European Council Bulgarian: Европейски съвет Czech: Evropská rada Danish: Det Europæiske Råd Dutch: Europese Raad Estonian: Euroopa Ülemkogu Finnish: Eurooppa-neuvosto French: Conseil européen German: Europäischer Rat Greek: Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο Hungarian: Európai Tanács Irish: An Chomhairle Eorpach Italian: Consiglio europeo Latvian: Eiropadome Lithuanian: Europos Vadovų Taryba Maltese: Kunsill Ewropew Polish: Rada Europejska Portuguese: Conselho Europeu Romanian: Consiliul European Slovak: Európska rada Slovene: Evropski svet Spanish: Consejo Europeo Swedish: Europeiska rådet
Established	1961 (informally) 2009 (formally)
Type	EU collective presidency
President	Herman Van Rompuy
Seat	Justus Lipsius building, Brussels
Website	www.european-council.europa.eu

The European Council is an institution of the European Union. It comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states, along with the President of the European Commission and the President of the European Council, currently Herman Van Rompuy. The High Representative for Foreign Affairs, currently Catherine Ashton, takes part in its meetings.^[1]

While the European Council has no formal legislative power, it is charged under the Treaty of Lisbon^[2] with defining "the general political directions and priorities" of the Union. It is thus the Union's strategic (and crisis solving) body, acting as the collective presidency of the EU.^[3]

The meetings of the European Council are chaired by its President and take place at least twice every six months;^[1] usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the headquarters of the Council of the European Union in Brussels.^[4][5][6]

The European Council was established as an informal body in 1975; it became an official EU institution in 2009 when the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force.

History[link]

A traditional group photo, here taken at the royal palace in Brussels during Belgium's 1987 Presidency

The first summits of EU heads of state or government were held in February and July 1961 (in Paris and Bonn respectively). They were informal summits of the leaders of the European Community and were started due to then-French President Charles de Gaulle's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions (e.g. the European Commission) over the integration process, but petered out. The first influential summit held, after the departure of De Gaulle, was The Hague summit of 1969, which reached an agreement on the admittance of the United Kingdom into the Community and initiated foreign policy cooperation (the European Political Cooperation) taking integration beyond economics.^[1][7]

The summits were only formalized in the period between 1974 and 1988. At the December summit in Paris in 1974, following a proposal from then-French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, it was agreed that more high level, political input was needed following the "empty chair crisis" and economic problems. The inaugural European Council, as it became known, was held in Dublin on 10 and 11 March 1975 during Ireland's first Presidency of the Council of the European Union. In 1987, it was included in the treaties for the first time (the Single European Act) and had a defined role for the first time in the Maastricht Treaty. At first only two meetings per year were required, now there are on average six European Councils each year. The seat of the Council was formalized in 2002, basing it in Brussels. In addition to usual European Councils, there are the occasional extraordinary meetings, as for example in 2001 when the European Council gathered to lead the EU's response to the 11 September attacks.^[1][7]

The European Council at the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009

Some meetings of the European Council are seen by some as turning points in the history of the European Union. For example:^[1]

• 1969, The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
• 1974, Paris: Creation of the Council.
• 1985, Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act.
• 1991, Maastricht: Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty.
• 1993, Copenhagen: Leading to the definition of the Copenhagen Criteria.
• 1997, Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
• 1998, Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.
• 1999; Cologne: Declaration on military forces.^[8]
• 1999, Tampere: Institutional reform
• 2000, Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy
• 2002, Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement.
• 2007, Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty.
• 2009, Brussels: Appointment of first President and merged High Representative.
• 2010, European Financial Stability Facility

As such, the European Council had already existed before it gained the status as an institution of the European Union with the entering into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Indeed, Article 214(2) of the Treaty establishing the European Community provided (before it was amended by the Treaty of Lisbon) that ‘the Council, meeting in the composition of Heads of State or Government and acting by a qualified majority, shall nominate the person it intends to appoint as President of the Commission’ (emphasis added); this may be seen as an early codification of the European Council in the Treaties. In the event, Article 15 of the Treaty on European Union (amended by the Treaty of Lisbon) officially introduces the term European Council as a substitute for the phrase "Council [of the European Union] meeting in the composition of the Heads of State or Government", which was previously sometimes used in the treaties to refer to this body.^[9]

The Treaty of Lisbon made the European Council a formal institution distinct from the (ordinary) Council of the EU, and created the present longer term and full-time presidency. As an outgrowth of the Council of the EU, the European Council had previously followed the same Presidency, rotating between each member state. While the Council of the EU retains that system, the European Council established, with no change in powers, a system of appointing an individual (without them being a national leader) for two-and-a-half-years.^[10] Following the ratification of the treaty in December 2009, the European Council elected the then-Prime Minister of Belgium Herman Van Rompuy as its first permanent President (resigning from Belgian Prime Minister).^[11]

Powers and functions[link]

European Union

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the European Union

European Parliament President Martin Schulz Largest groups; Joseph Daul: EPP María Badía (Interim): S&D 7th session MEPs (736) 2009-14 term Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference Legislative procedure

European Council President Herman Van Rompuy Parties List of meetings

Council of the EU Presidency Denmark Configurations General Foreign Economic Euro Legislative procedure Voting Secretariat Secretary-General Uwe Corsepius COREPER

European Commission Barroso Comm. President José M. Barroso Vice Presidents Catherine Ashton Viviane Reding Joaquín Almunia Siim Kallas Neelie Kroes Antonio Tajani Maroš Šefčovič Commissioners Civil Service Secretary-General Catherine Day

Court of Justice Court of Justice General Court Civil Service Tribunal Members Rulings

Other institutions Central Bank President ESCB Euro EMU Eurozone Court of Auditors Budget OLAF Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman Other bodies Agencies National parliaments

Policies and issues Budget Four Freedoms Economic area Single market Area of FS&J Schengen Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Integration Supranationalism Federalism U.S.E. Multi-speed Opt-outs Enhanced co-op Withdrawal

Foreign relations High Representative Catherine Ashton Ext. Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Enlargement

Elections 1979, 1984, 1989 1994, 1999, 2004 2009 (last election) 2014 (next election) Political parties Constituencies Referendums

Law Acquis Primacy Subsidiarity Treaties Fundamental Rights Membership v t e

The European Council is an official institution of the EU, mentioned by the Lisbon Treaty as a body which "shall provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development". Essentially it defines the EU's policy agenda and has thus been considered to be the motor of European integration. It does this without any formal powers, only the influence it has being composed of national leaders.^[1][5] Beyond the need to provide "impetus", the Council has developed further roles; to "settle issues outstanding from discussions at a lower level", to lead in foreign policy — acting externally as a "collective Head of State", "formal ratification of important documents" and "involvement in the negotiation of the treaty changes".^[6][7]

Since the institution is composed of national leaders, it gathers the executive power of the member states and has thus a great influence in high profile policy areas as for example foreign policy. It also exercises powers of appointment, such as appointment of its own President, the President of the European Commission, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, and the President of the European Central Bank. Moreover, the European Council influences police and justice planning, the composition of the Commission, matters relating to the organisation of the rotating Council presidency, the suspension of membership rights, and changing the voting systems through the Passerelle Clause. Although the European Council has no direct legislative power, under the "emergency brake" procedure, a state outvoted in the Council of Ministers may refer contentious legislation to the European Council. However, the state may still be outvoted in the European Council.^[10][12][13] Hence with powers over the supranational executive of the EU, in addition to its other powers, the European Council has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority".^{[6][7][10][14]}

Composition[link]

The European Council consists of the heads of state or government of the member states, alongside its own President and the Commission President (non-voting). The meetings used to be regularly attended by the national foreign minister as well, and the Commission President likewise accompanied by another member of the Commission. However, since the Treaty of Lisbon, this has been discontinued, as the size of the body had become somewhat large following successive accessions of new Member States to the Union.^[1][5][6]

Meetings can also include other invitees, such as the President of the European Central Bank, as required. The Secretary-General of the Council attends, and is responsible for organisational matters, including minutes. The President of the European Parliament also attends to give an opening speech outlining the European Parliament's position before talks begin.^[1][5][6]

Additionally, the negotiations involve a large number of other people working behind the scenes. Most of those people, however, are not allowed to the conference room, except for two delegates per state to relay messages. At the push of a button members can also call for advice from a Permanent Representative via the "Antici Group" in an adjacent room. The group is composed of diplomats and assistants who convey information and requests. Interpreters are also required for meetings as members are permitted to speak in their own languages.^[1]

The European Council meeting in Brussels in March 2011

As the composition is not precisely defined, some states which have a considerable division of executive power can find it difficult to decide who should attend the meetings. While an MEP, Alexander Stubb argued that there was no need for the President of Finland to attend Council meetings with or instead of the Prime Minister of Finland (who was head of European foreign policy).^[15] In 2008, having become Finnish Foreign Minister, Stubb was forced out of the Finnish delegation to the emergency council meeting on the Georgian crisis because the President wanted to attend the high profile summit as well as the Prime Minister (only two people from each country could attend the meetings). This was despite Stubb being head of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe at the time which was heavily involved in the crisis. Problems also occurred in Poland where the President of Poland and the Prime Minister of Poland were of different parties and had a different foreign policy response to the crisis.^[16]

President Herman Van Rompuy (left), here seen along with Commission President Barroso, took office on 1 December 2009.

Eurozone summits[link]

A number of ad hoc meetings of Heads of State or Government of the Euro area countries were held in 2010 and 2011 to discuss the Sovereign Debt crisis. It was agreed in October 2011 that they should meet regularly twice a year (with extra meetings if needed). This will normally be at the end of a European Council meeting and according to the same format (chaired by the President of the European Council and including the President of the Commission), but usually restricted to the (currently 17) Heads of State or Government of countries whose currency is the euro.

President[link]

The President of the European Council, currently Herman Van Rompuy of Belgium, is elected for a once-renewable term of two and a half years. The role as President-in-Office is in no sense (other than protocol) equivalent to an office of a head of state, merely a primus inter pares (first among equals) role among other European heads of government. The President-in-Office is primarily responsible for preparing and chairing the Council meetings, and has no executive powers other than the task of representing the Union externally. The President must report to the European Parliament after each European Council meeting.^[6][14]

The post was created by the Treaty of Lisbon and was subject to a debate over its exact role. Prior to Lisbon, the Presidency rotated in accordance with the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.^[6][14] The leader of the Council Presidency country can still act as President when the permanent president is absent.

Members[link]

With the exception for the Presidential states, German speaking states and EU offices, most European Council members are titled or referred to in English speaking media as "Prime Minister" due to the dominance of parliamentary democracy in Europe. However, in their native countries the formal and informal titles differ: for example President of the Government or Minister of State. The President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission are members of the Council, but do not take part in votes. According to the treaties, the High Representative takes part in the European Council's work and attends most meetings, but is not formally a member of the Council and likewise does not vote.

	Representative	Picture	Member State	Title	Political party	Member since	Elections		Votes[a 1]	Share in the total population[a 1]
							Last	Next
	Van Rompuy, HermanHerman Van Rompuy		President Non voting position	&0President	European People's Party National: Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V)	02009-12-011 December 2009	–	–	–	–
	Faymann, WernerWerner Faymann		Austria	&1Federal Chancellor	Party of European Socialists National: Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ)	02008-12-022 December 2008	2008	2013?	10	1.67%
	Di Rupo, ElioElio Di Rupo		Belgium	&1Prime Minister	Party of European Socialists National: Socialist Party (PS)	02011-12-066 December 2011	2010	2014?	12	2.17%
	Borisov, BoykoBoyko Borisov Cyrillic script: Бойко Борисов		Bulgaria	&1Prime Minister	European People's Party National: Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB)	02009-07-2727 July 2009	2009	2013?	10	1.49%
	Milanović, ZoranZoran Milanović		Croatia Observer	&1Prime Minister	Party of European Socialists National: Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP)	02011-12-2323 December 2011	2011	2016?	–	–
	Christofias, DemetrisDemetris Christofias Greek script: Δημήτρης Χριστόφιας		Cyprus	&0President	Party of the European Left National: Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL)[a 2]	02008-02-2828 February 2008	2008	2013?	4	0.16%
	Nečas, PetrPetr Nečas		Czech Republic	&1Prime Minister	Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists National: Civic Democratic Party (ODS)	02010-07-1313 July 2010	2010	2014?	12	2.10%
	Thorning-Schmidt, HelleHelle Thorning-Schmidt		Denmark	&1Minister of State[a 3]	Party of European Socialists National: Social Democrats (SD)	02011-10-033 October 2011	2011	2015?	7	1.11%
	Ansip, AndrusAndrus Ansip		Estonia	&1Prime Minister	European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party National: Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond)	02005-04-1212 April 2005	2011	2015?	4	0.27%
	Katainen, JyrkiJyrki Katainen		Finland	&1Prime Minister	European People's Party National: National Coalition Party (Kok.)	02011-06-2222 June 2011	2011	2015?	7	1.07%
	Hollande, FrançoisFrançois Hollande		France	&0President	Party of European Socialists National: Socialist Party (PS)	02012-05-1515 May 2012	2012	2017?	29	12.95%
	Merkel, AngelaAngela Merkel		Germany	&1Federal Chancellor	European People's Party National: Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	02005-11-2222 November 2005	2009	2013?	29	16.27%
	Pikrammenos, PanagiotisPanagiotis Pikrammenos Greek script: Παναγιώτης Πικραμμένος		Greece	&1Prime Minister	Independent	02012-05-1616 May 2012	May 2012	June 2012	12	2.25%
	Orbán, ViktorViktor Orbán Eastern name order, as used in Hungary: Orbán Viktor		Hungary	&1Minister-President[a 3]	European People's Party National: Hungarian Civic Union (Fidesz)	02010-05-2929 May 2010 (also in office: 1998-2002; note that Hungary has been a member state of the EU from 2004)	2010	2014?	12	1.99%
	Kenny, EndaEnda Kenny Irish language: Éanna Ó Coinnigh		Ireland	&1Taoiseach[a 4]	European People's Party National: Fine Gael (FG)	02011-03-099 March 2011	2011	2016?	7	1.07%
	Monti, MarioMario Monti		Italy	&1President of the Council of Ministers[a 3]	Independent	02011-11-1616 November 2011	2008	2013?	29	12.07%
	Dombrovskis, ValdisValdis Dombrovskis		Latvia	&1Minister-President	European People's Party National: Unity (Vienotība)	02009-03-1212 March 2009	2011	2015?	4	0.44%
	Grybauskaitė, DaliaDalia Grybauskaitė		Lithuania	&1President	Independent	02009-07-1212 July 2009	2009	2014?	7	0.65%
	Juncker, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Juncker		Luxembourg	&1Prime Minister	European People's Party National: Christian Social People's Party (CSV)	01995-01-2020 January 1995	2009	2014?	4	0.10%
	Gonzi, LawrenceLawrence Gonzi		Malta	&1Prime Minister	European People's Party National: Nationalist Party (PN)	02004-05-011 May 2004 (in office since 23 March 2004; note that Malta has been a member state of the EU from 1st of May 2004)	2008	2013?	3	0.08%
	Rutte, MarkMark Rutte		Netherlands	&1Prime Minister	European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party National: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD)	02010-10-1414 October 2010	2010	2012	13	3.31%
	Tusk, DonaldDonald Tusk		Poland	&1President of the Council of Ministers[a 3]	European People's Party National: Civic Platform (PO)	02007-11-1616 November 2007	2011	2015?	27	7.60%
	Passos Coelho, PedroPedro Passos Coelho		Portugal	&1Prime Minister	European People's Party National: Social Democratic Party (PSD)	02011-06-2121 June 2011	2011	2015?	12	2.12%
	Băsescu, TraianTraian Băsescu		Romania	&1President	European People's Party[a 5] National: Officially independent[a 6]	02007-05-2323 May 2007 (also in office: 2004-2007; note that Romania has been a member state of the EU from 1st of January 2007)	2009	2014?	14	4.26%
	Fico, RobertRobert Fico		Slovakia	&1President of the Government[a 3]	Party of European Socialists National: Direction – Social Democracy (Smer)	02012-04-044 April 2012 (also in office: 2006-2010)	2012	2016?	7	1.08%
	Janša, JanezJanez Janša		Slovenia	&1President of the Government[a 3]	European People's Party National: Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS)	02012-02-1010 February 2012 (also in office: 2004-2008)	2011	2015?	4	0.41%
	Rajoy, MarianoMariano Rajoy		Spain	&1President of the Government[a 3]	European People's Party National: People's Party (PP)	02011-12-2121 December 2011	2011	2015?	27	9.18%
	Reinfeldt, FredrikFredrik Reinfeldt		Sweden	&1Minister of State[a 3]	European People's Party National: Moderate Party (Moderaterna)	02006-10-066 October 2006	2010	2014?	10	1.87%
	Cameron, DavidDavid Cameron		United Kingdom	&1Prime Minister	Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists National: Conservative Party	02010-05-1111 May 2010	2010	2015?	29	12.43%
	Barroso, José ManuelJosé Manuel Barroso		Commission Non voting representation	&0President	European People's Party National: Social Democratic Party (PSD)	02004-11-2323 November 2004	2009	2014	–	–

Notes

Political parties[link]

The states of the European Union by the European party affiliations of their leaders, as of 4 April 2012
Does not account for coalitions. Key to colours is as follows;

  European People's Party

  Party of European Socialists

  Independent

  Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists

  European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party

  Party of the European Left

Almost all members of the European Council are members of a political party at national level, and most of these are members of a European-level political party. These frequently hold pre-meetings of their European Council members, prior to its meetings. However, the European Council is composed in order to represent the EU's states rather than political parties and decisions are generally made on these lines, though ideological alignment can colour their political agreements and their choice of appointments (such as their President).

The table below outlines the number of leaders affiliated to each party and their total voting weight. The map to the right indicates the alignment of each individual country.

Seat and meetings[link]

Meetings of the European Council usually take place four times a year in Brussels. Meetings traditionally last for two days, sometimes even longer when contentious issues were on the agenda.^[1] However, President Van Rompuy prefers to keep the summit to a single day.^[17] Until 2002, the venue of the council meeting rotated between member states, as its location was decided by the country holding the rotating presidency. However, the 22nd declaration attached to the Treaty of Nice stated that; "As from 2002, one European Council meeting per Presidency will be held in Brussels. When the Union comprises 18 members, all European Council meetings will be held in Brussels."^[18]

Between 2002 and 2004, half the councils were held in Brussels and, after the 2004 enlargement, all were. The European Council uses the same building as the Council of the European Union, i.e., the Justus Lipsius building. However, some extraordinary councils have taken place in the member state holding the Presidency, e.g., 2003 in Rome or 2005 in Hampton Court Palace. A new building (the "Europa building") is currently being built at the northern end of the adjacent historical Résidence Palace complex for use as a purpose built summit building by the European Council and the Council. It is due to be completed in 2013.^[7][19]

The choice of a single seat was due to a number of factors, mostly logistical (organising the meetings became ever more onerous with the enlargement of the EU, especially for smaller countries) and security (the experience of the Belgian police in dealing with protesters (a protester in Gothenburg was shot by police)) as well as Brussels having fixed facilities for the Council and journalists at every meeting. Having a permanent seat in Brussels also emphasised that the European Council is an EU institution rather than a summit of sovereign States in the maner of the G20. Some have argued it is the de facto EU government,^[7] while others underline that it is the Commission that is the EU's day-to-day government and the European Council can best be compared to a collective head of state.

In 2007, the new situation for locating meetings became a source of contention with the Portuguese government wanting to sign the Lisbon Treaty in Lisbon, Portugal. The Belgian government, however, was keen not to set a precedent and insisted that the regular end of year summit took place in Brussels as usual. This meant that after the signing, photo suit, and formal dinner, the attendees of the summit were transferred from Lisbon to Brussels.^[20] Mirrored with the "travelling circus" of the European Parliament, this garnered protests from environmental groups describing the hypocrisy of demanding lower carbon emissions while flying across Europe for the same summit for political reasons.^[21]

There are no current plans to hold meetings outside of Brussels, except for force majeure (for instance a strike by air traffic controlers nearly caused the January 2012 informal meeting to be switched to Luxembourg).

President's cabinet[link]

Although the European Council is, under the terms of the Lisbon treaty, a separate institution of the EU, it does not have its own administration. The administrative support for both the European Council and its president is provided by the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. The president does have, however, his own private office (cabinet) of close advisers. Van Rompuy chose as his chief of staff (chef de cabinet) Baron Frans van Daele, formerly Belgian ambassador to, variously, the USA, the UN, the EU and NATO and chief of staff of several Belgian foreign ministers. Also in his team are the former UK Labour MEP Richard Corbett, former Hungarian Ambassador to NATO Zoltan Martinusz, former head of the EU's economic & financial committee Odile Renaud-Basso, and Van Rompuy's long standing press officer Dirk De Backer.

Reflection Group “Horizon 2020–2030”[link]

The European Council of December 2007 established the Reflection Group “Horizon 2020–2030” to assist the European Union in effectively anticipating and meeting challenges in the longer term horizon of 2020 to 2030 . The group of 12 is chaired by Felipe Gonzalez. It started the work in December 2008 and presented its report to the European Council in May 2010.^[6][22]

Its Members were:

Felipe González

• Felipe Gonzalez (Chair)
• Vaira Vike-Freiberga (Vice-Chair)
• Jorma Ollila (Vice Chair)
• Lykke Friis
• Rem Koolhaas
• Richard Lambert
• Mario Monti
• Rainer Münz, head of Research & Development at Erste Group Bank AG and Senior Fellow at the German National Library of Economics (HWWI)^[23]
• Kalypso Nicolaïdis
• Nicole Notat, ex secretary-general of the trade union CFDT and she is currently chief executive officer of Vigeo.
• Wolfgang Schuster
• Lech Walesa

See also[link]

• Laeken indicators
• Euro summit
• Presidency of the Council of the European Union

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Archive of European Integration – Summit Guide
• European Council (European Navigator)
• Reflection Group established by the European Council

v t e European Council List of meetings · President · Party composition (1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 (Jan–Apr) • 2004 (May–Dec) • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011 • 2012) Van Rompuy (President) · Faymann · Di Rupo · Borisov · Christofias · Nečas · Thorning-Schmidt · Ansip · Katainen · Hollande · Merkel · Pikrammenos · Orbán · Kenny · Monti · Dombrovskis · Grybauskaitė · Juncker · Gonzi · Rutte · Tusk · Passos Coelho · Băsescu · Fico · Janša · Rajoy · Reinfeldt · Cameron · Barroso European Union Portal

v t e European Union topics History Timeline Pre-1945 1945–1957 1958–1972 1973–1993 1993–2004 since 2004 Predecessors European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002) European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009) Euratom (1958–present) European Communities (1967–1993/2009) Justice and Home Affairs (1993–2009) Details Governance Institutions Parliament European Council Council of Ministers Commission European Court of Justice Central Bank Court of Auditors Agencies European Banking Authority Eurojust Europol Frontex Environment Reconstruction Disease Prevention and Control External Action Service Maritime Safety Politics Elections European Parliament constituencies European Parliament groups Political parties Enlargement ('95 '04 '07) Integration Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Foreign relations Euromyth Law Acquis Competition law Copyright law Directive Journal Government procurement Four freedoms (Labour mobility) Procedure Regulation Schengen Agreement Charter of Fundamental Rights Treaties (Opt-outs) Enhanced co-operation Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Geography Borders Extreme points Largest municipalities Largest urban areas Largest metropolitan areas Larger Urban Zones Member States Special territories Regions Economy Currencies Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Common Fisheries Policy Budget Euro Central Bank Investment Bank Investment Fund Eurozone Energy Regional development Single Market FTAs Solidarity Fund Transport (Galileo system) Culture Citizenship (Passports) Demographics Driving licence Education Institute of Innovation and Technology Laissez-Passer Languages Religion Sport Holidays Telephone numbers Symbols Statistics Douzelage Lists Agencies Councils Directives Political parties Presidency Tallest buildings Vehicle registration plates Acronyms, jargon and working practices Theory Supranationalism Intergovernmentalism Supranational union Multi-speed Europe Eurosphere Optimum currency area Portal

v t e Pan-European political organisations Political parties at European level EU-recognised Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists · EUDemocrats · European Alliance for Freedom · European Christian Political Movement · European Democratic Party · European Free Alliance · European Green Party · European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party · European People's Party · Party of European Socialists · Party of the European Left Defunct Alliance for Europe of the Nations · Alliance of Independent Democrats Other confederations of national parties Euronat · Europe – Democracy – Esperanto · Europe United Party · Anticapitalist Left · National Front · Liberal South East European Network · Movement for European Reform · National Movements · Newropeans  · Nordic Green Left Alliance Politics Portal  · National parties by European organisation  · Political groups of the European Parliament  · Political foundations at European level  · European Parliamentary Election  · Party composition of the Council

v t e European Council List of meetings · President · Party composition (1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 (Jan–Apr) • 2004 (May–Dec) • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011 • 2012) Van Rompuy (President) · Faymann · Di Rupo · Borisov · Christofias · Nečas · Thorning-Schmidt · Ansip · Katainen · Hollande · Merkel · Pikrammenos · Orbán · Kenny · Monti · Dombrovskis · Grybauskaitė · Juncker · Gonzi · Rutte · Tusk · Passos Coelho · Băsescu · Fico · Janša · Rajoy · Reinfeldt · Cameron · Barroso European Union Portal

Alexander Graf
Full name	Alexander Graf
Country	Uzbekistan  Germany
Born	(1962-08-25) August 25, 1962 (age 49) Tashkent, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR
Title	Grandmaster
FIDE rating	2605 (May 2012)
Peak rating	2661 (July 2004)

Alexander Graf (born Alexander Nenashev, 25 August 1962 in Tashkent, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR) is an Uzbekistani-German chess grandmaster. In 2000 he moved to Germany and took his father's name. He took bronze in the 2003 European Individual Chess Championship. In 2004 he won the German Chess Championship.

External links[link]

• Alexander Graf player profile at ChessGames.com
• OlimpBase

This biographical article relating to Uzbekistani sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This biographical article relating to a German chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Guy Verhofstadt
Prime Minister of Belgium
In office 12 July 1999 – 20 March 2008
Monarch	Albert II
Deputy	Laurette Onkelinx Didier Reynders
Preceded by	Jean-Luc Dehaene
Succeeded by	Yves Leterme
Leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Incumbent
Assumed office 1 July 2009
Preceded by	Graham Watson
Personal details
Born	(1953-04-11) 11 April 1953 (age 59) Dendermonde, Belgium
Political party	Party for Freedom and Progress (Before 1992) Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (1992–present)
Spouse(s)	Dominique Verkinderen
Alma mater	Ghent University
Signature

Guy Verhofstadt (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣiː vərˈɦɔfstɑt] ( listen); born Guy Maurice Marie Louise Verhofstadt, 11 April 1953) is a Belgian politician, who served as the 47th Prime Minister of Belgium from 1999 to 2008. Since 2009, he has served as a Member of the European Parliament and leader of the Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Early career[link]

Born in 1953 in Dendermonde, he became president of the Flemish Liberal Student's Union (1972–1974) while studying law at the University of Ghent. He quickly became the secretary of Willy De Clercq, who was at that time the president of the Flemish liberal party (Party for Freedom and Progress, PVV). In 1982, at age 29, he became president of the party. In 1985 he was elected into the Chamber of Deputies, and became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Budget under Prime Minister Wilfried Martens. Because of his economic views and his young age, he became known as "Baby Thatcher". Another nickname from that era is "da joenk", a Brabantian dialect expression meaning "that kid" (in a pejorative sense, referring to his rather iconoclastic and immature style).

After being ousted from government he became leader of the opposition. After a failed attempt to form a government in November 1991, he changed the PVV into the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD). This new party attracted many politicians from other parties, notably from the Volksunie (VU) and the Christian People's Party (CVP).

However, despite the fact that many had high expectations, the party did not manage to outstrip the CVP. Verhofstadt resigned and disappeared from the political scene, only to return to the party's presidency in 1997 with a less radical image. He gradually moved away from neoliberalism (partly under the influence of his brother Dirk, a social liberal political philosopher), and became more of a centrist figure, a change which especially became clear during his first term as Prime Minister.

Verhofstadt I[link]

Partly because of a food scandal that broke out just before the 1999 elections, the VLD became the largest party in the country, obtaining over 22% of the vote in Flanders. He quickly formed a coalition with the socialist and the green party in Flanders, and with the French speaking counterparts of these parties (a symmetric coalition) in Brussels and Wallonia. He was appointed Prime Minister on 12 July 1999, the first liberal to hold that office since 1938. It was the first Belgian government without a Christian Democratic party since 1958, and the first one which included the green parties.

Verhofstadt was awarded the Vision for Europe Award in 2002 for his work toward a more unified Europe. The economic situation gave him leeway in raising the lowest social alimonies and lowering taxation. After 2001, the economic situation worsened. The 'Aging Fund' or 'Silver Fund' was set up, in order to ensure the maintenance of pensions until 2030. But despite his efforts to boost the economy while attempting to maintain the social benefits system, unemployment rose, after previously falling during the second Dehaene cabinet.

Much to the disapproval of his coalition partners, Verhofstadt and his VLD opposed granting the right to vote to non-EU residents. Instead, they proposed and were able to liberalize procedure for obtaining Belgian citizenship.

During the prelude to the Iraq crisis of 2003, Belgium joined France, Germany and Russia in their opposition to the invasion.

Verhofstadt II[link]

Following the 2003 general elections, Verhofstadt formed his second cabinet without the green parties, who were virtually annihilated in the election. For various reasons, the formation of the second government was delayed well beyond normal: the economic situation worsened to 1999 levels, both politically similar parties (liberals and socialists) gained approximately the same seats. Additionally, the various world governments were pressing for the abolition of the law of universal competence (also known as the "genocide law"), which gave Belgian judges the authority to accuse and sentence non-Belgians with crimes against humanity. Accusations that were made had rarely been followed up, and were often dismissed as being little more than politically motivated international insults. Verhofstadt's second government was sworn in on 12 July 2003, with both coalition partners having agreed to abolish the so-called "genocide law" and replace it with a much weaker one.

Guy Verhofstadt second Government consisted of his liberal Open VLD their sister liberal MR, the Flemish social democratic SP.a and their sister social democratic party PS to form another Purple coalition.

In the Flemish regional elections of 13 June 2004, his party lost votes, slipping into third place in Flanders. Though this has had no direct impact upon his position as Prime Minister, there were rumours that the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) party that won the elections, would participate in federal government. Verhofstadt was suggested as a candidate to replace Romano Prodi as the next President of the European Commission, but his candidacy was opposed and rejected by a coalition led by Tony Blair and Silvio Berlusconi.

Since then, Verhofstadt has been faced with internal crisis after crisis. The first crisis coming to a head in the autumn of 2004 was the question whether DHL would invest in Brussels Airport, located in the Flemish municipality of Zaventem. The question which nearly caused the collapse of the cabinet was whether to grant DHL extra landing rights during the night, this being a hot topic of public debate and various court cases. In the end the split between employment and night rest was for nought as DHL had only used the Zaventem option in order to get better conditions from Leipzig.

After the DHL crisis, Verhofstadt was faced with a communautary crisis with regard to dividing the administrative arrondissement Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde commonly abbreviated to BHV. The dividing was an issue that the parties forming the Flemish regional government had written in their government agreement. This caused a veto to be posed by the Walloon parties. The crisis dragged on until spring 2005 when the matter was shelved until after the federal elections of 2007 as the Flemish parties forming the government, given the for them disastrous opinion polls, did not want the government to collapse. The constitutional court of Belgium ruled that all elections held after 10 June 2007 would be constitutionally invalid because of the non-separation of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde.

In the autumn of 2005, Verhofstadt managed to score a success when he was able to negotiate a "Generation Pact" with regard to employment and social reforms, regardless of the opposition and actions of the unions.

Verhofstadt was sworn in as municipal councilor in Ghent in January 2007, as a result of the 2006 municipal elections. In the council, he is seated next to another cabinet minister, Freya Van den Bossche, who was elected a municipal councillor as well. He even postponed a visit to the Russian President Vladimir Putin to be able to go to the first session of the newly elected council.

Verhofstadt III[link]

Verhofstadt led the VLD into the 2007 general election. Already with the 2006 municipal elections, the VLD showed signs of fatigue with the Flemish voter, who seem to have had enough of eight years of Verhofstadt, and the purple coalition governments. In an evening speech on election day, Verhofstadt conceded defeat and asked for a new generation to lead the VLD; he was to step down as prime minister after a new government has been formed. However, the formation of a new government was complicated, and in the end, CD&V politician Yves Leterme failed to bring about a new government. Yet certain policy matters became politically urgent. The King therefore asked Verhofstadt to mediate an "interim government" that would be in office for three months and could propose a 2008 budget. A deal was struck in December, and the "interim government" was set for inauguration on 21 December 2007. On 23 December 2007 this interim government won a vote of confidence in parliament, with 97 votes in favor, 46 opposed, and one abstention, assuring its legitimacy for three months.^[1]

A "permanent government" under leadership of Yves Leterme assumed office 20 March 2008.^[2]

One of the first decisions of the new government, on 21 December 2007, was to raise the security level after it foiled an attempted jail break of an Al Qaeda operative.^[3]

After his premiership[link]

After his premiership he took up the seat of Senator to which he had been elected in 2007. In the 2009 European Parliament election, Verhofstadt was elected a member of the European Parliament for the term 2009–2014. He also has been put forward as the possible candidate for replacing José Manuel Barroso as the president of the European Commission by a coalition of greens, socialists and liberals.^[4]

On July 1, 2009 he was elected President of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group in the European Parliament.^[5] On July 14, 2009 he took up his seat in the newly sworn-in European Parliament to which he had been elected in June 2009.

On 15 September, 2010 Verhofstadt supported the new initiative Spinelli Group, which was founded to reinvigorate the strive for federalisation of the European Union (EU). Other prominent supporters are: Jacques Delors, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Joschka Fischer, Andrew Duff, Elmar Brok.

Verhofstadt is also a member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization of more than 80 former democratic statesmen. The group works to promote democratic governance and leadership worldwide.^[6]

Honours and awards[link]

• Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) (April 21, 2008)
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) (June 5, 2007)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Honour (Greece) (2005)
• Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (30 March 2004)
• Grand Cordon of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (2003)
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (2002, Denmark)
• Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the North Star (2001, Sweden)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (2000, Spain)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (February 20, 1985,)

See also[link]

• Crown Council of Belgium
• United States of Europe
• Dirk Verhofstadt, his brother

References[link]

External links[link]

• Guy Verhofstadt (Personal website, Dutch, French, English)
• Guy Verhofstadt (European Parliament Profile)
• Guy Verhofstadt (ALDE Leader Profile)
• Interview with Guy Verhofstadt at IIEA.com

v t e Prime Ministers of Belgium de Gerlache · Lebeau · de Muelenaere · Goblet d'Alviella · de Meylandt · Lebeau · Nothomb · Van de Weyer · de Meylandt · Rogier · de Brouckère · de Decker · Rogier · Frère-Orban · d'Anethan · Malou · Frère-Orban · Malou · Beernaert · de Burlet · de Smet de Naeyer · Vandenpeereboom · de Smet de Naeyer · de Trooz · Schollaert · de Broqueville · Cooreman · Delacroix · Carton de Wiart · Theunis · Van de Vyvere · Poullet · Jaspar · Renkin · de Broqueville · Theunis · van Zeeland · Janson · Spaak · Pierlot · Van Acker · Spaak · Van Acker · Huysmans · Spaak · G. Eyskens · Duvieusart · Pholien · Van Houtte · Van Acker · G. Eyskens · Lefèvre · Harmel · Vanden Boeynants · G. Eyskens · Leburton · Tindemans · Vanden Boeynants · Martens · M. Eyskens · Martens · Dehaene · Verhofstadt · Leterme · Van Rompuy · Leterme · Di Rupo

v t e Presidents of the European Council President-in-Office (1975–2009) Liam Cosgrave · Aldo Moro · Gaston Thorn · Joop den Uyl · James Callaghan · Leo Tindemans · Anker Jørgensen · Helmut Schmidt · Valéry Giscard d'Estaing · Jack Lynch · Francesco Cossiga · Charles Haughey · Pierre Werner · Dries van Agt · Margaret Thatcher · Wilfried Martens · Anker Jørgensen · Poul Schlüter · Helmut Kohl · Andreas Papandreou · François Mitterrand · Garret FitzGerald · Bettino Craxi · Jacques Santer · Ruud Lubbers · Margaret Thatcher · Wilfried Martens · Poul Schlüter · Helmut Kohl · Andreas Papandreou · Felipe González · François Mitterrand · Charles Haughey · Giulio Andreotti · Jacques Santer · Ruud Lubbers · Poul Schlüter · Aníbal Cavaco Silva · John Major · Poul Nyrup Rasmussen · Jean-Luc Dehaene · Andreas Papandreou · Helmut Kohl · Jacques Chirac · Felipe González · Lamberto Dini · Romano Prodi · John Bruton · Wim Kok · Jean-Claude Juncker · Tony Blair · Viktor Klima · Gerhard Schröder · Paavo Lipponen · António Guterres · Jacques Chirac · Göran Persson · Guy Verhofstadt · José María Aznar López · Anders Fogh Rasmussen · Costas Simitis · Silvio Berlusconi · Bertie Ahern · Jan Peter Balkenende · Jean-Claude Juncker · Tony Blair · Wolfgang Schüssel · Matti Vanhanen · Angela Merkel · José Sócrates · Janez Janša · Nicolas Sarkozy · Mirek Topolánek · Jan Fischer · Fredrik Reinfeldt Permanent President (since 2009) Herman Van Rompuy