- published: 02 Sep 2011
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- author: Tennisclassics
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- 1999 French Open
- Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
- Alex O'Brien
- Alexandr Dolgopolov
- All-American
- Anders Järryd
- Andre Agassi
- Andrei Olhovskiy
- Andrei Pavel
- Andrew Kratzmann
- Andrés Gómez
- Andy Ram
- Andy Roddick
- Argentina
- Arnaud Clément
- Arthur Ashe
- ATP Adelaide
- ATP Bologna Outdoor
- ATP Chennai
- ATP Memphis
- ATP Schenectady
- ATP Seoul
- ATP Shanghai
- ATP Sydney Indoor
- ATP Tokyo Indoor
- ATP Tour
- Australia
- Australian Open
- BA-CA TennisTrophy
- Balázs Taróczy
- Barry Cowan (tennis)
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bernd Karbacher
- Bob Bryan
- Bob Hewitt
- Boris Becker
- Brad Gilbert
- Brad Pearce (tennis)
- Brett Steven
- Brian Gottfried
- Brian MacPhie
- Byron Black
- Byron Talbot
- Canada
- Canada Masters
- Cara Black
- Chennai Open
- Christo van Rensburg
- Cincinnati Masters
- Countrywide Classic
- Croatia
- Cyril Suk
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Danie Visser
- Daniel Nestor
- Daniel Vacek
- Darren Cahill
- Dave Randall
- David Adams (tennis)
- David Pate
- David Prinosil
- David Rikl
- David Wheaton
- Davis Cup
- Defamation
- Denmark
- Dick Crealy
- Dominik Hrbatý
- Donald Johnson
- Ecuador
- Ellis Ferreira
- Emilio Sánchez
- Eurocard Open
- Fabrice Santoro
- Ferdi Taygan
- Finland
- France
- Francisco Montana
- Fred McNair
- Fred Stolle
- French Open
- Frew McMillan
- Gastón Etlis
- Gene Mayer
- Germany
- Gerry Weber Open
- Goran Ivanišević
- Grand Slam (tennis)
- Grant Connell
- Greg Rusedski
- Guy Forget
- Hamburg Masters
- Hank Pfister
- Hans Simonsson
- Harare
- Harare, Zimbabwe
- Heinz Günthardt
- Henri Leconte
- Ilie Năstase
- India
- Indian Wells Masters
- Ion Ţiriac
- Italy
- Jacco Eltingh
- Jakob Hlasek
- James Blake
- Jan Apell
- Jan Siemerink
- Jan-Michael Gambill
- Japan
- Jared Palmer
- Javier Frana
- Javier Sánchez
- Jim Courier
- Jim Grabb
- Jim Pugh
- Jiří Novák
- Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
- John Isner
- John McEnroe
- John Newcombe
- Jonas Björkman
- Jonathan Erlich
- Jonathan Stark
- Julien Benneteau
- Jürgen Melzer
- Karel Nováček
- Kelly Jones (tennis)
- Ken Flach
- Ken Rosewall
- Kenneth Carlsen
- Kevin Ullyett
- Kim Warwick
- Kremlin Cup
- Lan Bale
- Laurie Warder
- Leander Paes
- Libor Pimek
- Luis Horna
- Luis Lobo
- Luke Jensen
- Lukáš Dlouhý
- Madrid Masters
- Madrid Open (tennis)
- Magnus Larsson
- Mahesh Bhupathi
- Marc López
- Marc Rosset
- Marcin Matkowski
- Marcos Ondruska
- Mardy Fish
- Mariusz Fyrstenberg
- Mark Edmondson
- Mark Knowles
- Mark Koevermans
- Mark Kratzmann
- Mark Woodforde
- Martin Damm
- Marty Riessen
- Max Mirnyi
- Melbourne
- Mexico
- Miami Masters
- Michael Stich
- Michaël Llodra
- Mike Bauer
- Mike Bryan
- Milan Indoor
- Monte Carlo Masters
- Monte-Carlo Masters
- Mose Navarra
- Murphy Jensen
- Nenad Zimonjić
- Netherlands
- Neville Godwin
- New Zealand
- Nicklas Kulti
- Nicolas Escudé
- Nottingham Open
- Olivier Delaître
- Olivier Rochus
- Omar Camporese
- Onny Parun
- Pablo Cuevas
- Paris Masters
- Patrick Galbraith
- Patrick McEnroe
- Patrick Rafter
- Paul Annacone
- Paul Haarhuis
- Paul Hanley (tennis)
- Paul McNamee
- Pavel Vízner
- Petr Korda
- Piet Norval
- Pieter Aldrich
- Radek Štěpánek
- Rafael Nadal
- Rainer Schüttler
- Raúl Ramírez
- Rhodesia
- Richard Krajicek
- Richey Reneberg
- Rick Leach
- Robbie Koenig
- Robert Seguso
- Roger Federer
- Rogers Cup (tennis)
- Rohan Bopanna
- Romania
- Rome Masters
- Russia
- SA Tennis Open
- Sam Querrey
- Sandon Stolle
- Sandy Mayer
- SAP Open
- Scott Davis (tennis)
- Scott Melville
- Serbia
- Sergi Bruguera
- Sergio Casal
- Sherwood Stewart
- Slobodan Živojinović
- South Africa
- Spain
- Stan Smith
- Stefan Edberg
- Steve DeVries
- Stockholm Open
- Sweden
- Sébastien Grosjean
- Sébastien Lareau
- Tennis
- The Bahamas
- Thomas Enqvist
- Thomas Shimada
- Tim Henman
- Todd Martin
- Todd Witsken
- Todd Woodbridge
- Tom Nijssen
- Tom Okker
- Tommy Ho
- Tommy Robredo
- Tomáš Šmíd
- Tony Roche
- Tuomas Ketola
- U.S. Pro Indoor
- UAE
- Udo Riglewski
- United Kingdom
- United States
- US Open (tennis)
- Victor Amaya
- Vince Spadea
- Wayne Black
- Wayne Ferreira
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Xavier Malisse
- Yannick Noah
- Yevgeny Kafelnikov
- Zimbabwe
-
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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ATP Adelaide
Coordinates: 27°31′30.12″S 153°0′26.06″E / 27.5250333°S 153.0072389°E / -27.5250333; 153.0072389
The Brisbane International is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It is currently part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and of the WTA Premier tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. It is held annually in January at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, just before the first Grand Slam tournament of the season, the Australian Open.
The origins of the Brisbane International trace back to the early 1970s, when the Grand Prix tennis circuit, formed in 1970, and which ran concurrently with other tours as the World Championship Tennis circuit, decided to feature on its calendar an event in Australia's Queensland region, to develop a South West Pacific season around the Australian Open –then taking place in Brisbane– alongside other Oceanian events of Sydney; Hobart; and Auckland. The Adelaide-based South Australian Tennis Championships, running as an amateur, then as a state championship, since 1880, were brought to the professional circuit in 1972. The first professional edition of the men's event, played, like the Australian Open, on outdoor grass courts, saw the victory of Soviet Alex Metreveli over Kim Warwick, while the women's event, still not featured in either the Commercial Union Grand Prix circuit or the Virginia Slims circuit, saw Australian Evonne Goolagong win the title.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Australian Open
The Australian Open is a major tennis tournament held annually over the last fortnight of January in Melbourne, Australia. First held in 1905, the tournament is chronologically the first of the four Grand Slam tennis events of the year – the other three being the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. It features men's and women's singles; men's, women's, and mixed doubles and junior's championships; as well as wheelchair, legends and exhibition events. Since 1988 the tournament has been played on hard courts at Melbourne Park.
The Australian Open typically has very high attendance – second only to the US Open – and was the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its two primary courts, Rod Laver Arena and Hisense Arena, equipped with retractable roofs.
The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in 1905. This facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre.
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Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] (
listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945, the state did not de facto exist because of its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945, the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Form of state:
Neighbours:
Topography:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of northern reaches of Carpathian Mountains and Danube River basin lands.
Climate:
The weather was predominantly continental, but varied from the moderate temperature of Western Europe in the west, to more severe weather of Eastern Europe and the western Soviet Union in the east.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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French Open
The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros (French: Les internationaux de France de Roland-Garros or Tournoi de Roland-Garros, IPA: [ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁɔs]), named after the famous French aviator Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June in Paris, France, at the Stade Roland Garros. It is the premier clay court tennis tournament in the world and the second of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments – the other three are the Australian Open, US Open and Wimbledon. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam held on clay and ends the spring clay court season.
It is one of the largest events in tennis, and the most watched French event in the world. Because of the slow playing surface and the five-set men's singles matches without a tiebreak in the final set, the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world.
Currently, the 2012 French Open is being conducted from May 27 to June 10, 2012 in Paris.
Officially named in French Les internationaux de France de Roland-Garros or Tournoi de Roland-Garros (the "French Internationals of Roland Garros" or "Roland Garros Tournament" in English), the tournament is often referred to in English as the "French Open" and alternatively as "Roland Garros", which is the designation used by the tournament itself in all languages, including English. In French, a hyphen is inserted after death, hence the French spelling "Roland-Garros".
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gerry Weber Open
The Gerry Weber Open is a tennis tournament held in Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Held since 1993, the tournament is played on four outdoor grass courts and is a part of the ATP World Tour 250 series on the ATP Tour schedule.
The Centre Court (the Gerry Weber Stadion) has 12,300 seats and a retractable roof which can be closed in 88 seconds so that tennis games can continue with a closed roof when it begins to rain. The stadium is heated and also used for other sport events (handball, basketball, volleyball and boxing) and concerts.
Swiss World No. 3 Roger Federer has won the Halle tournament five times (2003–06, 2008) and holds the record for most singles titles. Federer also won four of them in consecutive years, and every time Federer won the title except in 2008, he went on to win the title at the Wimbledon Championships. Federer withdrew from the 2007, 2009 and 2011 tournaments, citing fatigue after the French Open.
Coordinates: 52°03′48″N 8°21′02″E / 52.06333°N 8.35056°E / 52.06333; 8.35056
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Harare
Harare ( /həˈrɑreɪ/; before 1982 known as Salisbury) is the largest city and capital of Zimbabwe. It has an estimated population of 1,606,000 (2009), with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area (2006). Administratively, Harare is an independent city equivalent to a province. It is Zimbabwe's largest city and its administrative, commercial, and communications centre. The city is a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits. Manufactures include textiles, steel, and chemicals, and gold is mined in the area. Harare is situated at an elevation of 1483 metres (4865 feet) and its climate falls into the warm temperate category.
Harare is the site of the University of Zimbabwe, the largest institution of higher learning in Zimbabwe, which is situated in the suburb of Mount Pleasant, about 6 km north of the city centre. Numerous suburbs surround the city, retaining the names colonial administrators gave them during the 19th century, such as Warren Park, Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, Marlborough, Tynwald and Avondale.
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Harare, Zimbabwe
Harare ( /həˈrɑreɪ/; before 1982 known as Salisbury) is the largest city and capital of Zimbabwe. It has an estimated population of 1,606,000 (2009), with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area (2006). Administratively, Harare is an independent city equivalent to a province. It is Zimbabwe's largest city and its administrative, commercial, and communications centre. The city is a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits. Manufactures include textiles, steel, and chemicals, and gold is mined in the area. Harare is situated at an elevation of 1483 metres (4865 feet) and its climate falls into the warm temperate category.
Harare is the site of the University of Zimbabwe, the largest institution of higher learning in Zimbabwe, which is situated in the suburb of Mount Pleasant, about 6 km north of the city centre. Numerous suburbs surround the city, retaining the names colonial administrators gave them during the 19th century, such as Warren Park, Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, Marlborough, Tynwald and Avondale.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Melbourne
Melbourne ([ˈmelbən, -bn̩, ˈmæl-],rhotically /ˈmɛlbərn/) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2010, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of four million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians or Melbournians.
The metropolis is located on the large natural bay known as Port Phillip, with the city centre positioned at the estuary of the Yarra River (at the northernmost point of the bay). The metropolitan area then extends south from the city centre, along the eastern and western shorelines of Port Phillip, and expands into the hinterland. The city centre is situated in the municipality known as the City of Melbourne, and the metropolitan area consists of a further 30 municipalities.
Melbourne was founded in 1835 (47 years after the European settlement of Australia) by settlers from Launceston in Van Diemen's Land. It was named by governor Richard Bourke in 1837, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb—the 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Melbourne was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847. In 1851, it became the capital city of the newly created colony of Victoria. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it then served as the interim seat of government of the newly created nation of Australia until 1927.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Monte Carlo Masters
The Monte-Carlo Masters (as of 2012[update] sponsored by Rolex) is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, a commune that borders on Monaco. The event is part of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour. The tournament is played on clay courts and is held every year in the April-May period.
The Monte Carlo tennis championship was first held in 1897. It became an "Open" event in 1969. Between 1970 and 1989 it was a major tournament of the Grand Prix Tour as part of the Grand Prix Championship Series top tier events, before becoming an ATP Championship Series Single Week tennis event.
Beginning in 2009, Monte Carlo became the only ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament to not have a mandatory player commitment. Most of the top players still elect to play the event.
Rafael Nadal has won the title 8 consecutive times between 2005 and 2012, making him the only player in the open era to win 8 consecutive titles at the same tournament.
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Monte-Carlo Masters
The Monte-Carlo Masters (as of 2012[update] sponsored by Rolex) is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, a commune that borders on Monaco. The event is part of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour. The tournament is played on clay courts and is held every year in the April-May period.
The Monte Carlo tennis championship was first held in 1897. It became an "Open" event in 1969. Between 1970 and 1989 it was a major tournament of the Grand Prix Tour as part of the Grand Prix Championship Series top tier events, before becoming an ATP Championship Series Single Week tennis event.
Beginning in 2009, Monte Carlo became the only ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament to not have a mandatory player commitment. Most of the top players still elect to play the event.
Rafael Nadal has won the title 8 consecutive times between 2005 and 2012, making him the only player in the open era to win 8 consecutive titles at the same tournament.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
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UAE
The United Arab Emiratesi/juːˌnaɪtɨd ˌærəb ˈɛmɪrɨts/ (Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, Al Imārāt al ‘Arabīyah al Muttaḥidah), sometimes simply called the Emirates or the UAE, is a country situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing sea borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates (equivalent to principalities), each governed by a hereditary emir, with a single national president. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. The capital is Abu Dhabi, which is also the state's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
Prior to independence in 1971, the UAE was known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference to a 19th-century truce between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers of the territories, and the United Kingdom. The term Pirate Coast was also used by some to refer to the emirates from the 18th to the early 20th century, owing to the preponderance of pirates operating from Emirati ports.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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US Open (tennis)
The US Open Championship, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, is a hardcourt tennis tournament which is the modern iteration of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, the U.S. National Championship, which for men's singles was first contested in 1881. Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final tennis major comprising the Grand Slam each year; the other three are the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. It is held annually in August and September over a two-week period (the weeks before and after Labor Day weekend). The main tournament consists of five different event championships: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has been played on acrylic hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in Queens, New York City.
The US Open has tiebreaks in every set, including the last set. The other three Grand Slam tournaments have tiebreaks in every set other than the last set (i.e. the fifth set for men and third set for women), and therefore their last set continues indefinitely until a two-game lead is reached.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/ zim-BAHB-way; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe) is a landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called Salisbury). Zimbabwe achieved majority rule and internationally recognised independence in April 1980 following a long period of colonial rule and a 15-year period of white-dominated minority rule, instituted after the minority regime’s so-called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965.
Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona and Ndebele. Zimbabwe began as the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, created from land held by the British South Africa Company. President Robert Mugabe is the head of State and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister. Mugabe has been in power since the country's internationally recognised independence in 1980.
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Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (Urdu: اعصام الحق قریشی) (born March 17, 1980, in Lahore, Pakistan) is a professional tennis player from Pakistan. He is currently Pakistan's top player. A top 10 doubles player, his highest Singles Race ranking is 103rd and is the former Asian No. 3. He is the only Pakistani tennis player to reach the final of a Grand Slam, which he did in 2010 competing in both mixed doubles (partnering with Květa Peschke) and men's doubles (partnering with Rohan Bopanna) at the US Open.
Qureshi teamed with Israeli player Amir Hadad during Wimbledon and the US Open tournaments in 2002. The duo won the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year award for playing together despite pressure from their communities.
As Pakistani No. 1, Qureshi has traditionally led Pakistan's Davis Cup campaigns. After shocking New Zealand in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I second round play-off in 2004 to survive relegation, he took them to the World Group Play-Offs for the first time in 2005, before they were beaten by Chile. He has won the most Davis Cup matches for Pakistan, being the most successful singles and doubles player ever. He is also half of the most successful doubles pairing for Pakistan (with Aqeel Khan) in the country's sporting history.
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Alex O'Brien
Alex O'Brien (born March 7, 1970 in Amarillo, Texas) is a professional tennis player from the United States, who competed on the ATP Tour. He was the No. 1 doubles player in the world (gaining that ranking on May 8, 2000) and was ranked as high as 30 in the world in singles (gaining that ranking on June 21, 1997).
He won his only singles title at New Haven, Connecticut, in 1996. He won 13 doubles titles, the biggest coming at the US Open in 1999, the Cincinnati Masters in 1994 (his first doubles title), the Indian Wells Masters in 2000, and the Paris Masters in 1999.
He also reached 20 doubles finals, including the Australian Open in 1996 & 1997, the U.S. Open in 1995, the Miami Masters in 1998, and the Canada Masters and the Rome Masters in 1997.
He also played on the United States Davis Cup team, competed in the 2000 Sydney Olympics, and was a four-time All-American at Stanford University where he won NCAA singles, doubles and team titles in 1992. He earned a bachelor's degree in American Studies at Stanford in 1992.
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Alexandr Dolgopolov
Alexandr Dolgopolov (Ukrainian: Олександр Олександрович Долгополов) (born 7 November 1988), formerly known as Oleksandr Dolgopolov Jr., is the top-ranked Ukrainian male tennis player. He changed his first name spelling to the current form in May 2010.
Alexandr's father, Oleksandr Dolgopolov, was a professional tennis player for the Soviet team, and his mother was a gymnast. He started playing tennis at age 3, coached by his father. The senior Dolgopolov was also the coach of Andrei Medvedev, Ukraine's most successful tennis player to date. At a young age, Dolgopolov lived on the tour with his parents, traveling frequently and playing players such as Medvedev, Andre Agassi, and Boris Becker. Players such as Jim Courier remembered hitting balls with Dolgopolov when he was a toddler.
Dolgopolov made his ATP Tour debut in September 2006 at the BCR Open Romania as a qualifier, losing in the first round to Christophe Rochus. He was also part of the Ukrainian Davis Cup team in the tie against Great Britain, where he was defeated by Andy Murray.
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Andre Agassi
Andre Kirk Agassi ( /ˈɑːndreɪ ˈæɡəsi/; born April 29, 1970) is a retired American professional tennis player and former world no. 1. Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has been called the best service returner in the history of the game. Described by the BBC upon his retirement as "perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history", Agassi's performances, along with his unorthodox apparel and attitude, have seen him cited as one of the most charismatic players in the history of the game, and credited for helping revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s.
In singles tennis, Agassi is an eight-time Grand Slam champion who competed in 15 Grand Slam finals, and an Olympic gold medalist. A multi-surface specialist, he is the first of two male players to have achieved a singles Career Golden Slam, and one of four to have achieved a singles Career Grand Slam in the Open Era (one of seven in history). He was the first male player to win all four Grand Slams on three different surfaces (hard, clay and grass), and is the last American male to win the French Open (1999) and the Australian Open (2003). Agassi also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles, the 1990 ATP Tour World Championships, and was part of a winning Davis Cup team in 1990 and 1992. He is the only male singles player in history to have won all four Grand Slam tournaments, the Olympic gold medal and the ATP Tour World Championships: a distinction dubbed as a "Career Super Slam" by Sports Illustrated.
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Andrei Olhovskiy
Andrei Olhovskiy (Андрей Ольховский; born April 15, 1966 in Moscow) is a former tennis player from Russia, who turned professional in 1989.
Olhovskiy represented his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he reached the quarter finales on a wild card before falling to Brazil's Fernando Meligeni.
The right-hander won 2 career titles in singles (Copenhagen, 1993 and Shanghai, 1996)and 20 titles in doubles, French Open (1993) and Australian Open (1994) champion in mixed doubles. Olhovskiy reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on June 14, 1993, when he became the number 49 of the world and his highest doubles ranking 6 (July 31, 1995), played for the Russian Davis Cup team 1983–2001.
He memorably defeated No 1 seed Jim Courier in the third round of Wimbledon in 1992.
A = did not attend tournament
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Andrei Pavel
Andrei Pavel (born January 27, 1974 in Constanţa) is a tennis coach and former professional tennis player from Romania. He is currently coaching the world top-50 tennis player, Tamira Paszek.
Andrei began playing tennis at age eight, and moved to Germany at age sixteen.
Pavel has turned professional in 1995. He has won three singles titles, including the ATP Masters Series tournament in Montreal/Toronto in 2001. He has also won seven doubles titles, the latest title being the Open Seat Barcelona, in 2007.
Pavel played what John McEnroe considers to be the best first round match at a Grand Slam he has ever seen at the U.S Open in August 2006, where he lost to Andre Agassi in four sets; 6–7(4), 7–6(8), 7–6(6), 6–2; taking three and half hours. Had Pavel won, it would have been Agassi's last match in a professional tournament.
His best single result over the course of his career took place in 2001, when he captured the Masters Series title in Montreal. For his efforts during that week alone, Pavel earned $400,000. When playing Andy Murray in the Australian Open in 2009, Pavel was forced to retire from the game in the second set due to a recurring back injury. He had lost the previous set. Andrei entered the 2009 French Open, where he was defeated by Tommy Haas 6–1, 6–4, 6–4.
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Andrew Kratzmann
Andrew Kratzmann (born 3 November 1971 in Murgon, Queensland, Australia) is a professional male tennis player from Australia.
Kratzmann turned professional in 1990 and was known as a doubles specialist, often partnering his brother Mark.
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Andrés Gómez
Andrés Gómez Santos (born February 27, 1960, in Guayaquil, Ecuador) is a former professional tennis player from Ecuador. He is best remembered for winning the men's singles title at the French Open in 1990.
Gómez turned professional in 1979. Early success in his career came mainly in doubles competition. He won five doubles titles in 1980, and seven in 1981.
In 1986, Gómez attained the World No. 1 doubles ranking. He won seven doubles events that year, including the US Open men's doubles title (partnering Slobodan Živojinović). Gómez won a second Grand Slam men's doubles title in 1988 at the French Open (partnering Emilio Sánchez).
His first top-level singles title came in 1981 in Bordeaux. He then the won the Italian Open in 1982, beating Eliot Teltscher in the final (6–2, 6–3, 6–2), and again in 1984, when he defeated Aaron Krickstein in four sets (2–6, 6–1, 6–2, 6–2).
The crowning achievement of Gómez's career came in 1990 when he reached his first (and only) Grand Slam singles final at the French Open. There he faced 19 year-old Andre Agassi who, like Gómez, was playing in his first Grand Slam singles final. The up-and-coming American star was considered the favourite, but Gómez seized the moment and claimed the title with a four-set win (6–3, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4). Gómez reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 4 later that year.
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Andy Ram
Andy Ram (Hebrew: אנדי רם; born April 10, 1980) is a professional tennis player from Israel, and the first Israeli tennis player to win a seniors Grand Slam event (mixed doubles title at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, together with Vera Zvonareva). He plays more doubles than singles as he prefers doubles more and wins more matches. He uses a Wilson racquet and is sponsored by Fila for his attire.
He attained his highest doubles ranking through July 2009, # 5, in July 2008. He reached 28 doubles finals and won 15 of them through 2008, mostly with partner Jonathan Erlich; together, they are known in Israel as "AndiYoni".
Ram, born in Montevideo, Uruguay, is Jewish. His father Amiram, a former professional soccer player for Betar Jerusalem in the 1950s, is Israeli. After his father was injured he was sent to Uruguay on "shlihut" ("outreach"), and it was there that he met Ram's mother, who is Uruguayan. He has an older brother and a younger sister. They moved to Jerusalem, Israel when he was 5, which is when he began playing tennis. "It was tough at the beginning because I couldn't speak the language, and was fighting with people in the kindergarten who didn't understand me", said Ram. "My parents decided to send me to the tennis center not long after we arrived."
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Andy Roddick
Andrew Stephen "Andy" Roddick (born August 30, 1982) is an American professional tennis player and a former World No. 1. He is currently the third highest-ranked American player, behind Mardy Fish and John Isner.
He became a Grand Slam singles champion when he won the title at the 2003 US Open, defeating Juan Carlos Ferrero in the finals, which currently makes him the last North American male player to win a grand slam singles event. Roddick has reached four other Grand Slam finals (Wimbledon in 2004, 2005 and 2009, and the US Open in 2006), losing to Roger Federer each time. He is married to Brooklyn Decker, a Sports Illustrated swimwear model and actress.
Roddick was born in Omaha, Nebraska to Jerry and Blanche Roddick. Roddick's father was a businessman and his mother was a school teacher. She now directs the Andy Roddick Foundation. Roddick has two older brothers, Lawrence and John (All-American tennis player at University of Georgia (1996–98) and head tennis coach at the University of Oklahoma), who were both promising tennis players at a young age.
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Arnaud Clément
Arnaud Clément (born 17 December 1977) is a professional tennis player from France. His best achievement is reaching the final of the 2001 Australian Open.
Clément was born in Aix-en-Provence, and currently lives in Geneva, Switzerland. He turned professional in 1996, and his most significant achievement has been to reach the Australian Open men's singles final in 2001, where he was defeated by Andre Agassi, defeating the then-unseeded but future number one Roger Federer and former number one Yevgeny Kafelnikov on his way to the final.
While playing he often wears a bandana and sunglasses. The sunglasses have been medically prescribed for Clement because of severe eye problems he has encountered through his life, which had nearly left him blind as a child. At only 13 months old he was diagnosed with unilateral coloboma, meaning the condition only affects one eye, at that time Clément was only given a 40/60 % chance of having healthy eyesight for the rest of his life[citation needed], throughout his tennis career Clément has worn sunglasses to protect his eyes.
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Arthur Ashe
Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was a former World No. 1 professional tennis player, born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. During his career, he won three Grand Slam titles, putting him among the best ever from the United States. Ashe, an African American, was the first black player ever selected to the United States Davis Cup team and the only black man to ever win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, or Australian Open. He is also remembered for his efforts to further social causes.
Born in Gum Spring, Virginia, to parents Arthur Ashe Sr. and Mattie Cordell Cunningham Ashe, Arthur and his younger brother, Johnnie, suffered a tragic loss when their mother died suddenly from heart related complications during routine surgery. Arthur Ashe first attended Maggie L. Walker High School, being coached by Ronald Charity, and later coached by Robert Walter Johnson. Tired of having to travel great distances to play Caucasian youths in segregated Richmond, Ashe accepted an offer from a St. Louis tennis official to move there and attend Sumner High School. Young Ashe was recognized by Sports Illustrated for his playing.
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Balázs Taróczy
Balázs Taróczy (Taróczy Balázs; born May 9, 1954 in Budapest) is a former tennis player from Hungary, who won thirteen singles titles in his career. The right-hander achieved his highest ranking during the ATP Tour on February 8, 1982, when he became World Number 13. He's a six times Hungarian champion. One of the game's premier doubles artists, Balazs and partner Heinz Gunthardt surged from the pack to win the 1985 Wimbledon doubles title. Though never especially proficient on the grass prior to their magic fortnight, the duo played beautifully on the historic centre court at the All-England Club to defeat Pat Cash-John Fitzgerald in four sets. Has been the Hungarian No. 1 player since 1973. Member of the Hungarian Davis Cup team, 1973-85. Despite playing part-time, still managed to finish in the top 50 doubles at No. 45 in 1989
From September 1989 to the end of 1990 he was the coach of Goran Ivanišević.
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Barry Cowan (tennis)
Barry Cowan (born 24 August 1974, Southport, Merseyside) is a former British tennis player, best known for taking Pete Sampras to five sets at Wimbledon in 2001.
Cowan attended the LTA Rover School at Bisham Abbey. He is a former member of Aughton Tennis Club.
A left-hander, Cowan was a versatile sportsman in his junior years, aside from tennis, Barry represented the North of England at under-15 level hockey and is also a member of Ormskirk Golf Club. After success in junior tournaments, Cowan first competed at the All England Club in 1994 as a wild card, losing in the first round to that year's French Open champion Sergi Bruguera in four sets.
Cowan was only to appear regularly in Grand Slams as a Wimbledon wild card. However he was successful in qualifying for the U.S. Open at Flushing Meadows in 2000, though he lost in straight sets to Jens Knippschild. Cowan later represented Britain at the Sydney Olympics taking the first set but eventually losing to Daniel Nestor in round one.
In 2001, Cowan once again gained a wild card entry into Wimbledon, and won his first ever SW19 singles match in a battle of Britain against Mark Hilton in straight sets, setting up a dream second round match against Sampras, undefeated at Wimbledon since 1996, the match was the epitome of a David & Goliath, with there being 264 places between the two in the World Rankings.
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Bernd Karbacher
Bernd Karbacher (born 3 April 1968, Munich) is a professional German tennis player. His highest ATP singles ranking is World No. 22, which he reached on 17 April 1995. His career-high doubles ranking was World No. 163, achieved on 6 June 1994.
During his career he won two singles titles, Cologne in 1992 and the Swedish Open in Båstad in 1994.
He twice reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament. He did so in 1994 at the US Open after defeating Ivan Lendl and at the French Open in 1996 after a win against Goran Ivanisevic. In 1995 he reached the finals of the ATP tournament in Indianapolis after defeating Pete Sampras.
He retired from professional tennis in 2000. Since 2007 he is the president of the German players organization "Tennis Germany".
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Bob Hewitt
Robert "Bob" Anthony John Hewitt (born 12 January 1940 in Dubbo, New South Wales) is a former professional male tennis player from Australia. After he married Dalaille, a young woman from Johannesburg, South Africa he became an South African citizen.
Hewitt's most significant accomplishments were winning all of the Grand Slam doubles titles, both the Men's Doubles Grand Slam titles as well as the Mixed Doubles Grand Slam titles (U.S. Open, Wimbledon, Australian Open, French Open) and being central to South Africa's only Davis Cup title in 1974. That victory was a little controversial though with India boycotting the final because the team on the orders of its government refused to play the final in South Africa due to its Apartheid policies which were affecting the ethnic Indian community of the country.
Hewitt had seven titles in singles, along with 65 in doubles. His career prize money amounted to more than a million dollars. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 6. In 1992 he was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
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Boris Becker
Boris Franz Becker (born 22 November 1967) is a former World No. 1 professional tennis player from Germany. He is a six-time Grand Slam singles champion, an Olympic gold medalist, and the youngest-ever winner of the men's singles title at Wimbledon at the age of 17. Becker also won five major indoor championships titles including three ATP Masters World Tour Finals (played eight finals, second all-time to Ivan Lendl, who played nine) and one WCT Finals and one Grand Slam Cup. He also won five Masters 1000 series titles and eight Championship Series titles. Tennis Magazine put Becker in 18th place on its list of the 40 greatest tennis players from 1965 to 2005.
Becker was born in Leimen, West Germany, the only son of Elvira (née Pisch), who was raised in Czechoslovakia. His parents were Catholic, and part of his mother's family were Jewish. His father Karl-Heinz, an architect, founded the tennis centre (Tennis-Club Blau-Weiß 1964 Leimen e. V.) in Leimen, where Becker learned the game.
Becker turned professional in 1984, under the guidance of Romanian-born coach, Günther Bosch, and with Ion Ţiriac as manager and won his first professional doubles title that year in Munich. As a West German teenager, Becker won his first top-level singles title in June 1985 at Queen's Club and two weeks later on 7 July, became the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Wimbledon singles title, defeating Kevin Curren in four sets. At the time, he was the youngest ever male Grand Slam singles champion at &1000000000000001700000017 years, &10000000000000227000000227 days (a record later broken by Michael Chang in 1989, who won the French Open when he was &1000000000000001700000017 years, &10000000000000110000000110 days). Two months after his triumph, Becker became the youngest winner of the Cincinnati Open.
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Brett Steven
Brett Andrew Steven (born 27 April 1969, in Auckland, New Zealand) is a tennis player from New Zealand.
Steven turned professional in 1988 and won his first tour doubles title in 1991 at Newport, Rhode Island.
Steven's best singles performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1993 Australian Open, where he reached the quarter-finals before being knocked-out by Pete Sampras.
Steven represented New Zealand at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he lost in the first round to Arnaud Boetsch of France.
Steven won a total of nine top-level doubles titles during his career, the most significant of which was the Indian Wells Masters which he won in 1995 (partnering Tommy Ho). Though he did not win any top-level singles titles during his career, Steven was a singles runner-up at three tour events (Schenectady in 1993, Auckland in 1996 and Newport in 1997). His career-high rankings were World No. 32 in singles and No. 16 in doubles. His career prize-money totalled US$2,439,714. Steven retired from the professional tour in 1999.
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Brian Gottfried
Brian Edward Gottfried (born January 27, 1952) is a retired tennis player from the United States who won 25 singles titles and 54 doubles titles during his professional career. The right-hander was the runner-up at the 1977 French Open and achieved a career-high singles ranking on the ATP tour on June 19, 1977, when he became World No. 3.
Gottfried was born in Baltimore, Maryland. When he was five years old, some Japanese players stayed with his family while competing in a local tournament. Before leaving, they gave him a tennis racket as a present, thus launching his tennis career. In all, Gottfried won 14 national junior titles. He won the 1962 National 12-and-under singles title, and the doubles title with Jimmy Connors. Gottfried repeated the victory in 1963 with Dick Stockton. In 1964, he won the 12-and-under singles crown.
In 1970, as a freshman at Trinity University in Texas, he won the USTA boys 18s singles championship, as well as the doubles championship with Alexander Mayer. He was an All-American in 1971 and 1972. He was the runner-up in NCAA singles and doubles in 1972.
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Brian MacPhie
Brian MacPhie (born May 11, 1972, in San Jose, California), is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
MacPhie enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles. During his career he won 7 doubles titles. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of World No. 22 in 2002.
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Cara Black
Cara Black (born 17 February 1979 in Salisbury, Rhodesia) is a professional Zimbabwean tennis player. She has won 7 singles titles and 64 women's doubles titles. She has won all four Grand Slam mixed doubles titles and three of the four Grand Slam titles in women's doubles. Black has been one of the foremost doubles players of the early 21st century.
Born in Rhodesia as the daughter of Don and Velia Black, the tennis-playing Cara is the younger sister of Wayne Black and Byron Black, both professional male tennis players. All three compete mostly in doubles; Wayne was the 2001 US Open and 2005 Australian Open champion and Byron was the 1994 French Open winner.
Black partnered with her brother Wayne to win the 2002 French Open and 2004 Wimbledon Championships mixed doubles events. Black has also engaged in long-term partnerships with Elena Likhovtseva, Irina Selyutina, Rennae Stubbs, Liezel Huber, Anastasia Rodionova, and most recently Shahar Peer.
In August 2005, Black announced that she would marry her longtime boyfriend, Australian mental and fitness trainer Brett Stephens.
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Christo van Rensburg
Christo van Rensburg (born 23 October 1962 in Uitenhage, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa.
Van Rensburg turned professional in 1983. He won his first tour doubles title later that year at Cleveland.
Van Rensburg won 20 top-level doubles titles during his career, including one Grand Slam men's doubles title at the Australian Open in 1985, partnering Paul Annacone. He also won two ATP singles titles at Orlando in 1987, and at Johannesburg in 1989. Van Rensburg's career-high rankings were World No. 19 in singles (achieved in 1988) and World No. 5 in doubles (achieved in 1987). His career prize-money totalled $1,928,431. He retired from the professional tour in 1995.
Van Rensburg is one of only two men to beat Pete Sampras in straight sets at Wimbledon (doing so in 1990, where Sampras was the No. 12 seed), the other being 1996 Champion Richard Krajicek.
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Danie Visser
Danie Visser (b. 26 July 1961, in Rustenburg, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. A doubles specialist, he won 3 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Australian Open and 1 US Open). Visser reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1990.
Visser won the first of 17 career doubles titles in 1985 at Bristol. In 1990 he won the men's doubles titles at both the Australian Open and the US Open, partnering his fellow South African player Pieter Aldrich. The pair were also doubles runners-up at Wimbledon that year. Visser won the Australian Open doubles crown again in 1993, partnering Laurie Warder. Visser won the final doubles title of his career in 1994 at Manchester.
Visser's best singles ranking was World No. 59, which he attained in 1984.
A = did not attend tournament
NH = tournament not held
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Daniel Nestor
Daniel Mark Nestor, CM (Serbian: Данијел Нестор, Danijel Nestor), born on September 4, 1972, in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia, is a Serbian-born Canadian professional tennis player from Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
In his career thus far he has won 76 men's doubles titles, including a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the ATP World Tour Finals 4 times, and 7 Grand Slam men's doubles titles. In addition, Nestor won the 2007 Australian Open mixed doubles title with Elena Likhovtseva. This pairing also reached the finals of the 2006 Australian Open and the 2006 French Open. Nestor also won the 2011 Australian Open mixed doubles title with Katarina Srebotnik. In June 2011, he captured the 2011 French Open men's doubles title with Max Mirnyi.
His 76 doubles titles make him the third most decorated champion among active doubles players, and fourth all time. He is the only player in tennis history to have won all four Grand Slams, all of the Masters Series events, the Year End Championships and Olympic gold medal in doubles at least once. He was named ATP Doubles Team of the Year in 2002 and 2004 (with Mark Knowles) and 2008 (with Nenad Zimonjić).
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Daniel Vacek
Daniel Vacek (born 1 April 1971 in Prague) is a former tennis player from Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic who turned professional in 1990.
Vacek represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was defeated in the second round. The right-hander won 25 career titles in doubles with various partners, including the French Open in 1996 and 1997 and the U.S. Open in 1997 with Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Vacek reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 29 January 1996, when he became World No. 26.
A = did not attend tournament
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Darren Cahill
Darren Cahill (born 2 October 1965 in Adelaide, Australia) is a tennis coach and former professional tennis player from Australia. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
Nicknamed "Killer", Cahill turned professional in 1984. He won his first tour doubles title in 1985 at Melbourne, and his first top-level singles title in 1988 at Gstaad.
Cahill's best performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1988 US Open, where he knocked-out Boris Becker in the second round on the way to reaching the semi-finals, where he lost to eventual champion Mats Wilander.
In 1989, Cahill finished runner-up in the men's doubles at the Australian Open (partnering Mark Kratzmann).
Cahill was a member of the Australian team which reached the final of the Davis Cup in 1990. (The team lost 3–2 to the United States in the final.) Cahill compiled a 6–4 career Davis Cup record (4–0 in doubles and 2–4 in singles).
Cahill won his last tour singles title in 1991 at San Francisco. His last doubles title came in 1994 in Sydney. His career-high rankings were World No. 22 in singles and No. 10 in doubles (both achieved in 1989). Cahill retired from the professional tour in 1994 due to a knee injury.
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Dave Randall
Dave Randall (born May 8, 1967, in Memphis, Tennessee), is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Randall enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles. During his career he won 3 doubles titles. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of World No. 39 in 1994.
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David Adams (tennis)
David Adams (born 5 January 1970, in Durban, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. He turned pro in 1989. During his career he won 19 doubles titles and finished runner-up an additional 33 times, including at the French Open in 1992. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of World No. 9 in 1994.
Adams participated in six Davis Cup ties for South Africa between 1997 and 2003, posting a 4–2 record, all in doubles.
Adams won two Grand Slam Tiles in Mixed Doubles, both with fellow South African Mariann de Swart, taking the Australian Open Mixed Doubles in 1999 and then the French Open Mixed Doubles in 2000.
A = did not attend tournament
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David Pate
David Pate (born April 16, 1962) is a former professional tennis player from the United States who won two singles titles and eighteen doubles titles during his career. He reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 18 on June 8, 1987 and a career-high doubles ranking of No. 1 on January 14, 1991. His greatest success came in 1991 when he won the Australian Open doubles title together with compatriot Scott Davis and reached the doubles final at the US Open later that year.
A = did not attend tournament
NH = tournament not held
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David Prinosil
David Prinosil (born 9 March 1973 in Olomouc, Czechoslovakia) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1991. He represented his country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was defeated in the first round by Daniel Vacek of the Czech Republic. In the doubles competition in Stone Mountain Park he won the bronze medal partnering Marc-Kevin Goellner. He was the first ever opponent of Tim Henman in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament, in the first round of Wimbledon in 1994.
The right-hander won three career titles in singles, and reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 23 April 2001, when he became the number 28 of the world.
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Dick Crealy
Richard Crealy (born 18 September 1944) is a former Australian tennis player most notable for reaching the finals of the Australian Open in 1970, being a member of the 1970 Australian Davis Cup Team and winning four Grand Slam titles in doubles.
Crealy was born in Sydney in 1944 and in 1968 he achieved his first Grand Slam title at the Australian Open with his fellow countryman and teammate Allan Stone in doubles. He also won the mixed doubles with Billie Jean King. In 1969, Crealy again combined with Stone to win the US Open Doubles, a title that is often mistakenly credited to Ken Rosewall and Fred Stolle.
In 1970, Crealy had his most successful season, reaching No. 5 on the Grand Prix rankings. In this year, he reached the singles finals at the Australian Open, where he lost to American player Arthur Ashe, as well as the quarter-finals of the French Open. He also won the Swedish Open in Båstad and represented Australia in the Davis Cup with a 4-2 singles record and 2-0 doubles record. In 1974, he won another Grand Slam Title in doubles, combining with New Zealander Onny Parun in the French Open.
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Dominik Hrbatý
Dominik Hrbatý (born 4 January 1978, Bratislava) is a professional tennis player from Slovakia. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 12.
Hrbatý was born on 4 January 1978 in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. His father was an architecture engineer and his younger brother is an umpire. When he was younger, Hrbatý was European junior competitor in skiing and from the age of 11, he focused on tennis full time.
He is engaged to Nelly Petrová; he proposed after Slovakia won the Hopman Cup on 10 January 2009 (with Dominika Cibulková). He also won the tournament for Slovakia in 2005 with Daniela Hantuchová. This makes Hrbatý a dual winner to move into the company of Serena Williams, James Blake, Tommy Robredo and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario.
Hrbatý turned professional in 1996. During the year he reached six Challenger finals and achieved a 35–15 match record. He ended the year as the youngest player in the top 100.
In 1997, Hrbatý won the Košice Challenger title defeating Nicolás Lapentti. He also reached his first ATP Tour final in Palermo, losing to Alberto Berasategui. His first doubles success on the Tour was reaching the final of Umag with Karol Kučera.
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Donald Johnson
Donald James "Don" Johnson (born September 9, 1968, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) is a former professional tennis player from the United States who reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 2002. Although born in Bethlehem, PA he was raised and learned the sport of tennis in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania[1]. Johnson attended Fairview High School in Erie, Pennsylvania and won the PIAA State Singles Championship in 1984. During his career, he won the Wimbledon men's doubles title in 2001 (partnering Jared Palmer), and the Wimbledon mixed doubles title in 2000 (partnering Kimberly Po). He also won the doubles title at the Tennis Masters Cup in 2000 (partnering Piet Norval). He won a total of 23 top-level doubles titles.
Prior to turning professional, Johnson played collegiate tennis for the University of North Carolina from 1987-1991. As a youngster, he earned the Sportsmanship Award at the USTA National Junior Championships in 1986.
A = did not attend tournament
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Ellis Ferreira
Ellis Ferreira (born 19 February 1970 in Pretoria, South Africa) is a former professional male tennis player from South Africa. He played collegiately at the University of Alabama, earning all-SEC and all-American honors. He won 2 Grand Slam doubles titles, the Men's title at the 2000 Australian Open with Rick Leach and the mixed doubles at the Australian Open with Corina Morariu in 2001. Ferreira was named the Senior Assistant Men's and Women's Tennis Head Coach at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, in July 2007. Ferreira is now the co-owner of the Eagleton/ Ferreira Tennis Academy on Longboat Key in Florida (www.eftennis.com).
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Francisco Montana
Francisco Montana (born November 5, 1969 in Miami, Florida, U.S.) is a former professional male tennis player from the United States. He turned pro in 1990.
He reached his career high doubles ranking, World No. 13, on July 8, 1998.
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Fred McNair
Frederick V. McNair, IV (born July 22, 1950, in Washington, D.C.) is a former professional tennis player from the United States who reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1976. That year, he teamed up with Sherwood Stewart to capture the men's doubles titles at French Open, the German Open and the Masters. McNair was also a mixed doubles runner-up at the French Open in 1981, partnering Betty Stöve. In 1978, he was a member of the US team that won the Davis Cup. In nine years on the professional tour, McNair won 16 doubles titles. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 67.
Prior to turning professional, McNair played tennis for the University of North Carolina, where he was a four-time All-American and an NCAA doubles finalist in 1973.
McNair comes from a tennis playing family. His grandfather, Fred Jr., and father, Fred III, both played in the U.S. Championships (now known as the US Open). Fred III and Fred IV formed a father-son doubles team which won six US national father and son doubles championship titles.
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Fred Stolle
Frederick "Fred" Sydney Stolle (born 8 October 1938) is a former Australian tennis player. He was born in Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia. He is the father of former Australian Davis Cup player Sandon Stolle.
Stolle won two Grand Slam tournament singles titles, the 1965 French Championships and the 1966 US Championships, but failed to win Wimbledon and the Australian Championships, finishing as runner-up in these tournaments and losing to compatriot Roy Emerson on no fewer than five occasions.
Stolle won 10 Grand Slam doubles titles, partnering with compatriots Bob Hewitt (4 titles), Roy Emerson (4 titles) and Ken Rosewall (2 titles). In addition Stolle won 7 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles.
As a member of the Australian Davis Cup team Stolle won the Davis Cup title in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . In 1964 Stolle and Emerson were briefly suspended from the Australian Davis Cup team for going on an overseas tour in defiance of a Lawn Tennis Association of Australia order to remain in Australia until April.
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Frew McMillan
Frew Donald McMillan (born 20 May 1942 in Springs, South Africa) is a former professional male tennis player from South Africa.
He won five major doubles championships including three Wimbledons with Bob Hewitt. Altogether, he won 63 doubles titles, surpassed only by John McEnroe and Tom Okker.
The most notable aspect of his game was that he had both a two-handed backhand and forehand, which simultaneously increased his power while restricting his mobility. In the 1967 Wimbledon, the pair did not lose a set, and McMillan did not once lose a service game.
McMillan was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1992. He works as a tennis commentator for Eurosport and on BBC Radio 5 during Wimbledon.
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Gastón Etlis
Gastón Etlis (born November 4, 1974, in Buenos Aires) is a former tennis player from Argentina. He is Jewish.
In January 2005 Etlis was ranked No.17 in doubles.
The right-hander won four career titles in doubles, and reached his highest singles ATP-ranking in May 2000, when he became the # 114 player in the world.
Etlis turned professional in 1993.
In August 1995 in San Marino he beat world # 40 Carlos Costa 7–6(4), 6–4. In January 1997 he beat world # 24 Marc Rosset 6–3, 7–6(1), in Zagreb.
Having competed as well as a singles player at the 1996 Australian and French Opens, and in the 1997 French Open (he reached the 2nd round at Roland Garros in 1997), Etlis switched to doubles. From 2000, Etlis's primary doubles partner was Martin Rodriguez.
In 2000 and 2002, he reached the third round of the French Open.
Etlis competed in the doubles competition of the 2003 Australian Open; he and partner Rodriguez reached the semifinals. After defeating Leander Paes and David Rikl (6–3, 6–3) in the quarterfinals, they played # 1 seed Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor and lost 3–6, 4–6.
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Gene Mayer
Gene Mayer (born April 11, 1956) is a former tennis player from the United States who won fourteen singles titles during his career.
Mayer was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. He grew up in Wayne, New Jersey, and played tennis at Wayne Valley High School, where he went unbeaten in his two years on the tennis team. He was a double hander on both forehand and backhand.
The right-hander Mayer reached his highest ranking on the ATP Tour on October 6, 1980, when he reached the rank of World No. 4.
Mayer has been a resident of Woodmere, New York. In 2005, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.
Gene's older brother Sandy was also a tour player. He achieved the rank of World No. 7 in 1982. They met each other in the Stockholm Open final 1981.
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Goran Ivanišević
Goran Ivanišević (Croatian pronunciation: [ɡǒran iʋanǐːʃɛʋitɕ]; born 13 September 1971) is a retired Croatian professional tennis player. He is the only person to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon as a wildcard. He achieved this in 2001, having previously been runner-up at the championships in 1992, 1994 and 1998. Ivanišević is famous for his strong serve, which is considered among the greatest to date. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 2 (behind Pete Sampras) in 1994. He is the reigning Legends under 45 French Open doubles Champion.
Goran is the son of Srđan and Gorana (née Škaričić). He turned professional in 1988 and later that year, with Rudiger Haas, won his first career doubles title in Frankfurt, but he focused more on his singles career, yet had some success in doubles, winning nine titles and reaching a career high ranking of 20.
Ivanišević made his first significant impact on the tour in 1990, knocking Boris Becker out of the first round of the French Open men's singles; he went on to reach the quarter-finals. He was also, with Petr Korda, the runner-up in the French Open men's doubles. At that year's Wimbledon, Ivanišević reached the semi-finals, where he lost to Becker in four sets. Ivanišević also won his first tour singles title in 1990 at Stuttgart and helped Yugoslavia win the World Team Cup. He played in eight ties for Yugoslavia in the Davis Cup before quitting the team after the Croatian declaration of independence in 1991. Yugoslavia lost its subsequent tie against France 5–0.
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Greg Rusedski
Gregory "Greg" Rusedski (born 6 September 1973, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a British Canadian former tennis player who turned professional in 1991 and played until his retirement on 7 April 2007, at the age of 33. He is a former British No. 1 and ATP World No. 4.
Rusedski now provides commentary and analysis on the BBC's Wimbledon coverage.
Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at the Hall of Fame Championship in Newport, Rhode Island in 1993.
Rusedski reached the singles final of the US Open in 1997, where he lost to Pat Rafter in four sets, (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of World No. 4). He also won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.
In 1998, Tim Henman eclipsed Rusedski as Britain's number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won the Grand Slam Cup in 1999.
Rusedski was defeated in the second round of Wimbledon in 2005 by Joachim Johansson of Sweden 7–6, 3–6, 6–4, 7–6. Following that disappointment, Rusedski had a successful July. He successfully defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeating Vince Spadea in the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both the RCA Championships in Indianapolis, losing to Taylor Dent, and the Canada Masters tournament in Montreal, losing to Andre Agassi.
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Guy Forget
Guy Forget (French pronunciation: [ɡi fɔʁʒe]; born 4 January 1965 in Casablanca, Morocco) is a French former professional tennis player. During his career, he helped France win the Davis Cup in both 1991 and 1996. Since retiring as a player, he has served as France's Davis Cup team captain.
Forget first came to the tennis world's attention as an outstanding junior player who won the French Open junior title in 1982. He turned professional later that year.
His breakthrough year on the professional tour was 1986 when he made it to the fourth round of Roland Garros, his best grand slam at that point, and won his first top-level singles title in Toulouse, and was also part of the French team which won the World Team Cup. Forget also won six doubles titles in 1986, reaching his career-high doubles ranking of World Number 3 in August that year, finishing in the runner-up spot with partner Jakob Hlasek at the 1990 ATP Tour World Championships tournament.
In 1987 Forget and Yannick Noah finished runners-up in the men's doubles at the French Open. In 1990, Forget partnered Jakob Hlasek to win the ATP Tour World Championships doubles title.
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Hank Pfister
Hank Pfister (born October 9, 1953 in Bakersfield, California) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won two singles titles (1981, Maui and 1982, Newport) during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on May 2, 1983, when he became the World Number 19.
Being tall of stature, sturdy of build and possessing a very fast serve, his style was highlighted by use of the serve and volley game.
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Hans Simonsson
Hans Simonsson (born 1 May 1962 in Färgaryd) is a retired professional tennis player from Sweden. Primarily a doubles specialist, he won 12 ATP Tour titles in his career. He won the French Open doubles title in 1983 with his countryman Anders Järryd. He also played in the 1983 Davis Cup final for Sweden. He reached his career high doubles ranking of No. 10 in the world on 2 January 1984. Simonsson again reached the French Open doubles final in 1985, but he and Schlomo Glickstein were defeated by Mark Edmondson and Kim Warwick. The Swede finished his career prematurely at the age of 25.
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Heinz Günthardt
Heinz Peter Günthardt (born February 8, 1959 in Zürich) is a former tennis player from Switzerland, who won five singles titles during his professional career, including the Rotterdam WCT in 1980.
In doubles Günthardt captured a total number of thirty titles. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on April 7, 1986, when he became the World No. 22. Günthardt won the men's doubles at the 1985 Wimbledon Championships, and the mixed doubles at the 1985 US Open partnering Martina Navrátilová. He was also a member of the Swiss team at the 1988 Olympic Games.
He was the coach of all-time great Steffi Graf, from the start of 1992 until the end of Graf's tennis playing career in July 1999, and he has also worked briefly with Jelena Dokić. From February to November 2010 he worked with former WTA No. 1 Ana Ivanović.
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Henri Leconte
Henri Leconte (born July 4, 1963) is a former French professional tennis player. He reached the men's singles final at the French Open in 1988, won the French Open men's doubles title in 1984, and helped France win the Davis Cup in 1991. Leconte's career-high singles ranking was World No. 5.
Leconte first came to the tennis world's attention as an outstanding junior player who won the French Open junior title in 1981. He turned professional that year and won his first career doubles title at Bologna, and his first top-level singles title the following year, 1982, in Stockholm. Leconte played in the Davis Cup final for the first time in 1982, when France was defeated 4–1 by the United States.
Leconte teamed up with Yannick Noah to win the men's doubles title at the French Open in 1984. In 1985, Leconte and Noah reached a second Grand Slam doubles final at the US Open, where they finished runners-up. Leconte reached his career-high doubles ranking of World No. 6 in 1985. In singles in 1985, Leconte reached the quarter-finals of the French Open and Wimbledon, the latter run of which included a dazzling win over world no. 2, Ivan Lendl, in the fourth round of Wimbledon.
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Ilie Năstase
Ilie Năstase (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈli.e nəsˈtase], born July 19, 1946, in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian former professional tennis player, one of the world's top players of the 1970s. Năstase was the World No. 1 tennis player between 1973 (August 23) and 1974 (June 2). He is one of the five players in history to win more than 100 ATP professional titles (57 singles and 45 in doubles). He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1991. Năstase won seven Grand Slam titles: two in singles, three in men's doubles, and two in mixed doubles. He also won four Masters Grand Prix year end championship titles and seven Championship Series titles (1970–73) the precursors to the current Masters 1000. In 2005, Tennis magazine ranked him as the 28th-best player of the preceding forty years. He is the second male player to win a Grand Slam without dropping a set and the first one to achieve this feat at French Open (1973).
At the beginning of his career in 1966 Năstase travelled around the world competing with his good friend Ion Ţiriac. Together, they represented Romania in the Davis Cup competition, being three times runners up: in 1969, 1971 and 1972.
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Ion Ţiriac
Ion Țiriac (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈjon t͡siˈrjak]; born 9 May 1939 in Braşov) is a Romanian businessman and former ice hockey and professional tennis player. He is also the current owner of the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open.
Born in Transylvania, his look and the droopy mustache earned him the nickname 'Count Dracula'. Țiriac first appeared on the international sports scene as an ice hockey player on the Romanian national team at the 1964 Winter Olympics. Shortly after that he switched to tennis as his main sport. With fellow Romanian Ilie Năstase he won the men's doubles in the 1970 French Open and reached the Davis Cup finals several times in the 1970s.
After his retirement, he served as coach and manager for players such as; Ilie Năstase, Guillermo Vilas, Mary Joe Fernández, Goran Ivanišević and Marat Safin.
He managed Boris Becker from 1984 to 1993. In 1998 he became president of the Romanian National Olympic Committee.
Țiriac ran major men's events in Germany, including the season-ending championships in Hanover. Although tennis is now a much smaller part of his portfolio and occupies only 5 percent of his time, he has taken particular pleasure and pride in making Madrid Tennis Open a combined men's and women's event with €7.2 million in total prize money.
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Jacco Eltingh
Jacco Folkert Eltingh (born 29 August 1970 in Heerde, Gelderland) is a former professional male tennis player and former World No. 1 doubles player from the Netherlands.
He is best remembered for his success in doubles with fellow countryman Paul Haarhuis. Together they managed to win all four Grand Slam doubles titles at least once.
Eltingh reached his career high singles ranking in February 1995, when he climbed to World No. 19. In his professional career he has won 4 singles and 44 doubles titles.
In November 2005, Eltingh was elected to the ATP Board as the player representative for Europe.
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Jakob Hlasek
Jakob Hlasek (born November 12, 1964 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a former professional tennis player from Switzerland.
The major highlights of Hlasek's career came in 1992. He won the French Open men's doubles title that year (partnering his fellow Swiss player Marc Rosset). He was also a member of Switzerland Davis Cup team which reached the final of the 1992 Davis Cup (where they were defeated by the United States), and won the 1992 Hopman Cup.
Further success for his country came in 1996, when Hlasek was a member of the Swiss team which won the World Team Cup.
During his career Hlasek won five top-level singles titles and 20 doubles titles. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 7, and his career-high doubles ranking was World No. 4 (both attained in 1989). His career prize-money earnings totalled US$5,895,293.
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James Blake
James Riley Blake (born December 28, 1979) is an American professional tennis player. Blake is known for his speed and powerful, flat forehand. As of April 2012, Blake is ranked World No. 74 among active male players with 24 career finals appearances (10–14 record), whilst his career-high singles ranking is World No. 4. His career highlights include reaching the final of the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup, the semifinals of the Beijing Olympics and the quarterfinals of the Australian Open (2008) and US Open (2005, 2006). His two titles for the United States at the Hopman Cup are an event record. Blake was a key performer for the United States 2007 Davis Cup championship team, going 2–0 in the championship tie vs. Russia at second singles. In 2005, Blake was presented with the Comeback Player of the Year award for his remarkable return to the tour. Later, in 2008, Blake was awarded another honor by the ATP where he was named the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year. On July 3, 2007, Blake's autobiography Breaking Back: How I Lost Everything and Won Back My Life, which discussed his comeback after his unlucky 2004 season, was released and debuted at No. 22 on the New York Times Best Seller list. He co-wrote this book with Andrew Friedman.
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Jan Apell
Jan Apell (born 4 November 1969 in Gothenburg) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who won the Davis Cup in 1994 in doubles. The left-hander has retired from tennis unbeaten in Davis cup after five matches, and played most of his career with Jonas Björkman.
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Jan Siemerink
Johannes Martinus ("Jan") Siemerink (born 14 April 1970 in Rijnsburg, Zuid-Holland) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands.
As a junior player, Siemerink was the Dutch 18-under champion in 1988. He also won the doubles title at the 1988 Orange Bowl junior championship in Florida.
Siemerink turned professional in 1989. Over the course of his career he won four top-level singles titles (at Singapore in 1991, Nottingham in 1996, and at Rotterdam and Toulouse in 1998). He also won ten tour doubles titles, the most significant of which were the Miami Masters in 1993 and the Monte Carlo Masters in 1996.
Siemerink's best performance at a Grand Slam event came at Wimbledon in 1998, where he reached the quarterfinals before being knocked-out by Goran Ivanišević.
Siemerink played for the Netherlands in the Davis Cup between 1991 and 2001, compiling a 17–10 record. He helped the Netherlands reach the World Group semifinals in 2001.
Siemerink's career-high rankings were World No. 14 in singles (in 1998) and World No. 16 in doubles (in 1996). His career prize-money totaled $4,347,693.
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Jan-Michael Gambill
Jan-Michael Charles Gambill (born June 3, 1977 in Spokane, Washington, United States) is an American tennis player who made his professional debut in 1996. His highest singles ranking to date is World No. 14, which he first reached on June 18, 2001. Best known for his unusual double-handed forehand,[citation needed] he is coached by his father Chuck Gambill, who also coaches Jan-Michael's younger brother Torrey.
Gambill began playing tennis at the age of five, looking up to multiple Grand Slam singles titlists Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe. He has defeated, amongst other top players, former World No. 1s Roger Federer, Carlos Moyá, Lleyton Hewitt, Gustavo Kuerten, Marcelo Rios, Jim Courier, Pete Sampras, and Andre Agassi, as well as Grand Slam champions Michael Chang, Thomas Johansson, Sergi Bruguera and Gaston Gaudio. His best performances at slams have been reaching the quarter-finals of Wimbledon in 2000 and the fourth round of the US Open in 2002. Gambill was also runner up at the 2001 Miami Masters and has won 3 singles titles.
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Jared Palmer
Jared Eiseley Palmer (born July 2, 1971 in New York City, New York, USA) is a professional tennis player who won 28 professional doubles titles and one singles title in his career on the ATP Tour. He also won four double titles on the challenger's circuit (two in 1992 and two in 1993). Palmer turned professional in 1991 after winning the 1991 NCAA Division 1 singles title as a sophomore playing for Stanford University.
Palmer's biggest doubles titles came at the 1995 Australian Open and the 2001 Wimbledon. Palmer also won the ATP Masters Series event at Indian Wells in 2000. Additionally, Palmer reached the doubles final at two other Grand Slam events, Wimbledon in 1999 and the US Open in 2001. Palmer made the finals at six additional AMS events: Canada (1994 and 2001), Miami (1994 and 2002), Hamburg (1999) and Paris (1999).
Palmer was ranked the World No. 1 men's doubles player on March 20, 2000. He was also ranked as high as World No. 35 in singles. His lone singles title on the ATP tour came at (Pinehurst in 1994). Palmer retired from tennis in 2005 after earning US$3,471,164 in career prize money while on the ATP Tour.
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Javier Frana
Javier Alberto Frana (born December 25, 1966 in Rafaela) is a former tennis player from Argentina and current tennis commentator for ESPN Latin America.
Frana turned professional in 1986. He reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on July 24, 1995, when he became number 30 of the world. His highest doubles ranking was 14, achieved on May 25, 1992.
Frana debuted at the Seoul Olympics in 1988, where he was defeated in the second round by fellow countryman Martín Jaite, 2–6, 4–6 and 2–6. At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, he reached the second round again, this time falling to France's Fabrice Santoro, 6–4, 2–6, 1–6, and 1–6. He represented his native country for the last time in Olympic competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States, where he was defeated in the first round by Great Britain's Greg Rusedski.
Frana was born in Rafaela, Argentina. He is of Croat origin, his family is from the Trogir area.
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Javier Sánchez
Javier Sánchez Vicario (born 1968 in Pamplona, Spain) is a former professional tennis player from Spain.
Sánchez won the US Open junior title in 1986, and then turned professional. He won his first professional doubles titles in 1987. His first top-level singles title came in 1988 at Buenos Aires. During his career he won a total of four top-level singles titles and 26 doubles titles. He reached the quarter-finals of the US Open in 1991 and 1996. His career-high rankings were World No. 23 in singles (in 1994) and No. 9 in doubles (in 1992).
Sánchez is a member of one of the world's most successful tennis families. His younger sister Arantxa Sánchez Vicario became the youngest-ever winner of the women's singles title at the French Open at age 17 in 1989, and went on to win several more Grand Slam titles. His older brother Emilio Sánchez was also a very successful player who won several Grand Slam doubles titles. In Javier's first career singles final in 1987 in Madrid, he faced Emilio. It was the first time that two brothers had met each other in the final of a top-level tour tournament. Emilio won the match 6–3, 3–6, 6–2. (Emilio and Javier faced each other a total of 12 times during their careers. Javier won two of their matches, and Emilio won ten.)
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Jim Courier
James Spencer "Jim" Courier, Jr. (born August 17, 1970) is a former world no. 1 professional tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won four Grand Slam singles titles, two at the French Open and two at the Australian Open. He holds the record for being the youngest man to have reached the finals of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments, at the age of 22 years and 11 months. He also won five Masters 1000 series titles.
Jim was raised in Dade City, Florida and though he excelled at youth sports in general, after a certain point it became clear that tennis was where his true talent lay. As a junior player in the 1980s, Courier attended the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy and won the prestigious Orange Bowl in 1986 and 1987, as well as the French Open junior doubles title in 1987.
Courier turned professional in 1988 and made his Grand Slam breakthrough at the 1991 French Open when he defeated Stefan Edberg and Michael Stich to reach his first Grand Slam final. In the final, he defeated his former Bollettieri Academy roommate Andre Agassi in five sets to win his first Slam. He made the quarterfinals of Wimbledon before losing to eventual champion Stich. At the US Open, he defeated defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarterfinals and then Jimmy Connors in the semifinals before losing the final to Edberg.
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Jim Pugh
Jim Pugh (born February 5, 1964 in Burbank, California) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won three Grand Slam men's doubles titles (two Australian Open, one Wimbledon) and five Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (three Australian Open, one Wimbledon, one US Open). Pugh reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1989.
Pugh was a member of the U.S. team that won the Davis Cup in 1990. Partnering with Rick Leach, he won the doubles rubbers in all four of the rounds which the U.S. played in that year and clinched the team's victory in the final with a win over Pat Cash and John Fitzgerald of Australia. Pugh has a 6–0 career record in the Davis Cup.
Pugh won 27 doubles titles (22 men's doubles and 5 mixed doubles). He also won one top-level singles title at Newport, Rhode Island in 1989. (His career-high singles ranking was World No. 37 in 1987.) Pugh won his last career doubles title at Los Angeles in 1992. Pugh was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Hall of Fame.
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Jiří Novák
Jiří Novák (pronounced [ˈjɪr̝iː ˈnovaːk] ( listen); born March 22, 1975) is a former Czech tennis player, who was born in Zlín, Czechoslovakia but resides nowadays in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
Novák turned professional in 1993 and won 7 singles and 18 doubles titles during his career, winning $7,614,063 in prize money. For six years, he was the highest-ranked male Czech tennis player in the ATP rankings. On October 21, 2002, Novák reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 5. He knocked out Roger Federer in the first round of Wimbledon in 1999. He retired in 2007.
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Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (French pronunciation: [(d)ʒo vilfʁid t͡sɔŋɡa]; born (1985-04-17)April 17, 1985) is a French professional tennis player. He was born in Le Mans, to a French mother, Évelyne, and a Congolese father, Didier, who moved to France in the 1970s to play handball. Tsonga is a member of the Tennis Club de Paris (TCP). His current career-high singles ranking is World No. 5, which he achieved on February 27, 2012.
Tsonga rose to fame by virtue of his performance in the 2008 Australian Open when, as an unseeded player, he reached the final, having defeated four seeded players along the way, including earning a straight sets win over the then world number two Rafael Nadal in the semifinals. Tsonga eventually lost to the then world no. 3 Novak Djokovic in the final in four sets, after winning the first set, the only set Djokovic dropped during the tournament.
Tsonga followed this up by winning his first ATP Masters Series championship at the 2008 Paris Masters, thus qualifying for the 2008 Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, China. His best performances in a major tournament since 2008 are semifinal appearances in the 2010 Australian Open and 2011 Wimbledon Championships. He also reached the final of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals where he lost to five-time and defending champion Roger Federer.
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John Isner
John Robert Isner (born April 26, 1985) is an American professional tennis player. He achieved his career-high rank of no. 9 on March 19, 2012, and is currently the second highest-ranked American tennis player. His most famous victories were against Roger Federer in the Davis Cup encounter in February 2012, Top seed Novak Djokovic at the 2012 Masters 1000 tournament in Indian Wells, Andy Roddick in the 2009 US Open, and against Nicolas Mahut at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships where he played the longest ever professional tennis match, which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes over the course of three days.
Unlike many top tennis players, who have brilliant juniors careers and hit the ATP Tour in their teens, Isner didn't decide that he wanted to play professional tennis until he was 21.
Isner played collegiate tennis at the University of Georgia from 2004 to 2007 and became the school's all-time leader in singles and doubles victories, earning All-American honors each of his four years and leading Georgia to the 2007 NCAA championship.
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John McEnroe
John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is a former world no. 1 professional tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title. McEnroe also won a record eight season ending championships, comprising five WCT Finals titles and three Masters Grand Prix titles from twelve final appearances at these two events, a record he shares with Ivan Lendl. He posted the best single season win-loss record in the Open Era in 1984 at 96.47% (82/3). In addition he won 19 Championship Series top tier events of the Grand Prix Tour that were the precursors to the current Masters 1000.
He is best remembered for his shot-making artistry and superb volleying; for his famous rivalries with Björn Borg, Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl; for his confrontational on-court behavior which frequently landed him in trouble with umpires and tennis authorities; and for the catchphrase "You cannot be serious!" directed toward an umpire during a match at Wimbledon in 1981. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1999, and is regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time.
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John Newcombe
John David Newcombe, AO, OBE (born 23 May 1944 in Sydney) is a former World No. 1 tennis player.
He won seven Grand Slam singles titles, A natural athlete, Newcombe played several sports as a boy until devoting himself to tennis. He was the Australian junior champion in 1961, 1962, and 1963 and was a member of Australia's Davis Cup winning team in 1964. He won his first Grand Slam title in 1965 by taking the Australian Championships doubles title with fellow Australian Tony Roche. That same year, the duo won the Wimbledon doubles title. They teamed to win the Australian doubles championship three more times, Wimbledon another four times and the US Championships in 1967, the French Championships in 1967, and the French Open in 1969. They won 12 Grand Slam titles, more than any other men's team in tennis history.
Newcombe's powerful serve and volley was the backbone of his attacking game. He frequently came up with a second-serve ace. He was the top ranked amateur in the world in 1967 according to Lance Tingay, although Rex Bellamy ranked him second behind Roy Emerson. As a professional, Newcombe was the joint world number one player in 1970 and 1971. In singles play, he was a two-time winner of the Australian Open, a three-time winner of Wimbledon, and a two-time winner of the US Open.
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Jonathan Erlich
Jonathan Dario "Yoni" Erlich (Hebrew: יונתן דאריו "יוני" ארליך, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 5, 1977) is a professional Israeli tennis player. Erlich has reached 27 doubles finals and won 15 of them, mostly with partner Andy Ram.
He attained his highest doubles ranking through July 2009, # 5, in July 2008.
Erlich, who is Jewish, was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He moved to Haifa, Israel, when he was a one-year-old, and now resides in Tel Aviv and competes as an Israeli.
Erlich first started playing tennis when he was three years old, and he played his first tournament at the age of seven. He was later trained at the Wingate Institute, where he met Andy Ram, his future doubles partner. He turned pro in 1996 at the age of 19.
Erlich is known as a fan of the football team Maccabi Haifa.
Erlich and Ram first competed at Queen's Club in June 2001. In 2002, in singles Erlich defeated world # 64 ranked Adrian Voinea of Romania, 6–2, 6–3, in Indianapolis.
The Israeli duo's best achievement was reaching the semifinal of the Wimbledon championships in 2003. They defeated No. 2 seeded Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor in straight sets, 7–6, 7–6, 7–6, before losing in the semifinals to defending Wimbledon champions Jonas Björkman and Todd Woodbridge. They were the first Israelis to ever advance to the semifinals in any Grand Slam event.
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Jonathan Stark
Jonathan Stark (born 3 April 1971, in Medford, Oregon) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. During his career he won two Grand Slam doubles titles (1994 French Open men's doubles and 1995 Wimbledon mixed doubles). Stark reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1994.
Stark was born in Southern Oregon in the city of Medford on April 3, 1971. He grew up in Medford and attended South Medford High School. In college he played tennis for Stanford University, where he was a singles and doubles All-American in 1990 and 1991. He reached the NCAA doubles final in 1991, partnering Jared Palmer. On July 17, 1997, he married Dana, and they have two sons and a daughter.
Stark turned professional in 1991 and joined the ATP Tour. In 1992, he won his first tour doubles title at Wellington. His first top-level singles title came in 1993 at Bolzano (beating Cédric Pioline in the final).
In 1994, Stark captured the men's doubles title at the French Open, partnering Byron Black (the pair were also runners-up at the Australian Open that year). He reached his career high singles ranking of World No. 36 in February. The following year, Stark won the Wimbledon mixed doubles title, partnering Martina Navratilova.
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Julien Benneteau
Julien Benneteau (born December 20, 1981 in Bourg-en-Bresse) is a professional male tennis player from France. His career-best singles ranking is ATP world no. 32, which he reached in July 2010. He formerly resided in Boulogne Billancourt and now lives in Geneva. He is generally regarded as one of the best singles players on the tour who has not won a title.
In the 1996 Orange Bowl Benneteau won the Boys 16s singles title.
At the 2006 French Open, Benneteau reached the quarterfinals by defeating Australian Open finalist Marcos Baghdatis, Radek Štěpánek, and Alberto Martín. There, he was defeated in straight sets 2–6, 2–6, 3–6, by fourth-seeded player Ivan Ljubičić of Croatia.
The Frenchman finished the 2008 season in the top 50 for the second time in three years. During the season, he reached two ATP finals, at Casablanca, where he lost to fellow countryman Gilles Simon, and in his final tournament of the season at Lyon, where he lost to Robin Söderling.
In May 2009, he entered the Interwetten Austrian Open in Kitzbühel as a lucky loser and reached his third career final, falling to Spain's Guillermo García-López 6–3, 6–7, 3–6.
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Jürgen Melzer
Jürgen Melzer (born 22 May 1981 in Vienna) is an Austrian tennis player. He reached a career-high ranking of World No. 8 on 18 April 2011, and a doubles ranking of World No. 6 on 13 September 2010. He is the only current player on the ATP Tour to be ranked in the top 10 in both singles and doubles. He is a left-handed tennis player, but is right-handed in everyday life. He has a younger brother, Gerald Melzer, with whom he has played doubles in several tournaments.
In 1999, he won the boys' singles event at Wimbledon. For many years, he was known as one of the best players on the tour not to have progressed past the third round of a Grand Slam event. He ended this streak when he reached the semifinals of the French Open in 2010. He has also had success in doubles, winning the mens doubles event at Wimbledon in 2010 and the US Open in 2011 with Philipp Petzschner, as well as the mixed doubles event at Wimbledon in 2011 with Iveta Benešová.
He is endorsed by Adidas and Dunlop Sport. Melzer is currently coached by Joakim Nystrom.
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Karel Nováček
Karel Nováček (born 30 March 1965) is a retired Czech former top ten tennis player. Born in Prostějov, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic). Nováček now lives in Boca Raton, Florida, United States.
In his career, Nováček won 13 singles titles and 6 doubles titles. His highest singles ranking was World No. 8, which he achieved on 18 November 1991.
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Kelly Jones (tennis)
Kelly Jones (born 31 March 1964, in Fort Gordon, Georgia) is a former professional tennis player from the United States who was ranked the World No. 1 men's doubles player in 1992. He is currently the Head Men's Tennis Coach at Furman University in Greenville, SC.
Jones played varsity tennis at Pepperdine University from 1982 to 1985, where he won the NCAA Division 1 doubles title in 1984 and 1985. He was a member of the US Olympic tennis team in 1984.
Jones joined the professional tour in 1986. He won his first top-level doubles title in 1987 at Auckland.
In 1988, Jones finished runner-up in the mixed doubles at Wimbledon, partnering Gretchen Magers.
Jones was runner-up in the men's doubles at both the Australian Open and the US Open in 1992, partnering Rick Leach. In October that year, he reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking.
After 12 years on the professional tour, Jones retired in 1998. During his career, he won eight top-level doubles titles. Jones also won one tour singles event in Singapore, where he captured the title twice in 1989 and 1990. His best singles performance at a Grand Slam event was at the 1993 Australian Open, where he reached the fourth round. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 86 (in 1990). Jones' career prize-money earnings totalled US$1,165,009.
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Ken Flach
Kenneth Eliot "Ken" Flach (born 24 May 1963 in St. Louis, Missouri) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won 4 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Wimbledon and 2 US Open), and 2 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (1 Wimbledon and 1 French Open). He also won the men's doubles Gold Medal at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, partnering Robert Seguso. Flach reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1985.
Flach played doubles on the US Davis Cup team from 1985–1991, compiling an 11–2 record. He was also a member of the US team which won the World Team Cup in 1985.
During his career, Flach won 36 doubles titles (34 men's doubles and 2 mixed doubles). His final career title was won in 1994 at Scottsdale, Arizona.
Prior to turning professional, Flach played tennis for Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, where he won the NCAA Division II singles championships in 1981, 1982 and 1983, and teamed-up with Seguso to reach the 1983 Division I doubles final.
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Ken Rosewall
Kenneth Robert ("Ken") Rosewall AM MBE (born 2 November 1934) is a former world top-ranking amateur and professional tennis player from Australia. He won 23 Majors including eight Grand Slam singles titles and before the Open Era a record fifteen Pro Slam titles (and completed the Pro Grand Slam in 1963). Rosewall won 9 slams in doubles with a career double grand slam. He is considered to be one of the top male tennis players of all time. He had a renowned backhand and enjoyed a long career at the highest levels from the early 1950s to the early 1970s. He was one of the two best male players for about nine years and was the World No. 1 player for a number of years in the early 1960s. He was ranked among the top 20 players, amateur or professional, every year from 1952 through 1977. Rosewall is the only player to have simultaneously held Pro Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (1962-1963). He was the first male player during the open era to win a Grand Slam without dropping a set (1971 Australian Open).
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Kevin Ullyett
Kevin Ullyett (born 23 May 1972 in Salisbury, now Harare) is a former professional tennis player from Zimbabwe. His primary success on the tour was in men's doubles.
Ullyett won 34 doubles titles during his career, including two Grand Slams at the 2001 US Open and the 2005 Australian Open with countryman Wayne Black. He also competed in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics, coming in at fifth place in 2004 with Black. In mixed doubles, Ullyett won the 2002 Australian Open with Daniela Hantuchová. He reached the final of Wimbledon in 2002 with Hantuchová, and the semifinals there in 2003 and 2005 with Hantuchová and Liezel Huber, respectively. He and Huber were also the runners-up at the 2005 Australian Open.
Black, Ullyett's compatriot and long-time doubles partner, retired at the end of 2005. He then played with Paul Hanley for two seasons, then with Jonas Björkman, who retired at the end of 2008, and finally with Brazilian Bruno Soares.
His father, Robert Ullyett, represented Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) at cricket and field hockey. He was part of the national team that competed at the 1964 Olympics (they beat New Zealand 2–1 and came 11th out of 15).
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Kim Warwick
Kim Warwick (born 8 April 1952 in Sydney, Australia) is a former Australian professional male tennis player who competed on the ATP Tour from 1970 -1987 reaching the final of the singles Australian Open in 1980. He defeated over 35 players ranked in the top 10 including Guillermo Vilas, Raul Ramerez, Vitas Gerulaitis, Jan Kodes, Bob Lutz and Arthur Ashe. He won three singles titles and 26 doubles including Australian Open 1978 (with Wojtek Fibak) and Australian Open 1980 and 1981, Roland Garros 1986 and also a runner-up in Australian Open 1985, all of them partnering fellow countryman Mark Edmondson. Partnering with Evonne Goolagong,he won the French Open 1972, defeating Françoise Durr and Jean-Claude Barclay in the final 6–2, 6–4. Evonne and Kim were finalists in 1972 at Wimbledon against Rosie Casals and Ilie Năstase who won 6–4, 6–4.
Kim also was a member of the winning team of World Team Tennis in 1975 (Pittsburgh) and 1986 (San Antonio)
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Laurie Warder
Laurie Warder (born 23 October 1962 in Sydney, Australia) is a former professional male tennis player from Australia.
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Leander Paes
Leander Adrian Paes (Bengali: লিয়েন্ডার পেজ; born 17 June 1973) is an Indian professional tennis player who currently features in the doubles events in the ATP tour and the Davis Cup tournament. He is the sports ambassador of Haryana. Paes completed the career grand slam in men's doubles after winning the Australian Open in 2012. Having won seven doubles and six mixed doubles Grand Slam titles and finishing as runner up in numerous other Grand Slam finals, he is considered to be one of the greatest and most respected contemporary doubles and mixed doubles players in the world. He is among the most successful professional Indian tennis players and is also the former captain of the Indian Davis Cup team. He is the recipient of India's highest sporting honour, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, in 1996–1997; the Arjuna Award in 1990; and the Padma Shri award in 2001 for his outstanding contribution to tennis in India. Paes is the great-grandson of the Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutt.
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Libor Pimek
Libor Pimek (born 3 August 1963 in Most, Czechoslovakia) is a former professional male tennis player.
Pimek's best Grand Slam singles result came at the 1987 US Open when he reached the 3rd round. He lost to Swede Mats Wilander in straight sets (2–6, 0–6, 1–6).
He won only one tournament during his career as he captured the Bavarian Open.
Pimek competed as a Czechoslovak early in his career, competing for the country a few times in Davis Cup in the middle 1980s, before representing Belgium internationally.
As a Davis Cup player for Belgium, he won 4 ties (Israël 1994, Denmark and France 1997, The Netherlands 1998)
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Luis Lobo
Luis Lobo (born 9 November 1970 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a professional male tennis player from Argentina, who won the gold medal in the men's doubles competition at the 1995 Pan American Games.
He reached his career high doubles ranking, World No. 12, on 21 July 1997. He is currently a coach, and has worked with players including Spain's Carlos Moyà and Argentina's Juan Mónaco.
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Luke Jensen
Luke Jensen (born June 18, 1966 in Grayling, Michigan, U.S.) is a former professional male tennis player from the United States. He attended University of Southern California from 1986–87 and earned singles All-American honors both years (doubles in 87). He is now the head coach of the women's tennis team at Syracuse University. [1].
Jensen attended East Grand Rapids High School, winning the Michigan state singles championship in 1983, and graduating in 1985.
He reached his career high doubles ranking, World No. 6, on November 1, 1993.
Nicknamed "Dual Hand Luke" because he was an ambidextrous player able to serve at 130 MPH with either hand. He now does on-court analysis for ESPN for their tennis coverage. He also travels the world as an instructor, motivational speaker, and ambassador for the game.
His younger brother is former professional male tennis player Murphy Jensen.
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Lukáš Dlouhý
Lukáš Dlouhý (born April 9, 1983 in Písek) is a professional Czech tennis player on the ATP Tour. A doubles specialist, Dlouhý reached a career-high ranking of World Number 5 on June 22, 2009.
Dlouhý has been part of two long-term doubles partnerships, first with countryman and coach Pavel Vízner and actively with Leander Paes. He has reached numerous grand slam finals with each. At the 2006 French Open, he reached the third round of the men's singles event and the semifinals of the men's doubles tournament with Vízner. In 2007, Dlouhý and Vízner reached two grand slam finals at the 2007 French Open and 2007 U.S. Open.
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Magnus Larsson
Per Henrik Magnus Larsson (born 25 March 1970 in Olofström, Blekinge, Sweden) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden.
Larsson turned professional in 1989 and won his first top-level singles title at Florence in 1990. His first doubles title was also won in Florence, in 1991.
Some of the most significant highlights of Larsson's career came in 1994. He won that year's Grand Slam Cup, defeating World No. 1 Pete Sampras in the final in four sets 7–6, 4–6, 7–6, 6–4. Larsson also reached the semi-finals of the 1994 French Open, and was part of the Swedish team which won the 1994 Davis Cup. He won singles rubbers in the Davis Cup final against both Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Alexander Volkov, as Sweden beat Russia 4–1.
In 1995, Larsson reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 10 and his career-high doubles ranking of World No. 26. He was runner-up in the men's doubles at the French Open that year (partnering Nicklas Kulti). He was also part of the Swedish team which won the World Team Cup.
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Mahesh Bhupathi
Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi is an Indian professional tennis player widely regarded as among the best doubles players in the world with 11 Grand Slam titles to his credit. In 1997, he became the first Indian to win a Grand Slam tournament (with Rika Hiraki). With his win at the Australian Open mixed doubles in 2006, he joined the elite group of eight tennis players who have achieved a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles.
Mahesh Bhupathi is best known as one of the top doubles players in the '90s and '00s. In 1999, Bhupathi won three doubles titles with Leander Paes, including Roland Garros and Wimbledon. He and Leander became the first doubles team to reach the finals of all four Grand Slams, the first time such a feat has been achieved in the open era and the first time since 1952. On 26 April of that year, they became the world no. 1 doubles team. Bhupathi also won the US Open mixed doubles with Ai Sugiyama of Japan.
In 2006, Bhupathi teamed with Martina Hingis in the Australian Open mixed doubles competition. Entering the tournament unseeded and as wildcards, the first-time pair defeated four seeded opponents along the way, while only dropping a single set throughout. Bhupathi and Hingis defeated the sixth-seeded team of Daniel Nestor and Elena Likhovtseva in straight sets, 6–3, 6–3, to capture the championship. It was the sixth mixed doubles Grand Slam for Bhupathi, and a first for Hingis. By winning the Australian Open, Bhupathi completed a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles.
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Marc López
Marc López i Tarrés (born 31 July 1982) is a professional male tennis player from Spain, who started playing tennis at the age of 8 years old and became professional in 1999. The right-handed player's career-high ATP Entry ranking is #106 (achieved on 10 May 2004).
Although in his beginnings López did not achieve very good results playing doubles, in the last years he has won several doubles titles in Challengers and his best performance in an ATP tournament was in this modality. That was in 2004, when he reached the final of the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana partnering with his friend and countryman Feliciano López.
In April, 2008 in Barcelona, López beat #141 Yuri Schukin to qualify into the ATP main draw, where he beat #68 Ivo Minář before losing to #37 Juan Ignacio Chela. In May, he made the main draw of the 2008 French Open as a Lucky Loser after beating #124 Andreas Beck.
At the BNP Paribas Masters in Indian Wells, CA, Marc along with fellow Spaniard, Rafael Nadal, won the doubles final 6-2,7-6(3). They defeated Americans John Isner and Sam Querrey.
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Marc Rosset
Marc Rosset (born 7 November 1970 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a former professional tennis player from Switzerland who is best remembered for winning the men's singles Gold Medal at the 1992 Olympic Games.
Rosset first came to prominence as a junior tennis player who was ranked No. 4 in the world junior rankings in 1988.
Rosset turned professional in 1988 and won his first tour singles title in 1989 Geneva as a wildcard, defeating Guillermo Pérez Roldán. His first doubles title was also won in Geneva in 1991 partnering Sergi Bruguera.
1992 was the pinnacle of Rosset's career. Representing Switzerland at the Olympic Games in Barcelona, he defeated several big-name players on route to qualifying for the men's singles final, including Jim Courier, Goran Ivanišević, Wayne Ferreira, and Emilio Sánchez. In the final, he faced Spain's Jordi Arrese and won an exciting five-set match, 7–6, 6–4, 3–6, 4–6, 8–6, to claim the Gold Medal. Rosset also won the 1992 French Open men's doubles title partnering Jakob Hlasek. Rosset was also a member of the Swiss team which reached the final of the 1992 Davis Cup. Switzerland lost in the final to the United States, despite Rosset's winning a five-set singles rubber against Jim Courier (who was ranked the World No. 1 at the time).
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Marcin Matkowski
Marcin Matkowski (born 15 January 1981 in Barlinek) is a right-handed Polish professional tennis player whose speciality is in doubles. His current partner is Mariusz Fyrstenberg; they have been playing together since 2003, he occasionally plays mixed doubles with Caroline Wozniacki.
Matkowski and Fyrstenberg qualified as the eighth and final contenders in the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup. This was mainly because of the best Grand Slam result in their history, in which they reached the semi-finals at the Australian Open until 2011 when they reached the US Open Men's Doubles Final, losing a controversial decision to Philipp Petzschner and his partner Jurgen Melzer. A ball clearly struck Mr. Petzschner on the left shin during a net exchange and rebounded over the net onto the sideline. When confronted about this, Mr. Petzschner denied this, though instant replay clearly shows the ball ricocheting off his leg.
Won tournament, or reached Final, Semifinal, Quarterfinal, Round 4, 3, 2, 1, played in Round Robin or lost in Qualification Round 3, Round 2, Round 1, Absent from a tournament or Participated in a team event, played in a Davis Cup Zonal Group (with its number indication) or Play-off, won a bronze or silver match at the Olympics. The last is for a Masters Series/1000 tournament that was relegated (Not a Masters Series).
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Marcos Ondruska
Marcos Ondruska (born December 18, 1972 in Bloemfontein) is a former tennis player from South Africa, who turned professional in 1989. He represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he defeated Goran Ivanišević in the first round before falling to Norway's Christian Ruud. The right-hander won four career titles in doubles, and reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on May 10, 1993, when he became the number 27 of the world.
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Mardy Fish
Mardy Simpson Fish (born December 9, 1981) is an American professional tennis player, and Olympic silver medalist. He is a hardcourt specialist. He is one of several American tennis players who rose to prominence in the early 2000s.
Fish has won six tournaments on the main ATP Tour, and has reached the final of four Masters Series events: Cincinnati in 2003 and 2010, Indian Wells in 2008, and Montreal in 2011. His best result at a Grand Slam tournament has been reaching the quarter final stage at the 2007 Australian Open, the 2008 US Open, and the 2011 Wimbledon Championships.
In April 2011, Fish overtook compatriot Andy Roddick to become the American No. 1 in the ATP rankings. As of 21 November 2011, he is ranked World No. 8. His current career-high singles ranking is World No. 7.
Fish is the son of a tennis teaching professional and a housewife, Tom and Sally Fish. He was born in Edina, Minnesota. In 1984 a Minneapolis TV station ran a profile of Fish, at the age of two, hitting tennis balls from the baseline over the net. In 1986, Fish's family moved to Vero Beach, Florida. He attended Vero Beach High School for tenth grade, then moved to Boca Prep in Boca Raton, Florida for his junior and senior years of high school. He, Andy Roddick, and Jesse Levine all attended Boca Prep International School. During 1999 he lived with Roddick's family, and the two played on the same tennis and basketball teams.
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Mariusz Fyrstenberg
Mariusz Fyrstenberg (born 8 July 1980 in Warsaw) is a left-handed Polish professional tennis player whose speciality is in doubles. His current partner is Marcin Matkowski; they have been playing together since 2003.
Matkowski and Fyrstenberg qualified as the eighth and final contenders in the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup. This was mainly because of the best Grand Slam result in their history, in which they reached the semi-finals at the Australian Open until 2011 when they reached the US Open Men's Doubles Final, losing a controversial decision to Philipp Petzschner and his partner Jurgen Melzer. A ball clearly struck Mr. Petzschner on the left shin during a net exchange and rebounded over the net onto the sideline. When confronted about this, Mr. Petzschner denied this, though instant replay clearly shows the ball ricocheting off his leg.
Won tournament, or reached Final, Semifinal, Quarterfinal, Round 4, 3, 2, 1, played in Round Robin or lost in Qualification Round 3, Round 2, Round 1, Absent from a tournament or Participated in a team event, played in a Davis Cup Zonal Group (with its number indication) or Play-off, won a bronze or silver match at the Olympics. The last is for a Masters Series/1000 tournament that was relegated (Not a Masters Series).
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Mark Edmondson
Mark Edmondson (sometimes mistakenly spelt Edmundson) (born 24 June 1954 in Gosford, New South Wales) is a former professional Australian male tennis player.
Edmondson is best remembered for his victory at the Australian Open in 1976, in which he was unseeded in the tournament and beat three-time Wimbledon champion John Newcombe. He is the last Australian to date to win the men's singles at the Australian Open. This win was particularly notable because he is the lowest-ranked winner of a major since the ATP rankings were introduced in 1973. He was ranked 212th at the time.
Eddo has won six career singles titles and 34 in doubles, including five major titles.
NH = tournament not held.
A = did not participate in the tournament.
NH = tournament not held.
A = did not participate in the tournament.
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Mark Knowles
Mark Knowles (born September 4, 1971 in Nassau, Bahamas) is a former World number 1 doubles professional male tennis player from the Bahamas, who will go down as one of the greatest athletes of his country for his longevity within his sport and charitable contributions off the court.
After being awarded a scholarship to the Nick Bollettieri's famed academy, Knowles played three seasons at UCLA, where he earned All-American honors in both singles and doubles. His highest ATP singles ranking is World No. 96. He has been very successful in doubles, partnering Daniel Nestor, Mahesh Bhupathi, Brian MacPhie and Mardy Fish. With Nestor, Knowles won the 2002 Australian Open, the 2004 U.S. Open, and the 2007 French Open. He also won the 2009 Wimbledon mixed doubles title with Anna-Lena Grönefeld of Germany.
On July 5, 2006, Knowles participated in one of the longest matches in Wimbledon history, lasting 6 hours and 9 minutes.
Knowles played singles and doubles for the Bahamas Davis Cup team for more than 13 years and he is a five-time Olympian, reaching the quarterfinals at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
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Mark Koevermans
Mark Koevermans (born 3 February 1968 in Rotterdam) is a former tennis player from the Netherlands, who turned professional in 1987. He represented his native country as a lucky loser at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where he was defeated in the third round by Brazil's Jaime Oncins. The right-hander, nicknamed Koef, won one career title in singles (Athens, 1990). He reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 27 May 1991, when he became the number 37 of the world.
In April 2009 Koevermans was appointed as commercial director at Dutch football-club Feyenoord.
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Mark Kratzmann
Mark Edward Kratzmann (born 17 May 1966 in Murgon, Queensland, Australia) is a former Australian professional tennis player.
As the world's #1 ranked junior player in 1984, he won the Boys Australian, the Boys Wimbledon and the Boys US OpenKratzmann won 18 doubles titles as a pro. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder in 1983.
Kratzmann began to play cricket after moving to Hong Kong in 2003 where he originally worked as a tennis coach. He won the Hong Kong Cricket Association's Player of the Year award for 2005-06. In May 2007, he was selected in the national squad to participate in the ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament. He was also in the 20 man list for the Asia Cup but was not included in the final 14. He has made three international appearances for Hong Kong.
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Martin Damm
Martin Damm (born 1 August 1972 in Liberec) is a former a professional tennis player from the Czech Republic. He is best known as a doubles player (his highest ranking being No. 5 in the world in April 2007). His highest singles ranking was No. 42 in August 1997. Damm won a total of 40 titles in doubles, including one Grand Slam title. He reached 5 singles finals.
Married to Michaela Damm, two sons, one daughter: Maxmillian Martin (born 1 February 2002 i, Martin Joseph (born 30 September 2003), Laura Michelle Damm (born 3 December 2007) all were born in Bradenton, Florida USA. His sons are also playing tennis.
He played his last tournament in September 2011 at the US Open (with Stepanek), lost to Fleming/Hutchins 63 63.
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Marty Riessen
Marty Riessen (born December 4, 1941 in Hinsdale, Illinois) played amateur and professional tennis in the 1960s and 1970s. He was ranked as high as No. 11 in the world in singles on the ATP Rankings (achieving that ranking on September 4, 1974). Renowned for his doubles play, Riessen was also a regular doubles partner of Australian tennis great Margaret Court, winning six of his seven major mixed titles and a career grand slam alongside her. Additionally a winner of two men's doubles grand slams, his highest doubles ranking was No. 3 on March 3, 1980.
Marty Riessen played collegiate tennis at Northwestern University, where he reached the NCAA Singles finals three times: 1962 (falling to Rafael Osuna of USC); 1963 and 1964 (falling to Dennis Ralston of USC both times). He was a semifinalist at the NCAA doubles championship with Clark Graebner in 1963 and 1964.
He won six singles titles in the open era, with the biggest coming in Cincinnati in 1974. (He won numerous other pre-open era titles, including two other Cincinnati titles in the pre-Open Era.) He also reached the quarterfinals in singles at both the Australian Open and the US Open in 1971.
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Michael Stich
Michael Detlef Stich (born October 18, 1968 in Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein) is a former professional tennis player from Germany. He is best remembered for winning the men's singles title at Wimbledon in 1991. He also won the men's doubles titles at both Wimbledon and the Olympic Games, and was a singles runner-up at the 1994 US Open and the 1996 French Open. Stich won 18 singles titles and 10 doubles titles. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 2 in 1993.
Stich was raised in Elmshorn, Schleswig-Holstein. He turned professional in 1988 and won his first top-level singles title in 1990 at Memphis, Tennessee.
Stich won Wimbledon in 1991. He defeated the defending champion and World No. 1 Stefan Edberg in the semifinals, 4–6, 7–6, 7–6, 7–6, without breaking his service once. Then in the final, he beat his compatriot and three-time Wimbledon champion Boris Becker in straight sets.
In 1992, Stich teamed with John McEnroe to win the men's doubles title at Wimbledon in a five-set and five-hour final that stretched into Monday (the day after the tournament normally ends) and ended with a 19–17 final set. Then at the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Stich teamed with Becker to win the men's doubles gold medal. Stich also won the 1992 Grand Slam Cup, defeating Michael Chang in the final.
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Michaël Llodra
Michaël Llodra (born May 18, 1980) is a French professional tennis player. He is a prolific doubles player with three Grand Slam championships, and has also had success in singles.
Llodra was born in Paris, where his father Michel played for football club Paris Saint-Germain. A left-hander, his serve-and-volley style is modelled on that of his idol, Stefan Edberg.
Llodra and his wife Camille were married on September 9, 2003, and have two children, a daughter, Manon (born March 23, 2004) and a son, Teo (born September 5, 2007). He is a well-known supporter of French football club Paris Saint-Germain, and has often been seen wearing the club's shirt prior to tennis games.
Llodra reached his first Grand Slam final, the Australian Open Men's Doubles, with Fabrice Santoro. Unseeded, they lost to Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor. During the semifinals, Llodra inadvertently hit a bird.
Llodra won his first Grand Slam title, the Australian Open Men's Doubles, with Fabrice Santoro. Their opponents in the final were once again Knowles and Nestor.
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Mike Bauer
Mike Bauer (June 29, 1959 in Oakland) is a retired American tour professional tennis player. Bauer won three singles and nine top-tier doubles titles during his career. He reached a career high singles ranking of World No. 29 in November 1984.
An All-American in 1981 at University of California, Berkeley, Bauer won the 1982 Bangkok Grand Prix and 1982 and 1983 Adelaide Grand Prix. He was also a finalist at the 1983 Sydney Outdoor Grand Prix. He reached the semi-finals in five other tournaments during his career. His best Grand Slam result was reaching the 3rd round of Wimbledon in 1983 where he lost to eventual finalist Chris Lewis. He reached the second round of the U.S. Open twice in four tries.
Bauer reached a career high doubles ranking of World No. 25, and won the 1981 Taipei Grand Prix and Manila Grand Prix, and 1982 Bangkok Grand Prix, tournaments partnering compatriot John Benson, the 1983 Stuttgart Outdoor partnering Anand Amritraj and Sydney Outdoor partnering Pat Cash, the 1992 Tel Aviv Grand Prix partnering João Cunha e Silva, the 1993 Casablanca Grand Prix partnering Piet Norval, and Santiago Grand Prix with Rikl, and the 1994 Vienna Grand Prix again with Rikl. He was a finalist at the 1983 Maui Grand Prix partnering Scott Davis and 1984 Melbourne Grand Prix partnering Scott McCain, 1993 Zarazoga Grand Prix partnering David Rikl, Gerry Weber Open with Marc-Kevin Goellner, Tel Aviv partnering Rikl, and Vienna with David Prinosil.
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Mose Navarra
Mosé Navarra (born July 18, 1974 in Loano) is a tennis player from Italy.
Navarra turned professional in 1993. The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on June 14, 1999, when he became the number 119 in the world. As of August, 2009, Navarra is still active as an occasional doubles player.
Navarra was married to Indian model Sheetal Mallar for three years.
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Murphy Jensen
Murphy Jensen (born October 30, 1968) is an American professional tennis player from Ludington, Michigan, and currently the coach of the Washington Kastles of World TeamTennis. His elder brother is former professional tennis player Luke Jensen. Jensen has a son William (born 1999) with actress Robin Givens, whom he dated periodically during the late 1990s.
Jensen and his brother attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.
Jensen was unheard of until 1993 when he and his brother, Luke Jensen, won the men's doubles title at the French Open.
Since retiring from the game, Jensen has acted in bit parts in films such as Wimbledon and more recently Tennis, Anyone. He currently hosts several programs on the Tennis Channel, including Open Access and Murphy's Guide.
On Open Access Jensen reports on high-profile tennis events around the world and interviews participating players about their lives and careers.
Each episode of the more comedic Murphy's Guide is a guide for tourists to a particular city where a major tennis tournament is taking place, such as Paris, London, New York, Melbourne etc. At least one major player appears at some point in the episode, and there is usually a brief segment about where enthusiasts of the game can play when in town, but the show's content mainly features Jensen attempting to navigate the city's sights, trying exotic food, and interacting with locals in his unique style. Through his experiences and misadventures, however, specific travel information about local hotels, restaurants, and attractions is conveyed, often with the help of animated maps and graphics. Many episodes also feature a scripted opening sequence, such as Jensen being made to walk the plank by the pirates of Treasure Island in Las Vegas, being psychoanalyzed by Sigmund Freud in Vienna, and impersonating James Bond and Crocodile Dundee in London and Melbourne, respectively.
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Nenad Zimonjić
Nenad Zimonjić (Serbian Cyrillic: Ненад Зимоњић, Serbian pronunciation: [nê̞nad zîmo̞ɲit͡ɕ]; born June 4, 1976 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a professional Serbian tennis player who is currently ranked World No. 3 in men's doubles. He is the second tennis doubles player from Serbia to hold the World No.1, after Slobodan Živojinović.
Zimonjić turned pro in 1995 and remained relatively unknown outside his native country until a surprise victory in the Mixed Doubles at the 2004 Australian Open. Paired for the first time with Russian Elena Bovina, he beat defending champions Martina Navratilova and Leander Paes in straight sets in an hour and nine minutes 6–1, 7–6 . Alongside Katarina Srebotnik of Slovenia, he won the 2006 French Open crown with a straight-sets victory over Daniel Nestor and Elena Likhovtseva, 6–3, 6–4. At the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, Zimonjić reached the final of the Men's Doubles (alongside France's Fabrice Santoro) and the quarter-finals of the Mixed Doubles.
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Neville Godwin
Neville Godwin (born 31 January 1975 in Johannesburg) is a former tennis player from South Africa.
Godwin turned professional in 1994. The right-hander won one singles title (2001 Newport) in his career, and reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 31 March 1997, when he became World number 90.
His highest world ranking for doubles was 57.
At the 1996 Wimbledon tournament Godwin had his best finish at a Grand Slam, when he reached the fourth round as a qualifier.
He finished his career in 2003.
He now lives in his hometown of Johannesburg with his wife, Nicky and two sons,Oliver and James. He is coaching performance players out of the Wanderers Club.
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Nicklas Kulti
Nicklas Kulti (born 22 April 1971, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden.
Kulti was ranked the World No. 1 junior tennis player in 1989 after winning the Australian Open and Wimbledon junior titles, and finishing runner-up at the US Open.
In 1990, Kulti won his first top-level singles title at Adelaide. He won a total of three tour singles titles during his professional career. He also won 13 top-level doubles titles, including the Monte Carlo Masters in 1994 (partnering Magnus Larsson) and the Paris Masters in 2000 (partnering Max Mirnyi). Kulti was a men's doubles runner-up at the French Open in 1995 (with Larsson) and the US Open in 1997 (with Jonas Björkman). Kulti's best singles performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1992 French Open, where he reached the quarter-finals before being knocked-out by Henri Leconte.
Kulti was a member of the Swedish teams which won the Davis Cup in both 1997 and 1998 (partnering Björkman to win doubles rubbers in the final on both occasions). He was also on the team which finished runners-up in the Davis Cup in 1996. In the fifth and deciding match against Frenchman Arnaud Boetsch, Kulti was a late replacement for the injured Stefan Edberg. In a 4 hour and 46 minute thriller, Boetsch saved three matchpoints and finally overcame Kulti, 7–6, 2–6, 4–6, 7–6, 10–8.
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Nicolas Escudé
Nicolas Jean-Christophe Escudé (born 3 April 1976 in Chartres) is a former professional tennis player from France, who turned professional in 1995. He won four singles titles and two doubles titles during his career.
Escudé is best remembered for the vital role he played in the 2001 Davis Cup final against Australia on the grass-courts of Melbourne. Escudé beat the recently crowned World No. 1, Lleyton Hewitt in the first rubber with a superb win in 5 sets, repeating what he did to Hewitt earlier that year in the fourth round of Wimbledon. Two days later, Escudé won the decisive fifth rubber for France against Wayne Arthurs in four sets.
The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 26 June 2000, when he became World No. 17. He's a natural left-hander who was trained since a child to play right-handed but does everything else lefty. His brother Julien Escudé is a professional football player, who currently plays for Sevilla FC.
In 2006, he announced his immediate retirement from the sport due to a persistent shoulder injury that had been keeping him out of the professional tennis circuit for the past 22 months.
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Olivier Delaître
Olivier Delaître (born June 1, 1967 in Metz) is a former tennis player from France. He won 15 doubles titles during a fourteen year career becoming the world's 3rd ranked doubles player on July 12, 1999.
Delaitre turned professional in 1986. A right-hander, he reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on February 20, 1995, when he became World No. 33.
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Olivier Rochus
Olivier Rochus (born 18 January 1981) is a Belgian tennis player. He was born in Namur, Belgium, and currently resides in Auvelais, Belgium.
He was a partner of Roger Federer on the junior circuit, winning the Boys' Doubles title at Wimbledon in 1998.
He is the younger brother of Christophe Rochus, also a tennis player.
Rochus has won two singles titles in his career and in 2004 won the French Open doubles title partnering fellow Belgian Xavier Malisse. He won his first title in Palermo in 2000, defeating his brother in the semifinals and Diego Nargiso in the final 7–6, 6–1. In 2003, he achieved his greatest Master Series result, reaching the quarter-finals of the Hamburg Masters.
Perhaps his biggest win was at Wimbledon in 2002, where he overcame top-10 player Marat Safin in four sets 6–2, 6–4, 3–6, 7–6. Safin was able to get a measure of revenge at the 2006 U.S Open, defeating Rochus 3–6, 2–6, 3–6.
He has represented Belgium at two Olympic Games in both the singles and the doubles competitions at Athens and Beijing.
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Omar Camporese
Omar Camporese (born 8 May 1968) is a former professional tennis player from Italy.
Born in Bologna, Camporese turned professional in 1987. He reached his first top-level singles final in 1990 at San Marino, where he lost to Guillermo Pérez Roldán 6–3, 6–3.
In 1991, Camporese won his first tour singles title in Rotterdam, defeating Ivan Lendl in the final 3–6, 7–6, 7–6. At the Australian Open the same year he lost against Boris Becker in a 311 minutes long match. Becker won 7-6, 7-6, 0-6, 4-6, 14-12 which is the second longest match in the tournament's history. 1992 saw Camporese win his second tour singles title at Milan, where he beat Goran Ivanišević in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–4.
Camporese's best performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1992 Australian Open, where he reached the fourth round before being knocked out by Lendl.
During his career, Camporese won two top-level singles titles and five tour doubles titles. His career high rankings were World No. 18 in singles and World No. 27 in doubles (both in 1992). His career prize-money totalled US$1,609,837. Camporese retired from the professional tour in 1998.
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Onny Parun
Onny Parun (OBE) (born 15 April 1947 in Wellington) is a former tennis player of Croatian descent from New Zealand, who was among the world's top 20 for five years and in 1971 and 1972 he reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon. He made the final of the Australian Open in 1973, losing to John Newcombe in four sets, and was a U.S. Open quarterfinalist in 1973 and also a quarterfinalist at the French Open in 1975.
Parun and Australian Dick Crealy won the French Open doubles title in 1974. He also made the Masters in 1974, qualifying by finishing in the top eight on the grand prix table. Parun played Davis Cup from 1966 to 1982 and won a string of national titles, including the Benson and Hedges Open three times in four years.
Parun reached his highest singles ranking on 3 May 1975, when he became the number 18 of the world. His brother Tony Parun also played professional tennis.
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Pablo Cuevas
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Pablo Gabriel Cuevas Urroz (born January 1, 1986, in Concordia, Argentina) is a Uruguayan professional tennis player. Cuevas won the 2008 French Open men's doubles title with Luis Horna.
In February 2009, Cuevas reached the doubles ranking of no. 16 after winning the 2009 Movistar Open. He achieved his career-high singles ranking of no. 45 on October 12, 2009.
At the 2007 French Open, Cuevas and Argentine partner Carlos Berlocq made the third round of the men's doubles tournament. Cuevas won the Tunica, Scheveningen, and Lima singles Challenger titles, and the São Paulo-1 and Florianópolis-2 doubles Challenger tilities.
Cuevas opened the year at the Movistar Open in Viña del Mar, Chile. He earned his first tour-level victory in his first-round match against Guillermo Coria. He then beat Fernando Verdasco and José Acasuso, before falling in the semifinal against Fernando González. Cuevas reached his career-high singles ranking of no. 88 following Viña del Mar.
In March, Cuevas qualified for the Sony Ericsson Open in Miami, his first ATP Masters Series event. He defeated Vince Spadea in the first round. before falling to Fernando González in the second round. At Houston, he partnered with Spaniard Marcel Granollers to reach the doubles final, falling to Ernests Gulbis and Rainer Schüttler.
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Patrick Galbraith
Patrick Galbraith (born 16 April 1967, in Tacoma, Washington) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
A doubles specialist, Galbraith reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1993. During his career he won 38 top-level doubles titles. He was a mixed doubles champion at the US Open in 1994 (partnering Elna Reinach) and 1996 (partnering Lisa Raymond). He also won the men's doubles title at the ATP Tour World Championships in 1995 (partnering Grant Connell). He was a men's doubles runner-up at Wimbledon in both 1993 and 1994, and a mixed doubles runner-up at French Open in 1997. He retired from the professional tour in 1999, having won prize money totalling US$2,684,136.
Prior to turning professional, Galbraith played tennis for UCLA from 1986-1989, where he was a three-time All-American and an NCAA doubles champion in 1988.
A = did not attend tournament
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Patrick McEnroe
Patrick John McEnroe (born July 1, 1966) is a former professional tennis player and the former captain of the United States Davis Cup team.
Born in Manhasset, New York, he is the younger brother of John McEnroe. He won 16 professional titles including the 1989 French Open men's doubles.
McEnroe started playing tennis as a young boy and was taught at the Port Washington Tennis Academy, where his brother John also played. As a junior player, McEnroe partnered Luke Jensen to win the French Junior doubles and the USTA Boys' 18 National and Clay Court titles in 1984. He also made his first impact on the professional tour that year, teaming up with brother John to win the doubles title at Richmond, Virginia. He won the men's doubles gold medal at the 1987 Pan American Games with Jensen, and helped Stanford University win the NCAA team championship in 1986 and 1988. While at Stanford, he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. McEnroe graduated from Stanford in 1988 with a degree in political science, and then joined the professional tennis tour.
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Patrick Rafter
Patrick "Pat" Michael Rafter (born 28 December 1972) is an Australian former World No. 1 tennis player. He twice won the men's singles title at the US Open and was twice the runner-up at Wimbledon. Rafter was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006. He was known for his natural serve-and-volley style of play. He became the first man in the Open Era to win Montreal/Toronto, Cincinnati and the US Open in the same year (1998); this achievement has been dubbed the American Summer Slam.
Rafter turned professional in 1991 and won his first career singles title in 1994 in Manchester. Prior to 1997, this was the only ATP singles title he had won.
Rafter's breakthrough came in 1997. At that year's French Open he reached the semifinals, falling in four sets to Sergi Bruguera. Then he surprised many by winning the US Open, defeating Greg Rusedski in a four-set final and Andre Agassi and Michael Chang, among others, in earlier rounds; he was the first non-American to win the title since Stefan Edberg in 1992. This was his first Grand Slam title, and catapulted him ahead of Chang to finish the year ranked #2 in the world, behind only Pete Sampras. The unexpected nature of his U.S. Open title led many, including Hall-of-famer and four-time U.S. Open champion John McEnroe to criticise Rafter as a "one-slam wonder".
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Paul Haarhuis
Paul Vincent Nicholas Haarhuis (born 19 February 1966) is a Dutch former professional tennis player. He is a former World No. 1 doubles player. He won six Grand Slam men's doubles titles, five with Jacco Eltingh and one with Yevgeny Kafelnikov.
Haarhuis was born on 19 February 1966 in Eindhoven in the Netherlands. He played tennis for Florida State University.
In June 1995, he reached his highest singles ranking of World No. 18. He is best remembered for his success in doubles with fellow countryman Jacco Eltingh, winning five Grand Slam titles together. In his career he has won one singles title and 54 doubles titles.
He is, together with Sergi Bruguera, Richard Krajicek, Leander Paes, and Michael Stich, the only player of the same generation with a positive head-to-head record against Pete Sampras: 3–1.
After retiring, he won the end of the year Blackrock Masters Tennis tournament in the Royal Albert Hall in 2005 and 2006, beating legends such as Goran Ivanišević and John McEnroe. He completed a hat-trick of victories in the tournament in 2007, beating Frenchman Guy Forget.
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Paul Hanley (tennis)
Paul Jason Hanley (born 12 November 1977 in Melbourne, Australia) is a professional male tennis player from Australia, specializing in doubles.
He made the 2005 Wimbledon and 2011 Australian Open finals in mixed doubles, playing with Tatiana Perebiynis and Chan Yung-jan respectively, falling short on both occasions. His current doubles partner is Jamie Murray; however, he has had his most successful partnerships with Wayne Arthurs and Kevin Ullyett. Hanley has an 8–4 win-loss record on the Australian Davis Cup Team. His highest doubles ranking to date has been World Number 5. His parents, Jay and Judy, co-own a tennis centre, which is one of the main reasons why Hanley pursued a career in the sport.
A = did not attend tournament
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Pavel Vízner
Pavel Vízner (born July 15, 1970 in Prague) is a professional male tennis player from the Czech Republic. Vízner has reached the French Open final twice, having had turned professional in 1990 and achieved a career high doubles ranking of World Number 5 on September 10, 2007.
While Vízner had played tournaments in 1988 and 1989 before professionalism in 1990, he won his first title in Prague in 1993 on the Challenger circuit, defeating Swedes Tomas Nydahl and Mikael Tillström in the final, partnered by David Rikl, also a future superb player with a higher doubles ranking and ultimately more success. He won another minor title in Guayaquil, Ecuador later in 1995.
Pavel broke through in 1996, winning a total of five titles; three of them being major titles. His first major title that he won was at Sankt Pölten, with Sláva Doseděl where they defeated David Adams and Menno Oosting in the final. His next title he won with Paul Kilderry over Anders Järryd and number 7 doubles player Mark Knowles in a tournament in Rosmalen, in The Netherlands. En route, he and partner Kilderry beat the 4th, 7th, 12th, and 14th-ranked doubles players. He won another title yet again in Gstaad, Switzerland, beating David Macpherson and Trevor Kronemann in the final, aside Jiří Novák (a doubles talent in a later day) In Grand Slam men's doubles performance, he participated in the French Open and the U.S. Open, and made the third round at Wimbledon. He ended 1996 ranked 28, having had broken into the top 100 for doubles.
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Petr Korda
Petr Korda (born 23 January 1968) is a former professional tennis player from the Czech Republic. He is best known for winning the Australian Open in 1998 and for testing positive for the banned substance, nandrolone, following a match at Wimbledon that same year.
Korda was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
He first came to the tennis world's attention as a promising junior player. In 1985, he partnered with fellow Czech Cyril Suk to win the boy's doubles title at the French Open. Korda and Suk ranked the joint-World No. 1 junior doubles players that year.
Korda turned professional in 1987. He won his first career doubles title in 1988, and his first top-level singles title in 1991. Korda was involved in four Grand Slam finals during his career — two in singles and two in doubles.
In 1990, Korda and Goran Ivanišević finished runners-up in the men's doubles at the French Open. In 1992, he rose to the men's singles final at the French Open, where he was defeated in straight sets by defending champion Jim Courier 7–5, 6–2, 6–1. In 1996, he teamed-up with Stefan Edberg to win the men's doubles title at the Australian Open.
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Piet Norval
Pieter ("Piet") Norval (born 7 April 1970 in Bellville, Cape Town) is a former tennis player from South Africa, who turned professional in 1988. The right-hander represented his native country in the doubles competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where he partnered Wayne Ferreira. The pair won the silver medal, after losing the final to Boris Becker and Michael Stich from Germany: 6–7, 6–4, 6–7, and 3–6. Norval reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 19 June 1989, when he became the number 125 of the world.
A = did not attend tournament
NH = tournament not held
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Pieter Aldrich
Pieter ("Piet") Aldrich (b. 7 September 1965, in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. A doubles specialist, he won 2 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (1 Australian Open and 1 US Open). Aldrich reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1990.
Aldrich won the first of 9 career doubles titles in 1988 at Charleston, South Carolina.
In 1990 Aldrich won the men's doubles titles at both the Australian Open and the U.S. Open, partnering his fellow South African player Danie Visser. The pair were also doubles runners-up at Wimbledon that year.
1990 also saw Aldrich win his first (and only) top-level singles title at Newport, Rhode Island. His career-high ranking in singles was World No. 64, which he achieved in 1988.
Aldrich won the final doubles title of his career in 1992 in Johannesburg.
A = did not attend tournament
NH = tournament not held
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Rafael Nadal
Rafael "Rafa" Nadal Parera (Catalan: [rəˈfɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə]; Spanish: [rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa]) (born 3 June 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player and a former World No. 1. As of 28 May 2012 (2012 -05-28)[update], he is ranked No. 2 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time; his success on clay has earned him the nickname "The King of Clay", and has prompted many experts to regard him as the greatest clay court player of all time.
Nadal has won ten Grand Slam singles titles, including a record six French Open titles (tied with Bjorn Borg), the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles, a record 21 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments, and also was part of the Spain Davis Cup team that won the finals in 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011. He completed the Career Grand Slam by winning the 2010 US Open, being the seventh player in history, and the youngest in the open era, to achieve it. He is the second male player to complete the Career Golden Slam (winner of the four grand slams and the Olympic Gold medal) after only Andre Agassi.
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Rainer Schüttler
Rainer Schüttler (born 25 April 1976 in Korbach, Hesse) is a German professional tennis player. He is the last German player to reach a Grand Slam final, finishing as runner-up at the 2003 Australian Open. Schüttler achieved a career-high ranking of World No. 5 in April 2004.
He began playing tennis at the age of nine. He resides in Switzerland.
He had his breakthrough year in 2003, when he finished in the ATP top 10 for the first time improving his ATP ranking for the ninth year in succession, which is the longest among current players.[citation needed] He also became the first German since Boris Becker in 1989 to advance to the fourth round at all Grand Slams. He became the first German to reach a Grand Slam final, at the Australian Open, since Michael Stich was the runner-up at Roland Garros in 1996. En route to the final, which he lost in straight sets to Andre Agassi, he defeated Andy Roddick who would end the season as world no. 1.
In 2004, Schüttler reached his first career ATP Masters Series final in Monte Carlo by beating Gustavo Kuerten in the first round, Lleyton Hewitt in the third round, Tim Henman in the quarter-final and Carlos Moyà in the semi-final. He however lost to Guillermo Coria in the final. That week, he would reach a career high ranking of No. 5. Schüttler won a silver medal for Germany in tennis men's doubles with partner Nicolas Kiefer at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. 2004 was the sixth straight year in, which he finished in the ATP top 50.
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Raúl Ramírez
Raúl Ramírez (born 20 June 1953 in Ensenada, Baja California) is a retired Mexican professional tennis player. He was active during the 1970s and 1980s, and is regarded as one of the great all-around players of the modern era. Ramírez was also the first player to finish first in both singles and doubles Grand Prix point standings, accomplishing the feat in 1976. He attended and played tennis at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.
Ramirez was ranked as high as World No. 4 (achieving this ranking on November 7, 1976) and he is one of the all time leading doubles winners spending 61 weeks ranked World No. 1 in doubles, beginning April 12, 1976. He won 19 singles titles, including titles at the ATP Masters Series events in Rome (1975) and Monte Carlo (1978).
He won 60 doubles titles, including Wimbledon (1976), the French Open (1975 & '77), and at ATP Masters Series events in Cincinnati (1978), Canada (1976, ’77 & ’81), Monte Carlo (1979), Paris (1977), and Rome (1974, ’75, ’76 & ’77).
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Richey Reneberg
Richey Reneberg (born October 5, 1965 in Phoenix, Arizona) was an American professional male tennis player.
He attended Southern Methodist University, where he was a three-time All-American and reached the 1986 National Collegiate Athletics Association finals.
He was the Association of Tennis Professionals Newcomer of the Year when he turned professional in 1987.
He and his partner Jim Grabb were ranked World No. 1 in doubles and won the 1992 US Open doubles title. His career-high singles ranking in the ATP Tour was World No. 20. He won a second doubles Grand Slam with Jared Palmer at the 1995 Australian Open.
The right-hander represented the United States at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was defeated as the eleventh seed in the first round by India's Leander Paes. He also played on the American Davis Cup team.
A = did not attend tournament
NH = tournament not held
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Rick Leach
Rick Leach (b. December 28, 1964, in Arcadia, California) is a former professional tennis player and a coach from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won 5 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (3 Australian Open, 1 Wimbledon, 1 US Open), and 4 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (2 Australian Open, 1 Wimbledon, 1 US Open). Leach reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1990.
Leach was a member of the US team which won the Davis Cup in 1990. Partnering Jim Pugh, he won the doubles rubbers in all four of the rounds which the US played in that year, and clinched the team's victory in the final with a win over Pat Cash and John Fitzgerald of Australia.
Prior to turning professional, Leach became the first four-time Division 1 All-American in singles and doubles at the University of Southern California (where he played for his father Dick), and won the NCAA doubles title in 1986 and 1987. He is currently the coach of the St. Louis Aces. His brother, Jon Leach, is married to tennis star Lindsay Davenport.
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Robbie Koenig
Robbie Koenig (born 5 July 1971, in Durban) is a retired professional tennis player from South Africa. Most notable for reaching the semi finals of the 1998 US Open Men's doubles competition. He now works as a tennis broadcaster for a host of channels around the world, most notably the ATP Masters 1000 events.
Koenig reached a career-high rank of 262 in singles, compiling a 3-11 record at the ATP level; however, he had a distinguished doubles career, in which he won 5 titles and lost in 6 finals, reaching a career-high rank of 28. He was a US Open doubles semi-finalist in 1998 and reached the semi-finals of mixed-doubles at Wimbledon and Australian Open.
Koenig is known for being a main commentator for ATP World Tour Masters 1000 matches broadcast on Tennis Channel and on the online tennis broadcast site Tennis TV. He can also be heard on Fox Sports in Australia, Star Sports in Asia as well as Supersport in South Africa where he co-hosts during The Grand Slam events and he is often referred to as "the voice of tennis."
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Robert Seguso
Robert Arthur Seguso (born May 1, 1963 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won 4 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Wimbledon, 1 French Open and 1 US Open). He also won the men's doubles Gold Medal at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, partnering Ken Flach. Seguso reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1985. He won a total of 29 career doubles titles between 1984 and 1991 .
Seguso played doubles with Flach on the US Davis Cup team from 1985–91, compiling an 10–2 record. He was also a member of the US team which won the World Team Cup in 1985.
Prior to turning professional, Seguso played tennis for Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, where he was an NCAA Division II singles finalist in 1982 and Division I doubles finalist in 1983.
Seguso married the Canadian tennis player Carling Bassett in 1987. The couple have three children – sons Holden John (born in 1988) and Ridley Jack (1991), and daughter Carling Junior (1992).
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Roger Federer
Roger Federer (German pronunciation: [ˈfeːdəʁɐ]) (born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss professional tennis player who held the ATP No. 1 position for a record 237 consecutive weeks from 2 February 2004 to 18 August 2008. Federer has occupied the #1 ranking for 285 overall weeks, one week short of the record 286 weeks held by Pete Sampras. As of 28 May 2012, he is ranked World No. 3. Federer has won a men's record 16 Grand Slam singles titles. He is one of seven male players to capture the career Grand Slam and one of three (with Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal) to do so on three different surfaces (clay, grass, and hard courts). He is the only male player in tennis history to have reached the title match of each Grand Slam tournament at least five times and also the final at each of the nine ATP Masters 1000 Tournaments. Many sports analysts, tennis critics, and former and current players consider Federer to be the greatest tennis player of all time.
Federer has appeared in an unprecedented 23 career Grand Slam tournament finals, including a men's record ten in a row, and appeared in 18 of 19 finals from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships through the 2010 Australian Open, the lone exception being the 2008 Australian Open. He holds the record of reaching the semifinals or better of 23 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments over five and a half years, from the 2004 Wimbledon Championships through the 2010 Australian Open. At the 2012 Australian Open, he reached a record 31st consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal. During the course of his run at the 2012 French Open in Roland Garros, Federer eclipsed Jimmy Connors long standing record of 233 match wins in Grand Slam tournaments when he defeated Adrian Ungur in a second round match.
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Rohan Bopanna
Rohan Bopanna (Kannada: ರೋಹನ್ ಬೋಪಣ್ಣ) (born 4 March 1980) is an Indian professional tennis player. His singles career high ranking was 213th in 2007. Recently, most of his appearances in professional tournaments has been in doubles matches. He is a member of the Indian Davis Cup team since 2002. In 2010, he finished as a runner-up in doubles at the US Open, partnering with Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi.
Bopanna started playing tennis at age 11. He reached his career high doubles rankings on 13 June 2011 when he was ranked world no. 9 in the ATP Rankings. He reached his career-high singles rankings of world no. 213 on 23 July 2007. Bopanna partnered with Qureshi in doubles in 2007. The duo, nicknamed the IndoPak Express, went on to win four Challenger titles in quick succession. However, it was only in the 2010 season that the pair broke into the top 10 doubles teams. That year, they reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, finished runners-up in the US Open and in five ATP Tour events, and won the Johannesburg Open. Bopanna also played a decisive role in India's 2010 Davis Cup triumph over Brazil, taking India back to the World Group for the first time since 1998.
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Sam Querrey
Sam Austin Querrey (born October 7, 1987) is a professional American tennis player from Thousand Oaks, California currently living in Las Vegas, Nevada. His current ATP rank is 71, with a career high rank of #17, achieved on January 31, 2011. His height allows him to play with a strong serve and forehand. Querrey holds the record for most consecutive service aces since the ATP began keeping records of those statistics, with 10 in a 2007 match against James Blake. His regular doubles partner is fellow American John Isner.
Many tennis experts, including Davis Cup Captain Patrick McEnroe, have touted Querrey as America's next great talent.[citation needed]
Querrey turned down a scholarship offer from USC to turn pro. His father Mike Querrey recommended that his son try making it in tennis, as he often regretted his own decision to go to the University of Arizona rather than play baseball for the Detroit Tigers which had drafted him. Sam Querrey said that going pro was "one of the toughest decisions of my life."
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Sandon Stolle
Sandon Stolle (born 13 July 1970 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is a former professional male tennis player from Australia and former World No. 2 in doubles.
Stolle is the son of former Australian tennis champion Fred Stolle. He was born in Sydney and now lives in Aventura, Florida, United States .
In his career Stolle has won twenty-two ATP doubles titles, including one Grand Slam title (1998 U.S Open) and four Grand Slam finals.
A = did not attend tournament
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Sandy Mayer
Alexander "Sandy" Mayer (born April 5, 1952) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won ten titles in singles and twenty-four titles in doubles during his professional career. He was part of the winning tennis squad at Stanford University in 1973.
Mayer was born in Flushing, New York. Of the winning 1973 Stanford tennis team, he, Roscoe Tanner and Pat Dupre were all brothers in the Zeta Psi fraternity. The right-hander Mayer reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on April 26, 1982, when he became World No. 7.
Sandy's younger brother Gene was also a world tour tennis player and reached a career high of World No. 4 in 1980.
Sandy has four sons and a daughter. All children have been previously ranked in the United States Tennis Association Junior Tennis League (Norther California Section).
Mayer as of a few years ago resided in Portola Valley, California.
10 titles - 10 runner-ups
24 titles - 16 runner-ups
wn.com/Sandy_Mayer -
Sergi Bruguera
Sergi Bruguera i Torner (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsɛrʒi βɾuˈɣeɾə turˈne]) (born 16 January 1971, in Barcelona, Spain) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. He is best remembered for winning consecutive men's singles titles at the French Open in 1993 and 1994.
Bruguera was Spain's national junior champion in 1987. He turned professional in 1988. In his first full year on the tour, 1989, he won the Cairo Challenger title as a qualifier (defeating Jordi Arrese in the final) and reached the semi-finals in Rome. He finished 1989 ranked World No. 26, and was named the ATP's Newcomer of Year.
Bruguera earned a reputation as a top clay court player in the early 1990s, winning titles in Estoril, Monte Carlo, and Athens in 1991, and in Madrid, Gstaad, and Palermo in 1992.
In 1993, following wins over Pete Sampras and Andrei Medvedev, Bruguera reached his first Grand Slam final at the French Open, where he faced two-time defending champion and the current World No. 2 Jim Courier. Courier was overwhelmingly favoured to win his third title, but ultimately Bruguera won a gruelling five-set final. The victory was one of five titles Bruguera captured that year. The following year Bruguera defended his title at the French Open, defeating, once again, Courier and Medvedev and fellow Spaniard Alberto Berasategui in the final.
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Sergio Casal
Sergio Casal Martínez (born 8 September 1962 in Barcelona, Spain) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. During his career, he won three Grand Slam doubles titles, as well as the men's doubles Silver Medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Casal turned professional in 1981. He won his first top-level doubles title in 1983 at Aix-en-Provence. He captured a total of 47 men's doubles titles during his career. Partnering his fellow Spaniard Emilio Sánchez, he won the men's doubles titles at the US Open in 1988 and the French Open in 1990. The pair were also the men's doubles runners-up at Wimbledon in 1987 and won the Silver Medal for Spain at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. Casal also won the US Open mixed doubles title in 1986, partnering Raffaella Reggi. Casal's career-high doubles ranking was World No. 3.
Casal also won one top-level singles title at Florence in 1985. He was a singles runner-up at Aix-en-Provence in 1983, and at the Paris Open in 1986. His career-high singles ranking was World No. 31.
wn.com/Sergio_Casal -
Sherwood Stewart
Sherwood Stewart (born June 6, 1946, in Goose Creek, Texas, United States) played amateur and professional tennis in the 1970s and 1980s. Stewart was ranked as high as No. 60 in the world in singles on the ATP Rankings on December 31, 1978, and No. 4 in doubles on January 3, 1983.
He won 51 doubles titles, the biggest of them coming at the 1984 Australian Open, the French Open in 1976 and 1982, in Cincinnati in 1974, in Monte Carlo in 1984, and in Hamburg in 1976. He was also in three additional Grand Slam doubles finals during his career.
After retiring from playing, he became a coach, most notably of Zina Garrison.
wn.com/Sherwood_Stewart -
Slobodan Živojinović
Slobodan Živojinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Живојиновић, Serbian pronunciation: [slɔbɔ̌dan ʒiʋɔjǐːnɔʋit͡ɕ]; born on July 23, 1963) is a retired Serbian tennis player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia. Together with Nenad Zimonjić he is the only tennis player from Serbia to be the World No. 1 in doubles. As a singles player, he reached the semi-finals of the 1985 Australian Open and the 1986 Wimbledon Championships, achieving a career-high ranking of World No. 19. Živojinović is president of Serbia Tennis Federation.
Živojinović represented SFR Yugoslavia as the number fifteen seed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, where he was defeated in the second round by France's Guy Forget.
The right-hander won two career singles titles (Houston, 1986 and Sydney, 1988), as well as eight doubles titles. He reached his highest singles ATP ranking on October 26, 1987, when he became World No. 19.
Živojinović's most notable Grand Slam results were two semifinals. As an unseeded player at the 1985 Australian Open, he memorably beat John McEnroe in a gruelling 5-set quarterfinal to reach the semi-finals (where he lost in straight sets to Mats Wilander). The next year, at the 1986 Wimbledon semifinal, again as an unseeded player, he lost to Ivan Lendl in a hard fought five-set match.
wn.com/Slobodan_Živojinović -
Stan Smith
Stanley Roger "Stan" Smith (born December 14, 1946 in Pasadena, California) is a former American tennis player and two time Grand Slam singles champion who also, with his partner Bob Lutz, formed one of the most successful doubles teams of all time. Together, they won many major titles all over the world. In 1970, Smith won the first year end championship Masters Grand Prix title. Smith's two major singles titles were the 1971 US Open (over Jan Kodeš in the final), and 1972 Wimbledon (over Ilie Năstase in the final). In 1972, he was the year-ending World No. 1 singles player. In 1973, he won his second and last year end championship title at the Dallas WCT Finals. In addition, he won four Grand Prix Championship Series titles. His name is also used in a popular brand of tennis shoes. In his early years he improved his tennis game through lessons from Pancho Segura and the Pasadena Tennis Patrons.
Smith played collegiate tennis at the University of Southern California, under Coach George Toley, where he was a three-time All-American and won the 1968 NCAA singles championship and the 1967 and 1968 doubles titles. At USC, Smith was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity.
wn.com/Stan_Smith -
Stefan Edberg
Stefan Bengt Edberg (born 19 January 1966 in Västervik, Sweden) is a former World No. 1 professional tennis player (in both singles and doubles) from Sweden. A major proponent of the serve-and-volley style of tennis, he won six Grand Slam singles titles and three Grand Slam men's doubles titles between 1985 and 1996. He also won one season-ending championship title, the Masters Grand Prix. In addition he won four Masters Series titles and four Championship Series titles.
Edberg first came to the tennis world's attention as a junior player. He won all four Grand Slam junior titles in 1983 to become the first-ever player to achieve the "Junior Grand Slam". Later that year as a professional, Edberg won his first career doubles title in Basel. Edberg accidentally caused the death of Dick Wertheim with an errant serve during the 1983 US Open.
In 1984, Edberg won his first top-level singles title in Milan. Edberg also won the tennis tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics when the sport was an exhibition event and partnered with fellow Swede Anders Järryd to reach the final of the US Open. Edberg also reached the French Open doubles final with Järryd in 1986 and consequently was World No. 1 in doubles in that year.
wn.com/Stefan_Edberg -
Sébastien Grosjean
Sébastien René Grosjean (French pronunciation: [sebastjɛ̃ ʁəne ɡʁoˈʒɑ̃]; born May 29, 1978, Marseille, France) is a retired tennis player from France. His career-high ATP Entry ranking is World No. 4 (achieved on October 28, 2002). He retired from tennis on May 27, 2010.
Grosjean joined the professional tour in 1996. In 2003 and 2004 he reached the final of the Queen's London Tournament. In the same two years, he also reached the semi-finals of Wimbledon. He finished 2001 as the No. 1 player from his country and for the first time in the top 10 becoming the first Frenchman to finish a year in the top 10 since Cédric Pioline in 1993. In 2001, Grosjean won the Davis Cup with the French team.
Grosjean is known for his extreme forehand, his best shot, he utilizes something of a western grip, which is hit at high velocities. He has appeared in four Grand Slam semifinal matches. As well as his two Wimbledon runs, he also reached the French Open semi-finals in 2001. His most famous chance was at the 2001 Australian Open against Arnaud Clément. Grosjean led two sets to love and had a match point in the fourth set before Clément prevailed. This was long considered the worst 'choke' in five-set history, until the 2004 French Open final.
wn.com/Sébastien_Grosjean -
Thomas Enqvist
Thomas Karl Johan Enqvist (born 13 March 1974 in Stockholm) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden.
He was quickly touted as the only Swede who could follow in the footsteps of Stefan Edberg and Björn Borg, and was ranked as high as No. 4 (which he attained in 1999) on the ATP Rankings.
Enqvist was a force on the Swedish Davis Cup team. In 1998, he helped Sweden reach the finals of the Davis Cup for the fourth time in five years.
Throughout his career, Enqvist finished a year ranked in the top 10 four times and won at least one ATP title for six consecutive years. In 1998 he underwent surgery in Stockholm to remove a small piece of bone from his right foot and had surgery on his right shoulder to repair a repetitive strain injury. Despite his surgeries, Enqvist posted some impressive victories, including wins over Pete Sampras, Juan Carlos Ferrero, and Andy Roddick.
Enqvist won a total of 19 singles titles, the biggest being ATP Masters Series titles at Paris (1996), Stuttgart (1999) and Cincinnati (2000). He also won one doubles title.
wn.com/Thomas_Enqvist -
Tim Henman
Timothy Henry "Tim" Henman OBE (born 6 September 1974) is a retired English professional tennis player and former British Number One. Henman played a serve-and-volley style of tennis that suited the grass courts of Wimbledon. He was the first player from the United Kingdom since Roger Taylor in the 1970s to reach the semi-finals of the Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship. Henman never reached the finals of any Grand Slam but having reached six Grand Slam semi-finals, won 15 career ATP titles (11 in singles and 4 in doubles), and been ranked number 4 in the world, Henman was one of Britain's most successful open era male tennis players. He retired after helping Great Britain defeat Croatia in a Davis Cup match played in September 2007. Nicknamed "Tiger Tim", Henman is worth £17 million and remains a celebrity among the public.
Tim Henman comes from a talented sporting family: his father Tony, a solicitor, was accomplished at various sports, including tennis and squash. His mother Jane, a dress designer, played Junior Wimbledon and introduced Tim and his older brothers Michael and Richard to tennis as soon as they could walk on the family's grass tennis court. His great grandfather played at Wimbledon. His maternal grandfather, Henry Billington, played at Wimbledon between 1948 and 1951, plus representing Britain in the Davis Cup in 1948, 1950 and 1951. In 1901 his maternal great-grandmother, Ellen Stanwell-Brown (or Ellen Mary Stowell-Brown), was reputedly the first woman to serve overarm at Wimbledon. His maternal grandmother, Susan Billington, appeared regularly at Wimbledon in the 1950s, playing mixed doubles on Centre Court with her husband Henry, reaching the third round of the ladies' doubles in 1951, 1955 and 1956.
wn.com/Tim_Henman -
Todd Martin
Todd Christopher Martin (born July 8, 1970, in Hinsdale, Illinois) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Martin played tennis for two years at Northwestern University before turning professional in 1990. His parents lived in Lansing, Michigan, where Martin went to nearby East Lansing High School. At Northwestern, he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He won his first top-level singles title in 1993 at Coral Springs, Florida. Martin traveled with good friend David Helfer for much of the '92 season. Helfer went on to play at Kalamazoo College.
Coached by Robert Van't Hof, 1994 proved to be a breakout year for Martin. At the year's first Grand Slam tournament, he reached the men's singles final at the Australian Open, where he lost in straight sets to world no. 1 Pete Sampras, 6-7, 4-6, 4-6. At Wimbledon, he made it to the semifinals, before falling to the eventual champion Sampras; the set that Martin took from Sampras in the match was the only set that Sampras lost during the entire tournament. Martin's third Grand Slam semifinal of 1994 came at the US Open, where he again fell to the eventual champion, this time Andre Agassi. He also captured singles titles at Queen's Club and the Regions Morgan Keegan Championships in Memphis, the latter of which was the first back-to-back titles.
wn.com/Todd_Martin -
Todd Witsken
Todd Witsken (4 November 1963 – 25 May 1998) was an American tennis player. He specialized in playing doubles and began his professional career in 1985. He was a three-time all-American at the University of Southern California. His career high was #4 in doubles and #43 in singles. Witsken retired just before the 1993 US Open and died from brain cancer on 25 May 1998, at the age of 34.
Witsken's biggest singles win was at the 1986 US Open, where he beat 5-time US Open champion, Jimmy Connors, 6-2, 6-4, 7-5, in their third round match. It was the first time since 1973 that Connors had failed to reach the US Open semi finals.
In 1989 he lost to Greg Holmes 5-7 6-4 7-6 (7-5) 4-6 14-12 in the second round at Wimbledon, a match that was the longest Men's singles match at Wimbledon, timed at 5 hours 28 minutes, until the epic Isner-Mahut match in 2010.
He was one of eight children born to Marilyn and Henry Witsken. His hometown was Carmel, Indiana, where he left behind four children Tyler, Conner, Tanner, and Carlie.
wn.com/Todd_Witsken -
Todd Woodbridge
Todd Andrew Woodbridge, OAM (born 2 April 1971) is an Australian former tennis player. He was born in Sydney and went to school in the ACT at Lyneham High School (The Best High School of all) then turned professional in 1988. He is best known for his successful Doubles partnerships with Mark Woodforde and later Jonas Björkman. He is among the most successful doubles players of all time, having won 16 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (nine Wimbledons, three US Opens, three Australian Opens and one French Open), and a further six Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (three US Opens, one Wimbledon, one French Open, one Australian Open). Additionally, he was a gold medalist with Woodforde at the 1996 Summer Olympics to complete a career Golden Slam. In total he has won a record 83 ATP doubles titles.
In 2002, he was inducted into the Australian Institute of Sport 'Best of the Best'.
He is best known as one of the top doubles players in the world for most of the 1990s and into the early 2000s (decade). His primary doubles partnerships were first with fellow Australian Mark Woodforde and later with Swede Jonas Björkman. Woodbridge and Woodforde are often referred to as "The Woodies" in the tennis world. Woodbridge also had a career high singles ranking of 19 after reaching the semifinals of Wimbledon in 1997, beating Patrick Rafter before losing to Pete Sampras. He did however have the distinction of being one of the few players to beat Sampras at Wimbledon, knocking him out in the first round in 1989.
wn.com/Todd_Woodbridge -
Tom Nijssen
Tom Nijssen (born 1 October 1964 in Maastricht) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands.
A doubles specialist, he won two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles with Manon Bollegraf, the French Open in 1989 and the U.S. Open in 1991. They were runner-up at the Wimbledon mixed doubles tournament in 1993. In 1992 Nijssen and Helena Suková were the U.S. Open mixed doubles finalists.
Nijssen's highest ATP singles ranking was World No. 87 on 17 April 1989. He reached his best ATP doubles ranking on 11 May 1992 when he became No. 10.
A = did not attend tournament
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Tom Okker
Thomas S. "Tom" Okker (born 22 February 1944) is a former Dutch tennis player. He was ranked among the world's top 10 singles players for seven consecutive years, 1968–74, reaching a career high of world no. 3 in 1969. He also was ranked world no. 1 in doubles in 1969.
Okker was the Dutch champion from 1964 through 1968. In 1968, he turned professional and won his first important tournaments in singles and in doubles (with Marty Riessen) at the Italian Open. At Wimbledon, Okker reached the quarterfinals in 1968 and the semifinals in 1978. He achieved his best result in a Grand Slam tournament in 1968, when he lost the final of the US Open to Arthur Ashe, 14–12, 5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3.
Okker won 31 singles titles. As of 2000, 20 years after his retirement, Okker's 31 career open tennis singles victories (combined ATP tour, Grand Prix, and WCT tournaments) still ranked 20th all-time. Among Okker's singles titles were the 1970 German Open and Belgian Open, 1973 Dewar Cup and Canadian Open, and 1974 WCT Rothmans. He also was the runner-up in 24 singles tournaments.
wn.com/Tom_Okker -
Tommy Ho
Thomas "Tommy" Ho (born June 17, 1973, in Winter Haven, Florida) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Ho first came to the tennis world's attention as an exceptionally successful junior player. He won several junior tennis events in the 1980s, and set a number of 'youngest-ever' records.
In August 1988, Ho became the youngest-ever male player to play in the main draw of the US Open at the age of 15 years and 2 months. He lost the first round match to Johan Kriek 6–4, 7–6, 7–6. That same month, Ho became the second youngest male player to win a main draw match at a top-level tour event when he beat Matt Anger in the first round at Rye Brook 6–4, 3–6, 6–4, just after Argentina's Franco Davín.
Ho's early successes drew many comparisons with Michael Chang, another Asian American tennis player who achieved great success as a junior. However Ho did not manage to make the same kind of impact on the professional circuit as Chang (who went on to win the French Open and reach the World No. 2 singles ranking). Ho enjoyed some success in satellite tournaments, but did not win any top-level singles events on the tour. He did, however, win four tour doubles titles (Beijing in 1994, and Beijing, Hong Kong and Indian Wells in 1995).
wn.com/Tommy_Ho -
Tomáš Šmíd
Tomáš Šmíd (born May 20, 1956 in Plzeň) is a former tennis player from Czechoslovakia, who won nine singles titles during his career. In doubles, he won fifty-four titles and was the world's highest-ranking doubles player from December 17, 1984, to August 11, 1985. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP ranking on July 16, 1984, when he became number 11 in the world. Šmíd participated in 31 Davis Cup ties for Czechoslovakia from 1977–1989, posting a 20-10 record in doubles and a 22-15 record in singles.
wn.com/Tomáš_Šmíd -
Tony Roche
Anthony "Tony" Dalton Roche (born 17 May 1945) is a former professional Australian tennis player, native of Tarcutta. He played junior tennis in the New South Wales regional city of Wagga Wagga. He won one Grand Slam singles title and twelve Grand Slam doubles titles, reaching a career-high singles ranking of World No. 2. He is also very well known for coaching multi-Grand Slam winning World No. 1s, Ivan Lendl, Patrick Rafter, Roger Federer, Lleyton Hewitt and former World No. 4, Jelena Dokić.
Roche grew up playing in Australia under the tutelage of Harry Hopman, who also coached other Australian tennis players such as Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall.
A left-hander, Roche had a successful singles and double career. He won one singles Grand Slam tournament, the 1966 French Open at Roland Garros. He was five times the runner-up at Grand Slam tournaments: the French Championships in 1965 and 1967, Wimbledon in 1968, and the US Open in 1969 and 1970. With John Newcombe, he won 12 Grand Slam men's doubles tournaments.
wn.com/Tony_Roche -
Tuomas Ketola
Tuomas Ketola (born February 21, 1975 in Turku) is a Finnish former professional tennis player on the ATP Tour.
Ketola was the number two tennis player in Finland behind Jarkko Nieminen and as of April 14, 2006 is the 716th ranked player in the world. In 2004, he reached the first round of Wimbledon in singles by defeating three opponents in the qualifying matches. However, he lost his first round main draw match to Álex Calatrava.
wn.com/Tuomas_Ketola -
Victor Amaya
Victor Amaya (born July 2, 1954 in Denver) is a former American male professional tour tennis player.
The left-handed Amaya's career high ranking was World No. 15, which he attained in June, 1980.
Amaya nearly beat tennis legend Björn Borg in the first round of the 1978 Wimbledon Championships. With his 135 mph lefty serve he had Borg down 2 sets to 1 before losing 9–8, 1–6, 6–1, 3–6, 3–6.
Amaya also won the 1980 French Open doubles title with partner Hank Pfister.
Amaya played college tennis at the University of Michigan
wn.com/Victor_Amaya -
Vince Spadea
Vincent Spadea [SPAY-dee-ya] (born July 19, 1974 in Chicago) is a former ATP Tour professional tennis player from the United States.
He reached a career high tenth position in the ATP Champions Race in April 2003, as well as a career-high ATP eighteenth ranking in February 2005. He has career prize money earnings of over $5,000,000. Spadea has ATP career singles wins over Roger Federer (1–2 record), Pete Sampras (1–4), Andre Agassi (2–4), Rafael Nadal (1–1), Andy Roddick (1–2), Patrick Rafter, Richard Krajicek, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Jim Courier, Michael Chang, Marat Safin, and Gustavo Kuerten. He is one of only four players in history to defeat Federer 6–0 in set, at a major event. The American twice represented his country in the Olympics (2000 Sydney/2004 Athens).
Spades was born in Chicago in 1974. His father is an Italian-American and his mother was originally from Colombia.
In 1999, he broke into the Top 20 players in the world for the first time. In 2000, had a string of injuries that dropped him drastically to a world ranking of 237 from 19. Vince set a new ATP benchmark with a 21-match losing streak in 2000, which led Associated Press to dub him "the Charlie Brown of tennis" (after the comic strip character who kept trying but failing to kick the football). He ended the streak in the 2000 Wimbledon Championships with an opening round win over 14th seed Greg Rusedski, in a five set marathon, which lasted for over six hours.
wn.com/Vince_Spadea -
Wayne Black
Wayne Hamilton Black (born 17 November 1973 in Salisbury, now Harare) is a former professional male tennis player from Zimbabwe.
Black is the son of Don and Velia Black and the brother of Cara Black and Byron Black, also professional tennis players. He attended the University of Southern California and was an All-American in singles and doubles (1993, 1994). Black retired from the doubles circuit at the end of 2005. He won two men's doubles Grand Slam titles (2001 U.S. Open and 2005 Australian Open) with compatriot Kevin Ullyett and two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (2002 French Open and 2004 Wimbledon) with sister Cara.
As a junior Wayne played league tennis for Highlands Sports Club in Harare.
Black reached his career-high doubles ranking of 4 on 31 January 2005, following his second Grand Slam title win at the 2005 Australian Open with compatriot Kevin Ullyett. Black, like his two siblings, was a doubles specialist.
A = did not attend tournament
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Wayne Ferreira
Wayne Richard Ferreira (born 15 September 1971 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa.
As a junior player, Ferreira was ranked the world's No. 1 junior doubles player and No. 6 junior singles player. He won the junior doubles title at the US Open in 1989.
Ferreira turned professional in 1989. He won his first ATP doubles title in Adelaide in 1991.
1992 was Ferreira's breakthrough year on the tour. He started out by reaching the semi-finals of the Australian Open. In June he won his first ATP singles title at Queen's Club, London. His second singles title came just a few weeks later at Schenectady, New York. He also teamed-up with compatriot Piet Norval to win the men's doubles silver medal for South Africa at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.
After a quieter year in 1993 in which he didn't win any singles titles, Ferreira came back strongly in 1994 to win a career-best five singles titles. He then won another four events in 1995.
The biggest titles of Ferreira's career came at Toronto in 1996 and Stuttgart in 2000 (both Tennis Masters Series events).
wn.com/Wayne_Ferreira -
Xavier Malisse
Xavier Malisse (born 19 July 1980) is a Belgian tennis player. Born in Kortrijk, Belgium, he is the only men's player from his country to have been ranked in the top 20 of the ATP tour, with a career-high singles ranking of World No. 19. His nickname is "The X-Man".
Malisse turned professional in 1998. His best performance in Grand Slam singles competition was at the 2002 Wimbledon championships, where he reached the semifinal, beating Britain's Greg Rusedski in five sets en route, as well as former champion Richard Krajicek. He eventually lost to runner-up David Nalbandian, again in five sets. Malisse and Olivier Rochus won the French Open doubles championship in 2004. He won three ATP tour singles titles: Delray Beach in 2005 and 2007, and Chennai in 2007.
After a difficult year, Malisse was just No. 205 of the world. In his first tournament of the year in Brisbane he lost in the last qualifying round to American Bobby Reynolds. A week later, in Medibank International Sydney he reached the main draw but lost to Mario Ančić in the first round. At the Australian Open he first won his qualifying matches. In the first round of the main draw he won against Michaël Llodra. But in the next round he lost to Andy Roddick in four sets. In October he won a challenger tournament in Lyon and this pushed him back into the worlds top 100 for the first time in nearly two years
wn.com/Xavier_Malisse -
Yannick Noah
Yannick Noah (born 18 May 1960 in Sedan, Ardennes) is a former professional tennis player from France. He is best remembered for being the last French and first black man to win the French Open in 1983, and as a highly-successful captain of France's Davis Cup and Fed Cup teams. Since his retirement from the game, Noah has remained in the public eye as a very popular music performer and as the co-founder, with his mother, of a charity organization for underprivileged children. Noah is also the father of Joakim Noah of the NBA Chicago Bulls.
Noah turned professional in 1977, and won his first top-level singles title in 1978 in Manila.
Noah became France's most prominent tennis hero in 1983, becoming the first Frenchman in 37 years to win the French Open. He dropped only one set during the two-week long tournament, and defeated the defending-champion Mats Wilander in straight sets in the final, 6–2, 7–5, 7–6. Noah also became only the second black male to win a Grand Slam singles event (after Arthur Ashe). He remains the last Frenchman to have won the French Open men's singles title.
wn.com/Yannick_Noah -
Yevgeny Kafelnikov
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Kafelnikov (Russian: Евгений Александрович Кафельников; IPA: [jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈkafʲɪlʲnʲɪkəf]; born 18 February 1974) is a former World No. 1 tennis player from Russia. He won two Grand Slam singles titles, which were the 1996 French Open and the 1999 Australian Open. He also won four Grand Slam doubles titles, and the men's singles gold medal at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. He also helped Russia win the Davis Cup in 2002. He is the last man to have won both the singles and men's doubles titles at the same Grand Slam tournament, which he did at the 1996 French Open.
Since retiring, Kafelnikov cashed three times at the 2005 World Series of Poker. He also played golf on the European PGA tour at the 2005 and 2008 Russian Open. He stated that he was there not to make up the numbers, before finishing last by 20 odd shots in 2005 (and second to last in 2008).
He now works as a commentator for Russian TV covering tennis. During the 2008 Miami Masters, Kafelnikov coached Marat Safin in the absence of Hernán Gumy.
wn.com/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov
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Pete Sampras vs Byron Black - WIMBLEDON 1997
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Updated: 14 Oct 2011
Last few minutes of Pete's overpowering win over the talented player from Zimbabwe. Pete is in top championship form in this fun match.
http://wn.com/Pete_Sampras_vs_Byron_Black_WIMBLEDON_1997
Autopilot Off - Byron Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
All material and copyright go to their respective owners! Album: Make a Sound (check out my channel) I met a man named Byron Black And he carried his life strapped to his back On a sidewalk in Houston he called home Crying, "Don't you forget me," He said, "Don't you forget me," You don't know what it's like to walk alone You don't know and I hope you never will Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing And what can I do now? Faces of people he would see They were colder than any city street And the days go on and on and they just walk by He said, "I'm disappearing," He said, "I'm disappearing," You don't know what it's like to walk alone You don't know and I hope you never will Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing And we all walk in their names But our hearts don't work the same By-products of evolution Lost, always looking for a lost solution now! Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing Every stride wears the soul more thin Until it's slowly worn down to nothing No!
http://wn.com/Autopilot_Off_Byron_Black
Byron Katie: Black or White - The Work of Byron Katie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:33
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
www.thework.com www.byronkatie.com Byron Katie does The Work on Prejudice March 2000
http://wn.com/Byron_Katie_Black_or_White_The_Work_of_Byron_Katie
Black 2: PWT - Byron, Gardenia and Volkner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:52
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Time to take it to Sinnoh, where Krookodile ruled as king- well, queen. Man, that Hypnosis nonsense with Byron.. yhuck. Boo, this video ruined the streak of each of the thumbnails being the last leader on the battlefield.
http://wn.com/Black_2_PWT_Byron,_Gardenia_and_Volkner
Byron Kelliher All Black Dive Pass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Demonstration of Byron Kelliher completing dive pass. Full access to this analysis and software features at www.rugbysportswizards.com
http://wn.com/Byron_Kelliher_All_Black_Dive_Pass
I Am A Man: Black Masculinity in America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
www.mediaed.org A film by Byron Hurt. This award-winning documentary links everyday black men from various socioeconomic backgrounds with some of Black America's most progressive academics, social critics and authors to provide an engaging, candid dialogue on black masculine identity in American culture. Featuring interviews with bell hooks, Michael Eric Dyson, John Henrick Clarke, Dr. Alvin Poussaint, MC Hammer, and others.
http://wn.com/I_Am_A_Man_Black_Masculinity_in_America
Last Letter Home Part I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
Part one of a short film directed by Byron Black about a young man that tries to escape his past by joining the Army during Vietnam only to find out that the escape will require the ultimate sacrifice. Original Soundtrack written and performed by David Fox.
http://wn.com/Last_Letter_Home_Part_I
ReFuelB47
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 06 Apr 2012
Refueling a B47 from a KC-97. Year is 1957, co Pilot is Byron Black. From Tampa Florida.
http://wn.com/ReFuelB47
Black Dynamite: Behind the Scenes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Michael Jai White, Carl Jones and Byron Minns walk you through some of the badasssss production behind America's favorite animated alpha male.
http://wn.com/Black_Dynamite_Behind_the_Scenes
The Blood Still Works - Sung by 300 Black Men...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
The Blood Still Works - Sung by 300 Black Men... Under Direction of Byron Cage, featuring Ebenezer AME King's Men, Mt. Ennon Baptist Church Male Chorus & Reid Temple AME Male Chorus Part of Ebenezer's King's Men 17th Anniversary
http://wn.com/The_Blood_Still_Works_Sung_by_300_Black_Men
Uriah Heep - Lady in Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:44
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
www.discogs.com www.myspace.com Uriah Heep's by-the-books progressive heavy metal made the British band one of the most popular hard rock groups of the early '70s. Formed by vocalist David Byron and guitarist Mick Box in the late '60s, the group went through an astonishing number of members over the next two decades — nearly 30 different musicians passed through the band over the years. Byron and Box were members of the mid-'60s rock band called the Stalkers; once that band broke up, the duo formed another group called Spice. Spice would eventually turn into Uriah Heep in the late '60s, once Ken Hensley (guitar, keyboards, vocals) and bassist Paul Newton joined the pair. Former Spice drummer Alex Napier was the band's drummer for a brief time; he was quickly replaced by Nigel Olsson. Uriah Heep released their debut album Very 'eavy...Very 'umble (called Uriah Heep in the US) in 1970. After its release, Keith Baker became the group's drummer; he recorded Salisbury, the group's second album, before deciding he couldn't keep up with the band's extensive touring and was replaced by Ian Clarke. Salisbury, featuring a 16-minute title track recorded with a 26-piece orchestra, showcased the band's more progressive tendencies. Later that year, Ian Clarke was replaced by Lee Kerslake and Mark Clarke replaced Newton; Mark Clarke quickly left the band and Gary Thain became the group's bassist. This lineup of Uriah Heep was its most stable and popular; beginning with 1972's Demons and ...
http://wn.com/Uriah_Heep_Lady_in_Black
blacknarc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Deborah Kerr and Kathleen Byron in BLACK NARCISSUS, by Powell and Pressburger.
http://wn.com/blacknarc
NZ All Black Scrum-Half, Kelleher, Conditioning camp 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Full-on for halfback: Join All Blacks No 9 Byron Kelleher as he works hard during his conditioning period.
http://wn.com/NZ_All_Black_Scrum-Half,_Kelleher,_Conditioning_camp_2007
Riding Wrong - SK Tha Donz featuring Byron LOVE Luv (DTR)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Produced by Shon On Da Beat, this is a banger that accentuates that Triple D good. SK The Dons (SHELLO 4 Sho & KILO Dubb) are acting bad on this one. Their homey DTR-Down To Rock (known now-a-days as Byron LOVE Luv) is along for the ride. Praffitt (Quint Black Music) shows up with other cast members of The REAL HouseWives of Oak Cliff in tow. This is a song from the soundtrack of the popular series. Check it out.
http://wn.com/Riding_Wrong_SK_Tha_Donz_featuring_Byron_LOVE_Luv_DTR
STEVE HAYES: Tired Old Queen at the Movies - BLACK NARCISSUS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
BLACK NARCISSUS (1947) A group of Anglican nuns lead by Deborah Kerr set up a convent in a remote part of the Himalayas. What starts out as a warm human interest story, becomes a terrifying tale of madness and suspense as each nun becomes overwhelmed and unbalanced by the beauty and isolation surrounding them. One of the greatest British films ever made by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger , with a disturbing and unforgettable performance by Kathleen Byron as the Mad Sister Ruth. Oscar Winners 1948 Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Color Alfred Junge Best Cinematography, Color Jack Cardiff
http://wn.com/STEVE_HAYES_Tired_Old_Queen_at_the_Movies_BLACK_NARCISSUS
soul food webtrailer - short version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Synopsis Filmmaker Byron Hurt explores the health advantages and disadvantages of Soul Food, a quintessential American cuisine. Soul Food Junkies explores the history and social significance of soul food to black cultural identity and its affect on African-American health, good and bad. Soul food will also be used as the lens to investigate the dark side of the food industry and the growing food justice movement that has been born in its wake.
http://wn.com/soul_food_webtrailer_short_version
Sloppy Stylez Krew Official 2010 Bboy Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:47
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Sloppy Stylez Krew Official 2010 Bboy Trailer!!! early release!!! www.facebook.com Steven Tran (bboy wormie) Tuan Tran (bboy yakuza) Tai Nguyen (bboy an-ti) Truong Huynh (bboy teo) Chau Nguyen (bboy chou) Phong Dang (bboy wind) Dillon Chueng (bboy d-force) Byron Black (bboy ???) Truong Tran (bboy porcupine) Alex Alvarado (bboy proto) Josh Robinett (bboy ???) Kelsey Rivera (bgirl constant) Special Thanks To: Thomas Spillman ( Dj and MC) Songs used In Order: crossroad bboys-jay roc nest-linkin park battle time-djpablo rise-safari duo pride fc-??? anxiety-black eyed peas lets go-djpablo roots-flo rida No copyright infringment intended.
http://wn.com/Sloppy_Stylez_Krew_Official_2010_Bboy_Trailer
Sea excerpt from Little Black Wheels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Taken from upcoming film by Mick Waters. Featuring the Seamen from Byron Bay. Please visit littlehouseproductions.com.au & http
http://wn.com/Sea_excerpt_from_Little_Black_Wheels
Black Dynamite - Black Dynamite - Convention Panels: Black Dynamite New York Comic Con Panel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Michael Jai White, Carl Jones, Kym Whitley, Scott Sanders and Byron Minns field questions from fans in New York.
http://wn.com/Black_Dynamite_Black_Dynamite_Convention_Panels_Black_Dynamite_New_York_Comic_Con_Panel
mix hip hop r'nb à l'ancienne mixé par dj Byron 971 guada ( the black pitch project)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 74:02
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
dj byron aux platines, pour un mix de plus d'une heure de son hip hop r'nb à l'ancienne
http://wn.com/mix_hip_hop_r'nb_à_l'ancienne_mixé_par_dj_Byron_971_guada_the_black_pitch_project
Pokémon Black 2 & White 2 | Pokémon World Tournament ~ Sinnoh League II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:08
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
I mucked up something when I was recording, so this time you get four leaders; Byron, Fantina, Maylene and Candice. Candice's appearance made me realise that my Sinnoh team had five Pokémon weak to Ice. That wasn't pretty.
http://wn.com/Pokémon_Black_2_White_2_|_Pokémon_World_Tournament_~_Sinnoh_League_II
In Memory Of 3DMAX at MaxLan 2011 by nKM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Hey guys, I present you my first movie about 3DMAX team. I tried to do the best on it, I hope that you will like. Best regards, nKM HQ DOWNLOAD : www.multiupload.com #INFORMATIONS# LENGHT - 7:28 RESOLUTION - 1280*720 16:9 SIZE - 327,00 mo FPS - 29970 CODEC - Megapeg 4 - 800 framerate #TRACKLIST# Skrillex - Scary monsters and nice sprites Autopilot Off - Byron Black The Prototypes - Cascade Terranaut - Start Your Engines #THANKS TO# www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com and the other that i forgot #OTHER STREAM# Vakarm.net : www.vakarm.net The3n19ma Community : www.youtube.com Cadred.org : www.cadred.org moviemaking.fr : www.youtube.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. A movie by nKM Produced by #AuroraStudios
http://wn.com/In_Memory_Of_3DMAX_at_MaxLan_2011_by_nKM
Black Dynamite (2009) second trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Select 1080p for best quality! Directed by Scott Sanders Written by Michael Jai White, Byron Minns & Scott Sanders Starring Michael Jai White, Arsenio Hall, Tommy Davidson, Kevin Chapman,... Meet Black Dynamite, the smoothest, baddest cat on the street. Hes a ladies man and the man with a plan. Hes also a former CIA agent out to avenge his brothers death. Whether hes taking down drug dealers or sweet-talking foxy mommas, hes the man on the streets out to stop The Man. Take a wild ride from the mean streets of the ghetto to the pool halls of the inner city, all the way to the Honky House with this bad-ass, tough-as-nails action hero... Visit The Movie Planet: themovieplanet.wordpress.com Official site: www.blackdynamitemovie.com IMDB: www.imdb.com
http://wn.com/Black_Dynamite_2009_second_trailer
photo: AP / Henry Griffin
26 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "In our opinion and from our experience," declared John Kerry in 1971, "there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom..is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy..." ... The U.S....(size: 6.4Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
27 Nov 2012
M23 rebels controlling the eastern city of Goma in the DR Congo have said they are not about to withdraw as demanded by regional leaders. The rebels said on Tuesday there were still in charge of Goma, just hours after General Aronda Nyakairima, the head of the Ugandan military, was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying that their leader, Sultani Makenga, had told him he would pull out of Goma and Sake....(size: 17.7Kb)
photo: AP
26 Nov 2012
This town of 19,000 nestled in an idyllic mountain pass of impossibly green pastures and golden autumn trees is on the front lines of Turkey's rapidly escalating guerrilla war. In a struggle for autonomy as well as independent language and education rights, the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has waged a low-grade conflict in Turkey for decades. ... 4 just as a Turkish army tank rolled by. ... "The violence is getting worse....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
25 Nov 2012
Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial meeting with Kabila after the summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, ended on Saturday....(size: 20.0Kb)
photo: AP / George Osodi
25 Nov 2012
Twin suicide car bombs exploded Sunday at a church inside one of Nigeria's top military bases, killing at least 11 people and wounding another 30 in an embarrassing attack showing the continued insecurity that haunts Africa's most populous nation. ... This attack in Jaji on Sunday, however, happened inside a barracks home to the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, one of the country's most important military colleges. ... Gen. ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
noodls
24 Sep 2012
Two of the Peoria County Emergency Management Agency's
(EMA) underwater rescue team volunteers will each be
presented a Certificate of Merit from the Coast Guard on
Thursday, September 27 at 10:00 a.m. in Room M of the
Fondulac Park District Administration Center, 201 Veterans
Drive, East Peoria. Captain Byron L. Black, Commander of
the U.S....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Guardian
07 Aug 2012
photo: WN / Aaron Gilbert
18 Jul 2012
NCAA champion Bradley Klahn held his own against No. ... "I had kind of a delayed reaction," Klahn said. ... Byron Black, Australia, 1993
This ballboy, smacked by del Potro
And of course, this bird. May he/she rest in peace. ...
....(size: 1.4Kb)
Seattle Times
16 Mar 2012
Gulf News
04 Feb 2012
Dubai: The competition in 1996 saw the inauguration of the new Dubai Tennis Stadium. The curse of being the top seed continued, as Thomas Muster failed to advance beyond the first round when he fell in a third set tiebreak to Sandon Stolle, son of the Australian legend Fred. ... In fact it was a strange year, as just two of the eight seeds reached the quarter-finals. ... But the title went to Grant Connell and Byron Black. ... 2. 3. 4. 5....(size: 20.8Kb)
Nashville Tennessean
16 Dec 2011
Byron Black, 55, was sentenced to death in 1989 in Nashville after he was found guilty of killing his girlfriend, Angela Clay, and her two minor daughters, Latoya, 9, and Lakeisha, 6. Black has lost several appeals on various claims in the years since. ... Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a 2-1 decision that the state Court of Criminal Appeals did not properly evaluate whether Black has a mental disability....(size: 2.7Kb)
Nashville Tennessean
15 Dec 2011
Byron Black, 55, was sentenced to death in 1989 in Nashville after he was found guilty of killing his girlfriend, Angela Clay, and her two minor daughters, Latoya, 9, and Lakeisha, 6. Black has lost several appeals on various claims in the years since. ... Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a 2-1 decision that the state Court of Criminal Appeals did not properly evaluate whether Black has a mental disability....(size: 2.7Kb)
Tennis Now
09 Sep 2011
Five-time champion: 1990, 1993, 1995-1996, 2002
Few players ever took to the US Open like Pete Sampras, and none gave the crowd what it wanted in his final appearance there like the American legend. ... The lanky American had just turned 19 when he entered the 1990 Open as the No. 12 seed. ... 7. ... Sampras whipped No. ... Sampras crushed upstart Byron Black in the quarterfinals, and outlasted Courier in the semis in four sets....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Kirsty Wigglesworth
09 Jun 2011
Andy Murray's grass-court season is under way after the world No 4 won his opening match here at the Aegon Championships yesterday, beating Belgium's Xavier Malisse 6-3, 5-7, 6-3. ... The tennis, in truth, was not dissimilar to the weather. ... The Scot quickly got back on track in the decider. ... It's good to get through." ... Roger Federer has played here only once, when he won just three games in a first-round defeat by Byron Black 12 years ago....(size: 5.9Kb)
CBC
13 May 2011
YEAR MEN'S SINGLES MEN'S DOUBLES 2010 Rafael Nadal Daniel Nestor & Nenad Zimonjic 2009 Roger Federer Lukas Dlouhy & Leander Paes 2008 Rafael Nadal Pablo Cuevas & Luis Horna 2007 Rafael Nadal Mark Knowles & Daniel Nestor 2006 Rafael Nadal Jonas Bjorkman & Max Mirnyi 2005 Rafael Nadal Jonas Bjorkman & Max Mirnyi 2004 Gaston ......(size: 5.1Kb)
Ohio
16 Jan 2011
Akron recipients were Daniel Ball and Byron Black of Ashland University; John Barnes, Paul Bozsik and Keith Thompson of the University of Dayton; Jeffrey Brauning and Ian Reed of Ohio Wesleyan University; Katherine Byrd, Elizabeth DeLuca and Ellis Thompson of the University of Findlay; Chelsea Ciptak and Alyssa Porter of Ursuline College; William ......(size: 5.1Kb)
The Hindu
04 Jan 2011
Double defending champion Marin Cilic lost another battle to his nemesis, Kei Nishikori, crashing out in the first round of the Chennai Open in three sets on Monday. ... Dubious distinction
Cilic, thus, contributed his name to the aggregation of defending champions to have lost in the first or second round in the Chennai Open, joining Thomas Enqvist (1997), Byron Black (2000) and Jerome Golmard (2001) in the black list....(size: 3.4Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
02 Jan 2011
The ATP Chennai Open tennis tournament has come a long way. Fifteen years of overwhelming response from the fans as well as the big names in the tennis circuit are pointers to its steady rise in popularity charts. New Delhi hosted the South East Asia’s first ATP event in 1996 and Chennai became its home from the next year. ... Mahesh opted to stay away from the event, and Leander paired up with Byron Black....(size: 7.9Kb)
| Country | Zimbabwe |
|---|---|
| Residence | Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Born | (1969-10-06) October 6, 1969 (age 42) Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Height | 5'9" (175 cm) |
| Weight | 155 lbs (70 kg) |
| Turned pro | 1991 |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed both sides) |
| Career prize money | US $5,159,775 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 257-246 (at ATP Tour-level, Grand Slam-level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 2 |
| Highest ranking | No. 22 (April 29, 1996) |
| Grand Slam Singles results | |
| Australian Open | 4R (1998) |
| French Open | 3R (1999) |
| Wimbledon | QF (2000) |
| US Open | QF (1995) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 328-201 (at ATP Tour-level, Grand Slam-level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 22 |
| Highest ranking | No. 1 (February 14, 1994) |
| Last updated on: March 23, 2012. | |
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2011) |
 |
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) |
Byron Black (born 6 October 1969 in Salisbury, Rhodesia – now Harare, Zimbabwe) is a former touring professional tennis and Davis Cup player for Zimbabwe.
Contents |
Biography[link]
He is the brother of Cara and Wayne Black, both professional tennis players. He attended the University of Southern California and was named and an All-American by the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA)[1] .
In 1995 Black was a US Open quarterfinalist and in 2000 he reached the same round at Wimbledon. His highest career singles ranking was World No. 22, which he achieved in June 1996.
An accomplished doubles player, Black became World No. 1 in doubles in February 1994. He won the 1994 French Open partnering Jonathan Stark. Black was a doubles finalist in three other majors, the 1994 and 2001 Australian Opens and 1996 Wimbledon.
Black is one of the few professional players to have played with a double-handed forehand.
Black formed the core of the Zimbabwean Davis Cup team with his brother Wayne.
Doubles Titles (22–19)[link]
|
|
| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents in the final | Score in the final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Runner-up | 1. | 20 April 1992 | Hong Kong | Hard |  Byron Talbot |
 Brad Gilbert Jim Grabb |
2–6, 1–6 |
| Winner | 1. | 5 April 1993 | Durban, South Africa | Hard | Lan Bale |
Johan De Beer Marcos Ondruska |
7–6, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 2. | 12 July 1993 | Newport, United States | Grass | Jim Pugh |
 Javier Frana Christo van Rensburg |
6–4, 1–6, 6–7 |
| Winner | 2. | 26 July 1993 | Washington, D.C., United States | Hard | Rick Leach |
 Grant Connell Patrick Galbraith |
6–4, 7–5 |
| Runner-up | 3. | 30 August 1993 | Schenectady, United States | Hard |  Brett Steven |
 Bernd Karbacher Andrei Olhovskiy |
6–2, 6–7, 1–6 |
| Winner | 3. | 4 October 1993 | Basel, Switzerland | Hard (i) | Jonathan Stark |
Brad Pearce Dave Randall |
3–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| Winner | 4. | 11 October 1993 | Toulouse, France | Hard (i) | Jonathan Stark |
David Prinosil Udo Riglewski |
7–5, 7–6 |
| Winner | 5. | 25 October 1993 | Vienna, Austria | Carpet | Jonathan Stark |
Mike Bauer David Prinosil |
6–3, 7–6 |
| Winner | 6. | 8 November 1993 | Paris, France | Carpet | Jonathan Stark |
 Tom Nijssen Cyril Suk |
4–6, 7–5, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 4. | 10 January 1994 | Adelaide, Australia | Hard | David Adams |
 Mark Kratzmann Andrew Kratzmann |
4–6, 3–6 |
| Runner-up | 5. | 31 January 1994 | Australian Open, Melbourne | Hard | Jonathan Stark |
Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis |
7–6, 3–6, 4–6, 3–6 |
| Runner-up | 6. | 7 February 1994 | San Jose, United States | Hard (i) | Jonathan Stark |
Rick Leach Jared Palmer |
6–4, 4–6, 4–6 |
| Winner | 7. | 14 February 1994 | Memphis, United States | Hard (i) | Jonathan Stark |
Jim Grabb Jared Palmer |
7–6, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 7. | 28 February 1994 | Indian Wells, United States | Hard | Jonathan Stark |
Grant Connell Patrick Galbraith |
5–7, 3–6 |
| Winner | 8. | 6 June 1994 | French Open, Paris | Clay | Jonathan Stark |
 Jan Apell Jonas Björkman |
6–4, 7–6 |
| Winner | 9. | 1 August 1994 | Toronto, Canada | Hard | Jonathan Stark |
Patrick McEnroe Jared Palmer |
6–4, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 8. | 10 October 1994 | Sydney Indoor, Australia | Hard (i) | Jonathan Stark |
Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis |
4–6, 6–7 |
| Runner-up | 9. | 17 October 1994 | Tokyo Indoor, Japan | Hard | Jonathan Stark |
Grant Connell Patrick Galbraith |
3–6, 6–3, 4–6 |
| Runner-up | 10. | 7 November 1994 | Paris, France | Carpet | Jonathan Stark |
Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis |
6–3, 6–7, 5–7 |
| Runner-up | 11. | 9 January 1995 | Adelaide, Australia | Hard | Grant Connell |
Jim Courier Patrick Rafter |
6–7, 4–6 |
| Runner-up | 12. | 15 May 1995 | Hamburg, Germany | Clay | Andrei Olhovskiy |
 Wayne Ferreira Yevgeny Kafelnikov |
1–6, 6–7 |
| Winner | 10. | 29 May 1995 | Bologna, Italy | Clay | Jonathan Stark |
 Libor Pimek Vince Spadea |
7–5, 6–3 |
| Winner | 11. | 13 November 1995 | Moscow, Russia | Carpet | Jonathan Stark |
Tommy Ho Brett Steven |
6–4, 3–6, 6–3 |
| Winner | 12. | 19 February 1996 | Dubai, UAE | Hard | Grant Connell |
Karel Nováček Jiří Novák |
6–0, 6–1 |
| Runner-up | 13. | 4 March 1996 | Philadelphia, United States | Carpet | Grant Connell |
Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde |
6–7, 2–6 |
| Runner-up | 14. | 15 April 1996 | New Delhi, India | Hard | Sandon Stolle |
Jonas Björkman Nicklas Kulti |
6–4, 4–6, 4–6 |
| Winner | 13. | 20 May 1996 | Rome, Italy | Clay | Jonathan Stark |
Libor Pimek Byron Talbot |
6–2, 6–3 |
| Winner | 14. | 24 June 1996 | Halle, Germany | Grass | Grant Connell |
Yevgeny Kafelnikov Daniel Vacek |
6–1, 7–5 |
| Runner-up | 15. | 8 July 1996 | Wimbledon, England | Grass | Grant Connell |
Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde |
6–4, 1–6, 3–6, 2–6 |
| Winner | 15. | 19 August 1996 | New Haven, United States | Hard | Grant Connell |
Jonas Björkman Nicklas Kulti |
6–4, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 16. | 19 May 1997 | Rome, Italy | Clay | Alex O'Brien |
 Mark Knowles Daniel Nestor |
3–6, 6–4, 5–7 |
| Winner | 16. | 13 April 1998 | Hong Kong | Hard | Alex O'Brien |
Neville Godwin Tuomas Ketola |
7–5, 6–1 |
| Runner-up | 17. | 1 March 1999 | London, England | Carpet | Wayne Ferreira |
 Tim Henman Greg Rusedski |
3–6, 6–7(6) |
| Winner | 17. | 2 August 1999 | Los Angeles, United States | Hard | Wayne Ferreira |
 Goran Ivanišević Brian MacPhie |
6–2, 7–6(4) |
| Runner-up | 18. | 9 August 1999 | Montreal, Canada | Hard | Wayne Ferreira |
Jonas Björkman Patrick Rafter |
6–7(5), 4–6 |
| Winner | 18. | 16 August 1999 | Cincinnati, United States | Hard | Jonas Björkman |
Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde |
6–3, 7–6(6) |
| Winner | 19. | 1 November 1999 | Stuttgart Indoor, Germany | Hard (i) | Jonas Björkman |
David Adams John-Laffnie de Jager |
6–7(6), 7–6(2), 6–0 |
| Winner | 20. | 28 February 2000 | Mexico City, Mexico | Clay | Donald Johnson |
Gastón Etlis Martin Rodríguez |
6–3, 7–5 |
| Winner | 21. | 8 January 2001 | Chennai, India | Hard |  Wayne Black |
Barry Cowan Mose Navarra |
6–4, 6–3 |
| Runner-up | 19. | 29 January 2001 | Australian Open, Melbourne | Hard | David Prinosil |
Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge |
1–6, 7–5, 4–6, 4–6 |
| Winner | 22. | 24 September 2001 | Shanghai, China | Hard |  Thomas Shimada |
John-Laffnie de Jager Robbie Koenig |
6–2, 3–6, 7–5 |
Doubles performance timeline[link]
| Tournament | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | Career SR | Career Win-Loss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Slams | ||||||||||||||||
| Australian Open | A | A | A | 2R | 1R | F | 1R | 2R | 3R | 1R | 2R | 2R | F | 3R | 0 / 11 | 18–11 |
| French Open | A | A | A | 1R | 1R | W | 2R | 2R | 1R | 1R | 2R | 2R | 1R | 3R | 1 / 11 | 12–10 |
| Wimbledon | A | A | 2R | 1R | QF | 3R | 3R | F | 2R | 1R | 1R | 3R | 1R | 2R | 0 / 12 | 17–12 |
| U.S. Open | 2R | A | A | 1R | 2R | 3R | QF | 1R | 1R | 3R | SF | 1R | 2R | A | 0 / 11 | 14–11 |
| Grand Slam SR | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 1 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 3 | 1 / 45 | N/A |
| Annual Win-Loss | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 4–4 | 15–3 | 6–4 | 7–4 | 3–4 | 2–4 | 6–4 | 4–4 | 6–4 | 5–3 | N/A | 61–44 |
| ATP Masters Series | ||||||||||||||||
| Indian Wells | NME | 2R | A | A | A | F | 2R | SF | 2R | 2R | 1R | 1R | QF | A | 0 / 9 | 9–8 |
| Miami | NME | A | A | A | SF | SF | SF | SF | QF | 3R | 1R | QF | 2R | A | 0 / 9 | 17–9 |
| Monte Carlo | NME | A | A | A | A | A | 2R | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | 0 / 1 | 0–1 |
| Rome | NME | A | A | A | A | A | 1R | W | F | A | A | QF | A | A | 1 / 4 | 11–3 |
| Hamburg | NME | A | A | A | A | A | F | A | A | A | A | 2R | A | A | 0 / 2 | 4–2 |
| Canada | NME | A | A | A | 2R | W | 2R | QF | 1R | 1R | F | A | 1R | A | 1 / 8 | 9–7 |
| Cincinnati | NME | A | A | A | A | QF | SF | QF | 1R | 1R | W | A | 2R | A | 1 / 7 | 10–6 |
| Stuttgart (Stockholm) | NME | A | A | A | A | A | QF | 2R | A | 1R | W | A | A | A | 1 / 4 | 5–3 |
| Paris | NME | A | A | A | W | F | 2R | SF | 1R | 2R | 2R | 1R | A | A | 1/ 8 | 11–7 |
| Masters Series SR | N/A | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 1 / 3 | 1 / 5 | 0 / 9 | 1 / 7 | 0 / 6 | 0 / 6 | 2 / 6 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 0 | 5 / 52 | N/A |
| Annual Win-Loss | N/A | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 9–2 | 14–4 | 9–9 | 12–6 | 6–6 | 4–6 | 13–4 | 5–5 | 3–4 | 0–0 | N/A | 76–46 |
| Year End Ranking | 586 | 381 | 149 | 90 | 5 | 6 | 18 | 4 | 70 | 70 | 10 | 53 | 34 | 106 | N/A | |
A = did not attend tournament
Singles finals (10)[link]
| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Runner-up | 1. | 8 January 1996 | Adelaide, Australia | Hard | Yevgeny Kafelnikov |
6-7, 6-3, 1-6 |
| Runner-up | 2. | 15 April 1996 | New Delhi, India | Hard | Thomas Enqvist |
2-6, 6-7 |
| Winner | 1. | 29 April 1996 | Seoul, South Korea | Hard | Martin Damm |
7–6, 6–3 |
| Runner-up | 3. | 13 April 1998 | Hong Kong | Hard |  Kenneth Carlsen |
2-6, 0-6 |
| Runner-up | 4. | 20 April 1998 | Tokyo, Japan | Hard |  Andrei Pavel |
3-6, 4-6 |
| Runner-up | 5. | 22 June 1998 | Nottingham, England | Grass | Jonas Björkman |
3-6, 2-6 |
| Winner | 2. | 12 April 1999 | Chennai, India | Hard | Rainer Schüttler |
6–4, 1–6, 6–3 |
| Runner-up | 6. | 15 November 1999 | Moscow, Russia | Carpet | Yevgeny Kafelnikov |
6-7, 4-6 |
| Runner-up | 7. | 21 February 2000 | Memphis, USA | Hard (i) | Magnus Larsson |
2-6, 6-1, 3-6 |
| Runner-up | 8. | 26 June 2000 | Nottingham, England | Grass |  Sébastien Grosjean |
6-7, 3-6 |
References[link]
- ^ "ATP Player Profile". ATP. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Bl/B/Byron-Black.aspx. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Black, Byron |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Tennis player |
| Date of birth | 6 October 1969 |
| Place of birth | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Black
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other holders of the title, see Baron Byron. For other uses, see Byron (disambiguation), Lord Byron (disambiguation) and George Byron (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable The Lord Byron FRS |
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|---|---|
 Portrait of Lord Byron by Thomas Phillips |
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| Born | George Gordon Byron (1788-01-22)22 January 1788 London, Great Britain |
| Died | 19 April 1824(1824-04-19) (aged 36) Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania, Ottoman Empire |
| Occupation | Poet, politician |
| Nationality | British |
| Literary movement | Romanticism |
| Notable work(s) | Don Juan, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage |
| Children | Ada Lovelace, Allegra Byron |
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George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, later George Gordon Noel, 6th Baron Byron, FRS (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among Byron's best-known works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential.
He travelled to fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero.[1] He died at 36 years old from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi in Greece.
Byron was celebrated in life for aristocratic excesses including huge debts, numerous love affairs, rumours of a scandalous incestuous liaison with his half-sister, and self-imposed exile. It has been speculated that he suffered from bipolar I disorder, or manic depression.[2][3]
Contents
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Name[link]
Main article: Early life of George Gordon Byron
Byron's names were changed throughout his life. He was the son of Captain John "Mad Jack" Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon (d. 1811), a descendant of Cardinal Beaton and heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.[4] Byron's father had previously seduced the married Marchioness of Caermarthen and, after she divorced her husband the Earl, had married her. His treatment of her was described as "brutal and vicious", and she died after having given birth to two daughters, only one of which survived: Byron's half-sister, Augusta.[5]
File:CaptainByron.jpg
Engraving of Byron's father, Captain John "Mad Jack" Byron, date unknown
Byron's paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral The Hon. John "Foulweather Jack" Byron and Sophia Trevanion.[6] Vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe, and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as "the Wicked Lord".
He was christened "George Gordon Byron" at St Marylebone Parish Church after his maternal grandfather, George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of James I of Scotland, who had committed suicide[7] in 1779.
In order to claim his second wife's estate in Scotland, Byron's father had taken the additional surname "Gordon", becoming "John Byron Gordon", and he was occasionally styled "John Byron Gordon of Gight". Byron himself used this surname for a time and was registered at school in Aberdeen as "George Byron Gordon". At the age of 10, he inherited the English Barony of Byron of Rochdale, becoming "Lord Byron", and eventually dropped the double surname (though after this point his surname was secondary to his peerage).
When Byron's mother-in-law, Judith Noel died in 1822, her will required that he change his surname to "Noel" in order to inherit half her estate, and so he obtained a Royal Warrant allowing him to "take and use the surname of Noel only". The Royal Warrant also allowed him to "subscribe the said surname of Noel before all titles of honour", and from that point he signed himself "Noel Byron" (the usual signature of a peer being merely the peerage, in this case simply "Byron"). It is speculated that this was so that his initals would read "N.B." mimicking those of his hero, Napoleon Bonaparte. He was also sometimes referred to as "Lord Noel Byron", as if "Noel" were part of his title, and likewise his wife was sometimes called "Lady Noel Byron". Lady Byron eventually succeeded to the Barony of Wentworth, becoming "Lady Wentworth".
Early life[link]
John Byron married his second wife for the same reason he married his first: her fortune.[8] Byron's mother had to sell her land and title to pay her new husband's debts, and in the space of two years the large estate, worth some £23,500, had been squandered, leaving the former heiress with an annual income in trust of only £150.[5] In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her profligate husband to France in 1786, but returned to England at the end of 1787 in order to give birth to her son on English soil. He was born on 22 January in lodgings on Holles Street in London.
Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where Byron spent his childhood.[7] His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, but the couple quickly separated. Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy,[7] which could be partly explained by her husband's continuing to appear in order to borrow money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands. It was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died in 1791.[9]
When Byron's great-uncle, the "wicked" Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, the 10-year-old boy became the 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale and inherited the ancestral home, Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire. His mother proudly took him to England, but the Abbey was in an embarrassing state of disrepair and rather than live there, his mother decided to rent to Lord Grey de Ruthyn, among others, during his adolescence.
Described as "a woman without judgment or self-command", Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or aggravated him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him, and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent, which made it difficult for her to catch him to discipline him. She once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as "a lame brat".[10]
Birth defect[link]
From birth, Byron suffered from a deformity of his right foot. Generally referred to as a "clubfoot", some modern medical experts maintain that it was a consequence of infantile paralysis (poliomyelitis), and others that it was a dysplasia, a failure of the bones to form properly.[11] Whatever the cause, he was afflicted with a limp that caused him lifelong psychological and physical misery, aggravated by painful and pointless "medical treatment" in his childhood and the nagging suspicion that with proper care it might have been cured.[12] He was extremely self-conscious about this from a young age, nicknaming himself le diable boiteux[13] (French for "the limping devil", after the nickname given to Asmodeus by Alain-René Lesage in his 1707 novel of the same name). Although he often wore specially made shoes in an attempt to hide the deformed foot,[14] he refused to wear any type of brace that might improve the limp.[7]
Scottish novelist John Galt felt his oversensitivity to the "innocent fault in his foot was unmanly and excessive" because the limp was "not greatly conspicuous." He first met Byron on a voyage to Sardinia and didn't realise he had any deficiency for several days, and still could not tell at first if the lameness was a temporary injury or not. But by the time he met Byron he was an adult and had worked to develop "a mode of walking across a room by which it was scarcely at all perceptible".[10] The motion of the ship at sea may also have helped to create a favourable first impression and hide any deficiencies in his gait, but Galt's biography is also described as being "rather well-meant than well-written", so Galt may be guilty of minimising a defect that was actually still noticeable.[15]
'Anticipated life' and the poet's psyche[link]
"I am such a strange mélangé of good and evil that it would be difficult to describe me."[16]
As a boy, his character is described as a "mixture of affectionate sweetness and playfulness, by which it was impossible not to be attached", although he also exhibited "silent rages, moody sullenness and revenge" with a precocious bent for attachment and obsession.[17] He described his first intense feelings at age eight for Mary Duff, his distant cousin:
"How very odd that I should have been so devotedly fond of that girl, at an age when I could neither feel passion, nor know the meaning of the word and the effect! My mother used always to rally me about this childish amour, and at last, many years after, when I was sixteen, she told me one day, 'O Byron, I have had a letter from Edinburgh, and your old sweetheart, Mary Duff, is married to Mr C***.' And what was my answer? I really cannot explain or account for my feelings at that moment, but they nearly threw me into convulsions...How the deuce did all this occur so early? Where could it originate? I certainly had no sexual ideas for years afterwards; and yet my misery, my love for that girl were so violent, that I sometimes doubt if I have ever been really attached since. Be that as it may, hearing of her marriage several years after was like a thunder-stroke – it nearly choked me—to the horror of my mother and the astonishment and almost incredulity of every body. And it is a phenomenon in my existence (for I was not eight years old) which has puzzled, and will puzzle me to the latest hour of it; and lately, I know not why, the recollection (not the attachment) has recurred as forcibly as ever...But, the more I reflect, the more I am bewildered to assign any cause for this precocity of affection."[17]
Byron also became attached to Margaret Parker, another distant cousin,.[18] While his recollection of his love for Mary Duff is that he was ignorant of adult sexuality during this time, and was bewildered as to the source of the intensity of his feelings, he would later confess that:
"My passions were developed very early – so early, that few would believe me – if I were to state the period – and the facts which accompanied it. Perhaps this was one of the reasons that caused the anticipated melancholy of my thoughts – having anticipated life."[19]
This is the only reference Byron himself makes to the event, and he is ambiguous as to how old he was when it occurred. After his death, his lawyer wrote to a mutual friend telling him a "singular fact" about Byron's life which was "scarcely fit for narration". But he disclosed it nonetheless, thinking it might explain Byron's sexual "propensities":
"When nine years old at his mother's house a [F]ree Scotch girl [May, sometimes called Mary, Gray, one of his first caretakers] used to come to bed to him and play tricks with his person."[20]
Gray later used these sexual intimacies as leverage to ensure his silence if he were tempted to disclose the "low company" she kept during drinking binges.[21] She was later dismissed, supposedly for beating Byron when he was 11.[18]
A few years later, while he was still a child, Lord Grey (unrelated to May Gray), a suitor of his mother's, also made sexual advances to him.[22] Byron's personality has been characterised as exceptionally proud and sensitive, especially when it came to his deformity.[5] And although Byron was a very self-centered individual, it is probable that like most children, he would have been deeply disturbed by these sexual advances. His extreme reaction to seeing his mother flirting outrageously with Lord Grey after the incident suggests this; he did not tell her of Grey's conduct toward him, he simply refused to speak to him again and ignored his mother's commands to be reconciled.[22]
Byron's proclivity for, and experimentation in, bisexuality may be a result of his being sexually imprinted by both genders at an early age. Leslie Marchand, one of Byron's biographers, controversially theorises that Lord Grey's advances prompted Byron's later sexual liaisons with young men at Harrow and Cambridge. Another biographer, Fiona MacCarthy, has posited that Byron's true sexual yearnings were for adolescent males.[14]
While he desired to be seen as sophisticated, uncaring and invincible, he actually cared deeply what people thought of him. He believed his tendency to melancholy and depression was inherited, and he wrote in 1821, "I am not sure that long life is desirable for one of my temper & constitutional depression of Spirits."[23] He later earned a reputation as being extravagant, courageous,[7] unconventional, eccentric, flamboyant[14] and controversial.[23] He was independent and given to extremes of temper; on at least one trip, his travelling companions were so puzzled by his mood swings they thought he was mentally ill.
In spite of these difficulties and eccentricties, Byron was noted for the extreme loyalty he inspired among his friends.[7][23]
Education and early loves[link]
Byron received his early formal education at Aberdeen Grammar School, and in August 1799, entered the school of Dr. William Glennie, in Dulwich.[24] Placed under the care of a Dr. Bailey, he was encouraged to exercise in moderation, but could not restrain himself from "violent" bouts in an attempt to overcompensate for his deformed foot. His mother interfered with his studies, often withdrawing him from school, with the result that he lacked discipline and his classical studies were neglected.
In 1801 he was sent to Harrow, where he remained until July 1805.[7] An undistinguished student and an unskilled cricketer, he did represent the school during the very first Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1805.[25]
His lack of moderation was not just restricted to physical exercise. Byron fell in love with Mary Chaworth, whom he met while at school,[7] and she was the reason he refused to return to Harrow in September 1803. His mother wrote, "He has no indisposition that I know of but love, desperate love, the worst of all maladies in my opinion. In short, the boy is distractedly in love with Miss Chaworth."[7] In Byron's later memoirs, "Mary Chaworth is portrayed as the first object of his adult sexual feelings."[26]
Byron finally returned in January 1804,[7] to a more settled period which saw the formation of a circle of emotional involvements with other Harrow boys, which he recalled with great vividness: "My School friendships were with me passions (for I was always violent)."[27] The most enduring of those was with John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare — four years Byron's junior — whom he was to meet unexpectedly many years later in Italy (1821).[28] His nostalgic poems about his Harrow friendships, Childish Recollections (1806), express a prescient "consciousness of sexual differences that may in the end make England untenable to him".[29]
<poem style="margin-left: 4em; font-style: italic;"> "Ah! Sure some stronger impulse vibrates here, Which whispers friendship will be doubly dear To one, who thus for kindred hearts must roam, And seek abroad, the love denied at home." </poem>
The following autumn he attended Trinity College, Cambridge.,[30] where he met and formed a close friendship with the younger John Edleston. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my almost constant associate since October, 1805, when I entered Trinity College. His voice first attracted my attention, his countenance fixed it, and his manners attached me to him for ever." In his memory Byron composed Thyrza, a series of elegies.[23]
In later years he described the affair as "a violent, though pure love and passion." This statement, however, needs to be read in the context of hardening public attitudes toward homosexuality in England, and the severe sanctions (including public hanging) against convicted or even suspected offenders.[31] The liaison, on the other hand, may well have been 'pure' out of respect for Edleston's innocence, in contrast to the (probably) more sexually overt relations experienced at Harrow School.[32] Also while at Cambridge he formed lifelong friendships with men such as John Cam Hobhouse and Francis Hodgson, a Fellow at King's College, with whom he corresponded on literary and other matters until the end of his life.
Physical appearance[link]
.jpg)
Byron's adult height was about 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), his weight fluctuating between 9.5 stone (133 lb; 60 kg) and 14 stone (200 lb; 89 kg). He was renowned for his personal beauty, which he enhanced by wearing curl-papers in his hair at night.[33] He was athletic, being a competent boxer and horse-rider and an excellent swimmer.
Byron and other writers, such as his friend Hobhouse, described his eating habits in detail. At the time he entered Cambridge, he went on a strict diet to control his weight. He also exercised a great deal, and at that time wore a great number of clothes to cause himself to perspire. For most of his life he was a vegetarian, and often lived for days on dry biscuits and white wine. Occasionally he would eat large helpings of meat and desserts, after which he would purge himself. Although he is described by Galt and others as having a predilection for "violent" exercise, Hobhouse makes the excuse that the pain in his deformed foot made physical activity difficult, and his weight problem was the result.[33]
Early career[link]
While not at school or college, Byron lived with his mother at Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire, in some antagonism.[7] While there, he cultivated friendships with Elizabeth Pigot and her brother, John, with whom he staged two plays for the entertainment of the community.
During this time, with the help of Elizabeth Pigot, who copied many of his rough drafts, he was encouraged to write his first volumes of poetry. Fugitive Pieces was printed by Ridge of Newark, which contained poems written when Byron was only 14. However, it was promptly recalled and burned on the advice of his friend, the Reverend Thomas Beecher, on account of its more amorous verses, particularly the poem To Mary.[34]
Hours of Idleness, which collected many of the previous poems, along with more recent compositions, was the culminating book. The savage, anonymous criticism this received (now known to be the work of Henry Peter Brougham) in the Edinburgh Review prompted his first major satire,[18] English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). It was put into the hands of his relation R.C. Dallas requesting him to "...get it published without his name"[35] Dallas gives a large series of changes and alterations, as well as the reasoning for some of them. He also states that Byron had originally intended to prefix an argument to this poem, and Dallas quotes it.[36] Although the work was published anonymously, by April, Dallas is writing that "you are already pretty generally known to be the author."[37] The work so upset some of his critics they challenged Byron to a duel; over time, in subsequent editions, it became a mark of prestige to be the target of Byron's pen.[18]
After his return from his travels, he again entrusted Dallas as his literary agent to publish his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which Byron thought of little account. The first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage were published in 1812, and were received with acclaim.[14][38] In his own words, "I awoke one morning and found myself famous".[39] He followed up his success with the poem's last two cantos, as well as four equally celebrated Oriental Tales, The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and Lara, A Tale. About the same time, he began his intimacy with his future biographer, Thomas Moore.
Personal life[link]
First travels to the East[link]
File:Byron's Stone near Tepelene.JPG
The Byron's Stone in Tepelene, Albania
Byron racked up numerous debts as a young man, due to what his mother termed a "reckless disregard for money".[7] She lived at Newstead during this time, in fear of her son's creditors.[7]
He had planned to spend early 1808 cruising with his cousin George Bettesworth, who was captain of the 32-gun frigate HMS Tartar. Bettesworth's unfortunate death at the Battle of Alvøen in May 1808 made that impossible.
From 1809 to 1811, Byron went on the Grand Tour, then customary for a young nobleman. The Napoleonic Wars forced him to avoid most of Europe, and he instead turned to the Mediterranean. Correspondence among his circle of Cambridge friends also suggests that a key motive was the hope of homosexual experience,[40] and other theories saying that he was worried about a possible dalliance with the married Mary Chaworth, his former love (the subject of his poem from this time, "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring").[18] Attraction to the Levant was probably a motive in itself; he had read about the Ottoman and Persian lands as a child, was attracted to Islam (especially Sufi mysticism), and later wrote, “With these countries, and events connected with them, all my really poetical feelings begin and end."[41] He travelled from England over Portugal, Spain and the Mediterranean to Albania and spent time at the court of Ali Pasha of Ioannina,[42] and in Athens. For most of the trip, he had a travelling companion in his friend John Cam Hobhouse. Many of these letters are referred to with details in Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron.[43]
Byron began his trip in Portugal from where he wrote a letter to his friend Mr. Hodgson in which he describes his mastery of the Portuguese language, consisting mainly of swearing and insults. Byron particularly enjoyed his stay in Sintra that is described in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage as "glorious Eden". From Lisbon he travelled overland to Seville, Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, Gibraltar and from there by sea on to Malta and Greece.[44]
While in Athens, Byron met Nicolò Giraud, who became quite close and taught him Italian. It was also presumed that the two had an intimate relationship involving a sexual affair.[45] Byron sent Giraud to school at a monastery in Malta and bequeathed him a sizeable sum of seven thousand pounds sterling. The will, however, was later cancelled.[46] In 1810 in Athens Byron wrote Maid of Athens, ere we part for a 12-year-old girl, Teresa Makri [1798–1875], and reportedly offered £500 for her. The offer was not accepted.[citation needed]
Byron made his way to Smyrna where he and Hobhouse cadged a ride to Constantinople on HMS Salsette. While Salsette was anchored awaiting Ottoman permission to dock at the city, on 3 May 1810 Byron and Lieutenant Ekenhead, of Salsette's marines, swam the Hellespont. Byron commemorated this feat in the second canto of Don Juan. He returned to England from Malta in June 1813 aboard HMS Volage.
Affairs and scandals[link]
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Jane Elizabeth Scott "Lady Oxford"
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Anne Isabella Milbanke in 1812 by Sir George Hayter
.jpg)
In 1812, Byron embarked on a well-publicised affair with the married Lady Caroline Lamb that shocked the British public.[47] She had spurned the attention of the poet on their first meeting, subsequently giving Byron what became his lasting epitaph when she famously described him as "mad, bad and dangerous to know".[48] This didn't prevent him from pursuing her.[49][50] Byron eventually broke off the relationship and moved swiftly on to others (such as that with Lady Oxford), but Lamb never entirely recovered, pursuing him even after he tired of her. She was emotionally disturbed, and lost so much weight that Byron cruelly commented to her mother-in-law, his friend Lady Melbourne, that he was "haunted by a skeleton".[51] She began to call on him at home, sometimes dressed in disguise as a page boy,[47] at a time when such an act could ruin both of them socially. One day, during such a visit, she wrote on a book at his desk, "Remember me!" As a retort, Byron wrote a poem entitled Remember Thee! Remember Thee! which concludes with the line "Thou false to him, thou fiend to me".
As a child, Byron had seen little of his half-sister Augusta Leigh; in adulthood, he formed a close relationship with her that has been interpreted by some as incestuous,[51] and by others as innocent.[18] Augusta (who was married) gave birth on 15 April 1814 to her third daughter, Elizabeth Medora Leigh.
Eventually Byron began to court Lady Caroline's cousin Anne Isabella Milbanke ("Annabella"), who refused his first proposal of marriage but later accepted him. Milbanke was a highly moral woman, intelligent and mathematically gifted; she was also an heiress. They married at Seaham Hall, County Durham, on 2 January 1815. The marriage proved unhappy. He treated her poorly. They had a daughter (Augusta Ada). On 16 January 1816, Lady Byron left him, taking Ada with her. On 21 April, Byron signed the Deed of Separation. Rumours of marital violence, adultery with actresses, incest with Augusta Leigh, and sodomy were circulated, assisted by a jealous Lady Caroline.[51] In a letter, Augusta quoted him as saying: "Even to have such a thing said is utter destruction and ruin to a man from which he can never recover."
Later years[link]
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Percy Bysshe Shelley 1819
-
Mary Shelley 1840
After this break-up of his domestic life, Byron again left England, and, as it turned out, it was forever. He passed through Belgium and continued up the Rhine River. In the summer of 1816 he settled at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, with his personal physician, the young, brilliant, and handsome John William Polidori. There Byron befriended the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Shelley's future wife Mary Godwin. He was also joined by Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with whom he had had an affair in London.
Kept indoors at the Villa Diodati by the "incessant rain" of "that wet, ungenial summer" over three days in June, the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including Fantasmagoriana, and then devising their own tales. Mary Shelley produced what would become Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, and Polidori was inspired by a fragmentary story of Byron's, "Fragment of a Novel", to produce The Vampyre, the progenitor of the romantic vampire genre.[52] Byron's story fragment was published as a postscript to Mazeppa; he also wrote the third canto of Childe Harold. Byron wintered in Venice, pausing his travels when he fell in love with Marianna Segati, in whose Venice house he was lodging, and who was soon replaced by 22-year-old Margarita Cogni; both women were married.[53] Cogni could not read or write, and she left her husband to move into Byron's Venice house.[53] Their fighting often caused Byron to spend the night in his gondola; when he asked her to leave the house, she threw herself into the Venetian canal.[53]
In 1817, he journeyed to Rome. On returning to Venice, he wrote the fourth canto of Childe Harold. About the same time, he sold Newstead and published Manfred, Cain and The Deformed Transformed. The first five cantos of Don Juan were written between 1818 and 1820, during which period he made the acquaintance of the young Countess Guiccioli, who found her first love in Byron, who in turn asked her to elope with him.[53] It was about this time that he received a visit from Thomas Moore, to whom he confided his autobiography or "life and adventures", which Moore, Hobhouse, and Byron's publisher, John Murray,[53] burned in 1824, a month after Byron's death.[14]
Children[link]
-
Ada Lovelace
(1815–1852) -
Clara Allegra Byron (1817–1822)
-
Elizabeth Medora Leigh (1814–1849) (presumed)
Byron had a child, The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron ("Ada", later Countess of Lovelace), in 1815 with Annabella Byron, Lady Byron (née Anne Isabella Milbanke, or "Annabella"), later Lady Wentworth. Ada Lovelace, notable in her own right, collaborated with Charles Babbage on the analytical engine, a predecessor to modern computers. She is recognised[54] as the world's first programmer.
He also had an illegitimate child in 1817, Clara Allegra Byron, with Claire Clairmont, stepsister of Mary Shelley and stepdaughter of Political Justice and Caleb Williams writer, William Godwin.
Allegra is not entitled to the style "The Hon." as is usually given to the daughter of barons, since she was illegitimate. Born in Bath in 1817, Allegra lived with Byron for a few months in Venice; he refused to allow an Englishwoman caring for the girl to adopt her, and objected to her being raised in the Shelleys' household.[53] He wished for her to be brought up Catholic and not marry an Englishman.[53] He made arrangements for her to inherit 5,000 lira upon marriage, or when she reached the age of 21, provided she did not marry a native of Britain.[53] However, the girl died aged five of a fever in Bagna Cavallo, Italy while Byron was in Pisa; he was deeply upset by the news.[53] He had Allegra's body sent back to England to be buried at his old school, Harrow, because Protestants could not be buried in consecrated ground in Catholic countries.[53] At one time he himself had wanted to be buried at Harrow. Byron was indifferent towards Allegra's mother, Claire Clairmont.[53]
Although it cannot be proved, some[who?] attest that Augusta Leigh's child, Elizabeth Medora Leigh, was fathered by Byron.
It is thought[by whom?] that Lord Byron had a son by a maid he employed at Newstead named Lucy. A letter of his to John Hanson from Newstead Abbey, dated 17 January 1809, refers to the situation: "You will discharge my Cook, & Laundry Maid, the other two I shall retain to take care of the house, more especially as the youngest is pregnant (I need not tell you by whom) and I cannot have the girl on the parish." The letter may be found in many editions of Byron's letters, such as Marchand's 1982 Byron's Letters and Journals. The poem "To My Son" may be about this child; however, the dating gives difficulties; some editors[specify] attribute the poem to a date two years earlier than the letter.
Political career[link]
Byron first took his seat in the House of Lords 13 Mar 1809,[55] but left London on 11 Jun 1809 for the Continent.[56] A strong advocate of social reform, he received particular praise as one of the few Parliamentary defenders of the Luddites: specifically, he was against a death penalty for Luddite "frame breakers" in Nottinghamshire, who destroyed textile machines that were putting them out of work. His first speech before the Lords was loaded with sarcastic references to the "benefits" of automation, which he saw as producing inferior material as well as putting people out of work. He said later that he "spoke very violent sentences with a sort of modest impudence", and thought he came across as "a bit theatrical".[57] The full text of the speech, which he had previously written out, were presented to Dallas in manuscript form and he quotes it in his work.[58] In another Parliamentary speech he expressed opposition to the established religion because it was unfair to people of other faiths.[59] These experiences inspired Byron to write political poems such as Song for the Luddites (1816) and The Landlords' Interest, Canto XIV of The Age of Bronze.[60] Examples of poems in which he attacked his political opponents include Wellington: The Best of the Cut-Throats (1819); and The Intellectual Eunuch Castlereagh (1818).[citation needed]
Life abroad[link]
Reasons for his departure[link]
Ultimately, Byron resolved to escape the censure of British society (due to allegations of sodomy and incest) by living abroad,[14] thereby freeing himself of the need to conceal his sexual interests (MacCarthy pp. 86, 314).[26] Byron left England in 1816 and did not return for the last eight years of his life, even to bury his daughter.[14][53]
The Armenians in Venice[link]
In 1816, Byron visited Saint Lazarus Island in Venice, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the abbots belonging to the Mechitarist Order. With the help of Father H. Avgerian, he learned the Armenian language,[53] and attended many seminars about language and history. He wrote English Grammar and Armenian (Qerakanutyun angghiakan yev hayeren) in 1817, and Armenian Grammar and English (Qerakanutyun hayeren yev angghiakan) in 1819, where he included quotations from classical and modern Armenian. Byron also participated in the compilation of the English Armenian dictionary (Barraran angghieren yev hayeren, 1821) and wrote the preface in which he explained the relationship of the Armenians with and the oppression of the Turkish "pashas" and the Persian satraps, and their struggle of liberation. His two main translations are the Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, two chapters of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia and sections of Nerses of Lambron's Orations.[61] His fascination was so great that he even considered a replacement of the Cain story of the Bible with that of the legend of Armenian patriarch Haik.[61] He may be credited with the birth of Armenology and its propagation.[61] His profound lyricism and ideological courage has inspired many Armenian poets, the likes of Ghevond Alishan, Smbat Shahaziz, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Ruben Vorberian and others.[61]
In Italy and Greece[link]
Further information: Greek War of Independence
From 1821 to 1822, he finished Cantos 6–12 of Don Juan at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt and Percy Bysshe Shelley in starting a short-lived newspaper, The Liberal, in the first number of which appeared The Vision of Judgment. For the first time since his arrival in Italy, Byron found himself tempted to give dinner parties; his guests included the Shelleys, Edward Ellerker Williams, Thomas Medwin, John Taaffe, and Edward John Trelawney; and "never," as Shelley said, "did he display himself to more advantage than on these occasions; being at once polite and cordial, full of social hilarity and the most perfect good humour; never diverging into ungraceful merriment, and yet keeping up the spirit of liveliness throughout the evening."[62]
Shelley and Williams rented a house on the coast and had a schooner built. Byron decided to have his own yacht, and engaged Trelawny’s friend, Captain Daniel Roberts (Royal Navy officer), to design and construct the boat. Named the Bolivar, it was later sold to Charles John Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington, and Marguerite, Countess of Blessington when Byron left for Greece in 1823.[63][64] Byron attended the funeral of Shelley, which was orchestrated by Trelawny after Williams and Shelley drowned in a boating accident on 8 July 1822. His last Italian home was Genoa, where he was still accompanied by the Countess Guiccioli, and the Blessingtons; providing the material for Lady Blessington’s work: Conversations with Lord Byron, an important text in the reception of Byron in the period immediately after his death.
Byron was living in Genoa, when in 1823, while growing bored with his life there, he accepted overtures for his support from representatives of the movement for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.[65] With the assistance of his banker and Captain Roberts, Byron chartered the Brig Hercules to take him to Greece. On 16 July, Byron left Genoa arriving at Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands on 4 August. His voyage is covered in detail in Sailing with Byron from Genoa to Cephalonia.[66] There is a mystical coincidence in Byron’s chartering the Hercules. The vessel was launched only a few miles south of Seaham Hall, where in 1815 Byron married Annabella Milbanke. Between 1815 and 1823 the vessel was in service between England and Canada. Suddenly in 1823, the ship’s Captain decided to sail to Genoa and offer the Hercules for charter.
After taking Byron to Greece, the ship returned to England, never again to venture into the Mediterranean. "The Hercules was age 37 when on 21 September 1852, her life ended when she went aground near Hartlepool, only 25 miles south of Sunderland, where in 1815, her keel was laid; Byron’s keel was laid nine months before his official birth date, 22 January 1788; therefore in ship-years, he was age 37, when he died in Missolonghi."[67] Byron spent £4000 of his own money to refit the Greek fleet, then sailed for Missolonghi in western Greece, arriving on 29 December, to join Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power. During this time, Byron pursued his Greek page, Lukas Chalandritsanos, but the affections went unrequited.[14] When the famous Danish sculptor Thorvaldsen heard about Byron's heroics in Greece, he voluntarily resculpted his earlier bust of Byron in Greek marble.[53]
Death[link]
Mavrokordatos and Byron planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. Byron employed a fire-master to prepare artillery and took part of the rebel army under his own command, despite his lack of military experience, but before the expedition could sail, on 15 February 1824, he fell ill, and the usual remedy of bloodletting weakened him further.[68] He made a partial recovery, but in early April he caught a violent cold which therapeutic bleeding, insisted on by his doctors, aggravated. It is suspected this treatment, carried out with unsterilised medical instrumentation, may have caused him to develop sepsis. He developed a violent fever, and died on 19 April.[68] His physician at the time, Julius van Millingen, son of Dutch-English archaeologist James Millingen, was unable to prevent his death. It has been said that had Byron lived and gone on to defeat the Ottomans, he might have been declared King of Greece. However, contemporary scholars have found such an outcome unlikely.[14]
Post mortem[link]
Alfred, Lord Tennyson would later recall the shocked reaction in Britain when word was received of Byron's death.[14] The Greeks mourned Lord Byron deeply, and he became a hero.[69][70] The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomos, wrote a poem about the unexpected loss, named To the Death of Lord Byron.[71] Βύρων ("Vyron"), the Greek form of "Byron", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called Vyronas in his honour.
Byron's body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Missolonghi.[72] His other remains were sent to England for burial in Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality".[14][73] Huge crowds viewed his body as he lay in state for two days in London.[14] He is buried at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire.
At her request, Ada Lovelace, the child he never knew, was buried next to him. In later years, the Abbey allowed a duplicate of a marble slab given by the King of Greece, which is laid directly above Byron's grave. Byron's friends raised the sum of 1,000 pounds to commission a statue of the writer; Thorvaldsen offered to sculpt it for that amount.[53] However, for ten years after the statue was completed in 1834, most British institutions turned it down, and it remained in storage. The statue was refused by the British Museum, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the National Gallery.[53] Trinity College, Cambridge, finally placed the statue of Byron in its library.[53]
In 1969, 145 years after Byron's death, a memorial to him was finally placed in Westminster Abbey.[74] The memorial had been lobbied for since 1907; The New York Times wrote, "People are beginning to ask whether this ignoring of Byron is not a thing of which England should be ashamed ... a bust or a tablet might be put in the Poets' Corner and England be relieved of ingratitude toward one of her really great sons."[75]
Robert Ripley had drawn a picture of Boatswain's grave with the caption "Lord Byron's dog has a magnificent tomb while Lord Byron himself has none". This came as a shock to the English, particularly schoolchildren, who, Ripley said, raised funds of their own accord to provide the poet with a suitable memorial. (Source: Ripley's Believe It or Not!, 3rd Series, 1950; p. xvi.)
On a very central area of Athens, Greece, outside the National Garden, is a statue depicting Greece in the form of a woman crowning Byron. The statue was made by the French Henri-Michel Chapu and Alexandre Falguière.
Upon his death, the barony passed to Byron's cousin George Anson Byron, a career naval officer.
Poetic works[link]
Byron wrote prolifically.[76] In 1832 his publisher, John Murray, released the complete works in 14 duodecimo volumes, including a life[57] by Thomas Moore. Subsequent editions were released in 17 volumes, first published a year later, in 1833.
Although Byron falls chronologically into the period most commonly associated with Romantic poetry, much of his work looks back to the satiric tradition of Alexander Pope and John Dryden.
[edit] Don Juan
Main article: Don Juan (Byron)
Byron's magnum opus, Don Juan, a poem spanning 17 cantos, ranks as one of the most important long poems published in England since John Milton's Paradise Lost.[77] The masterpiece, often called the epic of its time, has roots deep in literary tradition and, although regarded by early Victorians as somewhat shocking, equally involves itself with its own contemporary world at all levels — social, political, literary and ideological.
Byron published the first two cantos anonymously in 1819 after disputes with his regular publisher over the shocking nature of the poetry; by this time, he had been a famous poet for seven years, and when he self-published the beginning cantos, they were well received in some quarters.[38] It was then released volume by volume through his regular publishing house.[38] By 1822, cautious acceptance by the public had turned to outrage, and Byron's publisher refused to continue to publish the works.[38] In Canto III of Don Juan, Byron expresses his detestation for poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.[38][78]
Byronic hero[link]
The figure of the Byronic hero pervades much of his work, and Byron himself is considered to epitomise many of the characteristics of this literary figure.[14] Scholars have traced the literary history of the Byronic hero from John Milton, and many authors and artists of the Romantic movement show Byron's influence during the 19th century and beyond, including Charlotte and Emily Brontë.[14] The Byronic hero presents an idealised, but flawed character whose attributes include[citation needed]: great talent; great passion; a distaste for society and social institutions; a lack of respect for rank and privilege (although possessing both); being thwarted in love by social constraint or death; rebellion; exile; an unsavory secret past; arrogance; overconfidence or lack of foresight; and, ultimately, a self-destructive manner. Finally, Stendhal's hero Julien Sorel in The Red and the Black seems to have been inspired by Don Juan.[citation needed]
Parthenon marbles[link]
Main article: Elgin Marbles
Byron was a bitter opponent of Lord Elgin's removal of the Parthenon marbles from Greece, and "reacted with fury" when Elgin's agent gave him a tour of the Parthenon, during which he saw the missing friezes and metopes. He penned a poem, The Curse of Minerva, to denounce Elgin's actions.[79]
Sea and swimming[link]
He enjoyed adventure, especially relating to the sea.[7]
The first recorded notable example of open water swimming took place on 3 May 1810 when Lord Byron swam from Europe to Asia across the Hellespont Strait.[80] This is often seen as the birth of the sport and pastime and to commemorate it, the event is recreated every year as an open water swimming event.[81]
Celebrity[link]
Byron is considered to be the first modern-style celebrity. His image as the personification of the Byronic hero fascinated the public,[14] and his wife Annabella coined the term "Byromania" to refer to the commotion surrounding him.[14] His self-awareness and personal promotion are seen as a beginning to what would become the modern rock star; he would instruct artists painting portraits of him not to paint him with pen or book in hand, but as a "man of action."[14] While Byron first welcomed fame, he later turned from it by going into voluntary exile from Britain.[23]
Fondness for animals[link]
Byron had a great love of animals, most notably for a Newfoundland dog named Boatswain. When the animal contracted rabies, Byron nursed him, albeit unsuccessfully, without any thought or fear of becoming bitten and infected.[82][83]
Although deep in debt at the time, Byron commissioned an impressive marble funerary monument for Boatswain at Newstead Abbey, larger than his own, and the only building work which he ever carried out on his estate. In his 1811 will, Byron requested that he be buried with him.[53] The 26 verse poem, Epitaph to a Dog, has become one of his best-known works, but a draft of an 1830 letter by Hobhouse shows him to be the author, and that Byron decided to use Hobhouse's lengthy epitaph instead of his own, which read: "To mark a friend's remains these stones arise/I never knew but one—and here he lies."[84]
Byron also kept a tame bear while he was a student at Trinity, out of resentment for rules forbidding pet dogs like his beloved Boatswain. There being no mention of bears in their statutes, the college authorities had no legal basis for complaining: Byron even suggested that he would apply for a college fellowship for the bear.[85]
During his lifetime, in addition to numerous dogs and horses, Byron kept a fox, four monkeys, a parrot, five cats, an eagle, a crow, a crocodile, a falcon, five peacocks, two guinea hens, an Egyptian crane, a badger, three geese, a heron and a goat with a broken leg. Except for the horses, they all resided indoors at his homes in England, Switzerland, Italy and Greece.
Lasting influence[link]
The re-founding of the Byron Society in 1971 reflects the fascination that many people have for Byron and his work.[86] This society has become very active, publishing an annual journal. Today 36 Byron Societies function throughout the world, and an International Conference takes place annually.
Byron exercised a marked influence on Continental literature and art, and his reputation as a poet is higher in many European countries than in Britain or America, although not as high as in his time, when he was widely thought to be the greatest poet in the world.[23] Byron has inspired works by Franz Liszt, Hector Berlioz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, and Giuseppe Verdi.[23]
Depictions in fiction and film[link]
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Byron first appeared as a thinly disguised fictional character in his ex-love Lady Caroline Lamb's book Glenarvon, published in 1816.[14]
The archetypal vampire character, notably Bram Stoker's Dracula, is based on Byron. The gothic ideal of a decadent, pale and aristocratic individual who enamors himself to whomever he meets, but who is perceived to have a dark and dangerous inner-self is a literary form derived from characteristations of Byron. The image of a vampire portrayed as an aristocrat was created by John Polidori, in "The Vampyre", during the summer of 1816 which he spent in the company of Byron. The titled Count Dracula is a reprise of this character.
Byron was the subject of a 1908 play Byron by Alicia Ramsey and its 1922 film adaptation A Prince of Lovers in which he was played by Howard Gaye.
Byron is the main character of the film Byron by the Greek film maker Nikos Koundouros.
Byron's spirit is one of the title characters of the Ghosts of Albion books by Amber Benson and Christopher Golden. John Crowley's book Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land (2005) involves the rediscovery of a lost manuscript by Lord Byron, as does Frederic Prokosch's The Missolonghi Manuscript (1968).
Byron appears as a character in Tim Powers's time travel/alternative history novels The Stress of Her Regard (1989) and The Anubis Gates (1983), Walter Jon Williams's fantasy novella Wall, Stone Craft (1994), and also in Susanna Clarke's alternative history Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (2004).
Byron appears as an immortal, still living in modern times, in the television show Highlander: The Series in the fifth season episode The Modern Prometheus, living as a decadent rock star.
Tom Holland, in his 1995 novel The Vampyre: Being the True Pilgrimage of George Gordon, Sixth Lord Byron, romantically describes how Lord Byron became a vampire during his first visit to Greece — a fictional transformation that explains much of his subsequent behaviour towards family and friends, and finds support in quotes from Byron poems and the diaries of John Cam Hobhouse. It is written as though Byron is retelling part of his life to his great great-great-great-granddaughter. He describes travelling in Greece, Italy, Switzerland, meeting Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley's death, and many other events in life around that time. The Byron as vampire character returns in the 1996 sequel Supping with Panthers.
Byron and Percy and Mary Shelley are portrayed in Roger Corman's final film Frankenstein Unbound, where the time traveller Dr. Buchanan (played by John Hurt) meets them as well as Victor von Frankenstein (played by Raúl Juliá).
The Black Drama by Manly Wade Wellman,[87] originally published in Weird Tales, involves the rediscovery and production of a lost play by Byron (from which Polidori's The Vampyre was plagiarised) by a man who purports to be a descendant of the poet.
Tom Stoppard's play Arcadia revolves around a modern researcher's attempts to find out what made Byron leave the country, while Howard Brenton's play Bloody Poetry features Byron, in addition to Polidori, the Shelleys and Claire Clairmont.
Television portrayals include a major 2003 BBC drama on Byron's life, an appearance in the 2006 BBC drama, Beau Brummell: This Charming Man, and minor appearances in Highlander: The Series (as well as the Shelleys), Blackadder the Third, episode 60 (Darkling) of Star Trek: Voyager, and was also parodied in the animated sketch series, Monkey Dust.
He makes an appearance in the alternative history novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling. In a Britain powered by the massive, steam-driven, mechanical computers invented by Charles Babbage, he is leader of the Industrial Radical Party, eventually becoming Prime Minister.
The events featuring the Shelleys' and Byron's relationship at the house beside Lake Geneva in 1816 have been fictionalised in film at least three times.
- A 1986 British production, Gothic, directed by Ken Russell, and starring Gabriel Byrne as Byron.
- A 1988 Spanish production, Rowing with the wind aka (Remando al viento), starring Hugh Grant as Byron.
- A 1988 U.S.A. production Haunted Summer. Adapted by Lewis John Carlino from the speculative novel by Anne Edwards, starring Philip Anglim as Lord Byron.
The brief prologue to Bride of Frankenstein includes Gavin Gordon as Byron, begging Mary Shelley to tell the rest of her Frankenstein story.
Novelist Benjamin Markovits produced a trilogy about the life of Byron. Imposture (2007) looked at the poet from the point of view of his friend and doctor, John Polidori. A Quiet Adjustment (2008), is an account of Byron's marriage that is more sympathetic to his wife, Annabella. Childish Loves(2011) is a reimagining of Byron's lost memoirs, dealing with questions about his childhood and sexual awakening.
Byron is portrayed as an immortal in the book, Divine Fire, by Melanie Jackson.
In the comic thriller, Edward Trencom's Nose by Giles Milton, several of Edward's ancestors are poisoned, along with Byron.
In The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episode "Ecto Cooler" (2005), the episode opens with a quote from Don Juan. Byron's ghost appears to instruct Billy on how to be cool.
In the novel The History of Lucy's Love Life in Ten and a Half Chapters, Lucy Lyons uses a time machine to visit 1813 and meet her idol, Byron.
Byron is depicted in Tennessee William's play Camino Real.
Byron's life is the subject of the 2003 made for television movie Byron starring Jonny Lee Miller.
Byron is depicted as the villain/antagonist in the novel Jane Bites Back [88] written by Michael Thomas Ford, published by Ballantine Books, 2010. A novel based on the premise that Jane Austen (and Lord Byron) are Vampires living in the modern day literary world.
The play A Year Without A Summer by Brad C. Hodson is about Byron, Polidori, the Shelleys, and Claire Clairmont and the famous summer of 1816 at the Villa Diodati. As opposed to other works dealing with the same period, the play is more a biopic dealing with Byron's divorce and exile from England, than with the Shelleys' lives.
Lawrence Durrell wrote a poem called Byron as a lyrical soliloquy; it was first published in 1944.
Susanna Roxman's Allegra in her 1996 collection Broken Angels (Dionysia Press, Edinburgh) is a poem about Byron's daughter by Claire Clairmont. In this text, Byron is referred to as "Papa".
Dan Chapman's 2010 vampire novella The Postmodern Malady of Dr. Peter Hudson begins at the time of Lord Byron's death and uses biographical information about him in the construction of its title character. It also directly quotes some of his work.[89]
Stephanie Barron's series of Jane Austen Mysteries has Lord Byron a suspect of murder in the 2010 book, Jane and the Madness of Lord Byron.
He appears in a parallel story line in the novel The Fire by Katherine Neville.
Byron is also a minor character in the ninth novel of L.A. Meyer's Bloody Jack series The Mark of the Golden Dragon.
In the short story "The Writer's Child" by Tad Williams--collected in the short story anthology The Sandman: Book of Dreams edited by Neil Gaiman and Ed Kramer--Byron is depicted as reincarnated as a child's teddy bear. Described as "clubfoot" for having one leg shorter than the other, and called separately, "young lord" and simply "Byron", it is not til late in the story that he's revealed to be paying penalty for some kind of crime involving a woman named, "Ogusta".
He appears as a drug induced apparition to his dying daughter, Ada, in Romulus Linney's two-act play "Childe Byron".
Musical settings of, or music inspired by, poems by Byron[link]
- 1820 – William Crathern: My Boat is On the Shore (1820), a setting for voice and piano of words from the poem To Thomas More written by Byron in 1817
- c. 1820–1860 – Carl Loewe: 24 songs
- 1833 – Gaetano Donizetti: Parisina, opera
- 1834 – Hector Berlioz: Harold en Italie, symphony in four movements for viola and orchestra
- 1835 – Gaetano Donizetti: Marino Faliero, opera
- 1844 – Hector Berlioz: Le Corsaire overture (possibly also inspired by James Fenimore Cooper's Red Rover as the original title is Le Corsaire Rouge)
- 1844 – Giuseppe Verdi: I due Foscari, opera in three acts
- 1848 – Giuseppe Verdi: Il corsaro, opera in three acts
- 1849 – Robert Schumann: Overture and incidental music to Manfred
- 1849–54 – Franz Liszt: Tasso, Lamento e trionfo, symphonic poem
- 1885 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Manfred Symphony in B minor, Op. 58
- 1896 – Hugo Wolf: Vier Gedichte nach Heine, Shakespeare und Lord Byron for voice and piano: 3. Sonne der Schlummerlosen 4. Keine gleicht von allen Schönen
- 1916 – Pietro Mascagni: Parisina, opera in four acts
- 1934 – Germaine Tailleferre: Two Poems of Lord Byron (1. Sometimes in moments... 2. 'Tis Done I heard it in my dreams... for Voice and Piano (Tailleferre's only setting of English language texts)
- 1942 – Arnold Schoenberg: Ode to Napoleon for reciter, string quartet and piano
- mid 1970s: Arion Quinn: She Walks in Beauty
- 1984 – David Bowie: Music video for Blue Jean and short promotional video for Blue Jean, Jazzin' for Blue Jean features him playing a rock star named Screaming Lord Byron (cf. Screaming Lord Sutch). His attire for the rock star mimics that of Lord Byron's in the portrait by Thomas Phillips.
- 1997 – Solefald: When the Moon is on the Wave
- 2002 – Ariella Uliano: So We'll Go No More A'Roving
- 2002 – Warren Zevon: Lord Byron's Luggage
- 2004 – Leonard Cohen: No More A-Roving
- 2005 – Cockfighter (band): Destruction
- 2006 – Kris Delmhorst: We'll Go No More A-Roving
- 2006 – Cradle Of Filth: The Byronic Man featuring HIM's Ville Valo
- 2008 – ALPHA 60: The rock, the vulture, and the chain
- 2008 – Schiller (band) has a song called "Nacht" with Ben Becker on its album, Sehnsucht (Schiller album), which has video on Youtube. The lyrics are a shortened version of a poem in German called Die Seele that is attributed to Lord Byron. It appears to be a translation of the Byron poem, "When coldness wraps this suffering clay" from the collection, Hebrew Melodies. The Identity of the translator/author of Die Seele is unknown although the text may be from "Lord Byrons Werke In sechs Bänden" translated by Otto Gildemeister, 3rd Volume, Fifth Edition, Berlin 1903 (pages 134–135).
- 2011 – Agustí Charles: Lord Byron. Un estiu sense estiu. Opera en dos actes (Lord Byron. A summer without a summer. Opera in two actes). Libretto in Catalan by Marc Rosich, world premiere at Staatstheater Darmstadt, March 2011.
Perth rock band Eleventh He Reaches London are named in reference to the eleventh canto of Don Juan, in which Don Juan arrives in London. Their debut album, The Good Fight for Harmony also featured a track entitled "What Would Don Juan Do?"
Bibliography[link]
See also Category: Works by Lord Byron
File:Bride of abydos 1857 950px.jpg
The Bride of Abydos AKA Selim and Zuleika. Painting, 1857, by Eugène Delacroix depicting Lord Byron's work .
Major works[link]
- Hours of Idleness (1807)
- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)
- The Giaour (1813)
- The Bride of Abydos (1813)
- The Corsair (1814)
- Lara, A Tale (1814)
- Hebrew Melodies (1815)
- The Siege of Corinth (1816) (text on Wikisource)
- Parisina (1816)
- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816) (text on Wikisource)
- The Dream (1816)
- Prometheus (1816)
- Darkness (1816)
- Manfred (1817) (text on Wikisource)
- The Lament of Tasso (1817)
- Beppo (1818)
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818) (text on Wikisource)
- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)
- Mazeppa (1819)
- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)
- Marino Faliero (1820)
- Sardanapalus (1821)
- The Two Foscari (1821)
- Cain (1821)
- The Vision of Judgment (1821)
- Heaven and Earth (1821)
- Werner (1822)
- The Age of Bronze (1823)
- The Island (1823)
- The Deformed Transformed (1824)
Major poems[link]
- The First Kiss of Love (1806) (text on Wikisource)
- Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination (1806) (text on Wikisource)
- To a Beautiful Quaker (1807) (text on Wikisource)
- The Cornelian (1807) (text on Wikisource)
- Lines Addressed to a Young Lady (1807) (text on Wikisource)
- Lachin y Garr (1807) (text on Wikisource)
- Epitaph to a Dog (1808) (text on Wikisource)
- Maid of Athens, ere we part (1810) (text on Wikisource)
- She Walks in Beauty (1814) (text on Wikisource)
- My Soul is Dark (1815) (text on Wikisource)
- When We Two Parted (1817) (text on Wikisource)
- Love's Last Adieu
- So, we'll go no more a roving (1830) (text on Wikisource)
See also[link]
- Asteroid 3306 Byron
- Bridge of Sighs, a Venice landmark Byron denominated
- David Crane (historian)
- Timeline of Lord Byron
References[link]
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J. M. Dent & Sons; New York, E. P. Dutton.
- ^ Plomer, William (1970) [1936]. The Diamond of Jannina. New York City: Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-224-61721-5. "Byron had yet to die to make philhellenism generally acceptable."
- ^ The Cost Of Creativity: Bipolar Disorder and the Stars [1] accessed 26 December 2011
- ^ Lord Byron [2] accessed 26 December 2011
- ^ "The Gordons of Gight". Pbase.com. http://www.pbase.com/rjmpaxman/gordon_of_gight. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ a b c Galt, John, The Life of Lord Byron, 1830, Chapter 1
- ^ Boase, George Clement; William Prideaux Courtney (1878). Bibliotheca Cornubiensis: A Catalogue of the Writings of Cornishmen. II. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer. p. 792. http://books.google.com/books?id=sRYYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA791#PPA792,M1. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Byron as a Boy; His Mother's Influence — His School Days and Mary Chaworth" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 February 1898. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9E03E3D91638E433A25755C2A9649C94699ED7CF. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ "...it was known to be solely with a view of relieving himself from his debts, that Mr. Byron paid his addresses to her." Moore, Thomas, The Works of Lord Byron: With His Letters and Journals, and His Life, John Murray, 1835.
- ^ McGann, Jerome, ‘Byron, George Gordon Noel, sixth Baron Byron (1788–1824)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2009 [3] accessed 10 June 2010
- ^ a b Galt, John, The Life of Lord Byron, 1830, Chapter 3
- ^ MacCarthy, pp. 3–4
- ^ Gilmour, Ian (2003). The Making of the Poets: Byron and Shelley in Their Time. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 35.
- ^ Eisler, Benita (1999). Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame. Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-679-41299-9, chapter one (online at The New York Times), p. 13: "For Byron, his deformed foot became the crucial catastrophe of his life. He saw it as the mark of satanic connection, referring to himself as le diable boiteux, the lame devil."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Bostridge, Mark (3 November 2002). "On the trail of the real Lord Byron". The Independent on Sunday. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/on-the-trail-of-the-real-lord-byron-603280.html. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
- ^ Henley, William Ernest, ed., The works of Lord Byron: Letters, 1804–1813, Volume 1, 1897
- ^ Marchand, Leslie, Byron: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, p. 7.
- ^ a b Moore, Thomas, The Works of Lord Byron: With His Letters and Journals, and His Life, John Murray, 1835.
- ^ a b c d e f Hoeper, Jeffrey D. (17 December 2002). "The Sodomizing Biographer: Leslie Marchand's Portrait of Byron". Arkansas State University. http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/marchand.html. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ Lord Byron: selected letters and journals,Harvard University Press, 1982, p.277>
- ^ Marchand, Leslie, Byron: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, p. 139.
- ^ Marchand, Leslie, Byron: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, p. 435.
- ^ a b Marchand, Leslie, Byron: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, p. 442.
- ^ a b c d e f g Allen, Brooke (Summer 2003). "Bryon(sic): Revolutionary, libertine and friend". The Hudson Review. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4021/is_200307/ai_n9278558. Retrieved 11 July 2008. [dead link]
- ^ McGann, Jerome (September 2004). "Byron, George Gordon Noel, sixth Baron Byron (1788–1824)" (fee required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4279. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
- ^ Williamson, Martin (18 June 2005). "The oldest fixture of them all: the annual Eton vs Harrow match". Cricinfo Magazine. http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/211281.html. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ a b MacCarthy, Fiona (7 Nov 2002). Byron: Life and Legend. John Murray Publishers Ltd. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7195-5621-0.
- ^ MacCarthy, p.37
- ^ MacCarthy, p. 404
- ^ MacCarthy, p. 40
- ^ Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Byron [post Noel], George (Gordon), Baron Byron". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ MacCarthy, p.61
- ^ MacCarthy, p. 39
- ^ a b Baron, J.H. (20 December 1997). "Illnesses and creativity: Byron's appetites, James Joyce's gut, and Melba's meals and mésalliances". British Journal of Medicine. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/315/7123/1697. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Lord Byron. "To Mary". JGHawaii Publishing Co.. http://readytogoebooks.com/TM-P27.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 46. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 55. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ a b c d e Stabler, Jane (1999). Duncan Wu. ed. George Gordon, Lord Byron, 'Don Juan'. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 247–257. ISBN 978-0-631-21877-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=kJCHB0tqd1kC. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ Thomas Moore Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, 1830 vol. 1, cited in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, ed. Susan Ratcliffe. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Hull. 4 March 2010 Oxfordreference.com
- ^ Crompton, Louis (1985). Byron and Greek Love: Homophobia in 19th Century England. University of California Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 978-0-520-05172-0.
- ^ Byron Blackstone (Dec. 1974), “Byron and Islam: the triple Eros” (Journal of European Studies vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 325–63); Byron to Moore, 8 March 1816, in Marchand vol. 5, p. 45
- ^ Bone, Drummond (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Byron. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-521-78676-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZtSF3PrMtNoC. Retrieved 20 November 2008. "In fact (as their critics pointed out) both Byron and Hobhouse were to some extent dependent upon information gleaned by the French resident Francois Pouqueville, who had in 1805 published an influential travelogue entitled Voyage en Moree, a Constantinople, en Albanie ... 1798–1801"
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 68. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ Byron's correspondence and Journals from the Mediterranean, July 1809 – July 1811 Byron to Catherine Gordon Byron, from Gibraltar, 11 August 1809: "I left Seville and rode on to Cadiz through a beautiful country, at Xeres where the Sherry we drink is made I met a great merchant a Mr Gordon of Scotland, who was extremely polite and favoured me with the Inspection of his vaults & cellars so that I quaffed at the Fountain head. – – Cadiz, sweet Cadiz! is the most delightful town I ever beheld..."
- ^ Christensen, Jerome (1993), Lord Byron's Strength, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ MacCarthy, p.135
- ^ a b Wong, Ling-Mei (14 October 2004). "Professor to speak about his book, 'Lady Caroline Lamb'". Spartan Daily (San Jose State University). http://media.www.thespartandaily.com/media/storage/paper852/news/2004/10/14/UndefinedSection/Professor.To.Speak.About.His.Book.lady.Caroline.Lamb-1499653.shtml. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ Castle, Terry (13 April 1997). "'Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/13/reviews/970413.13castlet.html. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
- ^ Sunday Times: Property (17 November 2002). "Ireland: Poetic justice at home of Byron’s exiled lover". Mad, bad and dangerous to know” has become Lord Byron’s lasting epitaph. Lady Caroline Lamb coined the phrase after her first meeting with the poet at a society event in 1812. (Dublin, Ireland: The Times Online). http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/article830128.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ Castle, Terry; Phyllis Grosskurth (13 April 1997). "Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know". " A biography that sees Lord Byron as a victim of circumstances" (NYC, USA: The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/13/reviews/970413.13castlet.html. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ a b c Marilee Cody (?). "Lord Byron's Lovers: Lady Caroline Lamb". http://englishhistory.net/byron/lclamb.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Rigby, Mair. " 'Prey to some cureless disquiet': Polidori’s Queer Vampyre at the Margins of Romanticism." Paragraph 2. Romanticism on the Net, 36–37, November 2004. http://www.erudit.org/revue/RON/2004/v/n36-37/011135ar.html
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Elze, Karl Friedrich (1872). Lord Byron, a biography. London: John Murray. http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYBAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". http://cs-www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/ada-bio.html. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 50. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 65. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ a b Moore, Thomas (1829) [1851]. John Wilson Croker. ed. The Life of Lord Byron: With His Letters and Journals. I. John Murray. pp. 154, 676. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=lj5AAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ "Recollections of the life of Lord Byron, from the year 1808 to the end of ... - Alexander Robert Charles Dallas". Books.google.com. p. 205. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZJYHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ Ibid, p. 679.
- ^ Lord Byron (1823). "The Age Of Bronze". JGHawaii Publishing Co.. http://readytogoebooks.com/LB-bronze-P80.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ a b c d (Armenian) Soghomonyan, Soghomon A. «Բայրոն, Ջորջ Նոել Գորդոն» (Byron, George Noel Gordon). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. ii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Moore, Thomas, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, London, 1830, p.612
- ^ Prell, Donald, A Biography of Captain Daniel Roberts, Palm Springs, CA.: Strand Publishing. 2010, p.66
- ^ His Very Self and Voice, Collected Conversations of Lord Byron, Ed. Ernest J. Lovell, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1954, p.368
- ^ His Very Self and Voice, Collected Conversations of Lord Byron, Ed. Ernest J. Lovell, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1954, p.369
- ^ Prell, Donald, Sailing with Byron from Genoa to Cephalonia (1823), Palm Springs, CA.: Strand Publishing. 2009
- ^ Prell, Donald, Lord Byron Coincidence or Destiny, Palm Springs, CA.: Strand Publishing. 2009
- ^ a b Neil Fraistat; Steven E Jones. "The Byron Chronology". Romantic Circles. University of Maryland. http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/byronchronology/1823.html. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ Richard Edgcumbe, Byron: the Last Phase, Haskell House Publishers (New York, 1972) p. 185-190
- ^ Pietro Gamba, A Narrative of Lord Byron's Last Journey to Greece: Extracted from the journal of Count Peter Gamba, who attended his lordship on that expedition, Folcroft Library Editions (1975)
- ^ Dionysios Solomos. "Εις το Θάνατο του Λόρδου Μπάιρον (Eng., To the Death of Lord Byron)" (in Greek). http://www.sarantakos.com/kibwtos/solwmos_lordbyron.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ "Heart Burial". Time Magazine. 31 July 1933. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753874,00.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Mondragon, Brenda C.. Neurotic Poets — Lord Byron "Neurotic Poets: Lord Byron". http://www.neuroticpoets.com/byron/ Neurotic Poets — Lord Byron. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ "Westminster Abbey Poets' Corner". Dean and Chapter of the Collegiate Church of St. Peter Westminster. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/highlights/poets-corner. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
- ^ "Byron Monument for the Abbey: Movement to Get Memorial in Poets' Corner Is Begun" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 July 1907. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D02E2DF173EE033A25750C1A9619C946697D6CF. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ "List of Byron's works". http://readytogoebooks.com/LB-list.htm. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Lansdown, Richard (2012). "Chapter 8: Don Juan". The Cambridge Introduction to Byron. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129. ISBN 978-0-521-11133-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8z7P0WFNUY8C&pg=PA129&dq=byron+%22don+juan%22+%22paradise+lost%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kWOyT9zhBYuR0QW-1KiyCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=byron%20%22don%20juan%22%20%22paradise%20lost%22&f=false.
- ^ Lord Byron. Canto III, XCIII-XCIV.
- ^ Atwood, Roger (2006). Stealing History: Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, And the Looting of the Ancient World. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-312-32407-3.
- ^ "History.com". History.com. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=3958. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ Matt Barr. "Guardian.co.uk". Guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2007/sep/30/escape.turkey. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Boatswain is dead! he expired in a state of madness on the 10th, after suffering much, yet retaining all the gentleness of his nature to the last, never attempting to do the least injury to anyone near him." Marchand, Leslie A. ed., Byron's Letters and Journals(BLJ), Johns Hopkins 2001, Letter to Francis Hodgson, 18 November 1808
- ^ "...the poor animal having been seized with a fit of madness, at the commencement of which so little aware was Lord Byron of the nature of the malady, that more than once, with his bare hand, he wiped away the slaver from the dog's lips during the paroxysm." Moore, Thomas, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, 1833.
- ^ Moore, Doris Langley, The Late Lord Byron, Melville House Publishing, 1961, ch. 10
- ^ "I have got a new friend, the finest in the world, a tame bear. When I brought him here, they asked me what I meant to do with him, and my reply was, 'he should sit for a fellowship.'" Marchand, Leslie A. ed., Byron's Letters and Journals(BLJ), Johns Hopkins 2001, Letter to Elizabeth Pigot, 26 October 1807:(BLJ I 135-6)
- ^ "The Byron Society". http://www.byronsociety.com/. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Wellman, Manly Wade (December 2001) [1938]. Fearful Rock and Other Precarious Locales. 3. Night Shade Books. ISBN 978-1-892389-21-3.
- ^ "JaneBitesBack.com". JaneBitesBack.com. 2012-02-28. http://www.janebitesback.com. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ Chapman, D. (2010), The Postmodern Malady of Dr. Peter Hudson ISBN 978-1-4452-2721-4
Further reading[link]
- Accardo, Peter X. Let Satire Be My Song: Byron’s English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. Web exhibit, Houghton Library, Harvard University, 2011.
- Blackstone, Byron: 'Byron and Islam: the triple Eros' (Journal of European Studies vol. 4 no. 4, Dec. 1974, 325–63)
- Crompton, Louis. Byron and Greek Love: Homophobia in 19th-Century England. Faber and Faber, 1985.
- Garrett, Martin: George Gordon, Lord Byron. (British Library Writers' Lives). London: British Library, 2000. ISBN 0-7123-4657-0.
- Garrett, Martin. 'Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron'. Palgrave, 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-00897-7
- Guiccioli, Teresa, contessa di, Lord Byron's Life in Italy, transl. Michael Rees, ed. Peter Cochran, 2005, ISBN 0-87413-716-0.
- Grosskurth, Phyllis: Byron: The Flawed Angel. Hodder, 1997. ISBN 0-340-60753-X
- MacCarthy, Fiona: Byron: Life and Legend. John Murray, 2002. ISBN 0-7195-5621-X.
- Marchand, Leslie A., editor, Edition of Byron's Letters, Harvard University Press:
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume I, 'In my hot youth', 1798–1810, (1973)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume II, 'Famous in my time', 1810–1812, (1973)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume III, 'Alas! the love of women', 1813–1814, (1974)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume IV, 'Wedlock's the devil', 1814–1815, (1975)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume V, 'So late into the night', 1816–1817, (1976)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume VI, 'The flesh is frail', 1818–1819, (1976)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume VII, 'Between two worlds', 1820, (1978)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume VIII, 'Born for opposition', 1821, (1978)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume IX, 'In the wind's eye', 1821–1822, (1978)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume X, 'A heart for every fate', 1822–1823, (1980)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume XI, 'For freedom's battle', 1823–1824, (1981)
- Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume XII, 'The trouble of an index', index, (1982)
- Lord Byron: Selected Letters and Journals, (1982)
- McGann, Jerome: Byron and Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-00722-4.
- Oueijan, Naji B. A Compendium of Eastern Elements in Byron's Oriental Tales. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1999.
- Prell, Donald: Sailing with Byron from Genoa to Cephalonia. Strand Publishing, 2009, ISBN 0-9741975-5-6.
- Prell, Donald: Lord Byron Coincidence or Destiny. Strand Publishing, 2009, http://www.strand-publishing.com/page6/page6.html
- Rosen, Fred: Bentham, Byron and Greece. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-19-820078-1.
- Thiollet, Jean-Pierre: Carré d'Art: Barbey d'Aurevilly, lord Byron, Salvador Dali, Jean-Edern Hallier, Anagramme éditions, 2008. ISBN 978-2-35035-189-6
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lord Byron |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Gordon Byron |
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Works by George Byron at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Lord Byron in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Works by Byron in audio format from LibriVox
- Poems by Lord Byron at PoetryFoundation.org
- Byron's 1816–1824 letters to Murray and Moore about Armenian studies and translations
- Creative Commons animated adaption of When We Two Parted
- The Byron Society
- A Guide to the Lord Byron Manuscript Material in the Pforzheimer Collection at The New York Public Library
- Poems by Lord Byron at PoetryFoundation.org
- The International Byron Society
- Byron's Grave
- George Gordon, Lord Byron at Find-A-Grave
- Hucknall Parish Church, Byron's final resting place
- Statue of Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge
- The Byron Chronology
- The Life and Work of Lord Byron
- Lord George Gordon Byron—Biography & Works
- Centre for Byron Studies, University of Nottingham
- Byron page on The Literature Network
- Byron Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
- Byron Materials at Arkansas State
- Pictures of Byron's Walk, Seaham, County Durham
- Official page of the Byron & Butler family
- Greece Honors British Poet As Independence War Hero, Sarasota Herald-Tribune – 21 Apr 1974
| Peerage of England | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by William Byron |
Baron Byron 1798–1824 |
Succeeded by George Byron |
|
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Byron, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron |
| Alternative names | Byron, Lord |
| Short description | English Poet |
| Date of birth | (1788-01-22)22 January 1788 |
| Place of birth | London, England |
| Date of death | 19 April 1824(1824-04-19) |
| Place of death | Missolonghi, Greece |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron
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_1,_cropped.jpg) |
|
| Country | United States |
|---|---|
| Residence | Los Angeles, California |
| Born | (1971-08-12) August 12, 1971 (age 40) Potomac, Maryland |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 170 lb (77 kg)[1] |
| Turned pro | 1988 |
| Retired | 2002 |
| Plays | Right-handed (one-handed backhand) |
| Career prize money | US$ 43,280,489 |
| Int. Tennis HOF | 2007 (member page) |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 762–222 (77.44%) |
| Career titles | 64 |
| Highest ranking | No. 1 (April 12, 1993) |
| Grand Slam Singles results | |
| Australian Open | W (1997) |
| French Open | SF (1996) |
| Wimbledon | W (1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000) |
| US Open | W (1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2002) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Tour Finals | W (1991, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999) |
| Olympic Games | 3R (1992) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 64–70 |
| Career titles | 2 |
| Highest ranking | No. 27 (February 12, 1990) |
| Grand Slam Doubles results | |
| Australian Open | 2R (1989) |
| French Open | 2R (1989) |
| Wimbledon | 3R (1989) |
| US Open | 1R (1988, 1989, 1990) |
| Last updated on: July 5, 2008. | |
Peter "Pete" Sampras (/ˈsæmprəs/; born August 12, 1971) is a retired Greek–American tennis player and former world number 1. During his 15-year tour career, he won 14 Grand Slam singles titles and became recognized as one of the greatest tennis players of all time.
Sampras debuted on the professional tour in 1988 and played his last top-level tournament in 2002 when he won the US Open, defeating rival Andre Agassi in the final. He was the year-end world no. 1 for six consecutive years (1993–1998), a record for the open era. His seven Wimbledon singles championships are also an Open Era record. He spent 286 weeks at no. 1, the most of any male player. His five US Open singles titles is an Open Era record shared with former world no. 1 players Jimmy Connors and Roger Federer. Sampras is the last American male to win Wimbledon (2000) and the ATP World Tour Finals (1999).[2]
Contents |
Tennis career[link]
Early life and career[link]
Pete Sampras was born in Potomac, Maryland, and is the third child of Sammy and Georgia Sampras. His mother immigrated from Sparta, Greece, and his father was born in the United States to a Greek father and a Jewish mother.[3][4] Greek culture played a big role in his upbringing.[4][5] Pete attended regular services of the Greek Orthodox Church on Sundays.[6] From an early age, Sampras showed signs of outstanding athletic ability. At the age of 3, Sampras discovered a tennis racket in the basement of his home and spent hours hitting balls against the wall. In 1978, the Sampras family moved to Palos Verdes, California, and the warmer climate there allowed seven-year-old Pete to play more tennis. From early on, his great idol was Rod Laver, and at 11, Sampras met and played with him.[7] The Sampras family joined the Jack Kramer Club, and it was here that Sampras's talent became apparent. He was spotted by Peter Fischer, a pediatrician and tennis enthusiast, who coached Sampras until 1989.[7][8] Fischer was responsible for converting Sampras's double-handed backhand to single-handed with the goal of being better prepared to win Wimbledon.[9][10]
1988–1990[link]
Sampras turned professional in 1988, at the age of 16, and finished the year ranked world number 97 after starting the year at world number 893.[11] His first professional match was a loss to Sammy Giammalva, Jr. at the February Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor in Philadelphia. However, just one week later at the Lipton International Players Championships in Miami, Sampras defeated two top-40 players before losing to world number 18 Emilio Sánchez. He did not defeat another top-40 player for almost six months, when he defeated world number 39 Michiel Schapers at a US Open warm-up tournament in Rye Brook, New York. In his first Grand Slam singles match, Sampras lost to world number 69 Jaime Yzaga of Peru in the first round of the US Open, 7–6(2), 7–6(4), 4–6, 5–7, 2–6. Sampras did not advance past the quarterfinals in his next three tournaments, although he did record wins over world number 79 Jim Courier in their first career match-up, and world number 8 Tim Mayotte.[12]
The following year, Sampras slightly improved his ranking to a year-ending world number 81.[13] He lost in the first round of the 1989 Australian Open to Christian Saceanu and the first round of Wimbledon to Todd Woodbridge, 5-7, 6-7(5), 7-5, 3-6. He won a Grand Slam singles match for the first time at the French Open, before losing in the second round to eventual champion, 17-year-old Michael Chang, 1-6, 1-6, 1-6, in their first career match-up. At the US Open, Sampras defeated defending champion and fifth-seeded Mats Wilander in the second round, 5–7, 6–3, 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, before losing to world number 13 Jay Berger in the fourth round. To end the year, Sampras lost in the first round of four consecutive tournaments.[14]
Sampras finished 1990 at world number 5, having started the year ranked world number 61 just prior to the start of the Australian Open.[15] He lost to Wilander in the quarterfinals of the tournament in Sydney. At the Australian Open, Sampras upset twelfth-ranked Mayotte in the first round, 7–6(6), 6–7(5), 4–6, 7–5, 12–10, before losing to thirteenth-ranked Yannick Noah in the fourth round in four sets. His first professional singles title came in February at the Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor in Philadelphia, where he defeated sixth-ranked Andre Agassi, eighth-ranked Mayotte, and eighteenth-ranked Andrés Gómez in the final. This title elevated his ranking into the top 20 for the first time. Sampras did not play the French Open and again lost in the first round of Wimbledon, this time to Christo van Rensburg, 6-7(4), 5-7, 6-7(3). Sampras played seven consecutive weeks during the North American summer hard-court season. He defeated John McEnroe in the quarterfinals of the Canadian Open, but then lost to Chang in the semifinals. He also reached the semifinals of the tournament in Los Angeles, where he lost to world no. 2 Stefan Edberg. He did not advance past the quarterfinals in his next three tournaments, losing to Chang, Richey Reneberg, and Goran Ivanišević. In September, he captured his first Grand Slam title at the US Open. Along the way, he defeated sixth-ranked Thomas Muster in the fourth round and third-ranked Ivan Lendl in a five-set quarterfinal, breaking Lendl's streak of eight consecutive US Open finals. He then defeated 20th-ranked McEnroe in a four-set semifinal to set up a final with fourth-ranked Agassi. Sampras beat Agassi in straight sets to become the US Open's youngest-ever male singles champion at the age of 19 years and 28 days.[16] He played five more tournaments and won the Grand Slam Cup to complete his year.[17]
1991–1992[link]
Sampras in 1991 captured the first of his five career titles at the year-end Tennis Masters Cup. Upon entering the US Open as the defending champion that year, he caused controversy when, after losing in the quarterfinals to Jim Courier, Sampras said that he was not disappointed and felt relieved that the pressure to defend his title was no longer on him. This led to widespread criticism, which included disparaging remarks from Courier and Jimmy Connors.[18]
In 1992, Sampras reached the quarterfinals of the French Open for the first of three consecutive years, made it to the Wimbledon semifinals, and was the runner-up at the US Open to Stefan Edberg. Sampras later stated that his loss in the US Open final that year was a "wake-up call" and that he needed to figure out how to become the world number 1.[19] He also played doubles with John McEnroe on the US team that won the Davis Cup, duplicating the feat in 1995.
1992 was also the year when Sampras made his only appearance at a Summer Olympics. The tennis event was played on clay, which was considered his worst surface. Nonetheless, Sampras had a solid showing in Barcelona, advancing to the third round before giving up a two-set lead and losing to Andrei Cherkasov of Russia.
1993–1996[link]
Sampras reached the semifinals of the Australian Open in early 1993 and matched the previous year's quarterfinal performance at the French Open. In April 1993, Sampras attained the world number 1 ranking for the first time. His rise to the top of the rankings spot was controversial because he had not recently won any Grand Slam titles,[20] but he justified his ranking three months later by claiming his first Wimbledon title, beating former world number 1 Jim Courier in the final. This was followed by his second US Open title. He finished the year as the clear no. 1 and set a new ATP Tour record that year by becoming the first player to serve more than 1,000 aces in a season.
Except for a loss in the 1996 quarterfinals to eventual winner Richard Krajicek, Sampras continued to win at Wimbledon for the rest of the decade, becoming the most successful male player in Wimbledon history.[21]
Sampras won the first of his two Australian Open titles in 1994, defeating American Todd Martin in the final. In 1995, Sampras experienced one of the most emotional matches of his career, when he played Courier in the quarterfinals.[22] Sampras's longtime coach and close friend, Tim Gullikson, had mysteriously collapsed during the tournament and was forced to return to the United States. Gullikson was later diagnosed with brain cancer to which he succumbed the following year. Saddened by Gullikson's illness, Sampras began visibly weeping during the match, but managed to win. He lost the final to Agassi. Paul Annacone took over as Sampras's full-time coach after Gullikson's illness made it impossible for him to continue coaching.
Sampras's best surface was undoubtedly the fast-playing grass courts.[23] He was also known for his all-round game and strong competitive instinct. He won back-to-back US Open titles in 1995 and 1996, despite vomiting on the court at 1–1 in the tiebreak due to dehydration in the 1996 quarterfinals against Àlex Corretja. Sampras's only real weakness was on clay courts, where the slow surface tempered his natural attacking serve-and-volley game. His best performance at the French Open came in 1996, when he lost a semifinal match to the eventual winner, Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Despite his limited success at Roland Garros, Sampras did win some significant matches on clay. He won a 1992 clay court tournament in Kitzbühel, defeating Alberto Mancini in the final. He won the prestigious Italian Open in 1994, defeating Boris Becker in the final, and two singles matches in the 1995 Davis Cup final against Russians Andrei Chesnokov and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in Moscow. Sampras also won a 1998 clay court tournament in Atlanta, defeating Jason Stoltenberg in the final.
1997[link]
Sampras won his second and final Australian Open title in January, defeating Carlos Moyà in the final.[24] In July, he won Wimbledon for the fourth time, defeating Cédric Pioline in the final.[25] Sampras also won singles titles in San Jose, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Munich, and Paris, and the ATP Tour World Championships in Hanover, Germany. He became the only player to win both the Grand Slam Cup and the ATP Tour World Championships in the same year.
He had a 10–1 win–loss record against top-10 opponents and was undefeated in eight singles finals. He held the world number 1 ranking for the entire year and joined Jimmy Connors (1974–1978) as the only male players to hold the year-end world number 1 ranking for five consecutive years. His prize money earnings of US$6,498,211 for the year was a career high.
1998[link]
In 1998, Sampras's no. 1 ranking was challenged by Chilean player Marcelo Ríos. (In 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, Sampras had dominated the ATP tour.) Sampras failed to defend his Australian Open title, losing in the quarterfinals to Karol Kučera,[26] and won Wimbledon only after a hard-fought five-set victory over Goran Ivanišević. Sampras lost a five-set US Open semifinal to the eventual winner Patrick Rafter, after leading the match two sets to one. He lost another semifinal at the Tennis Masters Cup to eventual champion Àlex Corretja. Nevertheless, Sampras finished the year as the top-ranked player for the sixth year in a row.
1999[link]
1999 also started out disappointingly, as Sampras withdrew from the Australian Open and failed to win a title during the early part of the season. However, he then went on a 24-match winning streak, including the Stella Artois Championships, Wimbledon (equaling Roy Emerson's record of 12 Grand Slam singles titles), Los Angeles, and Cincinnati. His victory over Agassi in the Wimbledon final is often cited as one of Sampras's greatest performances (despite this, he lost his no. 1 ranking to Agassi the following day, when ATP Tour rankings were updated). That run ended when he was forced to retire from the RCA Championships and the US Open because of a herniated disc in his back. Sampras's ranking was hurt through a combination of withdrawing from the Australian and US Opens, tournaments in which he had strong performances during the previous year, and the resurgence of longtime rival Andre Agassi, putting an end to Sampras' six consecutive years of finishing as the world number 1. Agassi took over the top ranking and held it for the rest of the season, but Sampras recovered and managed to beat him in the season-ending Tennis Masters Cup for the fifth and final time, enabling Sampras to place third in the rankings.
2000s[link]
Sampras reached the semifinals of the Australian Open in early 2000 (falling to the eventual champion Agassi in a five-set match) and won the Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Florida for the third time in March. He then won a record-breaking 13th Grand Slam title at Wimbledon, battling through tendonitis in his right shin and a painful back injury in the process. This victory was his eighth consecutive win in a Grand Slam final (starting at 1995 Wimbledon), which remains a record in the Open Era. After this victory, Sampras did not win another title for more than two years. He lost in the finals of the 2000 and 2001 US Open to Marat Safin and Lleyton Hewitt, respectively, leading many to speculate that Sampras would never capture another major title. At the 2001 Wimbledon Championships, Sampras lost to Roger Federer, who was 19 at the time, 6–7(7), 7–5, 4–6, 7–6(2), 5–7, in the fourth round, ending Sampras's 31-match winning streak at Wimbledon. The match also marked the first and only time that the two men ever played each other on the ATP tour.
2002[link]
In 2002, Sampras suffered an early exit from Wimbledon, losing in the second round to no. 145 fast-court specialist George Bastl of Switzerland. Sampras had a relatively poor summer leading up to the US Open. Greg Rusedski, whom Sampras had defeated in a long five-set third round match at the US Open, said that Sampras was "a step and a half slower" and predicted that Sampras would lose his next match. Sampras, however, then defeated two young stars, Tommy Haas in the fourth round and Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals. He then defeated Sjeng Schalken in the semifinals to reach his third straight US Open final, and eighth US Open final overall, tying Ivan Lendl's all-time record. This time, he faced Agassi, whom he had met in his very first Grand Slam final 12 years earlier. After a four-set battle between the two veterans, Sampras claimed a then-record 14th Grand Slam singles title and matched Jimmy Connors's record of five US Open singles championships.
He played no tour events in the following 12 months, but did not officially announce his retirement until August 2003, just prior to the US Open.[27] He chose not to defend his title there, but his retirement announcement was timed so that he could say farewell at a special ceremony organized for him at the Open.[28] At the time of his retirement, many regarded Sampras as the greatest player of all time.[29][30]
Sampras won 64 top-level singles titles (including 14 Grand Slam titles, 11 Super 9 / ATP Masters Series titles, and five Tennis Masters Cup titles) and two doubles titles. He was ranked the world number 1 for a record 286 weeks and was year-end no. 1 for a record six consecutive years from 1993 through 1998.
Rivalry with Andre Agassi[link]
Main article: Agassi-Sampras rivalry
Sampras won 20 of the 34 matches he played against Agassi.[31]
The 1990 US Open was their first meeting in a Grand Slam tournament final. Agassi was favored because he was ranked world number 4, compared to the world number 12 ranking of Sampras and because Agassi had defeated Sampras in their only previously completed match. However, Agassi lost the final to Sampras in straight sets.
Their next meeting in a Grand Slam was at the 1992 French Open, where they met in the quarterfinals. Although Sampras was higher ranked, Agassi prevailed in straight sets. Their next Grand Slam meeting was at the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1993, where Agassi was the defending champion and Sampras was the newly minted world number 1. Sampras prevailed in five sets, and went on to win his first Wimbledon championship.
With both Sampras and Agassi participating, the U.S. won the Davis Cup in 1995. Notable Sampras-Agassi matches of 1995 included the finals of the Australian Open, the Newsweek Champions Cup, the Lipton International Players Championships, the Canadian Open, and the US Open, with Sampras winning the Newsweek Champions Cup and the US Open.
The next time Sampras and Agassi met in a Grand Slam final was at Wimbledon in 1999, where Sampras won in straight sets. For both, it was considered a career rejuvenation, as Sampras had suffered a string of disappointments in the last year while Agassi was regaining his status as a top-ranked player after winning the French Open. Sampras forfeited the world number 1 ranking to Agassi when injury forced Sampras to withdraw from that year's US Open. They faced each other twice in the season-ending ATP Tour World Championships, with Sampras losing the round-robin match, but winning the final.
They played each other only once in 2000. The top-ranked Agassi defeated world number 3 Sampras in the semifinals of the Australian Open, 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(0), 7–6(5), 6–1.
In arguably their most memorable match, Sampras defeated Agassi in the 2001 US Open quarterfinals 6–7(7), 7–6(2), 7–6(2), 7–6(5). There were no breaks of serve during the entire match. Reruns of the match are frequently featured on television, especially during US Open rain delays.
The final of the 2002 US Open was their first meeting in a US Open final since 1995. The match also was notable because they had defeated several up-and-coming players en route to the final. Sampras had defeated world number 3 Tommy Haas in the fourth round and future world number 1 Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals, while Agassi had defeated world number 1 and defending champion Lleyton Hewitt in the semifinals. Sampras defeated Agassi, 6–3, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4. This was the final ATP tour singles match of Sampras's career.
On August 2010 Sampras played an exhibition game with Andre Agassi at the indoor arena Coliseo Cubierto El Campin in Bogotá, Colombia.
Rivalry with Patrick Rafter[link]
Sampras won 12 of the 16 matches he played against Rafter, including eight of their first nine.[32] Their rivalry began to truly develop after Rafter shocked the tennis world by winning the 1997 US Open, a tournament that many expected Sampras to win, having won in 1995 and 1996. The win catapulted Rafter to the year-end no. 2 rankings behind Sampras. Many, including seven-time Grand Slam champion John McEnroe believed Rafter to be a "one-slam wonder", since it was only his second career ATP title.[33]
In 1998, after Rafter defeated Sampras in the Cincinnati Masters final, Sampras, at the time winner of 11 Grand Slams, when asked about the difference between himself and Rafter, famously stated "Ten grand slams", that a controversial line-call cost him the match, and that a player had to come back and win another Grand Slam title in order to be considered great.[34] The two met in the semifinals of the 1998 US Open, with Rafter winning in five sets. Sampras cited a leg injury as the reason Rafter won, an attitude that upset the generally mild-mannered Aussie: "He really does say some funny things at the wrong time", said Rafter, "We are out there busting our guts and he doesn't show a lot of respect at the end of the day. He tries to play down the reason why he lost, giving no respect to the other player, and that is what really upsets me about him and the reason I try to piss him off as much as I can."[35]
Following his successful defense of his 1997 U.S. Open title by defeating Mark Philippoussis in the 1998 final, when asked about Sampras' earlier comments about having to win another Grand Slam in order to be considered great, Rafter replied: "Maybe you can ask him that question, if he thinks that now. For me, I won another Slam, and it hasn't sunk in yet. It's very, very exciting for me, especially to repeat it".[34] For his part, Sampras said about Rafter, "When I see him holding the US Open trophy, it pisses me off."[36]
After losing for a third consecutive time against Rafter, Sampras won their final four meetings, including a four-set victory in the 2000 Wimbledon final, after being down a set and trailing in the second-set tiebreaker. The victory gave Sampras his 13th Grand Slam title, breaking the record of 12 by Roy Emerson and at that time giving Sampras the most Grand Slam titles in history, until his record was eclipsed by Roger Federer following the 2009 Wimbledon final.
Equipment[link]
Sampras used one racket type, the Wilson Pro Staff Original, for his entire professional career – a racket first introduced in 1983. He played with Babolat natural gut, with all his rackets re-strung before each match (used or not) at 75 lbs tension (more or less depending on conditions). His rackets had weight added to bring them close to 400 g, but the proper frame was a production model manufactured from St. Vincent, an island factory in the Caribbean. The handles were custom-built.[37]
Post-retirement, Sampras has used the slightly modified Pro Staff Tour 90 and in 2008 had a new version of the original Pro Staff produced, with in-between head size of 88 square inches and heavier weight at 349 grams unstrung.[38]
Since mid-2010,[39] however, Sampras has been spotted at multiple exhibitions playing with a Babolat Pure Storm Tour, along with Babolat's popular RPM Blast strings.[40]
"I need a little more pop...I need it if I'm going to play some tennis," he said after playing Gael Monfils in an exhibition at the SAP Open.[41]
During a good part of 2011, Sampras used a racquet that was painted all black, with Tourna Grip and Tourna Dampener.
Post-retirement activity[link]
On April 6, 2006, three and a half years after his retirement, Sampras resurfaced and played his first exhibition match in River Oaks, Houston, Texas against 23-year-old Robby Ginepri. Ginepri won the match 6–3, 7–6(10). Sampras later announced that he would be playing in World Team Tennis events.
2007 saw Sampras announcing that he would play in a few events on the Outback Champions Series, a group of tournaments for former ATP players who have met certain criteria during their careers.[42] Sampras won his first two events on tour, defeating Todd Martin in both finals (one of which included Sampras's first trip to his ancestral homeland, Greece).[43] Many observers noted that despite his lengthy layoff from competitive tournaments, Sampras still possessed many of the previous skills he had displayed while on the ATP tour, with tennis legend John McEnroe going as far as to say that Sampras would be worthy of a top five seeding at Wimbledon were he to enter the tournament.[44]
On November 20, 2007, Sampras lost the first of three exhibition matches in Asia against Roger Federer losing 6–4, 6–3 in Seoul, Korea.[45] Two days later in Kuala Lumpur, Sampras again lost to Federer, 7–6(6), 7–6(5). However, Sampras was able to win the last match of the series, winning 7–6(8), 6–4.[46]
On February 18, 2008, in an exhibition match during the SAP Open, Sampras defeated another active player, former world No. 2 Tommy Haas. Sampras dispatched the German, 6–4, 6–2 in 43 minutes.[47]
On March 10, 2008, Sampras played another exhibition match against world No. 1 Roger Federer at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Sampras once again lost the match 6–3, 6–7(4), 7–6(6).[48]
In 2009, Sampras won two Outback Champions Series titles. He defeated McEnroe in the final of the Champions Cup Boston in February and Patrick Rafter in the final of The Del Mar Development Champions Cup in March.[49]
Sampras was present at the 2009 Wimbledon final between Andy Roddick and Roger Federer to witness Federer eclipse his mark of 14 major titles and become the most successful man in Grand Slam history. Sampras's record of 14 majors had lasted for seven years.
The following year, along with Federer, Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal, he played an exhibition doubles match at Indian Wells to raise money for the people of Haiti that had been affected by the earthquake.
In November 2010, Sampras reported that many of his trophies and other memorabilia had been stolen from a West Los Angeles public storage facility.[50] The loss included only one of his 14 Grand Slam title trophies, from his first Australian Open victory,[51] but also included two Davis Cups, an Olympic ring and six trophies for finishing top in the year-end rankings.[52] Most of the stolen items have since been recovered and returned.[53]
On November 17, 2011, Sampras played an exhibition match against Milos Raonic who won the match 7-6, 6-1. Sampras’s serve approached 200 km/h throughout the night, whereas Raonic regularly topped that mark and reached speeds up to 222 km/h.[54]
Playing style[link]
Sampras was an all-court player who would often serve and volley. Possessing an all-around skill, in the early years of his career, when not serving, his strategy was to be offensive from the baseline, put opponents in a defensive position, and finish points at the net. In his later years, he became even more offensive and would either employ a chip-and-charge strategy; just chip back the return and run up to the net, waiting for a volley or try to hit an offensive shot on the return and follow his return to the net.[citation needed]
He was known for producing aces on critical points, even with his second serves.[55][56] He had an accurate and powerful first serve, one of the best of all time.[57] His second serve was nearly as powerful as his first, possibly his most dangerous weapon. He had great disguise on both his first and second serves.[citation needed]
Sampras was able to hit winners from both his forehand and backhand wings from all over the court. He was also especially known for having arguably the best "running forehand" of all time.[citation needed] He was able to catch attacks wide to his forehand using his speed and hitting a forehand shot on the run. When successfully executed, he won many points outright or put opponents immediately on the defensive, due to the extreme pace and flat nature of the shot.[citation needed] He also popularized the jump smash, or "slam dunk", where he jumps and then hits the smash in mid-air.[citation needed]
Many players tried (especially late in his career) to serve a high "kicker" out to the Sampras backhand in an attempt to draw a weak return.[citation needed] A similar tactic was employed by many players in rallying Sampras; they would play shot after shot to the Sampras backhand, hoping to wear him down.[citation needed] Still, most of the time, he will handle them with either topspin or slice backhand deep to his opponent's court to change defense to attack.[citation needed]
Personal and family life[link]
Sampras's older sister Stella is the women's tennis head coach at UCLA,[58] and his younger sister, Marion, is a teacher in Los Angeles. His older brother, Gus, has been tournament director at the Scottsdale ATP event, but from 2007 he became president of the firm managing Pete's business activities.[59]
On September 30, 2000, Sampras married American actress and former Miss Teen USA, Bridgette Wilson.[60] On November 21, 2002, their son Christian Charles was born.[61] On July 29, 2005, the couple welcomed their second son, Ryan Nikolaos.[62]
Sampras has β-thalassemia, a genetic trait that sometimes causes mild anemia.[63]
Career statistics[link]
Main article: Pete Sampras career statistics
Records and achievements[link]
Records[link]
- These records were attained in Open Era of tennis.
- Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.
- ^ Denotes consecutive streak.
| Championship | Years | Record accomplished | Player tied |
| Grand Slam | 1995–2000 | 8 consecutive wins in Grand Slam finals | Stands alone |
| Grand Slam | 1993–2000 | 8 consecutive years winning 1+ title | Björn Borg Roger Federer |
| Grand Slam | 1992–2002 | 11 consecutive years reaching 1+ final | Ivan Lendl |
| Wimbledon | 1993–2000 | 7 titles overall[64] | Stands alone |
| Wimbledon | 1993–2000 | 7 finals overall | Boris Becker Roger Federer^ |
| Wimbledon—US Open | 1990–2002 | Wimbledon (7) & US Open (5) titles combination | Stands alone |
| US Open | 1990–2002 | 5 titles overall | Jimmy Connors Roger Federer^ |
| US Open | 1990–2002 | 8 finals overall[65] | Ivan Lendl^ |
| US Open | 1990 | Youngest US Open champion[66] | Stands alone |
| No. 1 Ranking | 1993–2000 | 286 total weeks[67] | Stands alone |
| Year–End No. 1 | 1993–1998 | 6 years^[1][66] | Stands alone |
Professional Awards[link]
- ATP Player of the Year: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.[68]
- ITF World Champion: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.[69]
Other achievements[link]
|
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This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009) |
- Sampras is the only male player to win the same Grand Slam tournament (Wimbledon) 7 times in the span of 8 years.
- Sampras is the only male player to have won at least three consecutive Wimbledon singles titles twice (1993–95 and 1997–2000).
- Sampras is the only male player in the history of tennis to win his first and last Grand Slam 12 non calender years apart and 13 calender years apart (1990 & 2002 US Open).
- Only Sampras (1997–2000), Federer (2003–07), and Borg (1976–80) have won at least four consecutive Wimbledon singles titles. During the open era, only Borg (1978–81 French Open and 1976–80 Wimbledon), Sampras (1997–2000 Wimbledon), Federer (2003–07 Wimbledon and 2004–08 US Open), and Rafael Nadal (2005–08 French Open) have won at least one Grand Slam tournament four consecutive times.
- Ken Rosewall and Sampras are the only men to have won Grand Slam singles titles as a teenager, in their 20s, and in their 30s.
- Sampras won 40 of the 42 singles matches he played on Wimbledon's Centre Court and 63 of the 70 singles matches he played at the All England Club.
- Sampras is the only male player during the open era who played in at least seven singles finals at two different Grand Slam tournaments (8 US Open and 7 Wimbledon).
- Sampras is the only Greek American to win a Grand Slam
Other Awards[link]
Summary of professional awards.[70]
- U.S. Olympic Committee "Sportsman of the Year" in 1997. He was the first tennis player to receive this award.[71]
- GQ Magazine's Individual Athlete Award for Man of the Year in 2000.
- Selected the No. 1 player (of 25 players) in the past 25 years by a panel of 100 current and past players, journalists, and tournament directors to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the ATP in 1997.
- Voted 48th athlete of Top 50 Greatest North American Athletes of ESPN's SportsCentury (also youngest on list).
- In 2005, TENNIS Magazine named Sampras the greatest tennis player for the period 1965 through 2005, from its list, "The 40 Greatest Players of the TENNIS Era".
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Pete Sampras at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- ^ "Top 10 Men's Tennis Players of All Time". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/1009/top.ten.tennis/content.1.html. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
- ^ "Sampras visits ancestral home for first time". Associated Press. MSNBC. May 15, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18682181/. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Higdon, David (October 2, 1996). "Questions from the Net: Your Top Ten Questions to Pete Sampras". Tennisserver.com. http://www.tennisserver.com/netgame/netgame_10_2_96.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Nick Green (Sunday July 1, 2007). "The tennis champion on meeting his Hollywood actress wife, beating Agassi and those famous on-court tears". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/01/tennis.features. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ Srinivasan, Archana (2007). Biographies of Bio-Sporting Legends. Sura Books. p. 80. ISBN 81-7478-644-9.
- ^ a b "The King of Swing. Pete Sampras". Petesampras.com. http://www.petesampras.com/sampras2.html. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ Spadea, Vince; with Dan Markowitz (2006). Break Point: The Secret Diary of a Pro Tennis Player. ECW Press. pp. 36, p. 125. ISBN 1-55022-729-7.
- ^ Shifrin, Joshua (2005). 101 Incredible Moments in Tennis: The Good, the Bad and the Infamous. Virtualbookworm.com Publishers. p. 229. ISBN 1-58939-820-3.
- ^ Robson, Douglas (June 24, 2008). "One-handed backhand now a rarity in post-Henin era". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2008-06-23-tennis-backhands_N.htm. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- ^ "Ranking History of Pete Sampras for 1988". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/rankhistory.asp?playernumber=S402&selyear=1988. Retrieved November 28, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "1988 Player Activity for Pete Sampras". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/playeractivity.asp?prevtrnnum=0&year=1988&query=Singles&selTournament=0&player=S402&x=8&y=8. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ "Ranking History of Pete Sampras for 1989". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/rankhistory.asp?playernumber=S402&selyear=1989. Retrieved November 28, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "1989 Player Activity for Pete Sampras". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/playeractivity.asp?prevtrnnum=0&year=1989&query=Singles&selTournament=0&player=S402&x=6&y=4. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ "Ranking History of Pete Sampras for 1990". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/rankhistory.asp?playernumber=S402&selyear=1990. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Srinivasan, 2007, Bio-Sporting Legends, p. 83.
- ^ "1990 Player Activity for Pete Sampras". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/playeractivity.asp?prevtrnnum=0&year=1990&query=Singles&selTournament=0&player=S402&x=10&y=8. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Sampras competes against best – ever". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016453.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Upon Hall of Fame Induction, Sampras Says a Loss Spurred Wins". The Associated Press. July 15, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/sports/tennis/15tennis.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=sampras+open+1992&st=nyt&oref=slogin. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Sampras, Pete; Peter Bodo (2008). A Champion's Mind: Lessons from a Life in Tennis. Crown Publishing Group. p. 92. ISBN 0-307-38329-6.
- ^ Most current Wimbledon Titles.
- ^ Bud Collins (January 26, 1995). "Old friends battle it out to the death". Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090808231306/http://geocities.com/hovav13/art-The_Night_Pete_Cried.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ Based on total wins per surface.
- ^ White, Derrick (27 January 1997). "Tennis: Sampras barely breaks sweat". The Independent (Independent Print Limited). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis-sampras-barely-breaks-sweat-1285366.html. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Roberts, John (7 July 1997). "Tennis: Wimbledon '97 – Sparkling Sampras reigns supreme". The Independent (Independent Print Limited). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis-wimbledon-97--sparkling-sampras-reigns-supreme-1249417.html. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Sport: Tennis – Pistol Pete fired from Open". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). January 27, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/tennis/51026.stm. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
- ^ Jim Litke (2003). "Sampras: '100 Percent Retired'". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-207_162-569619.html. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ Jim Litke (2003). "Sampras: '100 Percent Retired'". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-207_162-569619.html. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ Raymond Lee (September 14, 2007). "Greatest Player Of All Time: A Statistical Analysis". Tennis Week. http://www.tennisweek.com/news/fullstory.sps?inewsid=503656. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era". Tennis magazine. http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/40greatest.aspx?id=194. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ "Sampras-Agassi Head-to-Head Matches". ATP Official website. http://www.atptennis.com/3/en/players/headtohead/?player1=Sampras%2C+Pete&player2=agassi. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Sampras-Rafter Career Head-To-Head
- ^ Tennis: Rafter learns the mind game
- ^ a b Rafter Grandly Slams U.S. Open Criticism
- ^ There's a Little Tension in Sampras, Rafter Rackets
- ^ Sampras slight raises stakes for 'Pat-trick'
- ^ "Q & A with Nate Ferguson, Sampras' personal stringer". Tennis Warehouse. August 1999. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080329104018/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Features/9908NateFerguson.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "Wilson K Factor KPro Staff 88 Racquet Review". Tennis Warehouse. http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/KPS88/KPS88Review.html. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "Eyewitness report". Tennis Warehouse. May 2010. http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=329303. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "Pro Shop Q&A Tennis Magazine". Tennis.com. Sept. 3, 2010. http://tennisworld.typepad.com/the_pro_shop/2010/09/mailbag-pistol-petes-new-pure-storm.html. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "Associated Press article". CBS5 San Francisco. February 7, 2011. http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2011/02/07/sampras-falls-to-monfils-in-exhibition-at-sap-open/. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ Ulmann, Howard (February 7, 2007). "Sampras 'to see how it goes' in Champions Series return". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2007-02-05-sampras_x.htm. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Pete Sampras beats Todd Martin to win Athens seniors event". Associated Press. May 20, 2007. http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10190061. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Senior tour a crowd-pleasing idea". The Gazette. May 15, 2007. http://championsseriestennis.com/boston2007/index.php?newsid=358&page=news. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Federer beats Sampras in first of three exhibitions". The Associated Press. November 20, 2007. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3120068. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Third time the charm as Sampras wins in straight sets". ESPN. November 24, 2007. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3125171. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "Sampras shows no mercy in beating Haas in exhibition". Associated Press. February 19, 2008. http://www.gmanews.tv/story/81271/Sampras-shows-no-mercy-in-beating-Haas-in-exhibition. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Clash of the Tennis Titans". The Tennis Channel. 2008. http://www.tennischannel.com/federer_sampras/. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ "2009 EVENTS". http://www.championsseriestennis.com/upcoming.php.
- ^ "Pete Sampras' tennis trophies stolen". ESPN. December 8, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5898060. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
- ^ "Pete Sampras tennis trophies stolen from storage depot". BBC News. December 8, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11952061. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
- ^ Dwyre, Bill (December 7, 2010). "One of tennis' ultimate winners, Pete Sampras, suffers a major loss". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-1208-dwyre-20101208,0,1757631.column. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
- ^ http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Sampras-stolen-trophies-turn-up-at-los-angeles-hospital-032111
- ^ http://samprasvsraonic.com/wordpress/?p=449
- ^ "Pete Sampras's serving style". http://www.tennisserver.com/set/set_03_11.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
- ^ "Second Serve Style and Speed". http://www.tennisplayer.net/members/tour_strokes/john_yandell/sampras_serve/sampras_serve_second_serve_part8_images/sampras_serve_second_serve_part8.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
- ^ "Had you written off Pistol Pete?". BBC Sport. August 19, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/sports_talk/2202611.stm. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- ^ Behniwal, Ajaybir (May 2, 2007). "Women's tennis nets good draw through recent wins". The Daily Bruin (ASUCLA Student Media). http://dailybruin.com/news/2007/may/02/womens_tennis_nets_good_draw_through_recent_wins/. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ^ "Tennis Legend Pete Sampras Forms New Company – Pure Sports Management" (PDF). Press Release. March 29, 2007. http://www.puresportsmanagement.com/files/Pure_Sports_Management_announcement.pdf. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ "Actress Brigette is Sampras love match". Associated Press. CNN. October 2, 2000. Archived from the original on May 26, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060526035920/http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/2000/fyi/news/10/02/sampras.wedding/index.html. Retrieved May 20, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Sampras Adds New Title: Father". The New York Times. November 26, 2002. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DEFD71F39F935A15752C1A9649C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSampras%2c%20Pete. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ^ "Review 2005: Celebrity births, marriages and deaths". Manchester Evening News. December 12, 2005. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz/s/191/191185_review_2005_celebrity_births_marriages_and_deaths.html. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ^ "Clay soils Pete's record". BBC Sport. May 23, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/french_open/1952120.stm. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ "Wimbledon – Records & Statistics". Wimbledon.com. http://www.wimbledon.com/heritage/history/statistics. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ "US Open Singles Record Book". USOpen.com. http://2011.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Singles_Records.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ a b Buddell, James (August 26, 2011). "DEUCE – Pete Sampras – The Making Of A Champion". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-US-Open-2010/Pete-Sampras.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Eaton, Richard (February 26, 2012). "Roger Federer happy to let Pete Sampras keep some records". National Post. http://sports.nationalpost.com/2012/02/26/roger-federer-happy-to-let-pete-sampras-keep-some-records/. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
- ^ "ATP Bio:Pete Sampras". http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Sa/P/Pete-Sampras.aspx. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ Pete Sampras at the International Tennis Federation
- ^ "Bio:Pete Sampras". Gabby Awards. http://www.gabbyawards.com/the-nominees/athletics/117-pete-sampras.html. Retrieved June 26, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Pete Sampras Left Behind A Legacy Few Players Can Ever Match". http://www.all-about-tennis.com/pete-sampras.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
Further reading[link]
- Collins, Bud; H. A. Branham (1996). Sampras: A Legend in the Works. Chicago: Bonus Books. ISBN 1-56625-062-5.
- Pete Sampras and Peter Bodo (2009). Pete Sampras: The Autobiography – A Champion's Mind. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-469-3.
Video[link]
- Wimbledon Classic Match: Federer vs Sampras (2001) Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: October 31, 2006, Run Time: 233 minutes, ASIN: B000ICLR98.
- Legends of Wimbledon – Pete Sampras (2006) Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: October 31, 2006, Run Time: 60 minutes, ASIN: B000ICLR84.
- The Netjets Showdown: Pete Sampras vs. Roger Federer (2008) Arts Alliance Amer, DVD Release Date: April 22, 2008, Run Time: 180 minutes, ASIN: B0013PVGN6.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pete Sampras |
- Official website
- Pete Sampras at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- Pete Sampras at the International Tennis Federation
- Pete Sampras at the Davis Cup
- Pete Sampras at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
- Text, Audio, Video of Sampras' International Tennis Hall of Fame Induction Speech
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sampras, Pete |
| Alternative names | Sampras, Petros |
| Short description | Tennis player |
| Date of birth | August 12, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C., United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Pete_Sampras
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://cs.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://es.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://ru.wn.com/Сампрас, Пит
http://nl.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://pt.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://id.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://pl.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://fr.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://de.wn.com/Pete Sampras
http://hi.wn.com/पीट सेमप्रास
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Sampras
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Byron Kathleen Mitchell | |
|---|---|
 (Byron Katie: 2006) |
|
| Born | Byron Kathleen Reid |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Byron Katie |
| Occupation | Author, speaker |
| Known for |
"The Work (of Byron Katie)" |
Byron Kathleen Mitchell (née Reid), better known as Byron Katie (born December 6, 1942[1]), is an American speaker and author who teaches a method of self-inquiry known as "The Work of Byron Katie" or simply as "The Work". (Her method is distinct from "The Work" of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky.)
Contents |
Biography[link]
Byron Kathleen Reid lived in a halfway house for women with eating disorders in February 1986[2] and while living there claims to have experienced a life-changing realization. She claims that people started seeking her out and asking for advice.[3] She is married to the writer and translator Stephen Mitchell. Katie calls her method of self-inquiry "The Work". She describes it as an embodiment of wordless questioning and has taught her method to people at free public events, in prisons, hospitals, churches, corporations, shelters for survivors of domestic violence, universities and schools, at weekend intensives, and at her nine-day "School for The Work".
Method[link]
Katie's method asks four questions intended to lead people toward finding their own truth and full acceptance of their own situation. The questions asked of an issue are: 1) Is it true?, 2) Can you absolutely know that it's true?, 3) How do you react when you believe that thought?, and 4) Who would you be without the thought? The follow-up step to these four questions is to "turn it around" and examine the opposite thought for underlying truth that has manifested as denial of the original thought.
Bibliography[link]
- Loving What Is: Four Questions That Can Change Your Life, with Stephen Mitchell, Harmony Books, 2002, ISBN 0-609-60874-6 (HC)
- I Need Your Love - Is That True? How to Stop Seeking Love, Appreciation, and Approval and Start Finding Them Instead, with Michael Katz, Harmony Books, 2005, ISBN 1-4000-5107-X (HC)
- A Thousand Names for Joy: Living in Harmony with the Way Things Are, with Stephen Mitchell, Harmony Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-307-33923-2 (HC)
- Question Your Thinking, Change the World: Quotations from Byron Katie, edited by Stephen Mitchell, Hay House, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4019-1730-2 (PB)
- Who Would You Be Without Your Story?: Dialogues with Byron Katie, edited by Carol Williams, Hay House, 2008 ISBN 978-1-4019-2179-8 (PB)
- Tiger-Tiger, Is It True?, illustrated by Hans Wilhelm, Hay House, 2009 ISBN 978-1-4019-2560-4 (HC)
- Peace in the Present Moment, with Eckhart Tolle, Hampton Roads Pub Co Inc 2010, Newburyport, MA 2010, ISBN 978-1-57174-643-6
References[link]
- ^ Matousek, Mark (May/June 2006). "Quit Your Pain". AARP Magazine. http://www.aarpmagazine.org/health/quit_your_pain.html.
- ^ Massad, Sunny (2001). An Interview with Byron Katie
- ^ Adato, Allison. How a Self-Help Guru Is Born in The Los Angeles Times, Nov. 24, 2002
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Byron Katie |
- Official website for The Work of Byron Katie
- Official blog for The Work of Byron Katie
- Excerpts from Loving What Is
- LA Magazine Jane Lynch and Byron Katie Do "The Work"
- Byron Katie with Oprah
- Time Magazine 12/11/2000 : Innovators - Byron Katie. Four Questions to Inner Peace "TIME predicts the most innovative people of the 21st Century."
- The Noumenon Journal, Summer 2000/2001: An Interview with Byron Katie
- The best mp3 repository of "The Work of Byron Katie"
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Katie, Byron |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1942 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Byron_Katie
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Байрон Кейти
http://fr.wn.com/Byron Katie
http://de.wn.com/Byron Katie
http://es.wn.com/Byron Katie
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Katie
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Black man" redirects here. For the novel, see Black Man.
| Race |
|---|
| Classification |
| Genetics |
| Group differences |
| Social |
| Related |
The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.[1]
As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.[2]
Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent Sub-Saharan African descent (see African diaspora). Among the members of this group, dark skin is most often accompanied by the expression of natural afro-hair texture. Other definitions of the term "black people" extend to other populations characterized by dark skin, sometimes including people indigenous to Oceania.[3][4]
Contents |
Physiological traits[link]
Dark skin[link]
Further information: Human skin color
The evolution of dark skin is linked intrinsically to the loss of body hair in humans. By 1.2 million years ago, all people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans; their skin was dark, and the intense sun lowered the chance of survival of those with lighter skin that resulted from mutational variation in the receptor protein.[5] This is significantly earlier than the speciation of Homo sapiens from Homo erectus some 250,000 years ago.
Skin cancer as a result of ultraviolet light radiation causing mutations in the skin is less common among people with dark skin than it is among those with light skin.[6][7] Dark skin prevents an essential B vitamin, folate, from being destroyed. In the absence of modern medicine and diet, a person with dark skin in the tropics would live longer, be healthier and more likely to reproduce than a person with light skin. As evidence of this expectation of adverse effects of light skin in the tropics, White South Africans [8] and white Australians have some of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world.[9]
Conversely, as dark skin prevents sunlight from penetrating the skin, it hinders the production of vitamin D3. When humans migrated to less sun-intensive regions in the north, low vitamin D3 levels became a problem, and humans with lighter skin were more successful in reproducing. White people of Europe, who have low levels of melanin, naturally have an almost colorless skin pigmentation, especially when untanned. This low level of pigmentation allows the blood vessels to become visible, which gives the characteristic pale pink color of white people. The loss of melanin in white people is thought to have been caused by a mutation in one letter out of 3.1 billion letters of DNA.[10]
The genetic mutations leading to light skin, though different among East Asians and Europeans,[11] suggest the two groups experienced a similar selective pressure due to settlement in northern latitudes.[12]
Black skin pigmentation has been linked to a number of other properties, including tactile characteristics, and slower and less pronounced development of wrinkles.[13]
Hair[link]
Main article: Afro-textured hair
The texture of hair in people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry is noticeably different from that of European and Asian populations. Herodotus described the peoples of Libya (the "western Ethiopians") as woolly-haired.
Such "afro-hair" texture is denser than its straight counterparts. Due to this, it is often referred to as "coily", "thick", "nappy", "bushy", or "woolly". For several reasons, possibly including its relatively flat cross section (among other factors[14]), this hair type conveys a dry or matte appearance.[15][16] Its unique shape renders it prone to breakage when combed or brushed.[16]
The specific characteristics of the natural afro-hair form are unique among all mammals.[clarification needed][dubious – discuss][17] The texture likely predates the evolution of dark skin. It evolved when, as pre-human australopithecines lost most of their fur to enable perspiration, the need to protect the newly exposed pale skin underneath this body hair was crucial (see[18] in light of Rogers and others., 2004 and Harding and others., 2000). The trait ceased to be essential to survival at the equator upon the evolution of hairless dark skin. Yet it has continued to be expressed vestigially among most Melanesians, Andaman Islanders, and sub-Saharan Africans.
Sub-Saharan Africa[link]
Further information: Demographics of Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is a common, if imprecise term that encompasses African countries located south of the Sahara Desert. It is commonly used to differentiate the region culturally, ecologically, politically and, more controversially, racially, from North Africa, which has historically been considered part of the Mediterranean sphere and whose residents are primarily of Arab ethnicity.
Because the indigenous people of this region are primarily dark-skinned, it is alternatively called "Black Africa".[19] However the terminology Black Africa and Sub-Sahara Africa is considered by some as a pejorative term and a vestige of colonialism, which divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity.[20] Some criticize the use of the term, because, as it has become in many quarters synonymous with Black Africa, people may not realize that there are also indigenous black populations in North Africa. In addition, the Sahara cuts across countries such as Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Chad, leaving some parts of them in North Africa and some in sub-Saharan Africa.
Some black Africans prefer to be culturally distinguished from those who live in the north of the continent.[21]
Cultural ideas of a black race[link]
South Africa[link]
In South Africa during the apartheid era, the population was classified into four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa.
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether a person was to be considered Colored or Black, the "pencil test" was employed. This involved inserting a pencil in a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough for the pencil to get stuck.[22]
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black".
In the post-apartheid era, the ANC government's laws in support of their affirmative action policies define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Their affirmative action policies have also favored "Africans" over "Coloureds". Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" openly state that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. The popular saying by "Coloured" South Africans to illustrate their dilemma is:
We were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendents) are to be reclassified as "Black people" solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify.[23]
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.[24]
In the Middle East[link]
Near East and North Africa[link]
See also: Afro-Arab
Black African and Near Eastern peoples have interacted since prehistoric times.[25][26] Some historians estimate that as many as 14 million black slaves were transported across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert in the Arab slave trade from 650 to 1900 CE.[27][28] The Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.[29][30]
In more recent times, about 1000 CE, interactions between black people and Arabs resulted in the incorporation of extensive Arabic vocabulary into Swahili, which became a useful lingua franca for merchants. Some of this linguistic exchange occurred as part of the slave trade; the history of Islam and slavery shows that the major juristic schools traditionally accepted the institution of slavery.[32] As a result, Arab influence spread along the east coast of Africa and to some extent into the interior (see Swahili people). Timbuktu was a trading outpost that linked West Africa with Berber, Arab, and Jewish traders throughout the Arab World. As a result of these interactions, some female-mediated gene flow into the Middle East from Sub-Saharan Africa can be observed in certain populations.[33]
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the state of Bahia, Afro-multiracials in the Arab world self-identify in ways that resemble Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.[34]
Moore also claims that a film about Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had to be canceled when Sadat discovered that an African-American had been cast to play him. In fact, the 1983 television movie Sadat, starring Louis Gossett, Jr., was not canceled. The Egyptian government refused to let the drama air in Egypt, partially on the grounds of the casting of Gossett.[35]
Sadat's mother was a dark-skinned Sudanese woman and his father was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position he remarked, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".[36]
Fathia Nkrumah was another Egyptian with ties to Black Africa. She was the late wife of Ghanaian revolutionary Kwame Nkrumah, whose marriage was seen as helping plant the seeds of cooperation between Egypt and other African countries as they struggled for independence from European colonization. This helped advance the formation of the African Union.[37]
Because of the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men enslaved more black women than men, and used more black female slaves than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage,[38][39] leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she became umm walad or “mother of a child”, a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was allowed to prosper from the wealth of the father and was given rights of inheritance.[40] Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' status at birth and were born free. Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, as was the case with Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. His mother was a Fulani concubine of his father.
Such tolerance, however, was not extended to wholly black persons, even when technically "free." Arabs commonly believed that blacks were slaves.[41] The term "abd", (Arabic: عبد,) "slave," remains a common term for black people in the Middle East, and, depending on the context, usually though not always derogatory.[42]
Turkey[link]
See also: Afro-Turks
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of sub-Saharan Africans were brought by slave traders during the Ottoman Empire to plantations between Antalya and Istanbul in modern-day Turkey.[43] Some of their descendants remain, mixed with the rest of the population in these areas, and many migrated to larger cities. Some came from the island of Crete following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923.[44]
Israel[link]
About 150,000 black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel,[45] most of whom came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia.[46] In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement, who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the UK, Canada, and the United States. Thousands of mixed-race individuals with non-black Jewish relatives also live in Israel.
In the Americas[link]
See also: Afro-American peoples of the Americas
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million,[47] most of whom live in the United States, the Caribbean and Latin America. Most notably Brazil has the largest population in the world, aside from Nigeria, of individuals of at least partial African descent. Many have a multiracial background of African, Amerindian, European and Asian ancestry. The various regions developed complex social conventions with which their multi-ethnic populations were classified.
United States[link]
Main article: African American
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they commonly referred to themselves as Africans. In Africa, people primarily identified themselves by ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals would be Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo or Wolof. But when Africans were brought to the Americas, they were forced to give up their ethnic affiliations when they were combined with other groups from Africa. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as Africans came from a vast geographic region, the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south east coast such as Mozambique. A new identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on African ancestry and slave status rather than any one ethnic group.[48]
In March 1807, Britain, which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared the trans-atlantic slave trade illegal, as did the United States. (The latter prohibition took effect January 1, 1808, the earliest date on which Congress had the power to do so under Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution.)
By that time, the majority of black people were U.S.-born, so use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835 black leaders called upon black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. "Negro" and "colored" remained the popular terms until the late 1960s.[49]
The term black was used throughout but not frequently as it carried a certain stigma. In his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech,[50] Martin Luther King, Jr. uses the terms negro fifteen times and black four times. Each time he uses black it is in parallel construction with white, for example, "black men and white men".[51]
With the successes of the civil rights movement, a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination. In place of Negro, activists promoted the use of black as standing for racial pride, militancy and power. Some of the turning points included the use of the term "Black Power" by Kwame Toure (Stokely Carmichael) and the release of James Brown's song "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud".
In 1988 Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use the term African American because the term has a historical cultural base. Since then African-American and black have essentially a coequal status. Controversy continues over which term is more appropriate. Some such as Maulana Karenga and Owen Alik Shahadah argue African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates geography and historical origin.[48] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, despite the long presence of black people in the US.[52] Still others believe the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones.[citation needed] Surveys show that the majority of black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black,"[53] although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African-American" in more formal settings.[54] Increases in the number of immigrants to the United States from Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America have brought up questions about who uses the term African-American. The more recent African immigrants may sometimes view themselves, and be viewed, as culturally distinct from native-born people who are descendants of African slaves.[55]
The U.S. census race definitions says a black is a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or who provide written entries such as African-American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. However, the Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological.[56]
A considerable portion of the U.S. population identified as black also has some Native American or European ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African-American people show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.[57]
One-drop rule[link]
Since the late nineteenth century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early twentieth century.[58] Legally the definition varied from state to state, and was more flexible in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% Black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.
Outside of the US, some other countries have adopted the one-drop rule, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one-drop "rule" applies varies greatly from country to country.
The one-drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves[59] and been maintained as an attempt to keep the white race pure.[60] One of the results of the one-drop rule was uniting the African-American community.[58] Some of the most prominent civil-rights activists were multiracial, and advocated equality for all.[citation needed]
Blackness[link]
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described[by whom?] as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white," where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans, with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,[64] and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.[65]
The notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black president,[66] because of his warm relations with African Americans, his poor upbringing and also because he is a jazz musician. Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president noting "we can still define blackness by the following symptoms: alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits...the tendency to sexual predation and shameless perjury about the same". Some black activists were also offended, claiming Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people like no other president before[67] for political gain, while not serving black interests. They note his lack of action during the Rwanda genocide[68] and his welfare reform which some claim led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s[69] along with the fact that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.[70]
The question of blackness also arose in Democrat Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. Commentators have questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first black President of the United States, is black enough, as his mother was white American, and his father was a black Kenyan immigrant.[61][63] Obama refers to himself interchangeably as black and African-American.[71] "Is Barack Obama the first black President of the United States?"[72]
Brazil[link]
Main article: Race in Brazil
The topic of race in Brazil is a complex and diverse one.[citation needed] A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between a pure black and a very light mulatto over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with the combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred to appearance, not heredity.[73]
There is some disagreement among scholars over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that upward mobility and education results in reclassification of individuals into lighter skinned categories. The popular claim is that in Brazil poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree arguing that whitening of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, but a typically black person will consistently be identified as black regardless of wealth or social status.[74][75] Multiracial persons can even reappreciate their African heritage and start to declare themselves as black persons with increasings of social status and education.
Statistics[link]
| Brazilian Population, by Race, from 1872 to 1991 (Census Data)[76] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnic group | White | Black | Brown | Yellow (Asian) | Undeclared | Total | ||||
| 1872 | 3,787,289 | 1,954,452 | 4,188,737 | - | - | 9,930,478 | ||||
| 1940 | 26,171,778 | 6,035,869 | 8,744,365 | 242,320 | 41,983 | 41,236,315 | ||||
| 1991 | 75,704,927 | 7,335,136 | 62,316,064 | 630,656 | 534,878 | 146,521,661 | ||||
| Year | White | Pardo | Black |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1835 | 24.4% | 18.2% | 51.4% |
| 2000 | 53.7% | 38.5% | 6.2% |
| 2010 | 48.4% | 42.4% | 6.7% |
From the year 1500 to 1850 an estimated 3.5 million Africans were forcibly shipped to Brazil.[74] It is estimated that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descendants of these Africans. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US there were no segregation or anti-miscegenation laws in Brazil and as a result intermarriage has affected a large majority of the Brazilian population. Even much of the white/Asian population has either African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the twentieth century 54% identified themselves as white, 6.2% identified themselves as black and 39.5% identified themselves as Pardo (brown) — a broad multiracial category.[77]
A philosophy of whitening emerged in Brazil in the nineteenth century. Until recently the government did not keep data on race. However, statisticians estimate that in 1835 half the population was black, one fifth was Pardo (brown) and one fourth white. By 2000 the black population had fallen to only 6.2% and the Pardo had increased to 40% and white to 55%. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multiracial category by intermixing.[73] A recent study found that at least 29% of the middle class white Brazilian population had some recent African ancestry.[78]
Race relations in Brazil[link]
Because of the ideology of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the polarization of society into black and white. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that divide the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were mixed race, up from 38.5%. According to Brazil's minister for racial equality, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, attributed the change to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.[79]
However, the philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn criticism from some quarters. Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world. The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%. The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white. One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other non-whites accounting for 70 percent of the poor.[80]
In the US, black people earn 75% of what white people earn.[81] In Brazil, non-whites earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that Brazil does in fact practice the one-drop rule when social economic factors are considered. This is because the gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and non-whites. Other factors such as illiteracy and education level show the same patterns.[82] Unlike in the US where African Americans were united in the civil-rights struggle, in Brazil the philosophy of whitening has helped divide blacks from other non-whites and prevented a more active civil rights movement.
Though Brazilians of African heritage make up a large percentage [83] the population there are very few black politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% Afro-Brazilian but has never had a black mayor. Critics indicate that US cities that have a black majority, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have never had white mayors since first electing black mayors in the 1970s.[79][84]
Non-white people also have limited media visibility. The Latin American media, in particular the Brazilian media, has been accused of hiding its Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian population. For example the telenovelas or soaps are said to be a hotbed of largely light-eyed white and light-skinned mulattoes and mestizos (often deemed as white persons in Brazil if achieving the middle class or higher social status) actors. Most rare empowered persons of color represented in Latin American media possess typically Caucasian features due to a mix of racist standards of beauty, colourism and lookism. Nevertheless, in the last years, the number of empowered afrodescendants (either economically or by other ways) increased in Brazilian media coverage. Despite Brazil also possessing criminal black man stereotypes, it is considered a huge prejudice and mostly not used in a disordered way by the media, in spite of sometimes common "humouristic" sexist jokes and LGBT stereotyping [85] and as such lack of politically correctness in native race issues is not a major problem (there are way more stereotypes of Asian people, Europeans or U.S. Americans, for example).
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some to advocate for the use of the Portuguese term 'negro' to encompass non-whites so as to renew a black consciousness and identity, in effect an African descent rule.[86] It generates criticism since Pardo, or Brown people, is intended to include caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only afrodescendants — thus Brazilian of some or no recent African descent, as most White Brazilians, become 60–70% of the population, breaking the argument of possible Brazilian one-drop rule since real noticeable mulattoes, cafuzos (zambos) and black persons are a minority and the Brazilian poor represents larger percents in Brazil. As one would expect from an underdeveloped country, there are pockets of poverty in White-majority and Japanese Brazilian-majority areas, rarer in urban developments but common in rural areas. They are even more common among Mestizo-majority areas, and Amerindian communities.
In Asia and Australasia[link]
File:BillyBlue.jpg
Billy Blue, Jamaican-born convict sent to Australia, where he became a popular member of the community, many streets, landmarks, hotels and businesses in North Sydney having been named in his honour.
China[link]
As of August, 2008, The Migration Information Source article noted that "A Nigerian Embassy spokesman estimated that Nigerians possibly make up the largest group of Black Africans in China, with about 2,000 to 3,000 Nigerians in Guangdong in 2006. Most businessmen only stay temporarily."[87][88]
India and Southeast Asia[link]
See also: Indo-African (disambiguation)
The Great Andamanese are one of five Negrito ethnic groups (Adivasi or tribal) native to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; they are among the first inhabitants of what is now India, arriving over 70,000 years ago. They are facing extinction.[89] The other four ethnic groups are the Jangil, Jarawa, Onge and Sentinelese. By their external physical appearance (phenotype) such people resemble Black Africans with dark skin and sometimes tightly coiled hair. There have been suggestions of a Black African origin. However, in the case of the Andamanese people, a study conducted by the NCBI indicated that the Andamanese people possessed closer affinities with the Southeast Asian population than with the Black African population.[90]
In South India there are also several communities of Black African descent, such as the Sheedis/Siddis, specifically the Siddis of Karnataka, who descend from Black African slaves. In Pakistan, these descendants are known as the Makrani.
Other black people of Southeast Asia, collectively known as Negritos, include the Semang peoples of Malaysia, the Mani of Thailand the Aeta of Luzon and the Ati of Panay in the Philippines.[91]
Melanesia[link]
There are several groups of dark-skinned people who live in various parts of Asia, Australia and Oceania who sometimes are referred to as black people. They include the Indigenous Australians, the Melanesians (now divided into Austronesian-speaking populations and Papuans, and including the great genetic diversity of New Guinea), the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, and indigenous first nation Fijians. They are as genetically, anthropologically and culturally related to Africans only as much as all other non-Africans are related to Africans, and because of this it has been deemed controversial to label them black people in the sense of some relation to the native African peoples and the African diaspora that is not similarly present in other Asian, Oceanic or European populations.
In Europe[link]
Main article: Black people in Europe
United Kingdom[link]
Main article: Black British
According to the Office for National Statistics, as of the 2001 census, there are over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population describe themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other".[92] Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".[93]
France[link]
Main article: Afro-French
While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France, it is estimated that there are about 2.5 – 5 million black people residing there.[94][95]
Balkans[link]
Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community.[96] As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, a considerable number of Ulcinj inhabitants until 1878 were black.[97] The Ottoman Army also sent an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.[98]
Eastern Europe[link]
See also: Afro-Russian
As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans.[99][100] This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.
A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in Russia. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker than ethnic Russians are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (chernye), and face specific sorts of social exclusion (see Racism in Russia). Roma, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category.[101] Those referred to as "black" are from the former Soviet republics, predominantly peoples of the Caucasus, for example, Chechens.[102] Although "Caucasian" is used in American English to mean "white people", in Russian – and most other varieties of English – it only refers to the Caucasus, not European people in general.
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
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- ^ Glenn, Evelyn Nakano (2009). Shades of difference: why skin color matters. Stanford University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8047-5998-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WewhspE2Q9UC&lpg=PR1&dq=Shades%20of%20difference%3A%20why%20skin%20color%20matters&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=true
- ^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
- ^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
- ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. DOI:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
- ^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-07-147256-8. http://books.google.com/?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
- ^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-7637-6593-7. http://books.google.com/?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
- ^ "Contribution to Skin Cancer Prevention in South Africa: Modelling the UV Index Utilizing Imprecise Data". http://www.ehrn.co.za/sunsmart/download/15.pdf.
- ^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
- ^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
- ^ Norton, H. L.; Kittles, R. A.; Parra, E.; McKeigue, P.; Mao, X.; Cheng, K.; Canfield, V. A.; Bradley, D. G. et al. (2006). "Genetic Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Light Skin in Europeans and East Asians". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (3): 710–22. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl203. PMID 17182896.
- ^ Juzeniene, Asta; Setlow, Richard; Porojnicu, Alina; Steindal, Arnfinn Hykkerud; Moan, Johan (2009). "Development of different human skin colors: A review highlighting photobiological and photobiophysical aspects". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 96 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.009. PMID 19481954.
- ^ William Montagna, Giuseppe Prota, John A. Kenney Jr. (1993). Black skin: structure and function. Academic Press. p. xii. ISBN 0-12-505260-X. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BpL8V2YJkQ4C&pg=PR12.
- ^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
- ^ Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
- ^ a b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
- ^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
- ^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998[not in citation given]
- ^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
- ^ http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm Language African Reality
- ^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0-15-600583-2.
- ^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
- ^ "We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese", The Times
- ^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds – the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
- ^ "Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance"
- ^ Remembering East African slave raids
- ^ "The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over"
- ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
- ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford University Press 1994.
- ^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Slaves in Saudi". Naeem Mohaiemen. The Daily Star, 27 July 2004.
- ^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
- ^ "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations", National Institutes of Health
- ^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
- ^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
- ^ Joseph Finklestone, Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared, pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0-7146-3487-5
- ^ African Union Summit
- ^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses [Quran 23:1]: Vol. 3, notes 7–1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
- ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
- ^ "Slavery in Arabia". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
- ^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
- ^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
- ^ "Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt", Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008]
- ^ "The Ethiopian Population In Israel", Reuters. July 16, 2009.
- ^ "Why Jews see racism in Israel", Christian Science Monitor, September 1, 2009.
- ^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
- ^ a b Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
- ^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
- ^ Martin Luther King, Jr. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream (Google Video). Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. [dead link]
- ^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. DOI:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
- ^ McWhorter, John H. (8 September 2004). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
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- ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-9725290-9-8. OCLC 61694280. http://books.google.com/books?id=1OzZr_U2x_wC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false.
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- ^ 2000 US Census basics
- ^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
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- ^ http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/
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- ^ Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians
- ^ a b http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/25/brazil-2010-census-kalunga Guardian | Brazil's census offers recognition at last to descendants of runaway slaves
- ^ Barrolle, Melvin Kadiri. "African 'Americans' in Brazil". New America Media. http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/17/brazil-census-african-brazilians-majority Guardian Newspaper | Brazil census shows African-Brazilians in the majority for the first time
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- ^ Charles Whitaker, "Blacks in Brazil: The Myth and the Reality," Ebony, February 1991
- ^ (Portuguese) Vexing stereotypes in humouristic shows is homophobia, lawyer Maria Berenice says. Maria Berenice Dias "homoaffective" (LGBT) rights, Family Law and Succession lawyer blog, 2011.
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- ^ Chapter 6: The Negrito Race
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- ^ MediaRights: Film: Black Russians
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- ^ The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism By Caroline Humphrey Cornell University 2002 p36–37
- ^ Lisa Taylor, Emergency—Explosion of State and Popular Racism follows Moscow Blasts, International Solidarity with Workers in Russia (ISWoR), 13 September 1999.
External links[link]
- two African American boys Clarence 'Grandpa' Liv and Alonzo 'Teddy' Tucker at the Wright Brothers bicycle shop, 1897(old-pictures.com database)
- Clarence Liv and Alonzo 'Teddy' Tucker at the Wright Cycle Company, photo taken by Wright Brothers 1897(old-pictures.com)
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http://wn.com/Black_people
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http://pt.wn.com/Negros
http://de.wn.com/Schwarze
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http://es.wn.com/Negro (persona)
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
