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- 323 BC
- 546 BC
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-
Achaemenid
http://wn.com/Achaemenid -
Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
http://wn.com/Acropolis_of_Athens -
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
http://wn.com/Aegean_Sea -
Aegospotami
http://wn.com/Aegospotami -
Alabanda
http://wn.com/Alabanda -
Alaca Höyük
http://wn.com/Alaca_Höyük -
Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Alexandria Troas
http://wn.com/Alexandria_Troas -
Alexandria, Egypt
http://wn.com/Alexandria_Egypt -
Alişar Hüyük
http://wn.com/Alişar_Hüyük -
Altıntepe
http://wn.com/Altıntepe -
Amorium
http://wn.com/Amorium -
Amyzon
: Amyzon is also a genus of Catostomid fishes.
http://wn.com/Amyzon -
Anazarbus
http://wn.com/Anazarbus -
Ani
http://wn.com/Ani -
Antioch
http://wn.com/Antioch -
Antioch, Pisidia
http://wn.com/Antioch_Pisidia -
Apamea (Phrygia)
http://wn.com/Apamea_(Phrygia) -
Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
http://wn.com/Areopagus -
Ariassos
Ariassos (or Ariasos) was a Pisidian city built at a height of 1050 meters in the Taurus Mountains (modern day Antalya province, Turkey).
http://wn.com/Ariassos -
Arycanda
http://wn.com/Arycanda -
Asia Minor
http://wn.com/Asia_Minor -
Assos
http://wn.com/Assos -
Attalid
http://wn.com/Attalid -
Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
http://wn.com/Attalid_dynasty -
Attalids
http://wn.com/Attalids -
Bakırçay
http://wn.com/Bakırçay -
Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
http://wn.com/Berlin -
Beycesultan
http://wn.com/Beycesultan -
Caicus
http://wn.com/Caicus -
Cappadocia
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
http://wn.com/Cappadocia -
Chalcedon
http://wn.com/Chalcedon -
Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
http://wn.com/Classical_Athens -
Comana (Cappadocia)
http://wn.com/Comana_(Cappadocia) -
Corycus
http://wn.com/Corycus -
Cremna, Pisidia
:"Cremna" redirects here. This was also a genus of metalmark butterflies, now a junior synonym of Napaea (butterfly).
http://wn.com/Cremna_Pisidia -
Crete
http://wn.com/Crete -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dara (Mesopotamia)
http://wn.com/Dara_(Mesopotamia) -
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
http://wn.com/Dardanelles -
Derbe
Derbe is an ancient city in today's Turkey. This city is mentioned in the biblical book of Acts - (), () and was situated near ancient Lystra.
http://wn.com/Derbe -
Didyma
http://wn.com/Didyma -
Docimium
Docimium, Docimia or Docimeium (Greek: and ) was an ancient city of Phrygia, Asia Minor where there were famous marble quarries. It remains a Roman Catholic titular see.
http://wn.com/Docimium -
Dorylaeum
http://wn.com/Dorylaeum -
Elaiussa Sebaste
Elaiussa Sebaste or Elaeousa Sebaste () was an ancient Roman town located from Mersin in the direction of Silifke in Cilicia on the southern coast of Anatolia (in modern-day Turkey). Elaiussa, meaning olive, was founded in the 2nd century B.C. on a tiny island attached to the mainland by a narrow isthmus in Mediterranean Sea.
http://wn.com/Elaiussa_Sebaste -
Ephesus
http://wn.com/Ephesus -
Euchaita
http://wn.com/Euchaita -
Faustinopolis
http://wn.com/Faustinopolis -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Hacilar
Hacilar is an early human settlement in southwestern Turkey, 25 km southwest of present day Burdur. It has been dated back 7040 BC at its earliest stage of development. Archaeological remains indicate that the site was abandoned and reoccupied on more than one occasion in its history.
http://wn.com/Hacilar -
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia (from the , "Holy Wisdom"; or Sancta Sapientia; ) is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as the cathedral of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was the cathedral of the Latin Empire. The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1934, when it was secularized. It was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.
http://wn.com/Hagia_Sophia -
Halicarnassus
http://wn.com/Halicarnassus -
Harran
http://wn.com/Harran -
Hierapolis
Hierapolis (Greek: 'holy city') was the ancient Greek city on top of hot springs located in south western Turkey near Denizli.
http://wn.com/Hierapolis -
Hüseyindede Tepe
http://wn.com/Hüseyindede_Tepe -
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
http://wn.com/Ionian_Sea -
Issus (town)
Issus is an ancient settlement on the strategic coastal plain straddling the small Pinarus river (a fast melt-water stream several meters wide) below the navigationally difficult inland mountains towering above to the east in the Turkish Province of Hatay, near the border with Syria. It is most notable for being the place of no less than three decisive ancient or medieval battles each called in their own era the Battle of Issus where:
http://wn.com/Issus_(town) -
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul -
Kaunos
Kaunos (Carian: Kbid;
http://wn.com/Kaunos -
Kayaköy
http://wn.com/Kayaköy -
Kingdom of Pergamon
The Kingdom of Pergamon was an Hellenistic kingdom founded by Attalus I in the 3rd century BC. The kingdom gradually expanded and reached its peak in 188 BC, after the Treaty of Apamea. In 133 BC, King Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman people.
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Pergamon -
Knidos
http://wn.com/Knidos -
Kültepe
http://wn.com/Kültepe -
Labraunda
http://wn.com/Labraunda -
Lysimachia (Thrace)
Lysimachia () was an important Hellenistic Greek town on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) in what is now the European part of Turkey, not far from the bay of Melas (the modern Gulf of Saros).
http://wn.com/Lysimachia_(Thrace) -
Marmara Region
http://wn.com/Marmara_Region -
Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Myra
http://wn.com/Myra -
Myriandrus
http://wn.com/Myriandrus -
Myus
Myus, Caria (sometimes Myous or Myos) was an ancient city-state and was one of twelve major settlements formed in the Ionian Confederation, called the Ionian League. The city was said to have been founded by Cyaretus (sometimes called Cydrelus), a son of Codrus. Myus was a small peninsula, it is now however surrounded by land (fields). These fields do still flood but it is no longer a harbour town. Myus was also synoikised with Miletus. Myus had both a temple of Athena and a temple of Herodotus and sources tell us that it was always secondary to Miletos.
http://wn.com/Myus -
Nevalı Çori
http://wn.com/Nevalı_Çori -
Nicopolis (Pontus)
Nicopolis (, "city of victory") was a Roman colony founded by Pompey in 66 BC in the Pontus.
http://wn.com/Nicopolis_(Pontus) -
Olba (ancient city)
Olba is a Roman Catholic titular see in the former Roman province of Isauria (a region of Asia Minor, in present Turkey), suffragan of Seleucia Trachea.
http://wn.com/Olba_(ancient_city) -
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
http://wn.com/Parthenon -
Peloponnese
http://wn.com/Peloponnese -
Pepuza
http://wn.com/Pepuza -
Perga
Perga ( Perge, ) was an ancient Greek city in Anatolia and the capital of Pamphylia, now in Antalya province on the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Today it is a large site of ancient ruins east of Antalya on the coastal plain. Located there is an acropolis dating back to the Bronze Age. During the Hellenistic period, Perga was one of the richest and most beautiful cities in the ancient world, famous for its temple of Artemis. It also is notable for being the home of the renowned ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.
http://wn.com/Perga -
Pergamon
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Pergamon Altar
The Pergamon Altar is a monumental construction built during the reign of King Eumenes II in the first half of the second century BC on one of the terraces of the acropolis of the ancient city of Pergamon in Asia Minor.
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Altar -
Phocaea
http://wn.com/Phocaea -
Pinara
http://wn.com/Pinara -
Pitane (Aeolis)
http://wn.com/Pitane_(Aeolis) -
Priene
http://wn.com/Priene -
Propylon
http://wn.com/Propylon -
Red Basilica
http://wn.com/Red_Basilica -
Sagalassos
http://wn.com/Sagalassos -
Sakçagözü
http://wn.com/Sakçagözü -
Sam'al
http://wn.com/Sam'al -
Sapinuwa
http://wn.com/Sapinuwa -
Sardis
http://wn.com/Sardis -
Seleucia (Pamphylia)
http://wn.com/Seleucia_(Pamphylia) -
Selge, Pisidia
http://wn.com/Selge_Pisidia -
Sestos
Sestos () was an ancient Greek town of the Thracian Chersonese, the modern Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey. Situated on the Hellespont opposite Abydos, it was the home of Hero in the legend of Hero and Leander. Sestos was an Aeolian colony, as it was founded by settlers from Lesbos. The ruins of the town are near to Eceabat.
http://wn.com/Sestos -
Side
Side ( Side, ) was an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, in the region of Pamphylia, in what is now Antalya province, on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It is now a resort town and one of the best-known classical sites in Turkey, near the villages of Manavgat and Selimiye, 75 km from Antalya) in the province of Antalya.
http://wn.com/Side -
Sigeion
http://wn.com/Sigeion -
Smyrna
Smyrna () was an ancient city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Thanks to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The ancient city is located at two sites within modern Izmir, Turkey. While the first site, likely to have started as a native foundation, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia, the second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great, reached metropolitan proportions especially during the period of the Roman Empire, from which time and particularly from after a 2nd century AD earthquake, most of the present-day remains date.
http://wn.com/Smyrna -
Soli, Cilicia
Soli (, Soloi) was an ancient city and port in Cilicia, in present day Turkey, a part of Mezitli municipality which in turn is a part of Greater Mersin. It was a colony of Rhodes, founded c. 700 BC. Soli was destroyed in the 1st century BC, and rebuilt by Pompey the Great. Thereafter, it was called Pompeiopolis (not to be confused with the Pompeiopolis in Paphlagonia). The word solecism is derived from Soli, since the dialect of Greek spoken there was considered by Athenians to be a corrupted form of Attic Greek.
http://wn.com/Soli_Cilicia -
Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Sultantepe
http://wn.com/Sultantepe -
Tell Tayinat
'''Tell Ta'yinat''' is a low-lying ancient occupation mound on the east bank at the bend of the ancient Orontes river, in the Hatay province of present southeastern Turkey about 45 kilometers west of Antakya (ancient Antioch). The site lies some 800 meters from Tell Atchana, the site of the ancient city of Alalakh. It is a possible site of the city of Calneh mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures.
http://wn.com/Tell_Tayinat -
Temnos
Temnos (also Temnus) was a small Greek city-state, on the western coast of Anatolia. The name survives as a Catholic titular see. When Temnos was a functioning diocese, its bishop was a suffragan of Ephesus.
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Temple of Hephaestus
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Zeus -
Teos
http://wn.com/Teos -
Termessos
http://wn.com/Termessos -
Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Thyatira
:For the moth genus, see Thyatira (moth).
http://wn.com/Thyatira -
Tlos
Tlos is known to have been one of the most important religious centers of the Lycian region in Antalya province of Turkey.
http://wn.com/Tlos -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Tushhan
Tushhan was a northern Assyrian provincial capital in the upper Tigris river valley, on the south bank. It was inhabited since Mittani period, and mainly during the Neo-Assyrian period during the Iron Age.
http://wn.com/Tushhan -
Tyana
:For the genus of nolid moths, see Tyana (moth).
http://wn.com/Tyana -
Xanthos
http://wn.com/Xanthos -
Yazılıkaya
http://wn.com/Yazılıkaya -
Çatalhöyük
http://wn.com/Çatalhöyük
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Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus -
Aesop
http://wn.com/Aesop -
Alcaeus of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene -
Alcibiades
http://wn.com/Alcibiades -
Alexander the Great
http://wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
http://wn.com/Anaxagoras -
Anaximander
http://wn.com/Anaximander -
Antipas of Pergamum
Saint Antipas is referred to in the Book of Revelation () as the "faithful martyr" of Pergamon. According to Christian tradition, John the Apostle ordained Antipas as bishop of the Pergamon during the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian. The traditional account goes on to say Antipas was martyred in ca. 92 AD by burning in a brazen bull-shaped altar used for casting out demons worshiped by the local population.
http://wn.com/Antipas_of_Pergamum -
Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
http://wn.com/Archilochus -
Archimedes
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Aristophanes
http://wn.com/Aristophanes -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
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Attalus I
Attalus I (lang-el|), surnamed Soter (lang-el|, "Savior"; 269 BC – 197 BC) ruled Pergamon, an Ionian Greek polis (what is now Bergama, Turkey), first as dynast, later as king, from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the second cousin and the adoptive son of Eumenes I, whom he succeeded, and was the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king in 238 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis.
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Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
http://wn.com/Bacchylides -
Celts
The Celts ( or , see names of the Celts) were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages.
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Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Demosthenes
http://wn.com/Demosthenes -
Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Empedocles
http://wn.com/Empedocles -
Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Epigonus
:Epigonus is also a genus of the Epigonidae, the Deepwater Cardinalfishes.
http://wn.com/Epigonus -
Euclid
http://wn.com/Euclid -
Eumenes II
http://wn.com/Eumenes_II -
Euripides
http://wn.com/Euripides -
Galatia
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http://wn.com/Galatia -
Galen
http://wn.com/Galen -
Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
http://wn.com/Gorgias -
Hayasa-Azzi
http://wn.com/Hayasa-Azzi -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus -
Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus -
Hesiod
http://wn.com/Hesiod -
Hipparchus
http://wn.com/Hipparchus -
Hippocrates
http://wn.com/Hippocrates -
Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
http://wn.com/Hipponax -
Hittites
The "Hittites" were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite ) in north-central Anatolia (on the Central Anatolian plateau) ca. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height ca. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (a territory known as Amqu), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. After ca. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC.
http://wn.com/Hittites -
Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Hypatia
http://wn.com/Hypatia -
Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
http://wn.com/Ibycus -
Kaskians
http://wn.com/Kaskians -
Leonidas I
http://wn.com/Leonidas_I -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Lukka lands
The Lukka lands are often mentioned in Hittite texts from the second millennium BC. It denotes a region in the southwestern part of Anatolia. The Lukka lands were never put under permanent Hittite control and were viewed as hostile by the Hittites.
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Lycurgus of Sparta
http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta -
Lydia
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http://wn.com/Lydia -
Lysander
http://wn.com/Lysander -
Mark Antony
http://wn.com/Mark_Antony -
Milo of Croton
http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton -
Murad III
http://wn.com/Murad_III -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
http://wn.com/Parmenides -
Pausanias (general)
http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general) -
Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Perseus of Macedon
http://wn.com/Perseus_of_Macedon -
Philetaerus
http://wn.com/Philetaerus -
Philip II of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon -
Philip V of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_V_of_Macedon -
Pindar
http://wn.com/Pindar -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Polybius
http://wn.com/Polybius -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
http://wn.com/Protagoras -
Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
http://wn.com/Sappho -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
Trajan
http://wn.com/Trajan -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
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Pergamon Museum, Berlin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Published: 27 Sep 2006
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Located in Berlin, the Pergamon Museum houses some of the oldest reconstructed monumental buildings in the world. The highlight of the museum is the Pergamon Alta (built in second Century BC), which was transported and rebuilt from the original excavation site.
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Museum,_Berlin
Pergamonmuseum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (Pergamon Museum, Museum Island Berlin)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 01 Aug 2011
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
Das Pergamonmuseum wurde nach den Entwürfen von Alfred Messel durch Ludwig Hoffmann zwischen 1910 und 1930 errichtet. Zuvor, von 1901 bis 1909, stand an gleicher Stelle ein kleinerer Bau. In ihm waren zunächst die bedeutenden Ausgrabungsfunde der Berliner Museen, wie die zwischen 1878 und 1886 geborgenen Friesplatten des Pergamonaltars, untergebracht. Ungenügende Fundamentierungen führten jedoch bald zu Schäden am Gebäude, so dass es noch vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg abgerissen werden musste. Das neue, größere Pergamonmuseum wurde als Dreiflügelanlage konzipiert. Heute beherbergt es drei Museen: die Antikensammlung, das Vorderasiatische Museum und das Museum für Islamische Kunst. Durch die imposanten Rekonstruktionen archäologischer Bauensembles - Pergamonaltar, Markttor von Milet und Ischtar-Tor mit Prozessionsstraße von Babylon und Mschatta-Fassade - ist das Museum weltweit bekannt geworden. Im Rahmen des Masterplans Museumsinsel wird unter der Leitung des Architekturbüros Oswald Mathias Ungers das Museum ab 2008 abschnittsweise saniert. Von einer Gesamtschließung des Gebäudes wird abgesehen. www.smb.museum www.pergamon-panorama.de The Pergamon Museum was built between 1910 and 1930 under the supervision of Ludwig Hoffmann, working according to designs by Alfred Messel. From 1901 to 1909, a smaller building had occupied the same spot. This building originally accommodated the important excavation finds of the Berlin Museums, such as the frieze of the Pergamon Altar which <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Pergamonmuseum_der_Staatlichen_Museen_zu_Berlin_Pergamon_Museum,_Museum_Island_Berlin
Occupy besetzt Pergamon Altar in Berlin - 11.6.12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 12 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
Aktivisten vom Occupy Museums: Wir sind hier, um uns der Frage von Kolonisation und der Veruntreuung von Kunst-und Kulturgut zu stellen. Wir stehen hier in Solidarität mit der türkischen Bevölkerung Berlins, die von Gentrifikation, Verdrängung betroffen ist. Wir gehen zum Altar um Horizontalität, kommunale Nutzung und Nicht-Eigentum zu preisen. The Occupy Museums Pergamon action consisted of two parts: First, because admission prices to the Pergamon Museum are prohibitive, but student groups get in for free, we founded the Autonomous University so we could access the museum. The second part of the action was to go to the Pergamon itself: Ceremony at the Pergamon Altar for Restitution of Art and Culture to the Commons! There is a famous treasure in Berlin known as the Pergamon Altar. This giant relief sculpture from Ancient Greece depicts the battle between the Giants and the Olympian gods known as the Gigantomachy. It was originally hewn from stone by workers from a culture that celebrated victory and ethics. In the late 19th century, the Pergamon Altar was displaced from its original site in present-day Turkey and brought to Museum Island in Berlin. Since then it has been used and abused as a symbol- a representation of power by both Germany and the USSR. The Pergamon Alter has come to symbolize the displacement and occupation of culture by the powerful elite. A call has been issued for its return to Turkey. We are here to question and confront the issue of colonization <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Occupy_besetzt_Pergamon_Altar_in_Berlin_11612
Pergamon Review - Tom Vasel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Published: 11 Jun 2011
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Tom Vasel reviews Pergamon from Gryphon Games To buy the game, go to tinyurl.com For more info and reviews, check out www.dicetower.com
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Review_Tom_Vasel
Pergamon und die neue Sicht der Welt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:44
- Published: 18 Dec 2011
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
BR/Schauplätze der Weltkulturen -- Film von Benigna E. Daubenmerkl (2001) - Griechenland gilt als die Wiege der Kultur Europas - doch wie kam es zu diesem einmaligen Aufstieg der hellenischen Stadtstaaten? Langsam setzt sich die Erkenntnis durch, dass der Beginn der griechischen Philosophie und damit der europäischen Geistesgeschichte in Kleinasien zu finden ist. Die Wiege der europäischen Kultur steht in Griechenland, das gehört zur allgemeinen Schulbildung - quasi zum ersten Kontakt eines jungen Menschen mit der griechischen Geschichte. Doch woher kommen die Griechen und ihre epochemachenden und weltverändernden Ideen ? Diese Frage ist kein Schul-, sondern absolutes Expertenwissen. Die Wurzeln Griechenlands im 12. bis 8. vorchristlichen Jahrhundert liegen leider im Dunkeln und deshalb ist die Frage strittig. Zwischen dem Zusammenbruch der mykenischen Kultur und dem Aufkommen der griechischen Stadtstaaten liegen mehrere "Dunkle Jahrhunderte", in der es fast keine archäologischen Spuren gibt. Die Dokumentation begibt sich auf Spurensuche und legt dar, dass die Anfänge der griechischen Philosophie und damit der Beginn unserer Geistesgeschichte in Kleinasien zu suchen sind. Die zahlreichen Siedlungen waren Zentren des Handels, der Wissenschaften und der Philosophie. In Städten wie Smyrna, dem heutigen Izmir, Milet und Ephesos entstanden jene Ideen, die die Grundlagen für die Schriften von Platon und Aristoteles schufen. In Pergamon, mit seiner riesigen Bibliothek, gelangte <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Pergamon_und_die_neue_Sicht_der_Welt
Akropolis von Pergamon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Published: 26 Dec 2010
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
3D Animation der Akropolis von Pergamon, rekonstruiert auf Basis der Schriftenreihe "Altertümer von Pergamon" Ausgabe I-VIII. Details vom Großen Altar ( Pergamonaltar). Animiert mit Blender 2.5 Open Source Software. Musik nach einer antiken Melodie aus Kleinasien (Seikilos-Stele).
http://wn.com/Akropolis_von_Pergamon
Pergamon Museum in Berlin (2004)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Published: 24 Jun 2007
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
Recorded this video during my visit to Pergamon Museum in Berlin, dated 2004
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Museum_in_Berlin_2004
Turkey Tours - Pergamon - Seven Churches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 23 Jul 2008
- Updated: 28 Mar 2012
MTMHOLIDAYS.COM, The Turkey Tour Expert offering super value tour packages, luxury tours and unique custom itineraries for individuals and groups. We've got the Best Prices Guaranteed!Drive to Pergamon to see the Asclepion, the ancient hospital whose approach to medicine was remarkably modern, the Acropolis, the church at the site of ancient Serapium, and the Red Court dedicated to St. Jhon.
http://wn.com/Turkey_Tours_Pergamon_Seven_Churches
Bergama / Pergamon - Turkey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Published: 21 Jan 2011
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Bergama. The antique site of Bergama with the Acropolis, the Theater, the Temple of Zeus and Athene. Director Eric Ross draw up this report.
http://wn.com/Bergama_Pergamon_Turkey
Kalevi Aho, Pergamon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:13
- Published: 31 Oct 2010
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
Kalevi Aho (*1949): Pergamon, per 4 gruppi orchestrali, 4 recitanti e organo, su testo di Peter Weiss in tedesco, greco antico, finlandese e svedese (1990) Lilli Paasikivi, Eeva-Liisa Saarinen, Tom Nyman e Matti Lehtinen, recitanti Pauli Pietiläinen, organo Lahti Symphony Orchestra, dir. Osmo Vänskä
http://wn.com/Kalevi_Aho,_Pergamon
Turkey 2009 - Part 6 - Asclepion, Pergamon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 30 Sep 2009
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Our next stop is the ancient city of Pergamon. It was the location of one of the seven churches of Revelation as well as the birthplace of modern medicine. The ruins perch high on a mountain overlooking the city of Bergama and contain the most amazing theatre we saw as well as one of the most complete temples. Learn more about the Altar of Zeus here: en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Turkey_2009_Part_6_Asclepion,_Pergamon
Alter of Zeus, Pergamon Museum, Berlin Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Published: 05 Feb 2008
- Updated: 25 Jun 2012
A Roman Empire alter from Turkey and the walls of Babylon, a Berlin museum clip from "Septemberfest", afree Intrepid Berkeley Explorer video of Germany's best known places: Frankfurt's old town, a Rhine River cruise, Cologne's Cathedral, the Hamburg red-light district, Berlin (the Wall, and other changes since 1990), lovely Dresden, Nuremberg, the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial, Munich (glockenspiel, beer hall, and palaces), plus King Ludwig II's most famous castle. To enjoy all of this film, plus over 30 more free, non-commercial, streaming travel videos from every continent, and still pictures, please ask a search engine for: Intrepid Berkeley Explorer
http://wn.com/Alter_of_Zeus,_Pergamon_Museum,_Berlin_Germany
BlackIsBeautiful - Pergamon (200 Records)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:18
- Published: 14 Aug 2011
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
Buy-links at: www.wir-network.com With "Pergamon / 1979" BlackIsBeautiful is releasing their second Single on 200 Records. Pergamon is a wonderful dreamy epic work with strings and a gorgeous piano. Cologne's new talent Henson has done a great remixes of this track. 1979 is a funkier track, which reminds us on former Metro Area tracks. "Vesica Piscis" and "Epiphanie" show two facets of the colourful BlackIsBeautiful sound spectrum. Written by Ümit Han, produced by Ümit Han and Tim Dicke, mastered by Steffen Müller und Emanuel Geller (Remix), artwork by empp.de. © ℗ 2010 200 Records
http://wn.com/BlackIsBeautiful_Pergamon_200_Records
Pergamon I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Published: 04 Oct 2009
- Updated: 14 Oct 2009
Pergamon I
http://wn.com/Pergamon_I
Trip to Turkey, ruins of Troy, Pergamon & Ephes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 16 Aug 2010
- Updated: 17 Nov 2011
Ruins of Troy, Peregmon, Ephes
http://wn.com/Trip_to_Turkey,_ruins_of_Troy,_Pergamon_Ephes
Processional Way in Babylon, Pergamon Museum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Published: 16 Oct 2006
- Updated: 17 Sep 2011
Tread in the footsteps of ancient Babylonians circa 200 BC, as they approach the famous Ishtar Gate on the Processional Way on a New Year Feast Day. Tall fortress-like walls stand on the left and right, covered with deep blue glazed tiles and punctuated every few metres with menacing lions. c2r4a1.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Processional_Way_in_Babylon,_Pergamon_Museum
Gigantomachy-Great Altar of Pergamon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 19 Jan 2009
- Updated: 24 May 2012
The open-air altar appears to be mentioned in the Book of Revelation, Revelation 2:12-13: "In Pergamos where Satan's Throne is". The Great Altar of Pergamon has figured in lists of the Wonders of the World. The Great Altar of Pergamon, , was originally built in the 2nd century BCE in the Ancient Greek city of Pergamon (modern day Bergama in Turkey) in north-western Anatolia, 25.74 kilometers from the Aegean Sea.The only lengthy reference to it in Antiquity is in the Liber Memorialis of Ampelius , where it is described as "a large marble altar, forty feet high with a great many sculptures, among which a Battle of the Giants."
http://wn.com/Gigantomachy-Great_Altar_of_Pergamon
Pergamon Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:21
- Published: 30 Oct 2011
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Pergamon Review
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Review
"Pergamon and the Asclepeion" Mawakefi's photos around Bergama, Turkey (pergamon amphitheatre)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Published: 13 Feb 2011
- Updated: 23 Feb 2012
Preview of Mawakefi's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
http://wn.com/Pergamon_and_the_Asclepeion_Mawakefi's_photos_around_Bergama,_Turkey_pergamon_amphitheatre
Pergamon Museum Berlin Babylon Castle Ishtar Gate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Published: 31 Jul 2006
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
The Pergamon Museum in Berlin also houses the gates to Babylon. This is a brief view of the main gates and entry way. There's also the Islamic Treasures special exhibit - which I got some pictures of - at: pg.photos.yahoo.com
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_Babylon_Castle_Ishtar_Gate
Pergamon Review - with Ryan Metzler
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Published: 12 Aug 2011
- Updated: 21 Apr 2012
Ryan reviews Pergamon To buy the game, go to tinyurl.com For more information and reviews, check out www.dicetower.com
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Review_with_Ryan_Metzler
The Pergamon Altar, c. 200-150 BCE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Published: 02 Apr 2012
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
The Pergamon Altar, c. 200-150 BCE, 35.64 x 33.4 meters (Pergamon Museum, Berlin) View this work up close on the Google Art Project: www.googleartproject.com
http://wn.com/The_Pergamon_Altar,_c_200-150_BCE
Pergamon Museum Altar Transsexual Transgender Sculptures Art Germany Berlin by BK Bazhe.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Published: 29 Mar 2012
- Updated: 23 May 2012
Amazon Books Art Multimedia by BK Bazhe: www.amazon.com Pergamon Museum- www.BAZHE.com The Pergamon Museum is among the museums on Museum Island in Berlin. The site was designed by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann and was built from 1910 to 1930. The Pergamon houses original-sized, reconstructed monumental buildings such as the Pergamon Altar, the Market Gate of Miletus, and the Ishtar Gate, all consisting of parts transported from the original excavation sites. eBooks Art Multimedia by BK Bazhe www.amazon.com BKBAZHE is a writer, poet, and artist. He is the author of DAMAGES (creative nonfiction) —Winner in the Writers Digest Awards and IDENTITIES (poetry). He is published and exhibited in Europe and America. More info at: BK Bazhe Website: www.bazhe.com Amazon Books & Art by BK Bazhe astore.amazon.com YouTube Videos by BK Bazhe: www.youtube.com Google Blog by BK Bazhe: bazhe.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Pergamon_Museum_Altar_Transsexual_Transgender_Sculptures_Art_Germany_Berlin_by_BK_Bazhecom
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Ergin visits Pergamon museum in Berlin
29 Mar 2012
Turkish Press
Justice Minister Sadullah Ergin had talks in Berlin with his German counterpart Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger about neo-Nazi killings yesterday. “What is important here is effective investigation and trial,” Ergin said, adding that he saw his interlocutors from the German Justice Ministry...(size: 4.2Kb)
The Independent
The road is now clear for a long-awaited restoration of the German capital's Pergamon Museum, which houses treasures such as the Pergamon Altar and Babylon's Ishtar Gate, after the government approved a budget for the project. The neoclassical museum will gain a new wing during the overhaul, which...(size: 2.5Kb)
All set for restoration of Pergamon Museum
27 Feb 2006
Gulf News
Berlin: The road is now clear for a long-awaited restoration of Berlin's Pergamon Museum, home to treasures such as the Pergamon Altar and Babylon's Ishtar Gate, after the government approved a budget for the project, Berlin officials said yesterday. The...(size: 1.7Kb)
Bloomberg
Feb. 23 (Bloomberg) -- The German government will foot the bill for a 351 million-euro ($420 million) restoration of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, home to ancient relics including the Pergamon Altar and the Ishtar Gate of Babylon. Situated on Museum Island at the center of Berlin, the Pergamon was...(size: 2.2Kb)
Pergamon Altar's restored frieze unveiled
09 Jun 2004
Seattle Post
The world famous Pergamon Altar is seen during the "Praemium Imperiale" celebration hosted by the Japanese organization "Nobel Prize for the Arts", in the Berlin Pergamon museum Tuesday, June 8, 2004. The museum opens for the first time on Tuesday after years of restauration work. (AP...(size: 2.5Kb)
For other uses, see Pergamon (disambiguation).
This article is about the ancient Greek city of Pergamon. For the nearby modern city of Turkey, see Bergama.
| Pergamon Πέργαμος or Πέργαμον Ancient Greek City (Bergama) |
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 Pergamon
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| Coordinates: 39°08′00″N 27°11′00″E / 39.133333°N 27.183333°E / 39.133333; 27.183333 |
Pergamon (Ancient Greek: τὸ Πέργαμον or ἡ Πέργαμος), or Pergamum, was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, today located 16 miles (26 km) from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC. Pergamon was cited in the book of Revelation as one of the seven churches of Asia. Today, the main sites of ancient Pergamon are to the north and west of the modern city of Bergama.
Contents |
History[link]
The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Kingdom of Thrace.
The Attalids, the descendants of Attalus, father of Philetaerus who came to power in 281 BC following the collapse of the Kingdom of Thrace, were among the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world. Under Attalus I (241-197 BC), they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars, and again under Eumenes II (197-158 BC), against Perseus of Macedon, during the Third Macedonian War. For support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor.
The Attalids ruled with intelligence and generosity. Many documents survive showing how the Attalids would support the growth of towns through sending in skilled artisans and by remitting taxes. They allowed the Greek cities in their domains to maintain nominal independence. They sent gifts to Greek cultural sites like Delphi, Delos, and Athens. They defeated the invading Celts. They remodeled the Acropolis of Pergamon after the Acropolis in Athens. When Attalus III (138-133 BC) died without an heir in 133 BC, he bequeathed the whole of Pergamon to Rome, in order to prevent a civil war.
According to Christian teaching and tradition, Pergamum is where Satan dwells, where his throne is, and the first bishop of Pergamon, Antipas, was martyred there in ca. 92 AD. (Revelation 2:13)
The Ottoman Sultan Murad III had two large alabaster urns transported from the ruins of Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.[1]
Notable structures[link]
Upper Acropolis[link]
File:Drawing of ancient Pergamon.jpg
Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon
The Great Altar of Pergamon is in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin. The base of this altar remains on the upper part of the Acropolis. It was perhaps this altar, believed to be dedicated to Zeus, that John of Patmos referred to as "Satan's Throne" in his Book of Revelation (Revelation 2:13).
Other notable structures still in existence on the upper part of the Acropolis include:
- The Hellenistic Theater with a seating capacity of 10,000. This had the steepest seating of any known theater in the ancient world.[2]
- The Sanctuary of Trajan (also known as the Trajaneum)
- The Sanctuary of Athena
- The Library a.k.a. Athenaeum[citation needed]
- The Royal palaces
- The Heroön - a shrine where the kings of Pergamon, particularly, Attalus I and Eumenes II, were worshipped.[3]
- The Temple of Dionysus
- The Upper Agora
- The Roman baths complex
- Arsenals
Pergamon's library on the Acropolis (the ancient Library of Pergamum) is the second best in the ancient Greek civilization.[4] When the Ptolemies stopped exporting papyrus, partly because of competitors and partly because of shortages, the Pergamenes invented a new substance to use in codices, called pergaminus or pergamena (parchment) after the city. This was made of fine calfskin, a predecessor of vellum. The library at Pergamom was believed to contain 200,000 volumes, which Mark Antony later gave to Cleopatra as a wedding present.[citation needed]
Lower Acropolis[link]
The lower part of the Acropolis has the following structures:
- the Upper Gymnasium
- the Middle Gymnasium
- the Lower Gymnasium
- the Temple of Demeter
- the Sanctuary of Hera
- the House of Attalus
- the Lower Agora and
- the Gate of Eumenes
At foot of Acropolis[link]
Sanctuary of Asclepius[link]
Three kilometers south of the Acropolis, down in the valley, there was the Sanctuary of Asclepius (also known as the Asclepieion), the god of healing. In this place people with health problems could bathe in the water of the sacred spring, and in the patients' dreams Asclepius would appear in a vision to tell them how to cure their illness. Archeology has found lots of gifts and dedications that people would make afterwards, such as small terracotta body parts, no doubt representing what had been healed. Notable extant structures in the Asclepieion include:
- the Roman theater
- the North Stoa
- the South Stoa
- the Temple of Asclepius
- a circular treatment center (sometimes known as the Temple of Telesphorus)
- a healing spring
- an underground passageway
- a library
- the Via Tecta (or the Sacred Way, which is a colonnaded street leading to the sanctuary) and
- a propylon.
Serapis Temple[link]
Pergamon's other notable structure is the great temple of the Egyptian gods Isis and/or Serapis, known today as the "Red Basilica" (or Kızıl Avlu in Turkish), about one kilometer south of the Acropolis. It consists of a main building and two round towers within an enormous temenos or sacred area. In the first century AD, the Christian Church at Pergamon inside the main building of the Red Basilica was one of the Seven Churches to which the Book of Revelation was addressed (Revelation 2:12). The forecourt is still supported by the 193 m wide Pergamon Bridge, the largest bridge substruction of antiquity.[5]
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View of ancient Pergamon.jpg
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TurkeyApril2004.jpg
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Akropol yuksel.jpg
Inscriptions[link]
Greek inscriptions discovered at Pergamon include the rules of the town clerks, Lex de astynomis Pergamenorum, which has added to understanding of Greek municipal texts, including such mundane examples as providing an early set of rules for maintaining public lavatories, aphedron.[citation needed]
Notable people[link]
- Epigonus (3rd century BC) Greek sculptor
- Aeulius Nicon (2nd century AD) Greek architect and builder
- Galen (ca. 129-200/216) Greek physician
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 - Page 526
- ^ [1] accessed September 24, 2007
- ^ Bergama (Pergamum)-Akhisar (Thyatira) accessed September 24, 2007
- ^ after that of Alexandria (see Royal Library of Alexandria)
- ^ Grewe & Özis 1994, pp. 350, 352
References[link]
- Grewe, Klaus; Özis, Ünal (1994), "Die antiken Flußüberbauungen von Pergamon und Nysa (Türkei)", Antike Welt 25 (4): 348–352
- Hansen, Esther V. (1971). The Attalids of Pergamon. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; London: Cornell University Press Ltd. ISBN 0-8014-0615-3.
- Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (2003) "The Attalids of Pergamon," in Andrew Erskine, ed., A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Oxford: Blackwell: pp. 159–174. ISBN 1-4051-3278-7.
- Nagy, Gregory (1998). "The Library of Pergamon as a Classical Model," in Helmut Koester, ed., Pergamon: Citadel of the Gods. Harrisburg PA: Trinity Press International: 185-232.
- Nagy, Gregory (2007). "The Idea of the Library as a Classical Model for European Culture," http://chs.harvard.edu/publications.sec/online_print_books.ssp/. Center for Hellenic Studies
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pergamon |
- Rosa Valderrama, "Pergamum": brief history
- Photographic tour of old and new Pergamon, including the museum
- The Theatre at Pergamon. The Ancient Theatre Archive. Theatre specifications and virtual reality tour of theatre
- 3D-visualization and photos of Pergamon
Coordinates: 39°08′00″N 27°11′00″E / 39.1333333°N 27.1833333°E / 39.1333333; 27.1833333
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http://wn.com/Pergamon
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010) |
Kalevi Aho (born 9 March 1949 in Forssa, Finland) is a Finnish composer.
Contents |
Career[link]
Born in Forssa, he studied composition at the Sibelius Academy under Einojuhani Rautavaara, receiving a diploma in 1971. He continued his studies for a year in Berlin with Boris Blacher. His teaching positions include music theory at the University of Helsinki from 1974 to 1988, and a professorship at the Sibelius Academy from 1988 to 1993. He became composer-in-residence for the Lahti Symphony Orchestra in 1992, and conductor Osmo Vänskä has recorded many of his recent large-scale works with the orchestra. Aho has worked as a freelance composer, with a state scholarship, since 1993. He lives in Helsinki.
Music[link]
Known principally as a composer of large-scale works, to date Aho has composed fifteen symphonies,[1] eighteen concertos, four operas and several vocal works. His chamber music includes several quintets, quartets, sonatas and solo works. He first came to fame with his first symphony (1969) and second string quartet (1970). His works of this time showed such neo-classical traits as a preoccupation with counterpoint (particularly fugues), and stylized renderings of older forms, such as the waltz. In the following decade he wrote in modernist and post-modernist styles. His use of irony and juxtaposition of contrasting moods and musical styles and genres has been compared to Gustav Mahler and Alfred Schnittke.[2] His work also shows the influence of Einojuhani Rautavaara (especially when evoking mysterious textures) and Dmitri Shostakovich. His music has been extensively recorded by BIS records and is published by Fennica Gehrman.
Works[link]
Operas[link]
- The Key (1978–79)
- Insect Life (1985–87)
- Before We Are All Drowned (1995/1999)
- The Book of Secrets (1998)
Symphonies[link]
- Symphony No. 1 (1969)
- Symphony No. 2 (1970/1995)
- Symphony No. 3, for violin and orchestra (1971–73)
- Symphony No. 4 (1972–73)
- Symphony No. 5 (1975–76)
- Symphony No. 6 (1979–80)
- Symphony No. 7 Insect Symphony (1988)
- Symphony No. 8, for organ and orchestra (1993)
- Symphony No. 9, for trombone and orchestra (1993–94)
- Symphony No. 10 (1996)
- Symphony No. 11, for six percussionists and orchestra (1997–98)
- Symphony No. 12 Luosto, for two orchestras (2002–03)
- Symphony No. 13 Symphonic Characterizations (2003)
- Symphony No. 14 Rituals, for darabuka, djembe, gongs and chamber orchestra (2007)
- Symphony No. 15 (2009–2010)
- Chamber Symphony No. 1 for 20 strings (1976)
- Chamber Symphony No. 2 for 20 strings (1991–92)
- Chamber Symphony No. 3, for alto saxophone and 20 strings (1995–96)
Orchestral[link]
- Silence (1982)
- Paloheimo Fanfare (1989)
- Pergamon for 4 reciters, 4 orchestral groups and organ (1990)
- The Rejoicing of the Deep Waters (1995)
- Tristia. Fantasy for wind orchestra (1999)
- Symphonic Dances (2001)
- Louhi (2003)
- Lamu. Music in the space for young brass players (2008)
- Minea. Concertante Music for Orchestra (2008)
- Gejia. Chinese Images for Orchestra (2012)
Concertante[link]
- Violin Concerto (1981)
- Cello Concerto (1983–84)
- Piano Concerto No. 1 (1988–1989)
- Tuba Concerto (2000–2001)
- Piano Concerto No. 2, for piano and 20 strings (2001–2002)
- Flute Concerto (2002)
- Concerto for Two Cellos and Orchestra (2003)
- Bassoon Concerto (2004)
- Contrabassoon Concerto (2004–2005)
- Clarinet Concerto (2005)
- Double-Bass Concerto (2005)
- Viola Concerto (2006)
- Oboe Concerto (2007)
- The Bells. Concerto for Saxophone Quartet and Orchestra (2008)
- Trombone Concerto (2010)
- Sieidi. Concerto for Percussion and Orchestra (2010)
- Trumpet Concerto (2011)
- Horn Concerto (2011)
- Eight Seasons. Concerto for Theremin and Chamber Orchestra (2011)
Chamber/Instrumental[link]
- Solo I for Violin (1975), II for Piano (1985), III for Flute (1990-91), IV for Cello (1997), V for Bassoon (1999), VI for Double-Bass (1999), VII for Trumpet (2000), VIII for Baritone Horn (2003), IX for Oboe (2010), X for Horn (2010)
- In memoriam Pehr Henrik Nordgren for Violin Solo (2009)
- Sonata for Violin Solo (1973)
- Piano Sonata (1980)
- Sonata No. 1 for Accordion (1989)
- Sonata No. 2 Black Birds for Accordion (1990)
- Ludus Solemnis for Organ (1978)
- In Memoriam for Organ (1980)
- Three Interludes for Organ (1993)
- Alles Vergängliche. Symphony for Organ (2007)
- Oboe Sonata (1985)
- Sonata for 2 Accordions (1989)
- Epilogue for Trombone and Organ (1998)
- Lamento for 2 Violins or 2 Violas (2001)
- Quasi una fantasia for Horn and Organ (2011)
- Trio for Clarinet, Viola, and Piano (2006)
- HAHE for 4 Cellos (2008)
- String Quartet No. 1 (1967)
- String Quartet No. 2 (1970)
- String Quartet No. 3 (1971)
- Kimasen lento [Kimanen's Flight] for String Quartet (1998)
- Ballad for Flute, Cello, Bassoon and Piano (1999)
- Three Tangos for Violin, Accordion, Guitar, Piano and Double-Bass (1999)
- Quartet for Flute, Saxophone, Guitar, and Percussion (1982)
- Oboe Quintet (1973)
- Bassoon Quintet (1977)
- Quintet for Flute, Oboe, and String Trio (1977)
- Quintet for Saxophone, Bassoon, Viola, Cello, and Double-Bass (1994)
- Clarinet Quintet (1998)
- Quintet for Flute, Violin, Two Violas, and Cello (2000)
- Wind Quintet (2006)
- String Quintet Hommage à Schubert (2009)
Vocal[link]
- Lasimaalaus [Stained Glass] for female choir (1974); text Aila Meriluoto
- Kolme laulua elämästä [Three Songs of Life] for tenor and piano (1977); text Raimo Lehmonen
- Veet välkkyy taas for male choir (1992); text Viljo Kojo
- Mysteerio for female choir (1994); text Maritza Nuñez
- Ilo ja epäsymmetria [Joy and Asymmetry], Suite for mixed choir (1996); text Mirkka Rekola
- Kiinalaisia lauluja [Chinese Songs] for Soprano and Orchestra (1997); text by ancient Chinese poets, Finnish translation Pertti Nieminen
- Kolme Bertrandin monologia [Three Monologues of Bertrand] for Baritone and Orchestra (1998); text Paavo Rintala and Kalevi Aho
- Kysymysten kirja [Book of Questions] for Mezzo soprano and Chamber Orchestra (2006); text Pablo Neruda, Finnish translation Katja Kallio
- Kolme Mawlana Rumin runoa [Three Poems of Mawlana Rumi] for mixed choir (2010); text Mawlana Rumi, Finnish translation Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila
Arrangements[link]
- Songs and Dances of Death (Modest Musorgsky); instrumentation of the song cycle for bass and orchestra (1984)
- J. S. Bach: Contrapunctus XI; orchestration of the work (1984)
- Pyörteitä [Whirls], 1st Act (Uuno Klami); orchestration of the ballet act (1988)
- Erik Tulindberg: String Quartets I-VI (composed in the 1780s); completion of the quartets (1995)
- Karelia (Jean Sibelius); completion and reconstruction of the work (1997)
- Vom Himmel hoch (Michael Praetorius); instrumentation of the double choir motet for orchestra and organ (1998)
- Lakeus (Yrjö Kilpinen); instrumentation of the song cycle for baritone and orchestra (1998)
- J. S. Bach: Präludium und Fuga in C ("Con largo", BWV 545); instrumentation of the work for symphony orchestra, chamber orchestra and 10 off-stage musicians (2005)
- Jean Sibelius: Promootiokantaatti 1897 [Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies 1897]; reconstruction and completion of the choir parts of the cantata for mixed choir and piano (2010)
- J. S. Bach: Contrapunctus XIV from Die Kunst der Fuge; completion of the unfinished work for organ (2011)
Notes[link]
- ^ www.fennicagehrman.fi
- ^ Kalevi Aho page at www.fimic.fi
References[link]
- Korhonen, Kimmo (1999). Kalevi Aho in Profile - Finnish Music Information Centre. Retrieved 8 February 2005.
- Oramo, Ilkka. "Aho, Kalevi." at Grove Music Online. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
External links and references[link]
- Finnish Music Information Centre minisite - including profile, discography and audio clips
- Fennica Gehrman home page (publisher) (Aho page with sound samples)
- Minnesota Orchestra's showcase concert magazine, May 6, page 43
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aho, Kalevi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 9 March 1949 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kalevi_Aho
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevi_Aho
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
0:52
Processional Way in Babylon, Pergamon Museum
c2r4a1
Processional Way in Babylon, Pergamon Museum
Tread in the footsteps of ancient Babylonians circa 200 BC, as they approach the famous Ishtar Gate on the Processional Way on a New Year Feast Day. Tall fortress-like walls stand on the left and right, covered with deep blue glazed tiles and punctuated every few metres with menacing lions. c2r4a1.blogspot.com
9:51
Gigantomachy-Great Altar of Pergamon
AndrePaulDurand
Gigantomachy-Great Altar of Pergamon
The open-air altar appears to be mentioned in the Book of Revelation, Revelation 2:12-13: "In Pergamos where Satan's Throne is". The Great Altar of Pergamon has figured in lists of the Wonders of the World. The Great Altar of Pergamon, , was originally built in the 2nd century BCE in the Ancient Greek city of Pergamon (modern day Bergama in Turkey) in north-western Anatolia, 25.74 kilometers from the Aegean Sea.The only lengthy reference to it in Antiquity is in the Liber Memorialis of Ampelius , where it is described as "a large marble altar, forty feet high with a great many sculptures, among which a Battle of the Giants."
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"Pergamon and the Asclepeion" Mawakefi's photos around Bergama, Turkey (pergamon amphitheatre)
TripAdvisorTRIPWOW1
"Pergamon and the Asclepeion" Mawakefi's photos around Bergama, Turkey (pergamon amphitheatre)
Preview of Mawakefi's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
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Pergamon Museum Berlin Babylon Castle Ishtar Gate
PhoenixesRose
Pergamon Museum Berlin Babylon Castle Ishtar Gate
The Pergamon Museum in Berlin also houses the gates to Babylon. This is a brief view of the main gates and entry way. There's also the Islamic Treasures special exhibit - which I got some pictures of - at: pg.photos.yahoo.com
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