ITV plc

Type	Public limited company (LSE: ITV)
Industry	Media
Founded	2004
Headquarters	London, United Kingdom
Area served	United Kingdom
Key people	Archie Norman[1] (Chairman) Adam Crozier (CEO)
Products	Broadcasting
Revenue	£2.140 million (2011)[2]
Operating income	£462 million (2011)[2]
Net income	£248 million (2011)[2]
Website	itvplc.com

ITV plc (LSE: ITV) is a British media company that operates 12 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network, the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom. The network, which is currently branded ITV1 by ITV plc, has vied with the British Broadcasting Corporation's BBC One for the status of the UK's most watched channel since the 1950s (a crown it only lost in 2005).

The company was formed by the merger of Granada plc, the parent company of Granada Television, and Carlton Communications however it was effectively a takeover by Granada of Carlton with Granada being valued at about twice the worth of Carlton and getting 60% of the newly formed ITV plc with Carlton gaining the smaller 40% stake.^[3] It began trading on 2 February 2004. This was the most recent stage in a long process of mergers between the original ITV regional franchises, however it acquired the remaining 25% of the Breakfast franchise holder, GMTV, from the Walt Disney Company in 2009^[4] and also Channel Television from its previous owners Yattendon Group plc in 2011.

ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

History[link]

Pre-merger[link]

ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.

The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings.^[5] In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had previously already owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company^[5] and, thanks to Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later the same year, Granada acquired LWT^[5] (through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million) and MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television^[5] (with MAI becoming United News & Media, after itself merging with United Newspapers – owners of The Daily Express in 1996).^[5] Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television^[5] (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings^[5] (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.^[5]

The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions.^[6] This would later be taken several stages further.

By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM stations,^[5] but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest.^[7] It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company finally closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001,^[8] with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.^[9]

The merger[link]

In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales.^[10] One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Carlton in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions);^[11] Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local Central News studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual, reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios and primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK, was eventually closed in January 2012.^[12]

Post-merger[link]

Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt in 2002.^[13] They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004.^[14] In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, replacing Granada Plus which ITV plc closed down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in March 2006.^[15]

April 2006 saw the launch of the participation channel ITV Play. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand continued to be used (until recently) for part of the gaming section of itv.com.^[16]

Recent developments[link]

The Company was the subject of a flurry of rumoured take-over and merger bids during 2006. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger.^[17][18] The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it controversially bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million,^[19] a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson^[20] and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom.^[21] On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms.^[22] At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, then the owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5.^[23] In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.

Operations[link]

Organisation[link]

ITV plc is divided into three divisions: Broadcasting, which operates the TV networks (including the ITV News Group, which runs the ITV regional licensees); ITV Studios, which comprises both UK and international production, ITV's facilities businesses and Global Entertainment which exploits programme rights, and Commercial & Online, which runs itv.com and the ITV Player, ITV's advertising sales arm and has responsibility for ITV plc's shareholdings in Freeview, Freesat, SDN and YouView.

ITV franchises[link]

ITV plc currently owns the following ITV franchises in the UK:

Former Granada-owned franchises:

• Anglia Television: East of England franchise
• Border Television: Scottish/English Border and Isle of Man franchise
• Granada Television: North West England franchise
• London Weekend Television: London weekend franchise
• Meridian Broadcasting: South and South East England franchise
• Tyne Tees Television: North East England franchise
• Yorkshire Television: Yorkshire/Lincolnshire franchise

Former Carlton-owned franchises:

• Carlton Television: London weekday franchise
• Central Independent Television: Midlands franchise
• HTV: Wales and West of England franchise
• Westcountry Television: South West England franchise

Former independently-owned franchises:

• Channel Television: Channel Islands franchise

Both Carlton Television and London Weekend Television are now exclusively known as ITV London although both still remain in legal existence. The combined Wales and West franchise also appears to operate as two separate entities (ITV Wales, ITV West), although legally they both form part of the single franchise held by HTV Group.

ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise GMTV which is now known as ITV Breakfast and on screen it is now known as Daybreak and Lorraine. On 18 October 2011, ITV plc agreed to buy Channel Television from Yattendon Group plc for a undisclosed amount, the transaction was completed on 23 November 2011.

Wholly owned digital channels[link]

• ITV2 also in HD
• ITV3 also in HD
• ITV4 also in HD
• CITV
• The Zone

Other assets[link]

ITV plc owned a 16.9% shareholding in STV Group plc, owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises, which was reduced to around 5.5% following a Rights Issue that ITV did not take up. It also owns a 40% stake in its news provider, Independent Television News (ITN).

On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (currently transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.

In December 2005, ITV plc bought Friends Reunited, a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or work colleagues in a number of countries. In March 2009, the company announced it was selling the site as part of disposal of non-core assets.

ITV plc also owned Carlton Screen Advertising, once the largest cinema advertising business in the UK (and still the largest in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). In 2008, the business's UK and Irish operations were separated, with the UK operation passing to Odeon Cinemas and Cineworld, and being renamed Digital Cinema Media. The Irish operation continued to trade as Carlton Screen Advertising, and remained in the ownership of ITV plc until May 2009.

The company is also the co-founder of Freesat alongside the BBC.

References[link]

External links[link]

• ITV plc

Companies portal

Links to related articles v t e ITV Channels Current Domestic SD: ITV1 / STV / UTV / Channel Television · ITV2 · ITV3 · ITV4 · CITV · The Zone HD: ITV1 HD / STV HD / UTV HD · ITV2 HD · ITV3 HD · ITV4 HD International ITV Granada Defunct ITV News Channel · ITV Sport Channel · S2 · UTV2 Companies Current Channel Television Ltd · ITV plc (ITV Breakfast Ltd) · STV Group plc · UTV Media plc Former Alpha Television · Carlton Communications plc · Granada plc · Granada Productions · ITV Digital Ltd · Trident Television · Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Divisions, brands and services Current Children's: CITV · News: ITV News (ITN) · Sport: ITV Sport · Production: ITV Studios  · Weather: ITV Weather · Mobile: ITV Mobile · Online: itv.com / stv.tv / u.tv / channelonline.tv  · Catch up: ITV Player / STV Player / UTV Player / ctvPlayer Defunct ITV Digital · ITV Local · ITV Schools Franchises and regions National franchises Breakfast: TV-am (1983-1992), GMTV (1993-2010), ITV Breakfast (2010-) · Teletext: ORACLE (1974-1992), Teletext Ltd. (1993-) Regional franchises Northern Scotland: Grampian · Central Scotland: Scottish · Scottish/English Border: Border · Northern Ireland: UTV · North East England: Tyne Tees · Yorkshire/Lincolnshire: Yorkshire · North of England (weekdays), later North West England (all week) and Isle of Man: Granada · North of England and Midlands (weekends): ABC · Wales and the West of England: TWW, WWN, ITSWW, HTV · Midlands (weekdays) and London (weekends), later Midlands (all week): ATV · Midlands (all week): Central · East Anglia: Anglia · London (weekdays): Rediffusion, Thames, Carlton · London (weekends): ATV, LWT · South and South East England: Southern, TVS, Meridian · South West England: Westward, TSW, Westcountry · Channel Islands: Channel Unsuccessful franchise bids London Weekday, East Anglia and South and South East England: CPV-TV · North West England: North West Television Non-franchise regions Current ITV Anglia · ITV Central · ITV Channel Television · ITV Granada · ITV London · ITV 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Mary Byrne (1917 – 2004) was the Mayor of Galway from 1975–1976 and again from 1984–1985.

One of two children of Michael Byrne of Newry, County Down, and Brigid Kelly of Ballymacward, County Galway, Byrne served as a nurse in the city's old Central Hospital and later as staff-nurse at Galway Regional Hospital. She eventually became a Sister and worked in the Casualty Department for twenty-two years. She was a member of the Western Health Board and Chairperson of the Galway branch of the Irish Nurses Organisation.

Politically active due to her father's influence, Byrne was an active member of Fianna Fáil from the 1940s, and successfully ran for election to Galway Corporation in 1967, serving seventeen years as a councillor. Her first term of office coincided with International Women's Year. He brother, Michael, died during her term, in May 1975.

She was re-elected for the term 1984-85, the Quincentennial year of the Mayorality. In commemoration of this, Galway's Quincentennial Bridge, spanning the Corrib from Terryland to Newcastle, was begun. The foundation stone was laid by An Tánaiste, Dick Spring, on 15 December 1984. The following May, she herself laid the foundation stone of the new City Hall at College Road, which was in use by 1991.

She died in 2004.

References[link]

• Role of Honour:The Mayors of Galway City 1485-2001, William Henry (historian), Galway 2001.

External links[link]

• Listing of previous Mayors of Galway
• Mary Byrne's obituary

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