is that the gender of the name depends on the accentuation. Hence, the earliest texts are inconclusive and we are very dependent on Patristic interpretation for the gender of Junia. When the minuscules (using lower case Greek letters) appeared, Junia was accented with a character which indicates the feminine form of the name. The feminine form of the name appeared in Erasmus' critical Greek text in 1516 and continuously thereafter in all other critical Greek texts, with the exception of Alford's 1858 edition, until 1928 when Nestle inexplicably (read: he didn't explain it in the apparatus) went to the masculine form. This remained the case until the 1998, when the edition just as inexplicably went back the other way and the masculine was dropped as even an alternative (not in the apparatus). Hence, the textual weight seemed to be for the feminine name Junia, which text critic Eldon Epp in 2005 believed most scholars accept.^[17] However, the masculine form is preferred in the UBS New Testament, 4th edition, which matches the 27th edition of the Nestle-Aland text (the latest editions of each text).

Two Greek manuscripts have "Julia" (clearly a woman's name) instead of "Junia(s)" in this verse. One is papyrus P46 of about the year 200. The other is the 13th-century minuscule manuscript catalogued as "6". "Julia" is also the reading in some Latin manuscripts, in one tradition of Coptic manuscripts and in Ethiopic manuscripts. Three Greek uncial manuscripts have the inverse substitution, ("Junia(s)" in place of "Julia") in Romans 16:15. This raises the question whether the proximity of the two names, "Junia(s)" and "Julia", on the same page is the reason why, in both cases, a few scribes replaced one name with the other. There are also tentative connections between Junia and Joanna,^[Luke 8:3] suggesting that Junia could be the Latin form of the Hebrew Joanna. Thus, it is feasible that Junia is ‘Joanna.’^[18]

Only one record of the male name "Junias" has been discovered in extra-biblical Greek literature, which names him as the bishop of Apameia of Syria. Three clear occurrences of "Junia" have been found. While earlier searches for "Junias" in Latin also yielded no evidence, it is reported that "Junias" has been found as a Latin nickname or diminutive for the name "Junianas", which was not uncommon both in Greek and Latin.^[16] While this is a possibility, historical studies on the name "Junia" as a contracted form of "Junianas" has shown there are over 250 citations of the name Junia in antiquity all of which have been found to refer to women, with not one single case proven to be the abbreviated form of Junianus to Junia.^[19] Meanwhile the name Junia is attested multiple times on inscriptions, tombstones and records; most notably, General Brutus’ half sister, Junia.^[20]

Among the early Church Fathers, the United Bible Societies The Greek New Testament only cites Jerome as having read the name "Julia" in Romans 16:7 and Chrysostom as having understood the name as the feminine "Junia". Chrysostom wrote: "O how great is the devotion of this woman that she should be counted worthy of the appellation of apostle!"^[21] Although among the Fathers, "an almost universal sense that this was a woman’s name surfaces—at least through the twelfth century, ... this must be couched tentatively because although at least seventeen fathers discuss the issue (see Fitzmyer’s commentary on Romans for the data), the majority of these are Latin fathers,"^[16] and "Junia", but not "Junias", was a common enough name in Latin. It has even been claimed that the first known mention of Junia as a male is by Aegidus of Rome (1245–1316), though this ignores the evidence of the Greek manuscripts about how the name was actually interpreted at least from the 9th century onward.

The Coptic Synaxarium reading for the twenty-third of Bashans identifies Junia the apostle as being a man of the tribe of Judah.^[22]

Epiphanius (315 - 403 AD), in Index of Disciples says, "Junias, of whom Paul makes mention, became Bishop of Apameia of Syria." In Greek, the phrase "of whom" is a masculine relative pronoun (hou) and shows that Epiphanius considered Junias to be a man. And in a Latin quotation from Origen (died AD 252), in the earliest extant commentary on Romans, says that Paul refers to "Andronicus and Junias and Herodian, all of whom he calls relatives and fellow captives" (Origen's Commentary on Romans, preserved in a Latin translation by Rufinus, ca. 345-ca. 410 AD, in J.P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, vol. 14, col. 1289). The name Junias here is a Latin masculine singular nominative, implying that Origen, who was one of the ancient world's most proficient scholars, thought Junias was a man.

Orthodox traditional views[link]

Orthodox traditions say Junia and Andronicus of Pannonia traveled extensively and preached the Gospel to pagans, many of whom were converted to Christianity. Many of the pagan temples were closed, and in their place Christian churches were built. Junia and Andronicus are believed to have suffered martyrdom for Christ.^[23]

See also[link]

• Deborah
• Feminist theology
• Lydia of Thyatira
• Phoebe

Endnotes[link]

1. ^ Burer, Michael, and Daniel B. Wallace. "Was Junia Really an Apostle? A Re-Examination of Rom 16.7," New Testament Studies 47 [2001]: 76-91
2. ^ Stagg, Evelyn and Frank Stagg. Woman in the World of Jesus. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978. ISBN 0-664-24195-6
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Hammer, T. "Wealthy Widows and Female Apostles: The Economic and Social Status of Women in Early Roman Christianity," in G.D. Dunn, D. Luckensmeyer & L. Cross (ed.), Prayer and Spirituality in the Early Church: Poverty and Riches, 5 (Strathfield: Paulist Press, 2009), 65-74.
4. ^ Hengel, M., Acts and the History of Earliest Christianity. tr. J. Bowden. London: SCM Press, 1979. ISBN 978-1-59244-190-7. pp107-108.
5. ^ Gillman, F. Women Who Knew Paul. Collegeville MN: Liturgical Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8146-5674-7, p.68.
6. ^ Lampe, Peter. "The Roman Christians of Romans 16", in K.P. Donfried (ed.), The Romans Debate, rev. ed. Hendrickson Publishers, 1995. ISBN 978-1-56563-671-2. p.226
7. ^ Leon, Harry J. The Jews of Ancient Rome. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995[1960] p.94.
8. ^ Leon, Harry J. "Names of the Jews of Ancient Rome." Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 59, (1928), pp. 205-224. Web: 7 Jan 2009 Names of the Jews of Ancient Rome
9. ^ The Lost Apostle: Searching for the Truth About Junia, Rena Pederson, Jossey-Bass, September 11, 2006, ISBN 0-7879-8443-4
10. ^ Women and the Bible: Becoming Junia - again. Was there a female apostle whose name was changed to reflect views of patriarchal church?, Michael McAteer, Toronto Star (http://thestar.com), Aug 09, 2007.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Nicole, Roger. "The Inerrancy of Scripture." Priscilla Papers, Vol. 20, No. 2, Spring 2006.
12. ^ A study on Junia by the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
13. ^ Pederson, The Lost Apostle, pp. 128-130
14. ^ Pederson, The Lost Apostle, p.8
15. ^ ^{a b} Finlan, Stephen. The Apostle Paul and The Pauline Tradition. Liturgical Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8146-5271-8, p. 134
16. ^ ^{a b c} Wallace, Daniel B. Junia Among the Apostles: The Double Identification Problem in Romans 16:7. Web: 7 Jan 2010 Junia Among the Apostles
17. ^ ^{a b} Epp, Eldon J. Junia: The First Woman Apostle. Fortress Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8006-3771-2
18. ^ R. Bauckham, Gospel Women: Studies of the Named Women of the Gospels (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002), 109-202; B. Witherington III, ‘Joanna: Apostle of the Lord – or Jailbait,’ BR 21, (2005), 2: 12-47
19. ^ J. D. Crossan & J. Reed, In Search of Paul, How Jesus’ Apostle Opposed Rome’s Empire with God’s Kingdom (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 115
20. ^ Belleville, L., ‘Women Leaders in the Bible,’ in Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity without Hierarchy, ed. R. Pierce & R. Merill Groothuis (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005), 110-126.
21. ^ Chrysostom, Homily on Romans 16, in Philip Schaff, ed, A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. II. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1956, p. 555. as quoted on [1] also available at CCEL
22. ^ http://www.copticcentre.com/synaxarium.pdf
23. ^ "St. Junia, martyred along with the Seventy." Orthodox Church in America. Web: 7 Jan 2009. Junia, martyred along with the Seventy

Other references[link]

• Giesler, Michael E. Junia (The Fictional Life and Death of an Early Christian.) Scepter Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-1-59417-078-2
• Pederson, Rena. The Lost Apostle: Searching for the Truth about Junia. Wiley Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-470-18462-2
• Riss, Kathryn J. "The Apostle Junia." Women in Church History: Women's Ministries in the Early Church. Web: 7 Jan 2010. The Apostle Junia
• Wills, Garry (2007). What Paul Meant. Penguin. pp. 90–92. http://books.google.com/books?id=NrPqV9f2OEgC. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)

This article may contain wording that merely promotes the subject without imparting verifiable information. Please remove or replace such wording, unless you can cite independent sources that support the characterization. (May 2012)

Daphne Diana Joan Susanna Guinness (born 9 November 1967) is an artist of both British and Irish nationality. She also serves as an inspiration and muse to other artists of the avant-garde.^{[citation needed]} She is an heir by direct descent of Arthur Guinness, the 18th-century inventor of the beer that still bears his name.

Early life[link]

Her father is Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne, and the eldest son of Diana Mitford Mosley and Bryan Guinness. Diana was the daughter of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, the father of the celebrated Mitford sisters. Guinness's mother, Jonathan's second wife, was Suzanne Lisney (died 2005), of Cadaques, Spain, and Paris. Lisney was an artist and muse to Man Ray and Dali. When Daphne was 13, she became aware that she had a further three half-siblings by Susan "Shoe" Taylor, her father’s mistress.^[1]

Guinness is the granddaughter of The Hon. Diana Mitford, who first married Bryan Walter Guinness. Mitford divorced Guinness and married the leader of the British Union of Fascists, Sir Oswald Mosley. Daphne has said she did not know of Mosley's political affiliations, before she heard, in 1980, on the BBC news that he had died.^[1]

Her great-aunt Jessica gave her a taste for music, literature and politics. Jessica Mitford's causes included her involvement in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War and then in the Communist Party in America.

As a child, Guinness grew up in the country houses owned by her family in England and Ireland. Holidays were spent in an 18th-century monastery in Cadaques, Spain. There her neighbours included Salvador Dali, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, Dieter Roth, and Richard Hamilton.^[2]

She remains close to her last remaining great-aunt Deborah, 'Debo', the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, whom she accompanied on her recent trip to NYC: a lecture tour promoting her latest memoir, ‘Wait for Me!’

Controversy[link]

She insists that she is not eccentric. ”I loathe the word," she says. "It has become devoid of meaning: it is a blanket statement hinting at lunacy. Perhaps 'bohemian' might be considered as an alternative word, if one needs to be labelled."^[3] She has maintained in statements published on her Twitter account that she did not refer to Victoria Beckham as an "ugly pig", as was alleged by the Sunday Times (UK).^[4][5] She also claimed to have used nail polish to color her lips.^[6]

Fashion[link]

Daphne Guinness is an important figure in the world of fashion, as a notable face, a collector, and an icon. At the request of Fashion Institute of Technology director Valerie Steele, she spent two years mounting an exhibition of a hundred displays of her clothing, which was staged within the context of her other projects, film and modelling. She is courted by many of the best-known names in fashion (such as Karl Lagerfeld, NARS, MAC, Akris, and Philip Treacy), working with them artistically or as a model or both.

Her best-known friend was the late fashion designer Alexander McQueen. Scheduled to model for charity on the runway the day his suicide was announced, Guinness veiled herself in mourning.

In January 2011, she was asked by Tom Ford to close his brilliant comeback womenswear show.

She creates and invents many objects herself, many inspired by her fascination with armour. She is known for a taste for skinny pants and platform pumps.^[7] She designs fashion, jewelry, and perfume for herself when she cannot find exactly what she wants to wear or buy. She has said that she created more than 100 pieces in 2010 alone.

Since 1994, she has been on the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame, which seeks to identify the best-dressed women in the world. In 2011, she created a make-up line for MAC cosmetics.^[8]

Inspiration and muse[link]

Daphne Guinness seeks to inspire young women through her intensely cultivated style and elegance. Lady Gaga is among them, as she discussed on a broadcast featured on SHOWstudio.com. Cathy Horyn of the New York Times asked Gaga about any influence by Isabella Blow and Daphne Guinness. Lady Gaga replied: “Isabella and Daphne are two exceptional human beings, women, icons. And more than that! They have helped me look inside myself. I’ve examined their lives and their personalities in order to understand myself better. Daphne, like Isabella, is a huge source of inspiration for me. I cherish their lives. I cherish them both. It is as if we are all cut from the same cloth”.^[9]

Maecenas[link]

She donates a signification portion of her assets to help artists, theatres, or libraries in difficulties in London.

Charity work[link]

She has walked in two of Naomi Campbell’s Fashion for Relief shows with the purpose of raising funds for disaster victims. In the same vein, in April 2008, she auctioned off a part of her wardrobe, with the entire proceeds going to a struggling British charity called Womankind Worldwide, which deals with women’s issues at home and abroad, such as domestic violence.

On 27 June 2012, through the auction house Christie's, she will auction off a hundred pieces of her clothing to raise money for the Isabella Blow Foundation, which Guinness founded to commemorate her late friend and bring attention to mental health issues.^[10][11]

Commitments[link]

In June 2010, for an undisclosed sum, she blocked the planned Christie’s auction of the wardrobe of Isabella Blow, her friend who committed suicide in 2007. This collection had inestimable artistic value. Asked by Suzy Menkes, and the Financial Times, why she intervened, she simply declared that she was not going to stand by whilst the memory of her friend "was scattered to the four winds". She intends for the Blow archive to be seen by students.

Art[link]

Daphne Guinness has worked in a variety of roles: artist, actress, muse, model, collector and designer.^[1] She is the muse of many photographers who are fascinated by her beauty and feel for artistic performance. Steven Klein, the renowned photographer of such celebrities as Madonna and Lady Gaga, chose Guinness for two Vogue Italia covers. In the first, she plays Jean Seberg in Romain Gary’s "Les Oiseaux vont mourir au Perou” In the other, she embodies Delphine Seyrig in Alain Resnais' masterpiece, ‘L’annee derniere a mariebad’.

David LaChapelle is a longtime friend and collaborator, and chose her to appear in his Maybach advertising campaign in two intricate pictures for the car's Zeppelin model. On another occasion, when working for LaChapelle, she spent six hours in a tank of water, immersed for up to two minutes at a time, to produce two underwater images, including the famous "Daphne Guinness in Water".

She is also featured in the series "Return to Eden", which has not yet been released.

In September 2011, more than half a million visitors attended the Alexander McQueen exhibition “Savage Beauty”, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Shortly thereafter, the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology devoted one of its galleries to about a hundred of Daphne’s most important pieces.^[12]

On 31 January 2012, Styleite.com reported that Guinness had put her art-filled Fifth Avenue apartment for sale for $14M USD.^[13]

Filmography[link]

Film producer[link]

Daphne Guinness has produced and edited three short films :

• "Cashback", short film nominated for an Academy Award in 2004, was later made into a feature-length version. Guinness produced this film for the photographer Sean Ellis.^[1]

• "The Phenomenology of Body" was a hymn to the evolution of the female wardrobe over millenia, and is available on the NY Times website.

• "Mnemosyne" was an 'anti-commercial' made to comment on the scent, "DAPHNE", that Guinness made at the request of Comme des Garcons. It was distinct enough from the product it supported that that the film was nominated for a Webby award and garnered independent attention.

Acting[link]

• In 2011, Guinness starred in Joe Lally’s film, "The Murder of Jean Seberg". Seberg was the tragic American actress who was Jean-Luc Godard's muse, and the one-time wife of the French writer Romain Gary. Seberg was politically engaged and would fight alongside the Black Panthers.^[2]

• In December 2011, she was photographed, while recorded livestream, by Nick Knight of SHOWstudio.com for 36 hours, resulting in five short films which were played in the windows of the Parisian department store, Le Printemps. In several of these films, Guinness, a soprano, sang opera arias, making her public musical debut.

• At the end of 2011, photographers Markus Klinko and Indrani, Daphne Guinness, and stylist GK Reid produced "The Legend of Lady White Snake", a film based on an ancient Chinese legend, wherein Daphne played the complex central role of Lady White Snake.^[14] Bernard-Henri Lévy wrote her dialogue for the film.^[15] This was made possible by Guinness's large collection of contacts. The icon was instructed to wear her most reptilian pair, and to make sure they matched.^[16]

Personal life[link]

In 1985, when she moved to New York City, she "inherited" many of her sister Catherine's friends. In this way, Guinness came to know Andy Warhol, for whom her sister had been a personal assistant for many years. In 1987, she married Spyros Niarchos, the second son of Stavros Niarchos, the shipping magnate. The couple had three children. Her settlement, obtained at the time of her 1999 divorce, is for an undisclosed sum, which was added to her Guinness inheritance.

She lives in London and Manhattan with her three children: Nicolas Stavros Niarchos (born 1989), Lex Spyros Niarchos (born 1991), and Ines Sophia Niarchos (born 1995).^[1]

She has been romantically involved with French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy for a number of years, and cuts a lone figure at events.^[17] Since 2008, the couple have appeared publicly more often together. In an issue Harper's Bazaar (USA) dated February 2011, Guinness confirmed to journalist Derek Blasberg: ‘He is obviously the love of my life.”^[5]

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Garratt, Sheryl. Daphne Guinness's glove story, Daily Telegraph, June 25, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012.
2. ^ ^{a b} http://showstudio.com/contributor/daphne_guinness
3. ^ Sauers, Jenna. Field Guide: Daphne Guinness and Her Thoughts on Hitler, Jezebel, September 22, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012.
4. ^ Attwood, Naomi. Daphne Guinness defends herself on Twitter and denies she was rude about Victoria Beckham!, Grazia Daily, March 14, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012.
5. ^ ^{a b} Blasberg, Derek. The Real Daphne Guinness, Harper's Bazaar, February 11, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012. Page 2
6. ^ Wellman, Victoria. Daphne Guinness admits she's worn nail polish on her LIPS (so how on earth did she get it off?), Daily Mail, December 21, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012.
7. ^ http://www.zimbio.com/Daphne+Guinness
8. ^ http://www.maccosmetics.com/whats_new/8276/index.tmpl
9. ^ Daphne Guinness for MAC, Style and Wisdom, December 12, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012.
10. ^ http://www.zimbio.com/Daphne+Guinness/articles/IOdRIGXeqsn/Daphne+Guinness+auctioning+clothes
11. ^ Rawi, Maysa. The Daphne Guinness collection: Heiress' wardrobe set to fetch thousands at charity auction, Daily Mail, April 13, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
12. ^ Mead, Rebecca. Precarious Beauty, The New Yorker, September 26, 2011. Accessed May 3, 2012.
13. ^ Fenner, Justin. Daphne Guinness’s Fifth Avenue Apartment Is On The Market For $14M, Styleite, January 31, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
14. ^ Sparks, Cator. Do It Daphne! Guinness Shines in Short Film Based on Ancient Chinese Legend, Stylelist, March 4, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
15. ^ Feitelberg, Rosemary. Daphne Guinness and 'The Legend of Lady White Snake', Women's Wear Daily, February 7, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
16. ^ Trujillo, Krissy. [1] Accessed May 12, 2012.
17. ^ http://stylecelebration.blogspot.com/2011/11/daphne-guiness-finally-admits-to.html

This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (April 2012)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2008)

Nicholas Verity Knight (born Watford, Hertfordshire, England on 28 November 1969) is a former England cricketer. Knight's middle name was in honour of the 1930s English Test bowler Hedley Verity who was killed in World War II and is a distant family relation.^[1] A left-handed opening batsman and a fine fielder, Knight played in 17 Test Matches and 100 One Day Internationals before announcing his retirement from international cricket after the 2003 World Cup.

He was educated at Felsted School in Essex and Loughborough University and was an outstanding cricketer from an early age. He won the Daily Telegraph 'Young Cricketer of the Year' award in 1989 and he played cricket for Brentwood cricket club in 1989/91. In domestic cricket, he began his career with Essex in 1991 before transferring to Warwickshire four years later. He was captain of Warwickshire from 2003 to 2005, and led them to victory in the County Championship in the 2004 season. He retired from first-class cricket after the 2006 season and is now a member of the Sky Sports cricket commentary team. He finished his career with 16,172 runs at 44.18 and 40 hundreds. His highest score was an unbeaten 303.

Career[link]

Test Cricket[link]

He struggled in the Test arena and made only one century, an innings of 113 vs Pakistan at Headingley in 1996. His next best score was 96 vs Zimbabwe in a drawn game at Bulawayo in 1996-97.

Knight was a far more successful, and certainly regular, one day player for England. The most obvious reason for this was his technique. Never afraid of genuine fast bowling, his footwork was often not decisive enough which caused him at times to appear to be backing away from short balls and his test innings frequently ended giving a catch to the slips or the wicket-keeper. As a fine fielder and a hard worker - it is surprising that he did not play more for England - the England team was not blessed with too many good batsman during Knight's era. However two of the better batsmen were Michael Atherton and Mark Butcher with whom Knight was vying for a place for most of his career. Atherton too was captain of England until 1998 so would have been an automatic choice for opening batsman.

One Day Internationals[link]

In one-day cricket, this backing away in fact helped him score a lot of runs and became something of a hallmark. This same strength / weakness was, curiously enough, mirrored in Michael Bevan - one of Knight's contemporaries. Whether Knight would have had Bevan's success had he been used in a similar "finishing" position is debatable but Knight could certainly have played more ODIs for England than he did.

Debuting in 1996, he scored centuries in his second and third innings in ODI cricket, on consecutive days against a Pakistan bowling attack that included Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis.

Knight wasn't selected for the World Cup team in 1999 and made his World Cup debut in the 2003 tournament. He performed well in an unsuccessful campaign for England and faced the first delivery in cricket^{[citation needed]} officially to break the 100 mph barrier, bowled by Shoaib Akhtar.

One Day International Centuries[link]

ODI Centuries of Nick Knight
	Runs	Match	Against	City/Country	Venue	Year
[1]	113	2	Pakistan	Manchester, England	Old Trafford	1996
[2]	125*	3	Pakistan	Nottingham, England	Trent Bridge	1996
[3]	122	17	West Indies	Bridgetown, Barbados	Kennington Oval	1998
[4]	105	70	India	Delhi, India	Feroz Shah Kotla	2002
[5]	111*	86	Australia	Sydney, Australia	Sydney Cricket Ground	2002

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Player profile: Nick Knight from ESPNcricinfo

v t e England squad – 1999 Cricket World Cup 1 Stewart (c/wk) 2 Austin 3 Croft 4 Ealham 5 Fairbrother 6 Flintoff 7 Fraser 8 Gough 9 Hick 10 Hollioake 11 Hussain 12 Knight 13 Mullally 14 Thorpe 15 Wells Coach: Lloyd

v t e England squad – 2003 Cricket World Cup 1 Knight 2 Caddick 3 Hussain 4 Stewart 6 White 11 Flintoff 15 Irani 22 Hoggard 23 Trescothick 28 Harmison 29 Giles 37 Blackwell 40 Anderson 50 Collingwood 99 Vaughan Coach: Fletcher

This biographical article of an English international cricketer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Blake Carrington is a fictional character on the American TV series Dynasty. The role was portrayed by John Forsythe from the first episode of the series in 1981 until the finale in 1989. Forsythe returned for the 1991 miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion.^[1] Forsythe is the only actor to appear in every episode of the series.

Patriarch of the Carrington family, self-made CEO of monolithic Denver-Carrington, and the principal character of the series, oil tycoon Blake Carrington is initially a ruthless man in both business and family matters. The character soon softens into a more benevolent patriarchal figure due to the influence of actor Forsythe.

Season one[link]

In the series premiere, Blake marries his secretary Krystle Jennings. Their marriage is strained by her discomfort as she learns about Blake's ruthless side, especially in business. Blake rapes Krystle when she is reluctant to have sex with him. Blake struggles with his daughter Fallon's promiscuity and his son Steven's homosexuality. He catches his son in an embrace with another man, and in a fit of anger pushes them apart. Steven's lover falls, hits his head, and dies. Blake is arrested and charged with murder. In the season finale, a mysterious witness enters the courtroom. Visibly agitated, Blake turns to his lawyer and asks, "What's she doing here?"

Season two[link]

The mystery witness is Blake's ex-wife, Alexis. She testifies to Blake's violent temper. He is found guilty, but given a suspended sentence. While Blake struggles to save Denver-Carrington from financial troubles, he is thrilled to learn that Krystle is pregnant. Krystle loses her baby in a horse riding accident. Blake suggests that Krystle meet with his friend, psychiatrist Nick Toscanni. Later, Blake is blinded after mobster Logan Rhinewood bombs his car. Blake suspects that Krystle is having an affair with Nick, so after his sight returns he continues to feign blindness in order spy on her. In the season finale, he confronts Nick. The men are on horseback, and Blake is thrown from his horse. Nick leaves him unconscious on the ground.

Season three[link]

Krystle finds Blake and gets him to help. Blake learns that Fallon's son, his namesake "Little Blake" has been kidnapped. Blake and Alexis make a televised plea for the return of their kidnapped infant grandson L.B. Colby. While on the air, Alexis confesses a dark secret from their past: their firstborn son, Adam, had been kidnapped as a baby and never recovered. Traumatized by the event, they had hidden his existence from their subsequent children Fallon and Steven. Weeks later, an attorney from Billings, Montana, approaches Blake and claims to be Adam. Blake does not believe him, but eventually accepts him as his son - especially when Alexis does. Blake learns that Krystle's divorce from her first husband was never official. He and Krystle are going through a bad patch and they separate. Blake learns that Steven is missing and presumed dead in an oil rig explosion. He refuses to believe that Steven is dead. When Steven's ex-wife appears with a baby that she says is Steven's, Blake offers to keep the child. Later, he learns that Steven is alive. He flies to Singapore to convince him to return to Denver. In the third season finale, Blake learns that Steven is living with another man. Blake decides to sue for custody of his grandson.

Season four[link]

Blake loses his custody fight when Steven marries Claudia Blaisdel. However, they reconcile when Blake and Krystle remarry.

Season Five[link]

Blake mourns the death of his daughter, Fallon. Blake also learns that he has an illegitimate half-sister, Dominique. He accepts his sister after his father, Tom Carrington, admits on his deathbed that she is his daughter.

A few months later, Blake learns that Alexis had another child after they divorced, a daughter Amanda. Although Alexis denies that he is Amanda's father, he learns that she is, in fact, his daughter.

At Christmas, Blake is thrilled when Krystle has a baby girl. Although her health is fragile at first, she survives and thrives.

Blake grows jealous of Krystle's friendship with Daniel Reece. Meanwhile, Lady Ashley Mitchell attempts to seduce Blake. Someone has photos taken of both Blake with Ashley and Krystle with Daniel and has them sent to each other. However, both Blake and Krystle declare their love for each other.

When Amanda falls in love with Prince Michael of Moldavia, Blake's entire family joins him for the wedding. Unfortunately, rebels storm the wedding a spray the chapel with bullets.

Season Six[link]

Blake and his family survive the attack. Upon returning to Denver, Blake enters a business deal with Jason Colby and is shocked to discover that Fallon is alive, suffering from amnesia, and married to his son, Miles. Blake's health starts to deteriorate and he becomes almost completely incapacitated. It turns out that Krystle has been kidnapped and replaced with a look-alike, Rita. When the truth is exposed, Rita disappears and Krystle returns. Blake is furious when his brother Ben returns to Denver. In league with Alexis, he sues for his share of their late father's estate. He mortgages his house and holdings on the hope that he will win lucrative South China Sea oil leases. Thanks to Ben and Alexis's interference, he loses everything. In the season finale, he learns that Alexis has bought his house. Furious, he grabs her by the throat and starts to strangle her.

Season Seven[link]

Krystle pulls Blake off of Alexis. Blake learns that his hotel, La Mirage, has burned down and that several people, including Claudia Blaisdel Carrington, have perished in the fire. Blake is charged with arson, but eventually the charges are dropped when it is revealed that Claudia was responsible for the blaze. As Blake continues to try and regain his empire, he discovers that the land he inherited from his mother is rich in natural gas. However, he is forced to temporarily halt his plans to develop on the land when Alexis and Ben learn of its existence. Soon after, Emily Fallmont gives Blake damning information on Alexis and Ben and uses it to force them to relinquish their ownership of Denver-Carrington and all its holdings back to him. Later on, Blake, Alexis, and Ben are in southeast Asia visiting an oil rig when it catches on fire. Blake rescues a trapped Ben moments before the rig explodes. Blake awakens in the hospital with no memories of the last 25 years. Alexis has him discharged from the hospital and convinces him that they're still married. However, when Krystle finds them, Blake's memories return. Blake and Krystle's daughter, Krystina, falls ill and needs a heart transplant. A donor is found, Krystina is fine, but the donor's mother kidnaps Krystina. However, she is found unharmed. In the season finale, at Adam's wedding, Blake and Alexis legally adopt Adam.

Season Eight[link]

Blake runs for governor, against the incumbent and Alexis running as an independent. He loses. Not long after, he returns home to find his bedroom trashed and Krystle missing. He cries out: "Oh, Krystle, I thought we had more time!"

Season Nine[link]

Krystle has a serious brain tumor and must have risky surgery. They fly to Switzerland, where the surgery is successful but Krystle is left in a coma.

A body is found at the bottom of a lake on the Carrington property. The dead body turns out to be Roger Grimes, the man with whom Alexis was sleeping when she and Blake divorced. He had been dead for 20 years but the cold temperatures in the lake preserved his body. Ultimately, it is revealed that 8-year-old Fallon had shot Roger Grimes after finding him beating Alexis, and Blake's late father had hidden the body in a mine under the lake to protect Fallon. The situation is complicated by the fact that the mine is full of stolen Nazi treasure, hidden there by Blake's late father. Roger's body had been disturbed from its hiding place by someone looking for the treasure.

In the last episode of the series, Blake learns that the police captain investigating the murder of Roger Grimes is behind the search for the treasure. Blake attempts to force a confession. The captain pulls a gun, and they both shoot. Blake is left lying in a pool of blood.

The Reunion[link]

Three years later, in the Dynasty Reunion movie, Blake is being released from jail for the murder of Captain Handler. Along with his sons, Steven and Adam, and former son-in-law Jeff, Blake attempts to regain control of Denver-Carrington from an international consortium. He is also thrilled to find that Krystle has recovered from her coma. However, it is soon revealed that the Consortium as planted subliminal commands in Krystle's mind during the course of her recovery to assassinate Blake. Fortunately, her love for Blake proves to be too strong and she breaks their control over her.

References[link]

See also[link]

• Carrington family tree