Goku, known as Son Goku (孫 悟空?) in the original Japanese-language version,[1] is a fictional character, a superhero and the main protagonist of the Dragon Ball manga series written by Akira Toriyama. He is loosely based on Sun Wukong, a central character in Journey to the West. Goku is introduced as an eccentric, monkey-tailed boy who practices martial arts and possesses superhuman strength.[2] At first, Goku is believed to be an Earthling, but he is later revealed to be a member of an extraterrestrial warrior race called the Saiyans.[3]
In Dragon Ball, Goku trains himself in various martial arts and searches the planet for the seven eponymous Dragon Balls. He meets other characters with similar goals, such as Bulma, with whom Goku travels to find the Dragon Balls. As Goku matures, he becomes one of Earth's strongest warriors and protects it from villains who wish to harm it. Goku is depicted as carefree and aloof when at ease but quickly serious when fighting. Goku is able to concentrate his chi and use it for energy-based attacks, the most prominent being his signature Kamehameha wave, in which Goku launches a blue energy blast from his hands.
As the protagonist, Goku appears in most of the episodes, films, television specials, and OVAs of the anime series Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, Dragon Ball GT, and Dragon Ball Z Kai, as well as many of the franchise's video games. Due to the series' international popularity, Goku has become one of the most recognizable and iconic anime characters. Outside the Dragon Ball franchise, Goku has featured in cameo appearances in Toriyama's self-parody series Neko Majin Z, has been the subject of other parodies, and has appeared in special events. Goku's critical reception has been largely positive and he has been recognized as one of the greatest manga/anime characters of all time.
Goku first appears in the manga chapter Bulma and Son Goku (ブルマと孫悟空, Buruma to Son Gokū?), originally published in Japan's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on December 3, 1984.[4] Goku first appears as a supremely strong, monkey-tailed child adopted by the hermit Gohan. Before the series' narrative begins, he accidentally kills Gohan on a full-moon night when he temporarily transforms into a giant ape-like creature. Living alone, Goku befriends a teenage girl named Bulma and joins her to find the seven Dragon Balls, which, when gathered, summon the wish-granting dragon Shenron. They encounter the desert bandit Yamcha and two shapeshifters named Oolong and Puar, who also join their quest. Goku is later trained by the martial artist Master Roshi, alongside a Shaolin monk named Krillin, who becomes his best friend. While participating in the World Martial Arts Tournament, Goku battles foes-turned-allies such as Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu, as well as the Namekian Piccolo. After becoming the runner-up champion of the 21st and 22nd tournaments, Goku finally wins in the 23rd tournament with Piccolo's defeat, and marries the Ox King's daughter Chi-Chi soon after.
Five years later, Goku meets his evil older brother, Raditz, and sacrifices himself to defeat Raditz after he learns about his heritage.[5][6] Goku is a member of a race of extraterrestrials called Saiyans that live on the planet Vegeta, himself having been sent from Vegeta to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life.[7] While Gohan is taking care of him, Goku suffers severe amnesia and forgets his mission to conquer Earth.[7] Following the wish for his revival from the Dragon Balls, Goku faces enemies linked to his heritage, such as the Saiyan prince Vegeta, who eventually becomes his ally; and the galactic tyrant Frieza, who causes Goku to become a Super Saiyan. After his battle with Frieza, Goku contracts a heart virus whereof the time-traveler Trunks warns him, but recovers after taking medicine provided by Trunks. Later, Goku trains his first son, Gohan, to be his successor and sacrifices himself again during the battle against the evil life-form Cell. Goku is resurrected on Earth seven years later and meets his second son, Goten. Shortly after, he is drawn into a battle for the universe against the monster Majin Buu. Goku also battles Vegeta again after Vegeta falls under the control of the wizard Babidi. Eventually, Goku destroys Buu with his Spirit Bomb technique, after gathering energy from all of Earth's inhabitants. Ten years later, during another World Martial Arts Tournament, Goku meets Buu's human reincarnation, Uub and leaves with him, intending to train Uub as another successor.[8]
In the anime sequel, Dragon Ball GT, Goku is transformed into a child by an accidental wish made by his enemy Emperor Pilaf using the Black Star Dragon Balls.[9] Goku, Trunks, and Goku's granddaughter Pan travel the universe to search for the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth. Here, Goku defeats the evil Tuffle Baby, the Super Android 17, and the evil Shadow Dragons. His final challenge is against Omega Shenron, who he destroys using the Spirit Bomb.[10] Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron and appears 100 years later at the next martial arts tournament as an adult, where he watches a battle between his descendant, Goku Jr., and Vegeta's descendant. An elderly Pan sees him, but he quickly departs.[11]
Goku has appeared in other media including an unofficial Chinese live-action film[12] and an unofficial Korean live-action film[13]. Goku appears in the 2009 20th Century Fox feature Dragonball Evolution, portrayed by actor Justin Chatwin.[14] Goku appears in almost every Dragon Ball licensed electronic game, including crossover games such as Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars. In 1992, Goku is featured in the interactive game Dragon Ball Z: Get Together! Goku World,[15] in which Goku and his gang travel back in time to review events in the Dragon Ball timeline and interacts with his younger self. In 2006, Goku is featured in the Dragon Ball Z, One Piece and Naruto crossover game Battle Stadium D.O.N. In December 2007, Goku, Naruto Uzumaki and Monkey D. Luffy made guest appearances in avatar form in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion titled Jumpland@Second Life.[16] Goku also appears in the Dr. Slump and Arale-chan video game for the Nintendo DS.[17]
Goku has been the subject of, and is mentioned in, various songs. "Son Goku Song"[18] and "Gokū no Gokigen Jānī"[19] feature Goku as a child singing about himself. During his adult years, the song "Aitsu wa Son Gokū" by Hironobu Kageyama, where Kageyama praises everything about Goku,[20] and the duet "Ore-tachi no Energy"[21] feature words spoken by the character. For the release of the single of the Dragonball Evolution international theme song "Rule" Toriyama supplied CD artwork of singer Ayumi Hamasaki dressed as Goku.[22]
Goku has been used in Japanese public service announcements aimed at children. In June 1988, Goku and other Dragon Ball characters were featured in two PSA short films. The first, in which Goku is taught the importance of obeying traffic safety by others, is entitled The Goku Traffic Safety (悟空の交通安全, Gokū no Kōtsū Anzen?).[23] The second is called The Goku Fire Fighting Regiment (悟空の消防隊, Gokū no Shōbō-tai?), in which he teaches two children the importance of fire safety.[23]
Goku has made guest appearances in various Japanese television shows and manga. In 2005, Goku appeared in the Toriyama parody manga Neko Majin Z where he is the sensei of the main character Z.[24] On September 15, 2006, Goku, Vegeta and Frieza appeared in a chapter of the Kochikame manga Super Kochikame entitled Kochira Namek-Sei Dragon Kōen-mae Hashutsujo (こちらナメック星ドラゴン公園前派出所?), in which Ryotsu Kankichi travels to Namek and tries to issue Frieza a citation and scolds he and Goku for parking their ships illegally.[25] Goku and other Dragon Ball characters joined the cast of One Piece in a crossover manga entitled Cross Epoch.[26]
Goku has been the subject of various parodies. In the episode Career Day of Takeshi's Castle, known in the United States as MXC, the hosts Beat Takeshi and Sonomanma Higashi dressed as popular anime characters, one as Kid Goku, the other as Doraemon.[27] Shonen Jump's Gag Special 2005 issue, released on November 12, 2004, featured a Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo one-shot Dragon Ball parody manga, a retelling of the battle between Goku and Vegeta in the Saiyan Saga.[28] In chapter #179 of the Yakitate!! Japan manga, Kawachi executes a Genki Dama parody called a Shinrai Dama (信頼玉, lit. "Trust Ball"?) on the character Katsuo.[29]
Goku regularly appears on Fuji TV. In 2003, Goku appeared in the interactive feature Kyutai Panic Adventure! (球体パニックアドベンチャー!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā!?, Orb Panic Adventure!), which was featured exclusively at the Fuji TV headquarters in the Kyutai (orb) section. In this, Frieza attacks a visiting tourist, blasting the orb section free from the rest of the Fuji TV building. Goku fights Frieza over the real life aqua city of Odaiba.[30][31] In 2004, a sequel called Kyūtai Panic Adventure Returns! (球体パニックアドベンチャーリターンズ!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā Ritānzu!?, Orb Panic Adventure Returns!) was produced.[32] On March 25, 2006, Goku and Frieza appeared in an original animated short film in the IQ Mirror Mistake 7 (ＩＱミラーまちがい７, Aikyū Mirā Machigai Nana?) segment of the Japanese game show IQ Supplement (IQサプリ, IQ Sapuri, or IQ Supli?).[33] On April 7, 2007, Goku and Fuji TV announcer Masaharu Miyake were commentators on the anime segment in the Nippon Ijin Taishō (日本偉人大賞, Japan Great Man Awards?) titled Saikyō no Ijin ha Dare? (最強の偉人は誰？, Who is the Strongest Hero??). The segment featured a special tournament to decide who was the greatest person in Japanese history. During the intermission, Goku promoted the coming release of R2 Dragon Ball DVDs.[34]
Since the U.S. debut of Dragon Ball Z in 1996, Goku has appeared in American pop culture. He was featured in an issue of Wizard magazine in which he and Superman fought a hypothetical battle.[35] In the Codename: Kids Next Door episode "Operation: R.E.P.O.R.T", Numbuh Four's version of the story is a parody of the Goku and Frieza's battle in Dragon Ball Z.[36] Goku appears in Robot Chicken in a sketch entitled A Very Dragon Ball Z Christmas, where Goku and Gohan fight an evil Mrs. Claus with Santa's reindeer, in an attempt to save Christmas.[37] The SNL sketch TV Funhouse titled Kobayashi depicts real-life hot-dog-eating champion Takeru Kobayashi as able to transform into a Super Saiyan as he prepares to eat hot dogs; Goku appears briefly near the end.[38] Goku is referenced in the song "Goku" by Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, where he brags that he looks and feels like Goku and a few other Dragon Ball related characters also including unrelated Pikachu.[39] Goku appears in parody of the film Moneyball on an episode of Mad entitled Money Ball Z, in which Billy Beane drafts Goku and a couple of other Dragon Ball characters into the Oakland A's.[40]
Goku was based on one of Akira Toriyama's earlier characters named Tanton, a fictional protagonist who appeared in a one-shot series called Dragon Boy.[41] In this story, Tanton has a pair of wings. When Toriyama created Dragon Ball, he was inspired by Chinese author Wu Cheng'en's 16th century classic novel Journey to the West. The name Goku is the Japanese version of 孫悟空 (Sun Wukong), the central character of the novel. Toriyama designed Goku as a human boy with a monkey's tail, rather than a complete simian, because the tail would be visible even when Goku was trying to hide.[41] Similarly, in Journey to the West, Sun Wukong can assume human form, but retains his tail. Toriyama initially planned to make Goku an Earthling, but given the introduction of fighters from other planets, it was later established that Goku is a Saiyan. To increase the pace of the story, Toriyama gave Goku the ability to teleport to any planet in seconds.[42]
Wanting Dragon Ball to have a Chinese appearance, Toriyama modeled Goku's gi (martial arts uniform) on the robes worn by the Shaolin monks of China.[43] During early developments of the manga, readers commented that Goku looked rather plain, so the author changed his appearance and added several characters like Master Roshi and Krillin, then created the World Martial Arts Tournament to base the storyline on fighting. To defy the assumption that Goku would win the tournaments, Toriyama made him lose the first and second but win the third. With the conclusion of the Cell Saga, Gohan was intended to replace his father as protagonist, but Toriyama decided that Gohan was unsuitable for that role.[41]
Goku is usually recognized by his unique hairstyle, which does not change its length except in his Super Saiyan forms, wherein his hair changes color and length according to the form he takes. This is explained by Vegeta to be a common characteristic of full-blooded Saiyans.[44] Except in his Super Saiyan 4 state, Goku's hair color changes from black to golden after ascending to a Super Saiyan, and his irises change from black to green. Goku prefers dressing in a dōgi uniform to show his devotion to Earth, instead of standard battle fatigues of his race;[45] the only time he actually does wear these garments is during his training with Gohan in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber at Kami's Lookout, before the Cell Games.[46]
In his early childhood, Goku is introduced wearing a dark colored dōgi uniform with red wristbands and a white belt tied in a bow.[4] Throughout Dragon Ball Z, Goku is commonly seen wearing an orange dōgi uniform with a blue short-sleeved undershirt, blue wristbands, a blue belt tied in a knot, and striped boots. Goku also often wears the encircled kanji of his training masters on the front and back of this uniform; the first kanji being Master Roshi's, "kame" (亀?, meaning "turtle");[47] the second kanji being King Kai's, "kaio" (界王?, meaning "world king");[48] and the third being his own "Go" (悟?, meaning "wisdom" or "enlightenment").[49] Eventually, Goku stops wearing a kanji[50] and replaces his knot-tied belt with a blue obi.[50] In Dragon Ball GT, Goku wears a multi colored dōgi that consists of a blue fold-over shirt, yellow pants, pink wristbands, and white shinguards, and he also has a darker skin complexion.[51]
In the Japanese version of the entire Dragon Ball anime series and subsequent spin-offs, Goku is voiced by Masako Nozawa. Toriyama selected Nozawa upon hearing her audition sample, remarking that only Goku could sound like that.[52] In most non-Japanese versions, different voice actors have been used for the child and adult forms of the character. In the numerous English versions, Goku is played by different actors because different companies produced the dubs, by reason of changes of ADR companies and recording studios, or due to actors quitting.
In Harmony Gold's dub of the first few episodes, and the first and third movies of Dragon Ball, Goku (renamed "Zero") was voiced by Barbara Goodson.[53] In Bandai's English release of the video game Final Bout, Brianne Siddall was the voice of kid Goku.[54] In Funimation's original dub of the first 13 episodes and first movie of Dragon Ball (produced in association with BLT Productions), kid Goku was voiced by Saffron Henderson.[55] In Funimation's in-house dub of the franchise, kid Goku was originally voiced by Ceyli Delgadillo in the movies Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle and Mystical Adventure dubbed before the series;[55] Stephanie Nadolny in the entire Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT series, the movie The Path to Power, as well as various video games;[55] and by Colleen Clinkenbeard in flashbacks in Dragon Ball Z Kai and the movie Curse of the Blood Rubies.[56] In AB Groupe's English dub of Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT (produced in association with Blue Water Studios) for Canadian and European broadcast, kid Goku was voiced by Zoe Slusar.[57]
In Bandai's English dub of the video game Final Bout, Steven Blum voiced adult Goku.[54] In Creative Products Corporation's dub of the first 35 episodes of Dragon Ball Z (produced in association with Animation International) for the Philippines, adult Goku was voiced by Nesty Calvo Ramirez.[58] In Funimation's dub of the first 67 episodes (edited into 53) of Dragon Ball Z produced in association with Saban and Ocean Productions, adult Goku was voiced by Ian James Corlett in episodes 1-49 (1-37 edited) and then by Peter Kelamis in episodes 50-67 (38-53 edited) who also voiced Goku as a child in a few flashbacks.[59] In Geneon's dub of the movies Dead Zone, The World's Strongest and The Tree of Might (produced in association with Funimation and Ocean Productions), Peter Kelamis again voiced adult Goku.[60] In Westwood Media's dub of the last half of Dragon Ball Z (produced in association with Ocean Productions) for European and Canadian broadcast, adult Goku was voiced by Peter Kelamis in episodes 108-158 and by Kirby Morrow in episodes 159-291.[61] In AB Groupe's dub of Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT (produced in association with Blue Water Studios) for Canadian and European broadcast, the adult Goku was voiced by Jeffrey Watson in Dragon Ball and Jeremiah Yurk in Dragon Ball GT.[57] In Funimation's in-house dub of the entire Dragon Ball franchise in the U.S., adult Goku has been voiced consistently by Sean Schemmel.[62]
Through constant training, Goku has achieved many extraordinary abilities, like incredible superhuman strength and durability. He also possesses super speed[63] and swift reflexes, and can perform energy blasts formed from chi. As a child, Goku wields the Nyoi-bo (如意棒, lit. "Mind Stick"?, renamed "Power Pole" in Funimation's anime dub), a magic staff that extends and retracts on command, given to him by Grandpa Gohan[4]; but as he grows older and stronger, Goku eventually stops using the staff. Goku's first means of conveyance is a magic cloud called Kinto-un (筋斗雲, lit. "Somersault Cloud"?, renamed "Nimbus" in Funimation's dub), given to him by Master Roshi in return for saving Roshi's pet sea turtle.[64] After training with Kami, he learns to fly by virtue of the technique Bukū-jutsu (舞空術, lit. "Air Dance Technique"?) and uses the cloud less frequently.
Goku's signature move is the Kamehameha (かめはめ波, lit. "Kamehame Wave"?), an energy blast technique learned from Master Roshi.[65] Another notable technique of Goku's, taught to him by King Kai, is the Kaiō-ken (界王拳, lit. "World King Fist"?), an attack that multiplies his chi and strength for an instant, but can also strain his body afterwards.[66] Goku's most powerful attack is the Genki Dama (元気玉, lit. "Good Spirit Ball"?, renamed "Spirit Bomb" in Funimation's dub), an energy sphere created by gathering ki from surrounding life forms, which he also learned from King Kai.[48] Goku also learns a teleportation skill called Shunkan Idō (瞬間移動, lit. "Instant Teleport"?, renamed "Instant Transmission" in Funimation's dub), which he learned from the inhabitants of the planet Yardrat.[67]
Goku is the only Saiyan in the series to achieve all known Saiyan transformations seen in the manga. In Dragon Ball, he can transform into a gigantic ape-like creature called an Ōzaru (大猿, lit. "Great Monkey"?, renamed "Great Ape" or "Giant Ape" in Funimation's dub) when he stares at a full moon while possessing a Saiyan tail. Goku loses the ability to make this transformation when his friends cut off his tail.[68] Although it grows back, Goku's tail is later permanently removed by Kami.[69] In Dragon Ball GT, Goku is able to use this transformation again after regrowing his tail with the Elder Supreme Kai's help.[70] In Dragon Ball Z, Goku becomes the first Super Saiyan in a millennium in rage when Frieza kills Krillin on the planet Namek.[71] As the series progresses, Goku achieves every advanced form of Super Saiyan. Each transformation changes Goku's appearance and enormously enhances his abilities.
Goku can fuse with Vegeta, creating a warrior with the combined powers and skills of both Saiyans. He can achieve this using two methods. The first method involves using the Potara Earrings presented to Goku by the Elder Kai, which results in a 'perfect fusion', creating Vegito ("Vegerot" in Viz Media's manga translation).[72] The other method, appearing only in the anime, is by performing the Metamorese Fusion Dance, which creates Gogeta. If the dance is performed incorrectly, it forms the obese Veku.[73]
Goku has been very well received by publications for manga, anime and other media. Anime News Network noted Goku as a good source of comedy and remarked that after everything he experiences, he remains a naïve character.[74] THEM Anime Reviews noted that Goku is not an omnipotent character in the first series, unlike Dragon Ball Z, and does not disappear for long periods of time between sagas. They also liked the way the series' depict his entire adventures, making him a good main character.[75] Rationalmagic.com praised Goku's innocence as one of the funniest parts of the series.[76] According to Julius Weideman, Goku's journey and ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning "the admiration of young boys everywhere."[77] Goku was ranked Number One in IGN's Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time,[78] and in Mania Entertainment's 10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes written by Thomas Zoth who commented that "Goku and Dragon Ball completely revolutionized the shonen genre."[79] In a Newtype poll from March 2010, Goku was voted the fourth most popular male character from the 1980s.[80]
Several pieces of merchandising based on Goku have been released, including action figures,[81][82] plushes,[83][84] and keychains.[85] In a 2005 The Daily Reader article entitled "The Greatest Geek Movie Heroes of All Time", Goku is the only animated character listed, ranked tenth.[86] Goku has been featured in the Animage's Anime Grand Prix 1989 polls, ranked the second most popular male anime character.[87][88] One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda and Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto said that Goku inspired their series' themes.[89][90] In 2000, Goku placed third in an Animax poll of favorite anime characters.[91] In a survey of 1,000 people, conducted by Oricon in 2007, Goku ranked first place as the "Strongest Manga character of all time."[92] In the survey "friendship" developed by rankingjapan.com, in which people chose which anime character they would like as a friend, Goku ranked fifth.[93] Masako Nozawa, the Japanese voice actor who played Goku, said that she liked when he lost his tail because it made him look normal and that the character was still the same at the end of the series.[94] Jackie Chan has gone on record stating that Goku is his favorite Dragon Ball character.[95]
The German rock band Son Goku takes their name from Goku. The band's lead singer Thomas D chose the name because Goku embodies the band's philosophy, saying he was "fascinated by Goku's naïveté and cheerfulness, yet, at the same time, a great warrior saving the world."[96]
In 2010, a fiberglass statue of Goku was created by Chinese artist Edison Chen, with Chen's facial features instead of Goku's, as part of Chen's "I Hate You For Looking!" collection that was displayed at the "Treacherous Treis" exhibition.[97] Rafael Nadal confessed that when he was a young boy, he would run home from school to watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, Dragon Ball. CNN released an article explaining how Goku was Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called Nadal "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due to his unorthodox style "from another planet."[98]
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- ^ a b c Toriyama, Akira (August 9, 1995). "Before Dragon Ball Pt. 1" (in Japanese). ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 大全集 ➋「ＳＴＯＲＹ ＧＵＩＤＥ」. Dragon Ball. Shueisha. pp. 46. ISBN 4-08-782752-6.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (October 9, 1995). "鳥山明的超会見 第４回". ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 大全集 ➍ 「ＷＯＲＬＤ ＧＵＩＤＥ」. Shueisha. pp. 164–168. ISBN 4-08-782754-2.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (June 25, 1995). "鳥山明的超会見 第１回". ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 大全集 ➊ 「ＣＯＭＰＬＥＴＥ ＩＬＬＵＳＴＲＡＴＩＯＮＳ」. Shueisha. pp. 202–206. ISBN 4-08-782754-2.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (October 7, 1992). "375 ベジータ、トランクス発進！！" (in Japanese). セルの完全体 完成！！. Dragon Ball. 32. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851687-7.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (May 15, 1989). "390 悟空と悟飯外へ" (in Japanese). セルゲーム始まる. Dragon Ball. 17. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851688-5.
- ^ "全てオレが片付ける！！新生ベジータ親子出現". Dragon Ball Z. episode 154. August 26, 1992. Fuji TV.
- ^ "Chinese Characters: Turtle". About.com. http://chineseculture.about.com/library/extra/character/blsc_turtle.htm. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
- ^ a b Toriyama, Akira (July 15, 1989). "211 界王さまと、がんばる死人孫悟空！" (in Japanese). 孫悟空とピッコロ大魔王. Dragon Ball. 18. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851615-X.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (January 15, 1991). "279 不思議な孫悟空" (in Japanese). 悟空か！？ギニューか！？. Dragon Ball. 24. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851414-9.
- ^ a b Toriyama, Akira (November 15, 1991). "337 集う超戦士たち" (in Japanese). 未来から来た少年. Dragon Ball. 28. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851418-1.
- ^ Jump Comics (1997) (in Japanese). Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File 1. Dragon Ball. Shueisha. p. 6. ISBN 4-08-874089-0.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (September 9, 1995). "鳥山明的超会見 [Akira Toriyama Super Interview]" (in Japanese). Dragon Ball 大全集 3 TV Animation Part 1 [Dragon Ball Great Complete Collection 3 TV Animation Part 1]. Dragon Ball. Shueisha. p. 202. ISBN 4-08-782753-4.
- ^ Dragon Ball Harmony Gold dub's credits
- ^ a b Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout credits
- ^ a b c Dragon Ball Funimation dub's credits
- ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai Funimation dub's credits, and Funimation's Facebook page
- ^ a b Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT Chinook dub's credits
- ^ Dragon Ball Z Creative Products dub's credits
- ^ http://www.animecauldron.com/dbzuncensored/opinions/icorlett.html
- ^ Dragon Ball Z Geneon dub's credits
- ^ Dragon Ball Z Westwood dub's credits
- ^ Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, Dragon Ball GT, and Dragon Ball Z Kai Funimation dub's credits
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (February 11, 1988). "127 クリリンの大作戦" (in Japanese). 天下一のスーパーバトル！！. Dragon Ball. 11. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851608-7.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (September 15, 1985). "4 亀仙人の筋斗雲" (in Japanese). 孫悟空と仲間たち. Dragon Ball. 1. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851831-4.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (January 15, 1986). "13 亀仙人のかめはめ波！！" (in Japanese). ドラゴンボール危機一髪. Dragon Ball. 2. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851832-2.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (November 15, 1989). "224 孫悟空の静かな怒り" (in Japanese). いそげ！孫悟空. Dragon Ball. 19. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851616-8.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (November 15, 1991). "336 ３年後の賭け" (in Japanese). 未来から来た少年. Dragon Ball. 28. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851418-1.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (January 15, 1986). "22 悟空の大変身" (in Japanese). ドラゴンボール危機一髪. Dragon Ball. 2. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-all my brothers in the house851832-2.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira. "166 それぞれの再会" (in Japanese). さらなる飛躍. Dragon Ball. 14. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851611-7.
- ^ "くらえベビー！新生ウーブ必殺光線！！". Dragon Ball GT. episode 33. January 15, 1997. Fuji TV.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (August 12, 1991). "318 伝説の超サイヤ人" (in Japanese). 伝説の超サイヤ人. Dragon Ball. 27. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851417-3.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira. "503 孫悟空最後の合体！！" (in Japanese). バイバイ ドラゴンワールド. Dragon Ball. 26. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851090-9.
- ^ Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn uncut movie (Liner notes). Texas: Funimation. 1995 [DVD 2006]. 1-4210-0705-3.
- ^ Divers, Allen (2001-11-18). "Dragon Ball (manga) Graphic Novel vol 5". Anime News Network. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gn-5. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ Jones, Tim. "Dragon Ball anime review". themanime.org. http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=565. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ "Dragon Ball Volume 1 review". Rationalmagic.com. http://www.rationalmagic.com/Comics/DragonBall1.html. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ Wiedemann, Julius (2004-09-25). "Akira Toriyama", in Amano Masanao (ed.): Manga Design. Taschen, p. 372. ISBN 3-8228-2591-3
- ^ Mackenzie, Chris (October 20, 2009). "Goku wins a place with the best". IGN. http://movies.ign.com/articles/103/1036651p5.html. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
- ^ Zoth, Thomas (January 12, 2010). "10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes". Mania Entertainment. http://www.mania.com/10-iconic-anime-heroes_article_119883.html. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ "NT Research". Newtype, Issue 4 (Kadokawa Shoten). March 2010.
- ^ "Dragonball Z BanDai Hybrid Action Mega Articulated 4 Inch Action Figure Goku". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000GTLP04/. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ "Super saiyan goku dragon ball z 4"" ultimate collction f". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001CSCSI6/. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ "Dragon Ball Z DBZ GOKU 13" Plush Toy". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0017DR2YG/. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ "Dragon Ball 5" Son Goku Plush". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001EBTD2U/. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ "Goku & Tenkaichi Budokai - Dragonball Twin Figure Keychain (Japanese Imported)". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000YP7H52/. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ "Goku wins a place with the best". Anime News Network. 2001-02-25. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-02-25/goku-wins-a-place-with-the-best. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "第11回アニメグランプリ ［1989年5月号］ [11th Anime Grand Prix since (1989 May issue)]" (in Japanese). Animage. http://animage.jp/old/gp/gp_1989.html. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
- ^ "第15回アニメグランプリ ［1993年5月号］ [15th Anime Grand Prix since (1993 May issue)]" (in Japanese). Animage. http://animage.jp/old/gp/gp_1993.html. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- ^ Kishimoto, Masashi (2007). Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto. Viz Media. pp. 138–139. ISBN 1-4215-1407-9.
- ^ Oda, Eiichiro. "Interview with Eiichiro Oda and Akira Toriyama" (in Japanese). One Piece Color Walk. One Piece. 1. ISBN 978-4-08-859217-6.
- ^ "Gundam Tops Anime Poll". Anime News Network. 2000-09-12. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-09-11/gundam-tops-anime-poll. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ^ "1000 People Chose! The Strongest Character Ranking In Cartoon History!" (in Japanese). http://rn-cdn.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/45750/#rk. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ^ "Which Anime Character Do You Wish You Could Be Friends With?". Anime News Network. 2007-02-28. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-02-28/which-anime-character-do-you-wish-you-could-be-friends-with. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- ^ Jump Comics (December 1997) (in Japanese). Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File 2. Dragon Ball GT. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-874090-4.
- ^ Toriyama, Akira (June 25, 1995). "I Love DragonBall #1: Jackie Chan" (in Japanese). Dragon Ball Daizenshu: Complete Illustration. Shueisha. p. 7. ISBN 4-08-782754-2.
- ^ Munichx.de:. "Thomas D. und Bertil Mark im Interview" (in German). http://www.munichx.de/hoeren/thomas_d_interview.php. Retrieved January 14, 2008. "so fasziniert, aufgrund seiner Naivität und Frohsinns und gleichzeitig wurde er zum großen Kämpfer und rettet die Welt."
- ^ Han Wei Chou (September 28, 2010). "Edison Chen makes pop-art debut". http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/entertainment/view/1083800/1/.html. Retrieved September 29, Cottage. 2010.
- ^ Johnson, Christopher (8 October 2010). "Rafael Nadal: The 'Dragon Ball' of tennis". CNN International. http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/play/rafael-nadal-dragon-ball-tennis-216638. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
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he is best
