In law, sedition is overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that is deemed by the legal authority to tend toward insurrection against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent (or resistance) to lawful authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interests of sedition.

Typically, sedition is considered a subversive act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary from one legal code to another. Where the history of these legal codes has been traced, there is also a record of the change in the definition of the elements constituting sedition at certain points in history. This overview has served to develop a sociological definition of sedition as well, within the study of state persecution.

The difference between sedition and treason consists primarily in the subjective ultimate object of the violation to the public peace. Sedition does not consist of levying war against a government nor of adhering to its enemies, giving enemies aid, and giving enemies comfort. Nor does it consist, in most representative democracies, of peaceful protest against a government, nor of attempting to change the government by democratic means (such as direct democracy or constitutional convention).

Sedition is the stirring up of rebellion against the government in power. Treason is the violation of allegiance to one's sovereign or state, giving aid to enemies, or levying war against one's state. Sedition is encouraging one's fellow citizens to rebel against their state, whereas treason is actually betraying one's country by aiding and abetting another state. Sedition laws somewhat equate to terrorism and public order laws.

History in common law jurisdictions[link]

The term sedition in its modern meaning first appeared in the Elizabethan Era (c. 1590) as the "notion of inciting by words or writings disaffection towards the state or constituted authority"^{[citation needed]}. "Sedition complements treason and martial law: while treason controls primarily the privileged, ecclesiastical opponents, priests, and Jesuits, as well as certain commoners; and martial law frightens commoners, sedition frightens intellectuals."^{[citation needed]} sedition history in Pakistan

Australia[link]

Australia's sedition laws were amended in anti-terrorism legislation passed on 6 December 2005, updating definitions and increasing penalties.

In late 2006, the Commonwealth Government, under the Prime-Ministership of John Howard proposed plans to amend Australia's Crimes Act 1914, introducing laws that mean artists and writers may be jailed for up to seven years if their work was considered seditious or inspired sedition either deliberately or accidentally.^[1] Opponents of these laws have suggested that they could be used against legitimate dissent.

In 2006, the then Australian attorney-general Philip Ruddock had rejected calls by two reports — from a Senate committee and the Australian Law Reform Commission — to limit the sedition provisions in the Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 by requiring proof of intention to cause disaffection or violence. He had also brushed aside recommendations to curtail new clauses outlawing “urging conduct” that “assists” an “organisation or country engaged in armed hostilities” against the Australian military. The new laws, inserted into the legislation December 2005, allow for the criminalization of basic expressions of political opposition, including supporting resistance to Australian military interventions, such as those in Afghanistan, Iraq and the Asia-Pacific region.^[2]

These laws were amended in Australia on the 19-09-2011. The ‘sedition’ clauses was repealed and replaced with ‘urging violence’. [1]

Canada[link]

During World War II former Mayor of Montreal Camillien Houde campaigned against conscription in Canada. On August 2, 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the National Registration Act. Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition. After being found guilty, he was confined in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario, and Gagetown, New Brunswick, until 1944. Upon his release on August 18, 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers and won back his position as the Mayor of Montreal in the election in 1944.^{[citation needed]}

Hong Kong[link]

A Sedition Ordinance had existed in the territory since 1970, which was subsequently consolidated into the Crime Ordinance in 1972.^[3] According to the Crime Ordinance, a seditious intention is an intention to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against the person of government, to excite inhabitants of Hong Kong to attempt to procure the alteration, otherwise than by lawful means, of any other matter in Hong Kong as by law established, to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against the administration of justice in Hong Kong, to raise discontent or disaffection amongst inhabitants of Hong Kong, to promote feelings of ill-will and enmity between different classes of the population of Hong Kong, to incite persons to violence, or to counsel disobedience to law or to any lawful order.^[4][5]

Article 23 of the Basic Law requires the special administrative region to enact laws prohibiting any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.^[6] The National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill was tabled in early 2003 to replace the existing laws regarding treason and sedition, and to introduce new laws to prohibit secessionist and subversive acts and theft of state secrets, and to prohibit political organisations from establishing overseas ties. The bill was shelved following massive opposition from the public.

India[link]

Sedition law in India is a legacy of the colonial era.^[7][8] While the United Kingdom abolished sedition laws in 2010, sedition became a big issue in India the same year as noted writer Arundhati Roy, amongst others, were sought to be charged with sedition^[9] for advocating independence for the disputed Kashmir region. This is by no means the only instance of sedition laws being used in contemporary India. Many human rights activists have found themselves charged with sedition.^[10]

Binayak Sen MBBS, MD; is an Indian pediatrician, public health specialist and activist was found guilty of sedition.^[11] He is the national Vice-President of the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL).On 24 December 2010, the Additional Sessions and District Court Judge B.P Varma Raipur found Binayak Sen, Naxal ideologue Narayan Sanyal and Kolkata businessman Piyush Guha, guilty of sedition for helping the Maoists in their fight against the state.They were sentenced to life imprisonment.However he got bail in Supreme court on 16 April 2011.^[12]

New Zealand[link]

Sedition charges were not uncommon in New Zealand early in the 20th Century. For instance, the future Prime Minister Peter Fraser had been convicted of sedition in his youth for arguing against conscription during World War I, and was imprisoned for a year. Perhaps ironically, Fraser re-introduced the conscription of troops as the Prime Minister during World War II.^[13]

In New Zealand's first sedition trial in decades, Tim Selwyn was convicted of sedition (section 83 of the Crimes Act 1961) on 8 June 2006. Shortly after, in September 2006, the New Zealand Police laid a sedition charge against a Rotorua youth, Christopher Russell, 17, who was also charged with threatening to kill.^[14] The Police withdrew the sedition charge when Russell agreed to plead guilty on the other charge.^[15]

In March 2007, Mark Paul Deason, the manager of a tavern near the University of Otago, was charged with seditious intent^[16] although he was later granted diversion when he pleaded guilty to publishing a document which encourages public disorder^[17] Deason ran a promotion for his tavern that offered one litre of beer for one litre of petrol. At the end of the promotion, the prize would have been a couch soaked in the petrol. It is presumed the intent was for the couch to be burned — a popular university student prank. Police also applied for Deason's liquor license to be revoked.

Following a recommendation from the New Zealand Law Commission,^[18] the New Zealand government announced on 7 May 2007 that the sedition law would be repealed.^[19] The Crimes (Repeal of Seditious Offences) Amendment Act 2007 was passed on 24 October 2007, and entered into force on 1 January 2008.^[20]

United Kingdom[link]

Sedition was a common law offence in the UK. James Fitzjames Stephen's "Digest of the Criminal Law" stated that "a seditious intention is an intention to bring into hatred or contempt, or to exite disaffection against the person of His Majesty, his heirs or successors, or the government and constitution of the United Kingdom, as by law established, or either House of Parliament, or the administration of justice, or to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt otherwise than by lawful means, the alteration of any matter in Church or State by law established, or to incite any person to commit any crime in disturbance of the peace, or to raise discontent or disaffection amongst His Majesty's subjects, or to promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between different classes of such subjects.

An intention to show that His Majesty has been misled or mistaken in his measures, or to point out errors or defects in the government or constitution as by law established , with a view to their reformation, or to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt by lawful means the alteration of any matter in Church or State by law established , or to point out, in order to secure their removal, matters which are producing, or have a tendency to produce, feelings of hatred and ill-will between classes of His Majesty's subjects, is not a seditious intention."

Stephen in his "History of the Criminal Law of England" accepted the view that a seditious libel was nothing short of a direct incitement to disorder and violence. He stated that the modern view of the law was plainly and fully set out by Littledale J. in Collins. In that case the jury were instructed that they could convict of seditious libel only if they were satisfied that the defendant "meant that the people should make use of physical force as their own resource to obtain justice, and meant to excite the people to take the power in to their own hands, and meant to excite them to tumult and disorder."

The last prosecution for sedition in the United Kingdom was in 1972, when three people were charged with seditious conspiracy and uttering seditious words for attempting to recruit people to travel to Northern Ireland to fight in support of Republicans. The seditious conspiracy charge was dropped, but the men received suspended sentences for uttering seditious words and for offences against the Public Order Act.^[21]

In 1977, a Law Commission working paper recommended that the common law offence of sedition in England and Wales be abolished. They said that they thought that this offence was redundant and that it was not necessary to have any offence of sedition.^[21] However this proposal was not implemented until 2009, when sedition and seditious libel (as common law offences) were abolished by section 73 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (with effect on 12 January 2010).^[22] Sedition by an alien is still an offence under section 3 of the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919.^[23]

In Scotland, section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 abolished the common law offences of sedition and leasing-making^[24] with effect from 28 March 2011.^[25]

United States[link]

Civilian[link]

In 1798, President John Adams signed into law the Alien and Sedition Acts, the fourth of which, the Sedition Act or "An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes against the United States" set out punishments of up to two years of imprisonment for "opposing or resisting any law of the United States" or writing or publishing "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the President or the U.S. Congress, but specifically not the Vice-President^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}. This Act of Congress was allowed to expire in 1801 after the election of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency. He had been the Vice-President at the time of the Act's passage.

Political cartoon by Art Young, The Masses, 1917.

In the Espionage Act of 1917, Section 3 made it a federal crime, punishable by up to 20 years of imprisonment and a fine of up to $10,000, to willfully spread false news of the American army and navy with an intent to disrupt their operations, to foment mutiny in their ranks, or to obstruct recruiting. This Act of Congress was amended Sedition Act of 1918, which expanded the scope of the Espionage Act to any statement criticizing the Government of the United States. These Acts were upheld in 1919 in the case of Schenck v. United States, but they were largely repealed in 1921, leaving laws forbidding foreign espionage in the United States and allowing military censorship of sensitive material.

In 1940, the Alien Registration Act, or "Smith Act", was passed, which made it a federal crime to advocate or to teach the desirability of overthrowing the United States Government, or to be a member of any organization which does the same. It was often used against Communist Party organizations. This Act was invoked in three major cases, one of which against the Socialist Worker's Party in Minneapolis in 1941, resulting in 23 convictions, and again in what became known as the Great Sedition Trial of 1944 in which a number of pro-Nazi figures were indicted but released when the prosecution ended in a mistrial. Also, a series of trials of 140 leaders of the Communist Party USA also relied upon the terms of the "Smith Act" -- beginning in 1949—and lasting until 1957. Although the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the convictions of 11 CPUSA leaders in 1951 in Dennis v. United States, that same Court reversed itself in 1957 in the case of Yates v. United States, by ruling that teaching an ideal, no matter how harmful it may seem, does not equal advocating or planning its implementation. Although unused since at least 1961, the "Smith Act" remains a Federal law.

There was, however, a brief attempt to use the sedition laws against protesters of the Vietnam War. On October 17, 1967, two demonstrators, including then Marin County resident Al Wasserman, while engaged in a 'sit in' at the Army Induction Center in Oakland, Ca., were arrested and charged with sedition by deputy US. Marshall Richard St. Germain. U.S. Attorney Cecil Poole changed the charge to trespassing.

Poole said, "three guys (according to Mr. Wasserman there were only 2) reaching up and touching the leg of an inductee, and that's conspiracy to commit sedition? That's ridiculous!"

The inductees were in the process of physically stepping on the demonstrators as they attempted to enter the building, and the demonstrators were trying to protect themselves from the inductees' feet.

Attorney Poole later added, "We'll decide what to prosecute, not marshals."^[26]

On October 1, 1995, Omar Abdel-Rahman and nine others were convicted of seditious conspiracy.^[27]

Laura Berg, a nurse at a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs hospital in New Mexico was investigated for sedition in September 2005^[28] after writing a letter^[29][30] to the editor of a local newspaper, accusing several national leaders of criminal negligence. Though their action was later deemed unwarranted by the director of Veteran Affairs, local human resources personnel took it upon themselves to request an FBI investigation. Ms. Berg was represented by the ACLU.^[31] Charges were dropped in 2006.^[32]

On March 28, 2010, nine members of the militia Hutaree were arrested and charged with crimes including seditious conspiracy.^[33]

Military[link]

Sedition is a punishable offense under Article 94 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.^[34]

Civil law jurisdictions[link]

Germany[link]

Volksverhetzung ("incitement of the people") is a legal concept unique to Germany. It is sometimes loosely translated as sedition.^[35]

See also[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Breight, Curtis, C. Surveillance, militarism and drama in the Elizabethan Era, Macmillian 1996: London.
• A synopsis of the Australian sedition lawsPDF

Wikinews has related news: Auckland man convicted of sedition

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2 Bal is a French rap group formed at the end of the 1980s consisting of Landry and Frédéric Mahoukou, respectively Doc TMC and G-Kill. Of Congolese origin, and living in Chelles, they launched their career in 1989 (at the age of ten) under the name BB MC.

Biography[link]

The two brothers began their rap career very early, and performed in their adolescence under the name BB Mc. They soon formed the Ménage à 3 collective with the 3 Coups, Gued'1, Krokmitten, Ad'Hoc-1 for whom Cut Killer dedicated a special mix-tape in 1996.

The same year, 2 Bal formed the company 2Neg', and released the album 3 X plus efficace which is considered Template:Non neutral ; this album was a commercial success, and the 2Bal/2Neg' group launched a national tour, a first for an independent group. An album was produced and directed by Tefa & Masta, now Kilomaitre Productions and White & Spirit who produced the soundtrack for the film Ma 6-T va crack-er, on which they appeared performing La sédition together with Mystik.

The two brothers later joined the Bisso Na Bisso collective, together with Ärsenik, Passi and Mystik and released the album Racines in 1999. However, DOC was imprisoned, and during this time, G-Kill increased his appearances and released his own Street CD in 2004, Naufragé du temps.

DOC was released from prison, and the group released the Street CD Mapassa which blended their appearances and lots of unreleased material.

Former members[link]

2 Bal (at the time 2 Bal Niggets) began their history with the serious and minor rapper Krokmitten who was the founder of Ménage à 3. Krokmiten was associated with 2Bal for the first appearances of the group (Predator III sur Time Bomb, 3 fois plus efficace sur Hostile...) and for the album together with 2Nèg' (Eben, Niro and Kicklow) but left the group after this last recording. He was also important in mediating between the two groups with a strong personality and ego to iron out problems during the making of the album. Always active at MA3 and working with different groups, Krokmitten released a number of solo albums and actively participated in the release of a single Ménage à 3 album in 2002.

Discography[link]

• 1996 : 3 X plus efficace (Album 2Bal 2Neg')
• 1996 : Cut Killer Spéciale Ménage à 3 (Mixtape Ménage à 3)
• 1999 : Collector (EP 2Bal 2Neg')
• 1999 : Racines (Album Bisso Na Bisso)
• 2004 : Naufragé du temps (Street CD G-Kill)
• 2007 : Mapassa (Street CD 2 Bal)

Appearances[link]

• 1996

Quand je pense à lui (Mapassa Remix) - Princess Erika feat. 2Bal on the 12" Quand Je Pense A Lui by Princess Erika

Predotor 3 - 2Bal Niggets on the compilation Time Bomb Volume 1

3 fois plus efficace - 2Bal Niggets feat. Niro (2Nèg') on the compilation Hostile Volume 1

C'est de la bal - 2Bal uncut release on the street album Naufragés Du Temps by G-Kill released in 2004

Shame on U (P4 Remix) - Ophélie Winter feat. G-Kill on the re-release of the album No Soucy! by 'Ophélie Winter

Le underground s'exprime chapitre III - Da Mayor (A l'Arraché), Téo (Sampleur and Sans Reproche), 2Bal Niggets, E-Kombat, Hasheem (Hip Hop Swing), Melaaz, Rockin' Squat (Assassin), Boss Raw and Air 1 on the EP Ecrire Contre L'Oubli by Assassin

• 1997

La sédition - 2Bal Niggets feat. Mystik on the soundtrack of the film Ma 6-T Va Cracker

Sans degré à l'ombre - 2Bal Niggets feat. Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) and J-Mi Sissoko on the compilation Hip Hop Soul Party 3 by Cut Killer

Authentiques - Dubmatique feat. 2Bal on the album La Force De Comprendre by Dubmatique

Est-ce une vie? - Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) feat. G-Kill and Lion'S (Les 3Coups) on the album Au Commencement by Monsieur R

Au Commencement - Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) feat. D.O.C. on the album Au Commencement by Monsieur R

J'veux en mettre - 2Bal feat. Ärsenik unreleased track on the street album Naufragés Du Temps by G-Kill released in 2004

Les Soldats - Welcome feat. 2Bal et X-Ena (EK-Tomb) on the album Bienvenu by Welcome

Rap art martial - 2Bal feat. Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) on the compilation Sous Le Signe Du Dragon

Freestyle - 2Bal on the mixtape What's the flavor DJ Poska #25

• 1998

A la vie à la mort - Ménage à 3 on the compilation Opération Freestyle

Faut que je me range - 2Bal feat. Mystik et Ritmo De La Noche (L'âme Du Razwar) unreleased track on the street album Naufragés Du Temps by G-Kill released in 2004

Si les lyrics - Hamed Daye (Ministère AMER), 2Bal and Hi-Fi on the 12" On Fait Les Choses by Première Classe

Comme un oiseau qui s'envole - Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) feat. D.O.C. on the album Mission'R de Monsieur R

Tcha tcha tcha - Monsieur R feat. G-Kill and Djamatik (Nèg' Marrons) on the album Mission'R by Monsieur R

Tout est permis - Monsieur R feat. Ménage à 3 on the album Mission'R by Monsieur R

Pauvre Garçon - Ad'Hoc-1 feat. D.O.C. on the album A Bord Du N-333 by Ad'Hoc-1

Confiance - Ad'Hoc-1 feat. G-Kill on the album A Bord Du N-333 by Ad'Hoc-1

Confiance (Remix) - Ad'Hoc-1 feat. G-Kill on the re-release of the album A Bord Du N-333 by Ad'Hoc-1

La morale des temps nouveaux - D.O.C. on the compilation Sans Limite by Tonton David

Meilleurs Voeux - Kery James (Idéal J), Namor (Prodige Namor) and G-Kill feat. Mano Kid Mesa (Gued'1) on the 12" Meilleurs Vœux produced by Kilomaître

La Semaine - Ménage à 3 Vs Wise Eyez on the compilation De Paris à New York : La Rencontre

Affaire non-classée - Pyroman feat. G-Kill on the album Le jour Py by Pyroman

• 1999

Du 77 au 94... (La charge...) - 2Bal / 2Nèg' on the 12" Collector by 2Bal / 2Nèg'

Professeur - Tonton David feat. D.O.C. on the album Faut Que Ça Arrête by Tonton David

Miroir du monde - Mystik feat. G-Kill on the album Le Chant De L'Exilé by Mystik

• 2000

Roulette russe - G-Kill on the compilation Time Bomb Les Sessions 01 by DJ Mars

Je m'voyais déjà - G-Kill on the Compilation L'Hip-Hopée

Planquez-vous - Kertra (Expression Direkt) feat. G-Kill and Manu Key (Different Teep) on the album Le Labirynthe by Kertra

Espoir - Ad'Hoc-1 feat. G-Kill on the album Musiques Du Monde by Ad'Hoc-1

Qui sème le vent récolte la tempête - Ritmo De La Noche (L'Âme Du Razwar) and Galsen feat. G-Kill on the compilation Nouvelle Donne Volume 2

Comme dans un nid de serpents - Nid 2 Serpents feat. G-Kill on the album Reptations by Nid 2 Serpents

Les Militants - Base et Acid (La Brigade), Armaguedon, G-Kill feat. Mano Kid Mesa(Gued'1) & JMi Sissoko on the compilation Les Militants

Si je milite - Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) feat. G-kill on the compilation Les Militants

On s'sent mal - Isis feat. G-kill on the compilation Ghett' Out Vol.1

• 2001

Je dois me battre - 2bal / 2Nèg' feat. JMi Sissoko on the compilation Mission Suicide by Kilomaître and Eben Prod.

J'peux pas m'taire - Bastos feat. Mass et G-Kill on the 12" J'peux pas m'taire by Bastos

L'arme - Passi (Ministère AMER) feat. Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) and G-Kill on the compilation Sachons Dire :Non Volume 2 by Monsieur R

La fureur de vaincre - Paparazzi et G-Kill on the compilation Première Classe : Les Faces-à-Faces Volume 2

• 2002

Ils s'plaignent - G-Kill feat. Mano Kid Mesa (Gued'1) on the compilation Niroshima Volume 2 by Niro

Impact des mots - G-Kill, Philo (Ad'Hoc-1) and Rohff (Mafia K'1Fry) on the compilation Mandat De Dépôt

Mon Watermann glisse - G-Kill et Mano Kid Mesa (Gued'1) on the compilation Dis L'Heure 2 Rimes by Passi

• 2003

Cette fille - Passi (Ministère AMER), G-Kill & Shydeeh on the compilation Dis L'heure 2 Zouk by Passi

Un jour de plus - Kertra (Expression Direkt) feat. G-Kill on the album Le Labirynthe 2 by Kertra

• 2004

Calmons-les - G-Kill feat. Manos Kid Mesa (Gued'1) unreleased track on the street album Naufragés Du Temps by G-Kill

Jusqu'au bout - G-Kill unreleased track on the street album Naufragés Du Temps by G-Kill

Laisse tant que ça tue - G-Kill unreleased track on the street album Naufragés Du Temps by G-Kill

Paname AllStars - Sniper feat. Haroun (Scred Connexion), G-Kill and Mano Kid Mesa (Gued'1), L'S-Kdrille, Sinik and Diam's, Salif (Nysay) and Zoxea (Sages Poètes De La Rue), Tandem and 113 on the album Gravé Dans La Roche by Sniper

Par tous les moyens - Monsieur R feat. Ménage à 3 on the album "Politikment Incorrekt" by "Monsieur R"

• 2005

Condamnés - G-Kill feat. Bastos on the compilation Hematon Resurrection by Mac Gregor (Tandem)

J'aime le rap - Ministère AMER feat. G-Kill on the compilation Illicite Projet by Medeline

Le temps passe - G-Kill, Krokmitten & Angelo on the compilation Art' East 77 by Label Rouge

Nuits Blanches - G-Kill et Landers on the mixtape Ultimate Mixtape by Code Style

VIP (Remix) - Les Sales Gosses feat. G-Kill on the limited edition version of the album 12 Ans D'Âge by Sales Gosses

• 2006

Le monde se barre en vrille - Poison feat. G-Kill on the Street CD by Poison Gangsta Rap

Réflexion - D.O.C. on the compilation Hostile 2006

Ki C ? - G-Kill on the compilation Phonographe

Sensations fortes - G-Kill feat. Monsieur R (Les 3 Coups) on the compilation Unity

La vérité blesse - D-Tonation feat. G-Kill on the album La Vérité Blesse by D-Tonation

Apologie de la rue Remix - Youssoupha feat. S'Pi, D.O.C., Sarah, Alpha 5.20, Dany Dan, Poison & R'Lyk on the mixtape Mixtape avant l'album by Youssoupha

Le roi du boogie boogie - G-Kill on the compilation Dis L'Heure 2 Hip Hop Rock

• 2007

La porte des secrets - La Comera feat. D.O.C. on the album Menace II Society by La Comera

Explicit politik - 2Bal on the compilation Explicit politik

Manipulation - Passi (Ministère AMER) feat. D.O.C. on the street album Evolution by Passi

Art 2 guerre - Passi (Ministère AMER) feat. G-Kill on the street album Evolution by Passi

Incompris - 2Bal on the compilation Fat Taf 2

Si mes lyrics pouvaient tuer - Hi-Fi feat. 2BAL & Hamed Daye on the mixtape HistorHi-Fique by Hi-Fi

• 2008

L'hymne du ghetto Temix - Kayliah feat. D.O.C., Intouchable, Lino & Jacky on the album by Kayliah, Caractère

Underground - Black Barbie feat. D.O.C. on the 12" Underground by Black Barbie

Ne me parle pas - Maréchal feat. D.O.C. on the album Barbare by Maréchal

Barbare - Maréchal feat. 2Bal on the album Barbare by Maréchal

C'est du rap - Acid (La Brigade) feat. D.O.C. on the album Antithèse by Acid

Le concept - D.O.C. feat. Lyon'S on the compilation Rap Thug

Xkalibur - Xkalibur feat. D.O.C., Poison & Pit Baccardi on the album by Xkalibur Classé X

La même - 2Bal on the compilation Département 77

Family[link]

2Bal are the cousins of Passi (half of the AMER group with his partner Stomy Bugsy) and of Monsieur R (who formed Les 3 Coups with Lion'S and former rapper, now part of starflam of Belgium ), the two were also members of the Ménage à 3 collective. They are also cousins of the singer Welcome and her sister X-Ena (Former member of the hardcore group EK-Tomb, who are very close MA3). Their second cousin Shuga Shug, member of the R&B group Afrodiziac, also takes part in many of the same rap performances that they do.

External links[link]

• Official Skyblog of 2Bal
• Official Myspace of 2Bal

Music portal

Raja Petra Kamarudin
Prince of Selangor
Raja Petra Kamarudin (pictured July 2007) has been investigated by the police for comments posted on his website, Malaysia Today. In the background is Raja Petra's wife, Marina Lee Abdullah.
Born	(1950-09-27) 27 September 1950 (age 61)
Birthplace	Surrey, England
Consort to	Marina Lee Abdullah
Offspring	Raja Suraya Raja Azman Raja Shahril Raja Azmir Raja Sara
Royal House	Selangor
Father	Raja Kamarudin bin Raja Tun Uda
Mother	Che' Bariya Kamarudin (née Barbara Mabel Parnell)

Raja Petra bin Raja Kamarudin (born September 27, 1950)^[1] is a Malaysian editor known for running the Malaysia Today website and publishing a series of commentary articles on Malaysian politics in the website. He is sometimes referred to by the initials RPK.

He was detained for a second time under the Internal Security Act, at 1.10pm on 12 September 2008.^[2] On 7 November 2008, Raja, 58, was freed from detention after Shah Alam city High Court Justice Syed Ahmad Helmy Syed Ahmad granted his habeas corpus petition and ruled that his detention was illegal.^[3] The court noted that "the grounds for the detention order by Home Minister Datuk Seri Syed Hamid Albar for the blogger did not fall under the scope of Section 8(1) of the ISA."^[4][5]

In May 2010 Cheras Umno Division Chairman Datuk Syed Ali Alhabshee called on the government to strip Raja Petra of his citizenship on the grounds that his activities could affect the peace of the country.^[6]

Personal life[link]

Born in Surrey, England, Raja Petra Kamarudin was educated at the Alice Smith School. At the age of 13 he went to further his studies at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, completing his education at the Victoria Institution. As his father died when Raja Petra was 22, he began to support his mother and three younger siblings by working as a rice distributor and motorcycle dealer, introducing Yamaha and other Japanese motorcycle brands to the country.

In 1973 he married Marina Lee binti Abdullah, with whom he had five children.^[1]

Raja Petra is a member of the Selangor royal family. He is the nephew of the late Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia and the seventh Sultan of Selangor.^[7] His paternal grandmother Tengku Badariah was the elder sister of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, the second Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the eighth Sultan of Selangor. His paternal grandfather, Raja Tun Uda Al-Haj Bin Raja Muhammad, KBE (1894–1976), a distant cousin of his wife's family, was twice Menteri Besar of Selangor during the colonial era, the first Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang (1957–1967) and Malaysian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. His father, Raja Kamarudin bin Raja Tun Uda (1925–1971), studied law in the UK and worked for Unilever until his death. His mother, Che' Bariya Kamarudin (née Barbara Mabel Parnell) (1933–1980), is Welsh.^[7]

Political involvement[link]

Raja Petra was a leading member of Parti Keadilan Nasional (now Parti Keadilan Rakyat)—the party set up in response to the arrest of former Malaysian deputy prime minister Anwar Ibrahim in 1998.^[7] On 11 April 2001, Raja Petra and ten other opposition activists were detained under the Internal Security Act (ISA) for allegedly plotting to overthrow then prime minister Mahathir bin Mohamad.^[1][7] He was released 52 days later.^[8]

Raja Petra started the Malaysia Today website and his blog to facilitate open discussion on Malaysia's political and social scenes. In his online writings, he is often humorous and sometimes critical of the current political developments in Malaysia. He advocates for transparency, accountability and justice in the Malaysian political system. He often denounces what he sees as deeply rooted money politics, corruption, and ethnic polarisation in Malaysia.^[9]

On 2 July 2008, Malaysia Today was defaced by a person known only as "Gasakdotnet", replacing the website with a superimposition of Mahathir Mohammad's face into the poster of the film We Were Soldiers accompanied by the tagline "My Countrymen, My Fellow Malaysians", alluding to Mahathir's "battle" for Malaysia as the Prime Minister from 1981 to 2003.^[10] Poor internet connectivity affecting several areas in Malaysia hampered efforts to restore the website promptly.

Second ISA detention[link]

Raja Petra filed a habeas corpus application at the High Court on 16 September 2008 seeking his release from detention under the ISA. On 22 September the Malaysian Home Minister Syed Hamid Albar signed an order to remand Raja Petra to the detention facility for up to two years under section 8 of the ISA. Ministerial orders for remand under section 8 cannot be challenged in court.^[11]

Raja Petra was held without trial under the ISA at the Kamunting Detention Center in northern Perak state, which had 60 ISA detainees, mostly suspected Islamic extremists. The ISA permits an initial detention of two months for investigation, followed by a two-year jail sentence which can be renewed indefinitely. The 1948 ISA is a holdover from British colonial rule, intended for use against communist insurgents. Raja Petra's wife Marina Lee Abdullah said: "(Police) said my husband has been sent to Kamunting this morning and that he will remain there for two years with no trial. This is the worst news I can receive but we will keep fighting for his release. This is dirty foul play by the government as they know that we are in the process of fighting for his release in the court but I was expecting this. Raja Petra was detained for allegedly 'insulting Islam' and publishing articles on his website which has tarnished the country's leadership to the point of causing confusion among the people." Raja Petra's lawyer sought his release in a court hearing but this was dismissed.^{[12][13][14][15]} Raja Petra's detention caused widespread protests by civil society groups, lawyers and other online commentators.

Meanwhile, in Kota Kinabalu, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (Upko) led by its Secretary-General Datuk Wilfred Madius Tangau, joined its three other Barisan Nasional (BN) counterparts MCA, Gerakan and MIC petitioning the Government review of the ISA. Madius said the party supports former de-facto Law Minister Datuk Zaid Ibrahim's position that the ISA should only be used against those who posed a threat to national security, such as terrorists: "Clearly in the case of Seputeh MP, Teresa Kok, Raja Petra Kamaruddin, and Sin Chew Daily reporter, Tan Hoon Cheng, there are so many other public order laws that can be used against them if, at all, there is a case to do so."^[16]

Controversies[link]

Muhammad Muhammad Taib[link]

On July 23, 2007, Tan Sri Muhammad Muhammad Taib, UMNO's Information Chief, lodged a police report against Malaysia Today at 12.57 p.m. at the Tun H.S. Lee police station, under Section 121 (B) and Section 123 of the Penal Code, Section 4 of the Sedition Act 1948 and Section 263 and Section 266 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, for a July 11 blog entry on the website deemed to contain writing that insult the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, degrade Islam and incite hatred and violence between local ethnic groups.^[17] Raja Petra Kamarudin responded by releasing an article on Malaysia Today, lashing back on Taib with allegations of hypocrisy and corruption. A second police report against Raja Petra was believed to be lodged after the release of the article, and Raja Petra was summoned to the Dang Wangi police station on July 25, 2007 for eight hours of questioning.^[18] His wife was also questioned for an hour.^[19]

After his release from questioning, Raja Petra gave his reason on why Muhammad Taib made a police report against him, stating the reason is that the government wished to silence the nations bloggers before the Malaysian general election.^{[citation needed]}

Universiti Utara Malaysia[link]

Raja Petra made headlines in end March 2008 when a Malaysian High Court ordered him in and the group chief editor and editor of PKR’s organ Suara Keadilan to pay a total of RM7 million to Universiti Utara Malaysia and its vice-chancellor Tan Sri Dr Nordin Kardi for libel.^[20][21]

Altantuya Shaariibuu[link]

Accusation of Najib Abdul Razak's involvement[link]

Raja Petra was charged on May 6, 2008 with sedition for allegedly implying that the Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak was involved in the sensational killing of a young Mongolian woman, Altantuya Shaariibuu. Also charged for sedition was businessman Syed Akbar Ali, who had allegedly posted a seditious comment on Malaysia Today.^[22]

Raja Petra Raja Kamaruddin, who did not deny that he linked Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak to the slaying, pleaded innocent to the charge, and said he should have the right to hold the powerful accountable for wrongdoing. Raja Petra was taken to a detention center after he refused to post the bail of RM5,000. The court set the trial for October 6, 2008. If convicted, he faces up to 3 years in prison. "I am not posting bail. See you guys in October, I will be out for Christmas. Don't worry."^[23] His wife said she was "quite stunned" that Raja Petra refused to post bail, and said she thought he wanted to make a statement by not posting bail, which he reportedly felt he could not afford to. She launched a campaign to solicit donations of RM1 from the public for the RM5,000 bail, but called it off a few hours later after the campaign raised over RM35,000.^[22]

Several Members of Parliament from the opposition Pakatan Rakyat coalition were present at Raja Petra's hearing, with one, Nurul Izzah Anwar, calling Malaysia Today 'the primary source of a lot of unearthing of scandals especially corrupt practices of the leadership and the government...it has helped [open] the eyes of the nation to what is going on and what is wrong with the country. It played a huge role in the last elections."^[22] On the same day, Lim Kit Siang raised the issue of Raja Petra's sedition charges in Parliament, arguing that Najib had personally intervened to ensure the Attorney-General would charge Raja Petra with sedition, and calling it an abuse of power.^[24]

Raja Petra Kamaruddin's wife Marina Lee Abdullah stated that "He is on a hunger strike. It is a protest. The last time he did this, his liver was damaged. I don't think he is going to last that long." Raja Petra also refused visits by family members.^[25] On his release, Raja Petra claimed that he had not, in fact, been on a hunger strike but was refusing to eat and drink for fear of being poisoned, as Chief Inspector Azilah Hadri and Cpl. Sirul Azhar Umar (on trial for the murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu) are being remanded in the same prison.^[26]

Statutory declaration[link]

In a statutory declaration on June 18, 2008, Raja Petra accused Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor (the wife of Malaysia's Deputy Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak) of being one of three individuals who were present at the crime scene when Altantuya Shaariibuu was murdered on October 19, 2006.^[27] The statutory declaration also mentioned that every information he obtained regarding the above allegations were contained in a Military Intelligence reports received by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, implying knowledge on the part of the Prime Minister.^[28]

Raja Petra later distanced himself from the statutory declaration in an interview with TV3, saying his accusations linking Najib and Rosmah to the murder was repeating information passed onto him by opposition figures, rather than information he knew to be true himself. He stated that he did not genuinely believe that Rosmah was at the murder scene.^[29] The Malaysian Civil Liberties Movement alleged the interview was heavily edited and spin doctored in favour of Prime Minister Najib Razak just in time for the upcoming Sarawak state elections.^[30][31] Raja Petra has backed up this assertion during an interview with Malaysiakini.^[32]

Feud with Najib Tun Razak[link]

Criminal Defamation Trial[link]

On July 16, 2008 the Malaysian police have obtained a warrant of arrest against Raja Petra for criminal defamation. This is due to his statutory declaration connecting Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak’s wife, Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor, saying she was present when Mongolian national Altantunya Shaariibuu’s body was blown up.^[33] On July 17, Raja Petra was charged with three counts of criminal intimidation over his statutory declaration on the murder of Mongolian translator Altantuya Shaariibuu. He is alleged to have defamed Deputy Prime Minister's wife Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor by making a libellous statement in the declaration which he affirmed on June 18 when he knew that it would tarnish her good name. He also faced similar charges against Kolonel Norhayati Hassan and her husband Acting Kolonel Abdul Aziz Buyong.^[34]

The trial of Raja Petra, who has been charged with defaming Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor and her two assistants, will begin in the Sessions Court on May 26, 2009. Raja Petra had sought an order from the High Court to refer the matter to the Federal Court on a constitutional point or to return the case to the magistrate's court for trial.^[35]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Malaysia today main page
• Raja Petra Kamarudin's blog profile