The Island Def Jam Music Group^[1][2][3][4] is an American record label formed in 1999 when Universal Music Group merged two of its daughter companies Island Records and Def Jam Recordings. In 2011, Motown Records was split from the Universal Motown Republic Group and subsequently merged into the The Island Def Jam Music Group.^[5] Barry Weiss serves as Chairman & CEO of the company.^[6]

History[link]

The Island Def Jam Music Group was formed in 1999 when Universal Music Group merged two of its daughter companies, Island Records and Def Jam Recordings, as a result of the merger between Universal Music and PolyGram labels. Also incorporated into the venture was the staff, roster, and back catalog of Mercury Records, which was dismantled for several years until it was revived as a new venture in 2007. Meanwhile, the labels Island Records and Def Jam Recordings continue to operate as their own respective labels as a part of the Island Def Jam Music Group umbrella (Island has concentrated on pop and rock performers, while Def Jam has most of the group's hip hop and R&B acts). The company is also affiliated with Lost Highway Records.

The Island Def Jam Music Group is one of two Universal Music Group umbrella labels in North America to market the works of primarily mainstream pop, rock, and urban performers—the other being Interscope-Geffen-A&M. In 2011, L.A. Reid stepped down as head of the company and was replaced by Barry Weiss.

Labels[link]

The record labels under The Island Def Jam Music Group:

• Def Jam Recordings
• Island Records
• Mercury Records
• Roc-A-Fella Records

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

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The King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921

The Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra is an example of a musical ensemble.

A musical ensemble is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, typically known by a distinct name. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles or wind ensembles. In jazz ensembles, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.), one or two chordal "comping" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or organ), a bass instrument (electric bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. In rock ensembles, usually called rock bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc.) and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit.

Classical chamber music[link]

The Kneisel String Quartet, led by Franz Kneisel, is an example of chamber music. This American ensemble debuted Dvořák's American Quartet, opus 96.

In Western Art music, commonly referred to as classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and dectet are used to describe groups of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called either a "hendectet" or an "undectet" (see Latin numerical prefixes). A solo is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician.

Four parts[link]

Strings[link]

A string quartet usually consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. An upper string quartet features two violins and two violas. A lower string quartet features 1 viola, 2 cellos and a double bass.

Wind[link]

A woodwind quartet usually features a clarinet, bassoon, flute and oboe. A brass quartet features 2 trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A wind quartet features a horn, flute, oboe and bassoon. A lower wind quartet features a tuba, a bassoon, a bass clarinet and a trombone.

Five parts[link]

The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with two violas, two cellos, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as "piano quintet" or "clarinet quintet" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Thus, a piano quintet is usually a string quartet plus a piano. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of 2 violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a "normal" string quartet.

Other common groupings in classical music are the woodwind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn and the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one french horn, a trombone and a tuba.

Six or more instruments[link]

Classical chamber ensembles for more than six musicians are occasionally used, such as septets (seven musicians), octets (eight musicians), or nonets (nine musicians). However, in many cases a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra In the American education system, sitting groups are known as wind ensembles or concert bands (to differentiate from marching bands). Music is similar to that of a pops orchestra, orchestrated for woodwinds, brass, and percussion. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras or philharmonic orchestras.^[1]

A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only strings, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and basses.

A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between seventy and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos, and basses. The winds consist of the woodwind family of instruments (flutes and piccolo, oboes and English horn, clarinets [made up of the E♭ clarinet, clarinet, and bass clarinet], saxophones, and bassoons [often including contrabassoon]) and the brass family (horns, trumpets, trombones, euphonium and tuba). The percussion family includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks).

When orchestras are performing baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ. When orchestras are performing Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine. When orchestras are performing music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.

Jazz ensembles[link]

Count Basie and band, with vocalist Ethel Waters, from the film Stage Door Canteen (1943)

Three parts[link]

In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the "drummer-less" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.

Four parts[link]

Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.

Larger ensembles[link]

The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1940s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding "sections" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section and a trumpet section, which perform arranged "horn lines" to accompany the ensemble. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player would "double" or "triple" meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both. Also by the addition of soloing instruments.

Rock and pop bands[link]

The Black Keys are a two-part band consisting of drummer and a vocalist/guitarist lineup.

Two parts[link]

Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare, because of the difficulty in providing all of the musical elements which are part of the rock or pop sound (vocals, chords, bass lines, and percussion or drumming) with trios or quartets. Two-member rock and pop bands typically omit one of these musical elements. In many cases, two-member bands will omit a drummer, since guitars, bass guitars, and keyboards can all be used to provide a rhythmic pulse. Examples of two-member bands are The Lightning Strikers, Local H, Pet Shop Boys, Hella, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Francis Xavier, I Set My Friends On Fire, Middle Class Rut, No Age, The Pity Party, Little Fish (band), The White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, The Ting Tings, The Black Box Revelation, Satyricon, The Black Keys, Panic! At the Disco, Tenacious D, They Might Be Giants (until 1992), Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, and The Pack A.D..

When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange and Yazoo used pre-programmed sequencers. Other pop bands from the 1980s which were ostensibly fronted by two performers, such as Wham! and Tears for Fears, were not actually two-piece ensembles, because other instrumental musicians were used "behind the scenes" to fill out the sound.

Two-piece bands in rock music are quite rare. However, starting in the 2000s, blues-influenced rock bands such as The White Stripes and The Black Keys utilized a guitar and drums scheme. However, this is predated by the Flat Duo Jets from the '80s. Death From Above 1979 featured a drummer and bass guitarist. Tenacious D is a two-guitar band; One Day as a Lion and The Dresden Dolls both feature a keyboardist and a drummer. The band Welk consists of a two-man psychedelic flute band, with the occasional synthesizer. Two-person bands have grown in popularity in experimental rock music. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he manages to be the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Heisenflei of Los Angeles duo The Pity Party plays drums, keyboards, and sings simultaneously. Providence-based Lightning Bolt is a two-member band. Bassist Brian Gibson augments his playing with delay pedals, pitch shifters, looping devices and other pedals, occasionally creating harmony. Local H, No Age, Blood Red Shoes, PS I Love You, The Redmond Barry's and Warship are other prominent two-person experimental rock bands.

Example line-up[link]

• Lead vocals, Bass, Guitar
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Keyboard, Guitar
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Bass, Drum machine
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals, Drum machine

or

• Lead vocals, Guitar
• Bass Guitar, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Keyboards
• Lead Vocals, Bass

or

• Lead Vocals, Keyboards, Guitar
• Drums, Keyboards

Three parts[link]

The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a "power trio" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Green Day, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, The Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Muse, Short Stack, ZZ Top, and the original lineup of Wolfmother.^[2] A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, The Police, The Melvins, Blue Cheer, Dinosaur Junior, Rush, The Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists, both of which play their respective instruments. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge.

An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.

A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore you only have to present one face to the public, the backing band is easy to house, and the songs will likely stay simple and accessible as the frontman will have to sing and play guitar at the same time.

Example line-up[link]

• Lead vocals guitar
• Backing Vocals, Bass
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Lead guitar
• Bass guitar, Keyboards
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Keyboards
• Lead guitar
• Bass guitar

or

• Lead vocals, Bass guitar
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Bass guitar, Lead vocals, Backing vocals
• Lead guitar, Lead vocals, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Backing vocals, Bass guitar
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion, Lead vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Lead guitar
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals, Harmonica
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals,
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals

Four parts[link]

The new Wolfmother lineup, with a vocalist/lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bassist and drummer lineup.

Red Hot Chili Peppers is a four part band with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, and drummer lineup.

The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. Before the development of the electronic keyboard, the configuration was typically two guitarists (one lead guitarist and one rhythm guitarist, with the latter on vocals), a bassist (typically the electric bass guitar) and a drummer (e.g. The Beatles, KISS, Foo Fighters, Weezer, Metallica, The Clash, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Kinks, The Fray, Sonic Youth, The Smashing Pumpkins, Arctic Monkeys, Franz Ferdinand, Against Me!, CN Blue, and the new lineup of Wolfmother^[2]). This is popular with bands for its versatility. However, it has been noted^{[by whom?]} the main complaint is that it takes too much effort to keep so many instruments in tune when they are played by every member of the band.

Another common formation was a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g.The Who, Led Zeppelin, The Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, The Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, The Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, The Stooges, Joy Division, U2 and Coldplay). Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the line-and-counterpoint formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: melody line, rhythm section with counterpoint melody, and vocals on top.

Some bands, such as My Chemical Romance, had previously been a five piece, but omitted a drummer after disagreements with the band, and now have a line up featuring a lead vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, and a bassist. However, the band has a touring drummer who is not an official band member. A similar scenario is with the band Phoenix, who follow the same format.

In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. The Seeds and The Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Small Faces, King Crimson, The Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, The Killers, The Monkees and Blind Faith).

Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, The Chameleons, Pink Floyd, NOFX, +44, Slayer, The All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Dire Straits and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as The Beatles, have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Others, such as The Four Seasons, have a lead vocalist, a lead guitarist, a keyboard player, and a bassist, with the drummer not being a member of the band.

Example line-ups[link]

• Lead vocals
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Rhythm guitar
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Bass guitar
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Piano, Rhythm guitar
• Lead guitar, backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Lead guitar
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals, Keyboards, Harmonica
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocal, Bass guitar
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Lead guitar
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Keyboards/Piano
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals,
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards/Piano, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead Guitar, Vocals
• Saxophone, Vocals
• Rhythm Guitar
• Drums

Five parts[link]

The Strokes are a five-part band with a lead vocalist, two guitarists, bassist, and drummer lineup.

Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since early times. The Beach Boys, The Rolling Stones, Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, The Strokes, Styx, The Yardbirds, F.T. Island, 311 and The Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Nightwish, Maroon 5, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, The Zombies, The Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Snow Patrol, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as The Sonics and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Radiohead, Foo Fighters (2010-today) and The Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Sturm und Drang, Relient K and Ensiferum). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).

Other times, the vocalist will provide another musical voice to the table, most commonly a harmonica; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. "The Wizard" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin.

Line-up[link]

• Lead vocals
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

• Lead vocals, Keyboards, Piano
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Rhythm guitar
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards, Synthesizers
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Rhythm guitar, Piano
• Lead guitar, Piano, Keyboards, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Keyboards, Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals

or

• Lead vocals, Rhythm guitar, Keyboards
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion

or

• Lead vocals, Rhythm guitar, Percussion, Keyboards
• Lead guitar, Piano, Electronics, Bass, Percussion
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals, Synths, Drums, Percussion
• Bass guitar, Synths
• Drums, Percussion, Backing vocal

Larger rock ensembles[link]

Iron Maiden is a six part band with a lead vocalist, three guitarists, a bassist, and drummer lineup. (Not shown in this image are Bruce Dickinson and Nicko McBrain.)

Larger bands have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the "singer accompanied with orchestra" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald.To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flutist. An example of a six-member rock band is Linkin Park with a lead vocalist, rap vocalist/keyboardist, lead guitarist, bassist, turntablist, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists, a turntablist, and a sampler.

In larger groups (such as The Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads.

Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca started doing performances in the late 70s with orchestras consisting of ten to hundred (Branca) and even four hundred guitars (Chatham). Boredoms did performances with 77 drummers and 88 drummers in 2007 and 2008.^{[citation needed]}

Example line-up[link]

• Lead vocals
• Lead guitar
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Drums, Percussion
• Keyboards

or

• Lead vocals, Guitar
• Lead guitarist, Backing vocals
• Rhythm guitarist
• Bass guitar, Backing vocals
• Horns (anything from saxophone to a horn section)
• Keyboards, Piano
• Drums

or

• Lead vocals
• Lead guitar, Backing vocals
• Bass guitar, Vocals
• Drums, Percussion
• Keyboards, Piano
• Rhythm guitar, Backing vocals
• DJ, Emcee, Drum machine, Sampler, Synthesizers
• Percussion

or

• Lead Vocals, Rhythm Guitar
• Backing Vocals, Lead Guitar
• Backing Guitar, Backing Vocals
• Bass Guitar, Backing Vocals
• Drums, Percussion
• Keyboards, Piano, Backing Vocals
• Pedal Steel Guitar, Backing Vocals
• Violin Backing Vocals

The above line-up was used by Bon Jovi during the Lost Highway tour.^{[citation needed]}

Musical drama[link]

This section requires expansion.

Sung dramas such as operas and musicals usually have numbers where several of the principals are singing together, either on their own or with the chorus. Such numbers (duets, trios, etc.) are also referred to as 'ensembles'.

Other western musical ensembles[link]

In the 20th century, the wind symphony or wind ensemble became popular, especially in academic circles. A wind ensemble consists entirely of wind instruments and percussion instruments, but may also include a double bass. Schools from elementary level onward often have a school band program which is usually centered around its wind ensemble, often known as a concert band.

A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir.

A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band. A group that plays while marching on a football field, without being a marching band, is called a drum and bugle corps.^[awkward] These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Some corps perform on bugles in the key of G, while others perform on brass instruments in multiple keys, depending on the group. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.

Other band types include:

• Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players;
• Jug bands;
• Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.

See also[link]

Music portal

• List of musical ensemble formats
• Music
• Live band karaoke
• Alexandrov ensemble

References[link]

External links[link]

• Music, Historical images. From New York Public Library Digital Gallery
• Bands and Musician Listing
• Vivre Musicale

Look up island in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

An island is a land mass entirely surrounded by water.

Island or Islands may also refer to:

Geography[link]

• Island, Belfast, Northern Ireland, an electoral ward
• The Island, Jersey City, small neighborhood in the Hilltop neighborhood
• Island, Kentucky, a city in the United States
• Island, Yonne, a commune of the Yonne département in France
• The Islands, a defunct provincial electoral district in British Columbia once part of Nanaimo and the Islands and now part of Saanich North and the Islands
• Island County, Washington, United States

Film[link]

• Island (film), a 2011 thriller film
• The Island (1960 film), title in USA of Japanese film The Naked Island (Hadaka no shima)
• The Island (1979 film), an Argentine film directed by Alejandro Doria
• The Island (1980 film), a film directed by Michael Ritchie with Michael Caine
• The Island (2005 film), a science-fiction film directed by Michael Bay with Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson
• Ostrov (film) (Russian: Остров, or "The Island"), a 2006 film on religious themes directed by Pavel Lungin
• The Island (2011 film), a Bulgarian film directed by Kamen Kalev with Laetitia Casta

Television[link]

• The Island (Lost), the island of the show Lost, a character unto itself
• Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Island, the 16th season of the Real World/Road Rules Challenge on MTV
• Al Jazeera, an Arabic TV station whose name translates in English as "The Island"

Literature[link]

• Island (novel), a 1962 novel by Aldous Huxley
• The Island (play), a 1973 play by Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona
• The Island (1979 novel), a novel by Peter Benchley
• Island (1987 novel), a novel by Thomas Perry (author)
• The Island (1988 novel), a novel by Gary Paulsen
• Island (Laymon novel), a 1991 horror novel by Richard Laymon
• Island (1999 novel), a suspense novel by Jane Rogers
• Island (2000 book), a collection of short stories by Alistair MacLeod
• Island (novel series), by Gordon Korman
• The Island (2005 novel), a novel by Victoria Hislop

Music[link]

• Island (David Arkenstone album), a 1989 music album by David Arkenstone and Andrew White
• Island (Current 93 album), a 1991 music album by Current 93 and HÖH
• Island (Daley album), a 2010 music album by Daley
• ísland, American recording artist
• "Island", a song by The Buggles
• "Island", a song by Heather Nova from the 1994 album Oyster
• "Island", a song by The Whitest Boy Alive from the 2009 album Rules
• Islands (King Crimson album), a 1971 music album by King Crimson
• Islands (The Band album), a 1977 music album by The Band
• Islands (Kajagoogoo album), a 1984 music album by Kajagoogoo
• Islands (Mike Oldfield album), a 1987 music album by Mike Oldfield
  • "Islands" (Mike Oldfield song), the title track and single from the Mike Oldfield album
• Islands (The Mary Onettes album), a 2009 music album by The Mary Onettes
• "Islands" (song), by Eddy Raven
• Islands (band), an indie rock band from Canada, including former member of The Unicorns, Nicholas Thorburn
• "Islands" (The xx song), a 2009 single by the British band The xx, also featured on their album xx
• "The Island" (Pendulum song), a 2010 single by Anglo-Australian band Pendulum from their album Immersion
• "The Island (song)", a song by Paul Brady
• Island Records, a record label founded by Chris Blackwell in Jamaica

Linguistics[link]

• Islands, phrases out of which extraction is impossible

Other uses[link]

• Island Platform, a railway platform with tracks running around each side
• Island Electronic Communication Network, now known as Inet
• "The island", the superstructure of an aircraft carrier
• Traffic island, dividing the lanes of travel in a road
• A colloquial term used for roundabout
• Refuge island for pedestrians crossing a road
• Island, an area surrounded by another area of contrasting type, such as:
  • Ecological island, a micro-habitat within a larger differing ecosystem
• HMNB, Her Majesty's Naval Base Portsmouth, known as "The Island"
• Islands (restaurant), a casual dining restaurant chain
• Island, a piece of furniture found in many kitchens, similar to a sideboard
• WLRA, "The Island", a tropical rock radio station in Chicago
• "The Island", a colloquial term for people in the New York metro area to refer to Long Island
• The Island Online, a news site in Sri Lanka

See also[link]

• All pages with titles containing "Island"
• Archipelago
• Ireland
• Iceland
• List of islands
• Category:Islands

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Karina Pasian
Karina Pasian in 2007
Background information
Birth name	Karina Pasian
Born	(1991-07-18) July 18, 1991 (age 20)
Origin	New York City, New York
Genres	R&B, Pop
Occupations	Singer
Instruments	Piano
Years active	2003–present
Labels	VY Records, Def Jam
Associated acts	Lil Mama, Trey Songz, Sammie
Website	meetkarina.net

Karina Pasian (born July 18, 1991) is a Grammy Award nominated recording artist and pianist.^[1][2][3]

Life and career[link]

Karina Pasian was born in New York City, of Dominican and Armenian^[4][5] descent. Her first language was Russian, and she can sing in six other languages, including English, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Turkish, and French.^[4] She first began taking piano lessons at the age of three from her babysitter, and began classical piano training while in kindergarten. She began working with a vocal coach at the age of eight, and attended the Professional Performing Arts School in New York City alongside Taylor Momsen and Mark Indelicato.^[1]

In 2003, Pasian met Quincy Jones, who invited her and her family to his home in Bel Air, California. Soon after this, Pasian performed and won on Star Search. She also performed at Quincy Jones' We Are The Future concert in Rome.^[1] On June 22, 2007, Pasian performed at the White House for President George W. Bush, in celebration of Black Music Month, making her the first person of Dominican descent to perform there.^[1][6]

Pasian became the subject of a bidding war, when she was thirteen, between three major record labels: Def Jam, Interscope, and Bad Boy Records. She chose Def Jam in 2006.^[2]

2008: First Love[link]

Pasian's first album First Love was released August 19, 2008.^[7][8] The first single was "16 @ War", released in June 2008. The album was nominated for an American Grammy Award in the category of Best Contemporary R&B album.

2011-2012[link]

A new 6 track EP, Trips To Venus, was released digitally worldwide on December 12, 2011. Her piano version of "The Christmas Song" is also currently available Digitally Worldwide.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Karina Paisan on Youtube

Gordon Chambers (c. 1969^[1]) is a Grammy Award-winning American singer-songwriter and record producer who has written songs for over 75 recording artists including Angie Stone, Yolanda Adams, The Isley Brothers, Brandy, Trey Songz, Chaka Khan, Patti Labelle, Usher, Marc Anthony, Jamie Foxx, Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston and Beyoncé Knowles. His #1 hits as lyricist include Anita Baker's Grammy-winning hit "I Apologize", Brownstone's Grammy nominated hit "If You Love Me", Angie Stone's "No More Rain (In This Cloud)", the Grammy nominated theme of Set It Off "Missing You" (performed by Brandy, Tamia, Gladys Knight and Chaka Khan) and Yolanda Adams "Someone Watching Over Me". He is the winner of eight awards from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), has four Dove Award nominations, and has been nominated for two Grammy Awards, winning for the song "I Apologize" that he wrote for Anita Baker. His songs have been performed at the ESSENCE Awards, American Music Awards, The Goodwill Games and the White House. His prestigious appearances, in addition to acclaimed European and Japanese tours,have included the Essence Music Festival, The Congressional Black Caucus, The Apollo Theater, Constitution Hall, B. B King's and the Kennedy Center.^[2]

He was born in the Bronx to parents from Jamaica, his father having grown up in Montego Bay and his mother in Port Antonio and Kingston.^[1] Chambers moved to Teaneck, New Jersey in 1977. He wrote his first song at the age of 7 and received guidance from other Teaneck residents, including trombonist Dick Griffin, bassist Rufus Reid and drummer Lenny White. At Teaneck High School he learned piano and trumpet, and joined New Progressions, a 16-piece band. In an interview with The Record, Chambers stated that "Teaneck is the place where I had all my musical training" and recalled that "Growing up, knowing that [I] lived in Teaneck gave me something to dream and aspire to: that one day I could grow up and become a professional".^[3]

Chambers attended Brown University, where he enrolled in 1986 with plans to major in political science and become a lawyer.^[1] He returned to Teaneck after graduating, and it was there he wrote "If You Love Me", the single by Brownstone released in 1994 that reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100. While working as entertainment editor for Essence magazine in 1993, an interview with Queen Latifah led to the opportunity to write the song "Winki's Theme" that appeared on her 1993 album Black Reign.^[3]

His solo albums have been nominated for Independent Soul Album of the Year by Soultracks.com and have been among CDBaby's top R&B sellers. His first solo album "Introducing Gordon Chambers" was released in 2005. The debut featured special guests Carl Thomas, Glenn Lewis, Sara Devine, Roy Hargrove and Mike Phillips. His second album, Love Stories, was released in 2007 and features soul artist Ledisi. Gordon Chambers upcoming album titled "Sincere" is set to be released on August 29, 2011, featuring duets with Sara Devine and Candace Coles, and production by Darien Dorsey, The BeatBanggahz and Jermaine Mobley. The album also includes covers of Donny Hathaway's "A Song For You" and his version of "Missing You", which he dedicates to late mentors Phyllis Hyman and Gerald Levert.^[3]

As of 2009^[update], Chambers is a resident of Brooklyn.^[3]

References[link]