Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосток; IPA: [vlədʲɪvɐˈstok] (
listen); Chinese: 海參崴; pinyin: Hǎishēnwǎi) is a city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated at the head of the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's borders with China and North Korea. The population of the city, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, is 592,069,[3] down from 594,701 recorded in the 2002 Census.[4]
The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and the largest Russian port on the Pacific Ocean.
In 2012, Vladivostok will host the 24th Summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. In preparation for the event, the infrastructure of the city is being renovated and improved. Two giant cable-stayed bridges are currently under construction in Vladivostok, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Golden Horn Bay in the center of the city, and the Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island, where the summit will take place. The latter bridge will become the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world upon completion.
The name Vladivostok loosely translates from Russian as "Ruler of the East"—a name similar to Vladikavkaz which means "Ruler of the Caucasus". In Chinese, the city was known since the Qing Dynasty as Hǎishēnwǎi (海參崴, meaning "sea cucumber cliffs"). In modern day China, it is known by the transliteration Fúlādíwòsītuōkè (符拉迪沃斯托克), although its historical Chinese name Hǎishēnwǎi is still often used. The Japanese name of the city is Urajiosutoku (ウラジオストク; a rough transliteration of the Russian originally written in Kanji as 浦塩斯徳 and often shortened to Urajio; ウラジオ; 浦塩). In Korean, the name is transliterated as Beulladiboseutokeu (블라디보스토크) in South Korea, Ullajibosŭttokhŭ (울라지보스또크) in North Korea, and Beullajiboseu-ttokeu (블라지보스또크) by Koreans in China.
The city is located in the southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which is about 30 km long and approximately 12 km wide.
The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, the height of which is 257 m. Eagle's Nest Mount is often called the highest point of the city; however, with the height of only 199 m (214 m according to other sources), it is the highest point of the downtown area, but not of the whole city.
The territory on which modern Vladivostok is located had been part of many nations, such as the Mohe, Bohai Kingdom, Goguryeo, Jīn Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and various other Korean and Chinese dynasties, before Russia acquired the entire Maritime Province and the island of Sakhalin by the Treaty of Beijing (1860). Qing China, which had just lost the Opium War with Britain, was unable to defend the region. The Pacific coast near Vladivostok was settled mainly by the Chinese and Manchus during the Qing Dynasty period. A French whaler visiting the Golden Horn Bay in 1852 discovered Chinese or Manchu village fishermen on its shore. The Manchus banned Han Chinese from most of Manchuria including the Vladivostok area—it was only visited by shēnzéi who illegally entered the area seeking ginseng or sea cucumbers.
On June 20 (July 2 Gregorian style), 1860 the military supply ship Manchur, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Alexey K. Shefner, called at the Golden Horn Bay to found an outpost called Vladivostok. Warrant officer Nikolay Komarov with 28 soldiers and two non-commissioned officers under his command were brought from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur by ship to construct the first buildings of the future city.
The Manza War in 1868 was the first attempt by Russia to expel Chinese from territory it controlled. Hostilities broke out around Vladivostok when the Russians tried to shut off gold mining operations and expel Chinese workers there.[7] The Chinese resisted a Russian attempt to take Ashold Island and in response, 2 Russian military stations and 3 Russian towns were attacked by the Chinese, and the Russians failed to oust the Chinese.[8]
An elaborate system of fortifications was erected between the 1870s and 1890s. A telegraph line from Vladivostok to Shanghai and Nagasaki was opened in 1871, the year when a commercial port was relocated here from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. Town status was granted on April 22, 1880. A coat of arms, representing the Siberian tiger, was adopted in March 1883.
The first high school was opened in 1899. The city's economy was given a boost in 1903, with the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Vladivostok to Moscow and Europe. In the wake of the October Revolution, Vladivostok was of great military importance for the Far Eastern Republic, the Provisional Priamurye Government, and the Allied intervention, consisting of foreign troops from Japan, the United States, Canada, Czechoslovakia, and other nations.[9] 1,600 Chinese troops also intervened in response to a request by the Chinese community in the area for aid.[10] The taking of the city by Ieronim Uborevich's Red Army on October 25, 1922 marked the end of the Russian Civil War.
As the main naval base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, the city was officially closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. It was at Vladivostok that Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford conducted the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. At the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers.
In 2012, Vladivostok will host the 24th APEC summit. Leaders from the APEC member countries will meet on Russky Island, off the coast of Vladivostok.[11] With the planned summit on Russky Island, the government and private businesses are building resorts, dinner and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport.[12] Two giant cable-stayed bridges are currently under construction in preparation for the summit, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and the Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island (it will become the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world upon completion). The new campus of Far Eastern Federal University will be completed on Russky Island by 2012.
Administratively, along with five rural localities, it is incorporated as Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] Municipally, Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug.[2]
| Vladivostok |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
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| Average max. and min. temperatures in °C |
| Precipitation totals in mm |
| Source: Pogoda [13] |
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| Imperial conversion |
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| Average max. and min. temperatures in °F |
| Precipitation totals in inches |
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- Mean annual temperature: +4.9 °C (40.82 °F)
- Average temperature in January: −12.3 °C (9.9 °F)
- Average temperature in August: +19.8 °C (67.64 °F)
- Average annual precipitation: 818 mm (32.2 in) (strong summer maximum)
- Köppen climate classification: Dwb (monsoon-influenced humid continental climate, warm summers)
| Climate data for Vladivostok |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
5.0
(41.0) |
9.9
(49.8) |
15.2
(59.4) |
22.7
(72.9) |
29.5
(85.1) |
31.8
(89.2) |
33.6
(92.5) |
33.0
(91.4) |
30.0
(86.0) |
23.4
(74.1) |
17.5
(63.5) |
9.4
(48.9) |
33.6
(92.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
−8
(17.6) |
−4.1
(24.6) |
2.2
(36.0) |
9.9
(49.8) |
14.8
(58.6) |
17.8
(64.0) |
21.2
(70.2) |
23.3
(73.9) |
19.8
(67.6) |
13.0
(55.4) |
3.1
(37.6) |
−5.2
(22.6) |
9.0
(48.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
−12.3
(9.9) |
−8.5
(16.7) |
−1.8
(28.8) |
5.1
(41.2) |
9.8
(49.6) |
13.6
(56.5) |
17.6
(63.7) |
19.8
(67.6) |
16.0
(60.8) |
8.9
(48.0) |
−0.9
(30.4) |
−9
(15.8) |
4.9
(40.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−15.3
(4.5) |
−11.6
(11.1) |
−4.8
(23.4) |
2.0
(35.6) |
6.7
(44.1) |
11.2
(52.2) |
15.8
(60.4) |
17.7
(63.9) |
13.2
(55.8) |
6.0
(42.8) |
−3.8
(25.2) |
−11.9
(10.6) |
2.1
(35.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
−31.4
(−24.5) |
−28.9
(−20.0) |
−22
(−8) |
−8.1
(17.4) |
−0.8
(30.6) |
3.7
(38.7) |
8.8
(47.8) |
10.1
(50.2) |
2.2
(36.0) |
−9.7
(14.5) |
−23
(−9) |
−28.1
(−18.6) |
−31.4
(−24.5) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
14
(0.55) |
15
(0.59) |
27
(1.06) |
48
(1.89) |
81
(3.19) |
110
(4.33) |
153
(6.02) |
151
(5.94) |
116
(4.57) |
57
(2.24) |
28
(1.1) |
18
(0.71) |
818
(32.2) |
| % humidity |
58 |
58 |
60 |
67 |
75 |
89 |
91 |
87 |
77 |
65 |
60 |
60 |
70.6 |
| Avg. precipitation days |
2.7 |
3.0 |
3.9 |
6.8 |
7.9 |
10.8 |
11.3 |
10.2 |
7.3 |
5.5 |
4.2 |
2.6 |
76.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
176.7 |
184.8 |
217.0 |
192.0 |
198.4 |
129.0 |
120.9 |
148.8 |
198.0 |
204.6 |
168.0 |
155.0 |
2,093.2 |
| Source no. 1: Pogoda.ru.net [13] |
| Source no. 2: HKO |
Church of Our Lady's Protection
Fokina Street in the central part of Vladivostok (March 2004)
The population of the city, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, is 592,069,[3] down from 594,701 recorded in the 2002 Census.[4] This is further down from 633,838 recorded in the 1989 Census.[14] Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population.
The city's main industries are shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base. Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%.
A very important employer and a major source of revenue for the city's inhabitants is the import of Japanese cars.[15] Besides salesmen, the industry employs repairmen, fitters, import clerks as well as shipping and railway companies.[16] The Vladivostok dealers sell 250,000 cars a year, with 200,000 going to other parts of Russia.[16] Every third worker in the Primorsky Krai has some relation to the automobile import business. In recent years, the Russian government has made attempts to improve the country's own car industry. This has included raising tariffs for imported cars, which has put the car import business in Vladivostok in difficulties. To compensate, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It is planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.[15]
Vladivostok is the starting point of Ussuri Highway (M60) to Khabarovsk, the eastern most part of Trans-Siberian Highway that goes all the way to Moscow and Saint Petersburg via Novosibirsk. The other main highways go east to Nakhodka and south to Khasan.
The Trans-Siberian Railway was built to connect European Russia with Vladivostok, Russia's most important Pacific Ocean port. Finished in 1905, the rail line ran from Moscow to Vladivostok via several of Russia's main cities. Part of the railroad, known as the Chinese Eastern Line, crossed over into Manchuria, China, passing through Harbin, a major city in Manchuria. During the Soviet era, Vladivostok's status as a closed city meant that ferry-passenger tourists arriving from Japan to travel the Trans-Siberian railway westbound had to embark in Nakhodka. Today, Vladivostok serves as the main starting point for the Trans-Siberian portion of the Eurasian Land Bridge.
Air routes connect Vladivostok International Airport with Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Vietnam.
It is possible to get to Vladivostok from several of the larger cities in Russia. Regular flights to Seattle, Washington were available in the 1990s but have been canceled since. Vladivostok Air resumed flying to Anchorage, Alaska in July 2008.
On June 28, 1908, Vladivostok's first tram line was started along Svetlanskaya Street from the railway station in Lugovaya Street. On October 9, 1912, the first wooden cars manufactured in Belgium entered service. Today, Vladivostok's means of public transportation include trolleybus, bus, tram, train, funicular, ferryboat and cutter. The main urban traffic lines are City Center—Vtoraya Rechka, City Center—Pervaya Rechka—3ya Rabochaya—Balyayeva, and City Center—Lugovaya Street.
Vladivostok is home to numerous educational institutions, including seven universities:
The Presidium of the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ДВО РАН) as well as ten of its research institutes are also located in Vladivostok, as is the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (Тихоокеанский научно-исследовательский рыбохозяйственный центр or ТИНРО).
Over fifty newspapers and regional editions to Moscow publications are issued in Vladivostok. The largest newspaper of the Primorsky Krai and the whole Russian Far East is Vladivostok with a circulation of 124,000 copies at the beginning of 1996. Its founder, joint-stock company Vladivostok-News, also issues a weekly English-language newspaper Vladivostok News. Another source of information on the city is the online daily Vladivostok Times. The subjects of the publications issued in these newspapers vary from information around Vladivostok and Primorye to major international events. Newspaper Zolotoy Rog (Golden Horn) gives every detail of economic news. Entertainment materials and cultural news constitute a larger part of Novosti (News) newspaper which is the most popular among Primorye's young people. Also, new online mass media about Russian Far East for foreigners Far East Times. This source invites everyone to take part in informational support of RFE for visitors, travellers and businessmen.
As of 1999, there are also seven radio stations, the most popular being 24-hour VBC (612 kHz, 101.7 MHz) and Europa+ (738 kHz, 104.2 MHz). Europa+ normally broadcasts popular modern British-American music, while the ratio of Russian and foreign songs over VBC is fifty-fifty. Every hour one can hear local news over these radio stations. Radio Vladivostok (1098 kHz) operates from 06:00 till 01:00. It broadcasts several special programs which are devoted to the music of the 1950s-1980s as well as New Age.
Russian rock band Mumiy Troll hails from Vladivostok and frequently puts on shows there. In addition, the city played host to the now-legendary "VladiROCKstok" International Music Festival in September 1996. Hosted by the Mayor and Governor, and organized by two young American expatriates, the festival drew nearly 10,000 people and top-tier musical acts from St. Petersburg (Akvarium and DDT (band)) and Seattle (Supersuckers, Goodness (band)), as well as several leading local bands.[citation needed]
It is the nearest city to the massive Sikhote-Alin Meteorite, which fell on February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok.
Maxim Gorky Academic Theater, named after Russian author, Maxim Gorky, was founded in 1931 and is used for drama, musical and children's theater performances.
The Arsenyev Primorye Museum (Приморский государственный объединенный музей имени В.К. Арсеньева), opened in 1890, is the main museum of the Primorsky Krai. Besides the main facility, it has three branches in Vladivostok itself (including Arsenyev's Memorial House), and five branches elsewhere in the krai.[17] Among the items in the museum's collection are the famous 15th-century Yongning Temple Steles from the lower Amur.
Local ecologists from the Ecocenter organization have claimed that much of Vladivostok's suburbs are polluted and that living in them can be classified as a health hazard.[citation needed] The pollution has a number of causes, according to Ecocenter geo-chemical expert Sergey Shlykov. Vladivostok has about eighty industrial sites, which may not be many compared to Russia's most industrialized areas, but those around the city are particularly environmentally unfriendly, such as shipbuilding and repairing, power stations, printing, fur farming and mining. In addition, Vladivostok has a particularly vulnerable geography which compounds the effect of the pollution. Winds cannot clear pollution from some of the most densely populated areas around the Pervaya and Vtoraya Rechka as they sit in basins which the winds blow over. In addition, there is little snow in winter and no leaves or grass to catch the dust to make it settle down.[18]
Vladivostok is home to the football club FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, who play in the Russian First Division, and basketball club Spartak Primorye, who play in the Russian Basketball Super League.
U.S. Navy Officer takes part in a
bread and salt ceremony, a traditional Slavic welcoming ceremony, after arriving in Vladivostok, 1 July 2007
Vladivostok is twinned with:
 Niigata, Japan- Akita, Japan
- Hakodate, Japan
 Busan, South Korea Dalian, China- Yanbian, China
- Yantai, China
 Hai Phong, Vietnam- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
 Manta, Ecuador
|
|
- Mikhail Koklyaev, strength athlete
- Igor Ansoff, mathematician
- Vladimir Arsenyev, explorer
- Feliks Gromov, admiral
- Liah Greenfeld, academic
- Ksenia Kahnovich, model
- Eugene Kozlovsky, writer
- Igor Kunitsyn, tennis player
- Elmar Lohk, architect
- Yul Brynner, film actor
- Mary Losseff, singer and film actress
- Vladimir Nikolayev, former mayor
- Natalia Pogonina, chess player
- Anna Shchetinina, world's first female captain of an ocean-going ship
- Igor Tamm, physicist
- Swati Reddy, actress
- Alexey Volkonsky, canoeist
- Victor Zotov, botanist
- Mumiy Troll, Russian rock group:
- Svoy, musician
- Nikolay Dubinin, biologist
- ^ a b c d e Law #161-KZ
- ^ a b c Law #179-KZ
- ^ a b c d Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b c Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 72. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach. ed. China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 89. ISBN 963-7326-14-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=icZJJN0wYPcC&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 18 March 2012. "Probably the first clash between the Russians and Chinese occurred in 1868. It was called the Manza War, Manzovskaia voina. "Manzy" was the Russian name for the Chinese population in those years. In 1868, the local Russian government decided to close down goldfields near Vladivostok, in the Gulf of Peter the Great, where 1,000 Chinese were employed. The Chinese decided that they did not want to go back, and resisted. The first clash occurred when the Chinese were removed from Askold Island,"
- ^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach. ed. China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90. ISBN 963-7326-14-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=icZJJN0wYPcC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=khunkhuzy+russians&source=bl&ots=J2AAdCI7x2&sig=ofOgSNZNH8Y_kN1fjvroyM5xLX0&hl=en&ei=KKQ8Tvu9KKOw0AGR7p3mAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=khunkhuzy%20russians&f=false. Retrieved 18 March 2012. "in the Gulf of Peter the Great. They organized themselves and raided three Russian villages and two military posts. For the first time, this attempt to drive the Chinese out was unsuccessful."
- ^ Benjamin Isitt, "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918," Canadian Historical Review, 87:2 (June 2006)
- ^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach. ed. China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90. ISBN 963-7326-14-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=icZJJN0wYPcC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=khunkhuzy+russians&source=bl&ots=J2AAdCI7x2&sig=ofOgSNZNH8Y_kN1fjvroyM5xLX0&hl=en&ei=KKQ8Tvu9KKOw0AGR7p3mAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=khunkhuzy%20russians&f=false. Retrieved 18 March 2012. "Then there occurred another story which has become traumatic, this one for the Russian nationalist psyche. At the end of the year 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the Chinese merchants in the Russian Far East demanded the Chinese government to send troops for their protection, and Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect the Chinese community: about 1600 soldiers and 700 support personnel."
- ^ Levy, Clifford J. "Crisis or Not, Russia Will Build a Bridge in the East," New York Times. April 20, 2009.
- ^ "Putin proposes Russky Island venue for APEC-2012". Vladivostok: Vladivostok News. 31 January 2007. http://vn.vladnews.ru/issue554/Special_reports/Putin_proposes_Russky_Island_venue_for_APEC2012. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
- ^ a b "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/31960.htm. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b "Putin Is Turning Vladivostok into Russia's Pacific Capital". Russia Analytical Digest (Institute of History, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland) (82): 9–12. 2010-07-12. http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/118673/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/56406c10-2faa-4bb1-98dd-189045b0b62b/en/Russian_Analytical_Digest_82.pdf.
- ^ a b Oliphant, Roland (2010). "Ruler of the East: The City of Vladivostok Is a Mixture of Promise and Neglect". Russia Profile.
- ^ History of the Museum
- ^ B. V. Preobrazhensky, A. I. Burago, S. A. Shlykov. Primorye Ecology. Ecological Situation. Contamination of Sea and Water
- Законодательное Собрание Приморского края. Закон №161-КЗ от 14 ноября 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Приморского края», в ред. Закона №855-КЗ от 18 ноября 2011 г «Об изменении категории некоторых населённых пунктов, о преобразовании некоторых городских поселений, входящих в состав Кавалеровского муниципального района Приморского края, и внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Приморского края». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красное знамя Приморья", №69 (119), 29 ноября 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. Law #161-KZ of November 14, 2001 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Primorsky Krai, as amended by the Law #855-KZ of November 18, 2011 On Changing the Category of Several Inhabited Localities, on the Transformation of Several Urban Settlements Within Kavalerovsky Municipal District of Primorsky Krai, and on Amending Several Legislative Acts of Primorsky Krai. Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Законодательное Собрание Приморского края. Закон №179-КЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «О Владивостокском городском округе». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г.. Опубликован: "Ведомости Законодательного Собрания Приморского края", №76, 7 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. Law #179-KZ of December 6, 2004 On Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug. Effective as of January 1, 2005.).
- Faulstich, Edith. M. "The Siberian Sojourn" Yonkers, N.Y. (1972–1977)
- Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the XIX - XX centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. (ISBN 5-8044-0461-X).
- Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. 481 p.
- Trofimov, Vladimir et al., 1992, Old Vladivostok. Utro Rossii Vladivostok, ISBN 5-87080-004-8
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