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- Aaron Copland
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- Anne of Green Gables
- Arranger
- Austria
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- Autobiography
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- Band of Angels
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- City for Conquest
- Clark Gable
- Composer
- Conducting
- Crime School
- Dark Victory
- David O Selznick
- Death of a Scoundrel
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- Dixiana (film)
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- Find a Grave
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- Johnny Belinda
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- Key Largo (film)
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- Roberta
- Roberta (1935 film)
- Roger Edens
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- Saul Chaplin
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- Shining Victory
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- So Big (1953 film)
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 large professional theatres with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan, New York City.Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
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Glendale, California
Glendale () is a upper middle class city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. According to Mapping L.A. by the Los Angeles Times, the average income in Glendale is $57,112 which is considered about average for the County of Los Angeles. It lies at the eastern end of the San Fernando Valley, is bisected by the Verdugo Mountains, and is a suburb in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The city is bordered to the northwest by the Sun Valley and Tujunga neighborhoods of Los Angeles; to the northeast by La Cañada Flintridge and the unincorporated area of La Crescenta; to the west by Burbank and Griffith Park; to the east by Eagle Rock and Pasadena; to the south by the Atwater Village neighborhood of Los Angeles; and to the southeast by Glassell Park neighborhood of Los Angeles. The Golden State, Ventura, Glendale, and Foothill freeways run through the city. The city is policed by the Glendale Police Department.
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Leopoldstadt
:''This article is about a district of Vienna. Leopoldstadt is also the German name for the town Leopoldov in Slovakia.
http://wn.com/Leopoldstadt -
Prater
The Wiener Prater is a large public park in Vienna's 2nd district (). The amusement park, often simply called "Prater", stands in one corner of the Wiener Prater and includes the .
http://wn.com/Prater -
Provo, Utah
Provo () is the third largest city in the state of Utah, located about south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the county seat of Utah County and lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population of 118,581, Provo is also the principal city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, which has an estimated population of 555,551 residents. It is the second largest metro area in the state behind Salt Lake City.
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Theater an der Wien
The Theater an der Wien (The Theatre on the Wien River) is an opera house in Vienna.
http://wn.com/Theater_an_der_Wien -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
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Aaron Copland
Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a balance between modern music and American folk styles. The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape.
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Adolph Deutsch
Adolph Deutsch (20 October 1897 - 1 January 1980) was a composer, conductor and arranger. He won Oscars for his background music for Oklahoma! (1955), and for conducting the music for Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) and Annie Get Your Gun (1950). The London, England-born Deutsch was also nominated for The Band Wagon (1953) and the 1951 film version of Show Boat , for which he conducted the orchestra. For Broadway and Hollywood, he conducted, composed and arranged music, but did not write songs, not even for the Broadway shows on which he worked. In addition to his music for westerns and his conducting of the scores for musicals, Deutsch also composed for films noir, including The Mask of Dimitrios (1944), The Maltese Falcon (1941), and Nobody Lives Forever (1946), and the Billy Wilder comedies The Apartment (1960), and Some Like It Hot (1959).
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Alex North
Alex North (December 4, 1910 – September 8, 1991) was an American composer who wrote the first jazz-based film score (A Streetcar Named Desire) and one of the first modernist scores written in Hollywood (Viva Zapata!).
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Brahms
http://wn.com/Brahms -
Carmen Dragon
Carmen Dragon (July 28, 1914 – March 28, 1984) was an American conductor, composer, and arranger who in addition to live performances and recording, worked in radio, film, and television.
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Charles Previn
Charles Previn (b. Jan. 11, 1888, Brooklyn; d. Sep. 21, 1973, Los Angeles) was an American film composer who was highly active at Universal in Hollywood during the 1940s and 1950s. Before going to Hollywood, Previn had arranged music for over 100 Broadway productions.Previn Succeeds Rapee, Stars and Stripes Newspaper, July 27, 1945
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Clark Gable
William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor, nicknamed "The King of Hollywood" in his heyday. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Gable seventh among the greatest male stars of all time.
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David O Selznick
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Dimitri Tiomkin
Dimitri Zinovievich Tiomkin (, Dmytro Zynoviyovych Tiomkin, , ''Dmitrij Zinov'evič Tëmkin'', sometimes transliterated as Dmitri Tiomkin) (May 10, 1894 – November 11, 1979) was a film score composer and conductor. Along with Alfred Newman, Bernard Herrmann, Max Steiner, Miklós Rózsa, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, and Franz Waxman, Tiomkin was one of the most productive and decorated composers in Hollywood.
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Elmer Bernstein
Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions. His most popular works include the scores to The Magnificent Seven, The Ten Commandments, The Great Escape, and To Kill a Mockingbird.
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Florenz Ziegfeld
Florenz "Flo" Ziegfeld, Jr. (March 21, 1867 – July 22, 1932) was an American Broadway impresario. He is best known for his series of theatrical revues, the Ziegfeld Follies (1907-1931), inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. He was known as the "glorifier of the American girl".
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Frank Churchill
Frank Churchill (October 20, 1901 – May 14, 1942) was a U.S. composer of popular music for films. He wrote most of the music for Disney's 1937 movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, including "Whistle While You Work" and "Some Day My Prince Will Come". The latter (without the Larry Morey lyrics) became a jazz standard covered by various jazz greats including Oscar Peterson, Miles Davis and Dave Brubeck.
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Fred Astaire
Fred Astaire (May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987), born Frederick Austerlitz, was an American film and Broadway stage dancer, choreographer, singer and actor. His stage and subsequent film career spanned a total of 76 years, during which he made 31 musical films. He was named the fifth Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. He is particularly associated with Ginger Rogers, with whom he made ten films.
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Frederick Loewe
Frederick Loewe (June 10, 1901 February 14, 1988), was an Austrian-American composer. He collaborated with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner on the long running Broadway musicals My Fair Lady and Camelot, with book and lyrics by Lerner, both of which were made into films.
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George Gershwin
George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known.
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Georgie Stoll
Georgie Stoll (7 May 1905, Minneapolis, MN - 18 January 1985, Monterey, CA) was a musical director, conductor, composer and jazz violinist, associated with the Golden Age of MGM musicals and performers from the 1940s to 60s. Born George Martin Stoll, he was also later credited as George E. Stoll (sometimes without the middle initial).
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Ginger Rogers
Ginger Rogers (July 16, 1911 – April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer, and singer who appeared in film, and on stage, radio, and television throughout much of the 20th century.
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Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (; 1860 – 1911) was a late-Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer, he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 the music was discovered and championed by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.
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Heinz Eric Roemheld
Heinz Roemheld (May 1, 1901 – February 11, 1985) was an American composer.
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Helmut Zilk
Helmut Zilk (June 9, 1927, Favoriten — October 24, 2008) was an Austrian journalist and politician in the Austrian Social Democratic Party.
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Herbert Stothart
Herbert Stothart (September 11, 1885 – February 1, 1949) was a song writer, arranger, conductor, and composer. He was also nominated for nine Oscars, winning for his background music for The Wizard of Oz.
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Hugo Friedhofer
Hugo Wilhelm Friedhofer (May 3, 1901 - May 17, 1981) was a German-American film music composer born in San Francisco. Born into a musical family, Friedhofer began playing cello at the age of 13. After taking lessons in harmony and counterpoint at University of California, Berkeley, he was employed as a cellist for the People's Symphony Orchestra.
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Jerome Kern
Jerome David Kern (January 27, 1885 – November 11, 1945) was an American composer of musical theatre and popular music. One of the most important American theatre composers of the early 20th century, he wrote more than 700 songs, used in over 100 stage works, including such classics as "Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", "A Fine Romance", "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes", "All the Things You Are", "The Way You Look Tonight", "Long Ago (and Far Away)" and "Who?". He collaborated with many of the leading librettists and lyricists of his era, including George Grossmith Jr., Guy Bolton, P. G. Wodehouse, Otto Harbach, Oscar Hammerstein II, Dorothy Fields, Johnny Mercer, Ira Gershwin and E. Y. Harburg.
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Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms () (7 May 18333 April 1897), was a German composer and pianist, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms' popularity and influence were considerable; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
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John Ford
Rear Admiral (reserve)
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Johnny Green
Johnny Green (10 October 1908 – 15 May 1989) was an American songwriter, composer, musical arranger, and conductor. He was given the nickname "Beulah" by colleague Conrad Salinger. His most famous song was one of his earliest, "Body and Soul". Green was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972.
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Leigh Harline
Leigh Adrian Harline (March 26, 1907 – December 10, 1969) was a film composer.
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Lennie Hayton
Leonard George "Lennie" Hayton (14 February 1908 – 24 April 1971) was an American Jewish composer, conductor and arranger. His trademark was the wearing of a captain’s hat, which he always wore at a rakish angle.
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Leo F. Forbstein
Leo F. Forbstein (October 16, 1892 - March 16, 1948) was an American film musical director and orchestra conductor who worked on more than 550 projects during a twenty-year period.
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Leo Shuken
Leo Shuken (b. Dec. 8, 1906, Los Angeles, California - d. July 24, 1976, Santa Monica, California) was an American film music composer, arranger, and musical director.
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Louis Silvers
Louis "Lou" Silvers (September 6, 1889 – March 26, 1954) was an American film score composer whose work has been used in more than 250 movies. In 1935, he won an Academy Award for Best Original Score for One Night of Love.
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Mahler
http://wn.com/Mahler -
Malcolm Arnold
Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold, CBE (21 October 1921 - 23 September 2006) was an English composer and symphonist.
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Maurice Jarre
Maurice-Alexis Jarre (13 September 1924 – 28 March 2009) was a French composer and conductor.
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Max Hardcore
Max Hardcore (born Paul F. Little on August 10, 1956 in Racine, Wisconsin, U.S.A.) is a male pornographic actor, producer and director, who rose to prominence in 1992 with the film series Anal adventures of Max Hardcore. His work has been classified as gonzo pornography and described as "testing the limits of acceptability". He is currently in prison serving a 46 month prison sentence for multiple obscenity offenses. His company, Max World Entertainment, was headquartered in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California.
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Max Steiner
Max Steiner (May 10, 1888 – December 28, 1971) was an Austrian composer of music for theatre productions and films. He later became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Trained by the great classical music composers Brahms and Mahler, he was one of the first composers who primarily wrote music for motion pictures, and as such is often referred to as "the father of film music". Along with such composers as Franz Waxman, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Alfred Newman and Miklós Rózsa, Steiner played a major part in creating the tradition of writing music for films.
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Morris Stoloff
Morris Stoloff (1 August 1898, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 16 April 1980, Los Angeles, California) was a musical composer.
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Ned Washington
Ned Washington (August 15, 1901 – December 20, 1976) was an American lyricist.
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Oliver Wallace
Oliver George Wallace (August 6, 1887 – September 15, 1963) was a British composer and conductor. He was especially known for his film music compositions, which were written for many animation, documentary, and feature films from Walt Disney Studios.
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Oscar Levant
Oscar Levant (December 27, 1906 – August 14, 1972) was an American pianist, composer, author, comedian, and actor. He was more famous for his mordant character and witticisms, on the radio and in movies and television, than for his music.
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Ray Heindorf
Ray Heindorf (August 25, 1908 - February 2, 1980) was an American songwriter, composer, conductor, and arranger.
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Richard Hageman
Richard Hageman (9 July 1881, Leeuwarden – 6 March 1966, Beverly Hills) was a Dutch-born American conductor, pianist, composer, and actor.
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Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known particularly for his operas, Lieder, and tone poems. Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the extraordinary late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style. Strauss's music had a profound influence on the development of music in the twentieth century. Strauss was also a prominent conductor.
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Roger Edens
Roger Edens (9 November 1905 - 13 July 1970) was a Hollywood composer, arranger and associate producer, and is considered one of the major creative figures in Arthur Freed's musical film production unit at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer during the "golden era of Hollywood".
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Saul Chaplin
Saul Chaplin (February 19, 1912 – November 15, 1997) was an American composer and musical director.
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Victor Herbert
Victor August Herbert (February 1, 1859 – May 26, 1924) was an Irish-born, German-raised American composer, cellist and conductor. Although Herbert enjoyed important careers as a cello soloist and conductor, he is best known for composing many successful operettas that premiered on Broadway from the 1890s to World War I. He was also prominent among the tin pan alley composers and was later a founder of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). A prolific composer, Herbert produced two operas, a cantata, 43 operettas, incidental music to 10 plays, 31 compositions for orchestra, nine band compositions, nine cello compositions, five violin compositions with piano or orchestra, 22 piano compositions and numerous songs, choral compositions and orchestrations of works by other composers, among other music.
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W. Franke Harling
W. Franke Harling (January 18, 1887 - November 22, 1958) was a composer of film scores, operas, and popular music.
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William Wyler
William Wyler (July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a leading American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter. He was regarded as second only to John Ford as a "master craftsman of cinema."
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
Steiner, Max Filmography
- Der Klang Hollywoods - Max Steiner & seine Erben (2009)
- Two on a Guillotine (1965)
- Those Calloways (1965)
- A Distant Trumpet (1964)
- Youngblood Hawke (1964)
- FBI Code 98 (1963)
- Spencer's Mountain (1963)
- Rome Adventure (1962)
- The Chapman Report (1962)
- The Sins of Rachel Cade (1961)
- A Majority of One (1961)
- Portrait of a Mobster (1961)
- Parrish (1961)
- Susan Slade (1961)
- Cash McCall (1960)
- Ice Palace (1960)
- The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1960)
- The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond (1960)
- John Paul Jones (1959)
- The Hanging Tree (1959)
- The FBI Story (1959)
- A Summer Place (1959)
- Fort Dobbs (1958)
- Darby's Rangers (1958)
- Marjorie Morningstar (1958)
- All Mine to Give (1957)
- Escapade in Japan (1957)
- China Gate (1957)
- Band of Angels (1957)
- Bandido (1956)
- Helen of Troy (1956)
- Come Next Spring (1956)
- The Searchers (1956)
- Death of a Scoundrel (1956)
- The Violent Men (1955)
- The Last Command (1955)
- Battle Cry (1955)
- Illegal (1955)
- Hell on Frisco Bay (1955)
- The McConnell Story (1955)
- King Richard and the Crusaders (1954)
- The Boy from Oklahoma (1954)
- The Caine Mutiny (1954)
- So Big (1953)
- So This Is Love (1953)
- The Charge at Feather River (1953)
- The Desert Song (1953)
- Trouble Along the Way (1953)
- This Is Cinerama (1952)
- The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952)
- The Lion and the Horse (1952)
- The Jazz Singer (1952)
- The Iron Mistress (1952)
- Springfield Rifle (1952)
- Room for One More (1952)
- Mara Maru (1952)
- Raton Pass (1951)
- Sugarfoot (1951)
- Close to My Heart (1951)
- Lightning Strikes Twice (1951)
- Distant Drums (1951)
- Operation Pacific (1951)
- On Moonlight Bay (1951)
- Jim Thorpe -- All-American (1951)
- Force of Arms (1951)
- Return of the Frontiersman (1950)
- Rocky Mountain (1950)
- Caged (1950)
- Dallas (1950)
- The Glass Menagerie (1950)
- The Breaking Point (1950)
- The Flame and the Arrow (1950)
- A Kiss in the Dark (1949)
- White Heat (1949)
- Beyond the Forest (1949)
- Flamingo Road (1949)
- The Fountainhead (1949)
- South of St. Louis (1949)
- Without Honor (1949)
- Mrs. Mike (1949)
- The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949)
- My Girl Tisa (1948)
- Fighter Squadron (1948)
- The Decision of Christopher Blake (1948)
- The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
- The Woman in White (1948)
- Silver River (1948)
- Johnny Belinda (1948)
- Key Largo (1948)
- Winter Meeting (1948)
- Adventures of Don Juan (1948)
- April Showers (1948)
- Life with Father (1947)
- Deep Valley (1947)
- Cheyenne (1947)
- Pursued (1947)
- The Unfaithful (1947)
- Love and Learn (1947)
- The Voice of the Turtle (1947)
- Cloak and Dagger (1946)
- The Beast with Five Fingers (1946)
- The Big Sleep (1946)
- One More Tomorrow (1946)
- My Reputation (1946)
- Tomorrow Is Forever (1946)
- A Stolen Life (1946)
- Mildred Pierce (1945)
- San Antonio (1945)
- Saratoga Trunk (1945)
- The Corn Is Green (1945)
- Since You Went Away (1944)
- Up in Arms (1944)
- Passage to Marseille (1944)
- The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944)
- Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
- Mission to Moscow (1943)
- The Battle of Britain (1943)
- Watch on the Rhine (1943)
- In This Our Life (1942)
- Now, Voyager (1942)
- The Gay Sisters (1942)
- Casablanca (1942)
- Captains of the Clouds (1942)
- Desperate Journey (1942)
- Sergeant York (1941)
- The Great Lie (1941)
- Shining Victory (1941)
- Dive Bomber (1941)
- One Foot in Heaven (1941)
- The Case of the Black Parrot (1941)
- They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
- The Bride Came C.O.D. (1941)
- All This, and Heaven Too (1940)
- Father Is a Prince (1940)
- City for Conquest (1940)
- Virginia City (1940)
- Santa Fe Trail (1940)
- British Intelligence (1940)
- The Letter (1940)
- Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940)
- A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940)
- Daughters Courageous (1939)
- The Oklahoma Kid (1939)
- The Old Maid (1939)
- We Are Not Alone (1939)
- Intermezzo: A Love Story (1939)
- Gone with the Wind (1939)
- Four Wives (1939)
- They Made Me a Criminal (1939)
- Each Dawn I Die (1939)
- Dust Be My Destiny (1939)
- Dodge City (1939)
- Dark Victory (1939)
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938)
- White Banners (1938)
- Crime School (1938)
- The Sisters (1938)
- Gold Is Where You Find It (1938)
- Jezebel (1938)
- Four Daughters (1938)
- Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
- The Dawn Patrol (1938)
- The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938)
- First Lady (1937)
- The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
- Green Light (1937)
- God's Country and the Woman (1937)
- Slim (1937)
- That Certain Woman (1937)
- Submarine D-1 (1937)
- Tovarich (1937)
- Kid Galahad (1937)
- A Star Is Born (1937)
- Follow the Fleet (1936)
- The Garden of Allah (1936)
- The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936)
- Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936)
- Break of Hearts (1935)
- I Dream Too Much (1935)
- She (1935)
- Metropolitan Nocturne (1935)
- The Three Musketeers (1935)
- The Informer (1935)
- Star of Midnight (1935)
- The Lost Patrol (1934)
- Murder on the Blackboard (1934)
- The Gay Divorcee (1934)
- Stingaree (1934)
- The Life of Vergie Winters (1934)
- The Age of Innocence (1934)
- The Fountain (1934)
- The Little Minister (1934)
- Of Human Bondage (1934)
- Lucky Devils (1933)
- The Son of Kong (1933)
- The Monkey's Paw (1933)
- The Silver Cord (1933)
- King Kong (1933)
- Sweepings (1933)
- Little Women (1933)
- Morning Glory (1933)
- The Right to Romance (1933)
- Diplomaniacs (1933)
- Melody Cruise (1933)
- A Bill of Divorcement (1932)
- Penguin Pool Murder (1932)
- Ladies of the Jury (1932)
- Roar of the Dragon (1932)
- Is My Face Red? (1932)
- State's Attorney (1932)
- Symphony of Six Million (1932)
- The Animal Kingdom (1932)
- Girl of the Rio (1932)
- The Conquerors (1932)
- The Half Naked Truth (1932)
- The Lost Squadron (1932)
- The Most Dangerous Game (1932)
- Girl Crazy (1932)
- Thirteen Women (1932)
- The Half Naked Truth (1932)
- What Price Hollywood? (1932)
- Bird of Paradise (1932)
- Cimarron (1931)
- Beau Ideal (1931)
- The Runaround (1931)
- Cracked Nuts (1931)
- Consolation Marriage (1931)
- The Public Defender (1931)
- The Gay Diplomat (1931)
- Fanny Foley Herself (1931)
- Men of Chance (1931)
- Bachelor Apartment (1931)
- Young Donovan's Kid (1931)
- Transgression (1931)
- Friends and Lovers (1931)
- Kept Husbands (1931)
- High Stakes (1931)
- Way Back Home (1931)
- Secret Service (1931)
- Peach-O-Reno (1931)
- Are These Our Children (1931)
- Dixiana (1930)
- The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1930)
- Side Street (1929)
- The Delightful Rogue (1929)
- The Bondman (1916)
Austrian composer who achieved legendary status as the creator of hundreds of classic American film scores. As a child he was astonishingly musically gifted, composing complex works as a teenager and completing the course of study at Vienna's Hochschule fuer Musik und Darstellende Kunst in only one year, at the age of sixteen. He studied under 'Gustav Mahler' (qv) and, before the age of twenty, made his living as a conductor and as composer of works for the theater, the concert hall, and vaudeville. After a brief sojourn in Britian, Steiner moved to the USA in the same wave as fellow film composer 'Erich Wolfgang Korngold' (qv) and quickly became a sought-after orchestrator and conductor on Broadway, bringing the Western classical tradition in which he had been raised to mainstream audiences. He was soon snatched up by the film studios with the advent of sound and helped the fledgling talkies become musically sophisticated within a brief few years. He was one of the first to fully integrate the musical score with the images on-screen and to score individual scenes for their content and create leitmotifs for individual characters, as opposed to simply providing vaguely appropriate mood music, as evidenced in _King Kong (1933)_ (qv), which set the standard for American film music for years to come. From the 1930s to the 1960s, he was one of the most respected, innovative, and brilliant composers of American film music, creating a truly staggering number of exceptional scores for films of all types. He was nominated for Academy Awards for his scores eighteen times and won three times. Years after his death in 1971, he remains one of the giants of motion picture history, and his music still thrives.
Steiner, Max Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Tara Theme / Main Title
- The Barbecue at Twelve Oaks
- The Ball: Charleston Hell and Toe Polka / Irish Washerwoman / Garry Owen / Southern Belle Waltz
- Ashley and Scarlett
- Mammy
- Christmas in Atlanta
- Fall of the South
- Atlanta in Flames
- Intermission Music
- Sherman's March trough Georgia
- Ashley's Return from the War
- Scarlett and Rhett at Tara
- Belle Watling
- Rhett and Bonnie
- Scarlett's Fall / Rhett's Remorse
- Bonnie's Death
- Tomorrow is Another Day / Finale
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
(Released 2002)
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- Main Title
- Partners
- The Trek
- Windstorm
- Those Endearing Young Charms
- Up There!
- Water Trough
- Night / Cave In
- Call for Help
- Texas Memories
- Night and Distrust
- Gila Monster
- Gila Monster Uncovered
- Unwelcome Visitor
- Bandits
- Gunfight/Federales
- Cody's Letter
- Packing Up
- Indian Visitors
- Unwilling Caretakers
- Madness and Murder / Indian Village
- After Dobbs / Dobbs Is Killed
- Bandits Arrested
- The Ruins
- Texas Memories / Finale
- End Cast
- Indian Celebration
- Pardners Harmonica Solo
- Pardners Dance Band Arrangement
- Main Title
- Tara
- The O'Hara Family
- Scarlett Prepares for the Barbecue
- Twelve Oaks
- The Barbecue
- In the Library
- War Is Declared / The Death of Charles
- At the Bazaar
- Escape From Atlanta
- Twelve Oaks in Ruin / Scarlett Comes Home
- I'll Never Be Hungry Again!
- Battle Montage
- Frank Kennedy Asks for Suellen's Hand
- Paddock Scene
- The New Store
- Scarlett in Shantytown
- Belle Watling and Melanie
- Twenty Inches!
- Melanie and Mammy
- Scarlett in the Mist / Rhett Leaves
- Flashback / Finale
- Main Title
- A Boat in the Fog
- The Island / The Railing
- Jungle Dance
- Meeting With the Black Men (Punia! Casco!!)
- The Little Monkey Escapes
- Sea at Night / Forgotten Island
- Aboriginal Sacrificial Dance
- Entrance of Kong / The Sailors / Stegosaurus
- The Bronte
- Log Sequence
- Cryptic Shadows
- Stolen Love / The Cave
- The Snake / The Bird / The Swimmers
- The Return
- "Hey Look Out! It's Kong, Kong's Coming!"
- King Kong March
- Fanfare 1, 2, 3
- Kong Escapes
- Elevated Train Sequence
- Aeroplanes
- Finale ("It Was Beauty Killed the Beast")
- Main Title
- Tara
- The O'Hara Family
- Scarlett Prepares for the Barbecue
- Twelve Oaks
- The Barbecue (extended version)
- Afternoon Nap
- Charles Hamilton Challenges Rhett
- In the Library
- War Is Declared-The Death of Charles
- At the Bazaar
- Maryland, My Maryland
- Dances
- Gettysburg
- Outside the Examiner Newspaper Office
- At the Depot
- Christmas at Aunt Pitty's
- Melanie and Scarlett Tend the Wounded
- Scarlett's Promise (extended version)
- Train Depot (extended version)
- Melanie in Labor
- Rhett Returns
- Escape From Atlanta
- Soldiers in Retreat
- Rhett and Scarlett on McDonough Road
- Twelve Oaks in Ruin-Scarlett Comes Home
- I'll Never Be Hungry Again
- Alternate Entr'acte
- Battle Montage
- The Deserter
- Melanie & Scarlett
- It's Over!
- Frank Kennedy Asks for Suellen's Hand (extended version)
- Paddock Scene
- Gerald's Death (extended version)
- Old Folks at Home (Swanee River)
- The New Store
- Scarlett in Shantytown
- Ashley & Dr. Meade-Frank's Death
- Belle Watling & Melanie
- Scarlett Gets Tipsy
- New Orleans Honeymoon
- Can-Can
- Scarlett's New Wardrobe
- Scarlett's Nightmare
- Bonnie's Birth
- Twenty Inches!
- The Lumber Mill
- After the Party
- London
- Rhett & Scarlett's Fight
- The Death of Bonnie
- Melanie & Mammy
- The Death of Melanie
- Scarlett in the Mist-Rhett Leaves
- Flashback-Finale
- RKO Radio Beacon (original main title)
- Main Title / A Boat in the Fog
- Forgotten Island / Jungle Dance
- Sea at Night
- Aboriginal Sacrifice Dance
- Entrance of Kong
- The Bronte / Log Sequence
- Cryptic Shadows
- Kong / The Cave
- Sailors Waiting
- Return of Kong
- King Kong Theatre March
- Kong Escape / Aeroplanes / Finale
Gone With the Wind (The Selznick International Orchestra)
(Released 1990)
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- Tara Theme / Main Title (Including David O. Selznick's Trademark)
- The Barbecue at Twelve Oaks
- The Ball: Charleston Heel and Toe Polka / Irish Washerwoman / Garry Owen / Southern Belle Waltz
- Ashley and Scarlett
- Mammy
- Christmas in Atlanta
- Fall of the South
- Intermission Music
- Sherman's March Through Georgia
- Ashley's Return From the War
- Scarlett and Rhett at Tara
- Belle Watling
- Rhett and Bonnie
- Scarlett's Fall / Rhett's Remorse
- Bonnie's Death
- Tomorrow Is Another Day / Finale
- Main Title
- Scarlett & Rhett's First Meeting
- Ashley & Scarlett
- Mammy
- Christmas During the War in Atlanta
- Atlanta in Flames
- Reconstruction
- Ashley Returns to Tara from the War Prison
- Scarlett & Rhett Rebuild Tara
- Scarlett Makes Her Demands of Rhett
- Scarlett's Fall Down the Staircase
- Bonnie's Fatal Pony Ride
- Finale
- Tara's Theme
- Invitation to the Dance
- Melanie's Theme
- Ashley
- The Prayer
- Bonnie Blue Flag
- Scarlet O'Hara
- Scarlet's Agony
- War
- Belle Watling
- Bonnie's Death
- Rhett Butler
- Bonnie's Theme
- Ashley and Melanie (Love Theme)
- The Oath
- Return to Tara
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Music For Bette Davis Films All This, and Heaven Too - A Stolen Life
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- All This And Heaven Too, Main Title
- To France - The Caretaker - The Duke
- Carriage Ride
- Henriette - Armida Overture
- A Night to Remember for Louise
- Mysteries of Life
- The Smile of Hypocrisy
- All Hollows Eve - Lotis Song - Springtime - The Carousel
- Reunion and Understanding - Springtime Again - Henrietta
- Jailed
- Rushing to a Dying Duke - The Duke - Final Farewell
- Finale - End Cast
- A Stolen Life, Main Title - Sailor's Hornpipe
- A Stolen Life - Twins
- Karnock - Shopping Tour
- Storm - Aftermath
- Interlude
- Talbot and Confrontation
- Finale
- Main Title
- Buffalo Herd/The Iron Horse/Rendezvous
- 'Dodge City It Is!'
- Matt Cole's Funeral
- The Covered Wagons/Oh Susannah/Sunrise/Abbie's Theme
- Stampede
- The Murder/Surrett's Theme/Necktie Party
- The Children/Abbie's Theme/The Fight/Little Harry/Dodge City
- Wade and Abbie Go Riding
- Joe Clemens Murdered
- Tranferring the Prisioner
- Fire Aboard the Train
- Finale/End Cast
- Main Title
- Stagecoach Robbery
- Making a Vacancy
- Escaping the Sheriff
- A Town Soon to Be Tulsa
- Pedro and His Family
- The Kid Investigates
- Nes Comes Looking for Jim
- Decoying the Judge
- The Letter
- The Trial/Attempted Jailbreak
- Lynched
- Martial Law/Revenge
- Bringing in Doolin
- Fight at the Territory Saloon
- Brothers Again
- Hasty Marriage and Finale
- Main Title
- Ethan Returns
- Meet Martin
- Locket for Debbie
- Ethan and Aaron
- Goodbye Ethan
- Posse Rides
- Comanches / Edwards' Ranch at Sundown
- Debbie at the Tombstone
- Martin Dragging His Saddle / Burning Ranch
- The Searchers / Indian's Grave
- Ethan Joins the Posse
- The Searchers / Indians Surround the Posse / Death Chant / Indians Charge Into the River
- Saddle Up
- No Bonfires
- Ethan Returns From Scouting
- Brad Dies
- Laurie and Martin
- Laurie and Martin Argue
- Ethan's Dummy Ruse
- News of Debbie
- Camp by the Lake
- Buffalo Herd / Buffalo Drums
- Assembly
- The Searchers / Cavalry Crosses the Snowfield
- Mose
- Cicatriz
- Scar's Tepee
- Debbie Refuses to Leave
- Arrow Hits Ethan
- Laurie Warns Martin
- Martin to the Rescue
- The Searchers / Martin Shoots Scar
- Attack on the Indian Village
- Reunion of Ethan and Debbie
- End Title
- The Adventure Begins
- Aboard Ship
- Arrival At Skull Island
- The Ship At Night
- A Bride For Kong
- The Log Sequence
- Denham's Escape
- Kong Attacks The Village
- Kong In New York
- Kong Escapes
- Death of King Kong
- Main Title
- A Boat In The Fog
- The Forgotten Island I
- The Forgotten Island II
- Jungle Dance
- The Sailors
- The Bronte
- Stolen Love/Humorous Ape
- The Aeroplane/Finale
- Overture
- Main Title
- Mammy
- The Barbecue at Twelve Oaks
- Ashley and Scarlett
- The Ball
- Christmas During the War in Atlanta
- The Fall of the South
- I'll Never Be Hungry Again
- Entr'acte Music
- Sherman's March Through Georgia
- Reconstruction
- Ashley's Return From the War
- Scarlett and Rhett Rebuild Tara
- Belle Watling
- Rhett and Bonnie
- Rett's Remorse
- Bonnie's Fatal Pony Ride
- Melanie's Death
- Rhett's Departure
- Tomorrow Is Another Day
- Exit Music
The Classic Film Scores of Max Steiner
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- Now, Voyager
- King Kong
- Saratoga Trunk
- The Charge of the Light Brigade
- Four Wives
- The Big Sleep
- Johnny Belinda
- Since You Went Away
- The Informer
- The Fountainhead
Born: 1888-05-10
Died: 1971-12-28
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Max Steiner - Greatest Hits
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Published: 30 May 2008
- Updated: 03 Jun 2012
Some of the best film scores from austrian composer and "father" of film scores, Maximilian Steiner. Buy the CD's of Max Steiner!
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Greatest_Hits
Max Steiner - Theme From A Summer Place (1959)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 07 Feb 2010
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Mit Bildern aus Schwerin
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Theme_From_A_Summer_Place_1959
Max Steiner - Tara's Theme (Gone With The Wind)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Published: 24 Jun 2010
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Max Steiner was born in Vienna, Austria, the godson of Richard Strauss. He was a child prodigy who was taught piano by Johannes Brahms, composition by Gustav Mahler, and he has been called the "Father of Film Music" because of his extensive work with film. Although he had worked on Broadway musicals with such stand-outs as George Gershwin and Jerome Kern, it was his work on the 1933 film "King Kong" that paved the way for his success in film. Ultimately he was given the assignment for scoring the 1939 film "Gone With The Wind" in which he composed one of the most famous movie themes in history, "Tara's Theme". He later worked on such films as "Jezebel" and "Casablanca", and with his brother he wrote "Theme From a Summer Place".
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Tara's_Theme_Gone_With_The_Wind
Max Steiner - Father of Film Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 01 Jun 2009
- Updated: 26 Apr 2012
Trailer to the upcoming documentary about Hollywood's father of film music Max Steiner, who still influences composers today. With Danny Elfman, Bruce Broughton, John Mauceri, Brendan Carroll, Jon Burlingame, Richard Bellis. (german trailer) Steiner's music will be performed at the HOLLYWOOD IN VIENNA concert gala on October 14th, 2009 in the Vienna Concert Hall. More Info at www.hollywood-in-vienna.com
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Father_of_Film_Music
Casablanca (1942) - Suite - Max Steiner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:09
- Published: 24 Dec 2010
- Updated: 29 May 2012
Prelude / Rick's Bar / Paris / The Airport / The Beginning of A Beautiful Friendship From "Gone With the Wind: The Classic Max Steiner" album - The Westminster Philharmonic Orchestra - conducted by Kenneth Alwyn (1993 re-recording).
http://wn.com/Casablanca_1942_Suite_Max_Steiner
A Summer Place (1959) - Selections - Max Steiner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Published: 21 Dec 2010
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
1. Prelude 2. Young Love From "Gone With the Wind: The Classic Max Steiner" album - The Westminster Philharmonic Orchestra - conducted by Kenneth Alwyn (1993 re-recording).
http://wn.com/A_Summer_Place_1959_Selections_Max_Steiner
MAX STEINER - "GONE WITH THE WIND" - ICE DANCING - KLIMOVA & PONOMARENKO - VOB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 07 May 2010
- Updated: 24 Apr 2012
MAX STEINER'S GORGEOUS SCORE TO "GONE WITH THE WIND" AND SOME GREAT SKATING BY MARINA KLIMOVA & SERGEI PONOMARENKO --- 3 TIME WORLD CHAMPIONS AND 1992 OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALISTS IN ICE DANCING.... Max Steiner (May 10, 1888 -- December 28, 1971) was an Vienna-born American composer of music for theatre productions and films. Steiner was the creator of hundreds of film scores, including The Informer (1935), Now, Voyager (1942), and Since You Went Away (1944), all of which won him Academy Awards. He was nominated for the Academy Award a total of twenty six times, a record surpassed only by Alfred Newman and John Williams. Steiner was one of the best-known composers in Hollywood, and is widely regarded today as one of the greatest film score composers in the history of cinema. He was a frequent collaborator with some of the most famous film directors in history, including John Ford and William Wyler. As well as his Oscar-winning scores, other popular works include King Kong (1933), Little Women (1933), Jezebel (1938), Casablanca (1942), and the film score for which he is possibly best known, Gone with the Wind (1939).
http://wn.com/MAX_STEINER_GONE_WITH_THE_WIND_ICE_DANCING_KLIMOVA_PONOMARENKO_VOB
Max Steiner: Operation Pacific
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Published: 01 Aug 2010
- Updated: 14 May 2012
Music for the film Operation Pacific (1951) Composed and conducted by Max Steiner. Composer's original studio acetates as compiled on the album "Max Steiner Revisited" (Citadel CT MS 7) but with my own audio restoration for YouTube. Re-edited footage from the trailer includes a slow-motion sequence
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Operation_Pacific
Gone With the Wind - Tara's Theme (Max Steiner)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Published: 24 Jun 2009
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Film: Gone With The Wind (1939) Directed by: George Cukor Composed by: Max Steiner Players: Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de Havilland, Leslie Howard, Thomas Mitchell. This movie holds so many vivid memories for me from may stages of my life, and with those memories is this music. I'd rate both the movie and its music at 5/5.
http://wn.com/Gone_With_the_Wind_Tara's_Theme_Max_Steiner
Max Steiner: Magic Isle Symphony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 30 Jul 2010
- Updated: 07 May 2012
Magic Isle Symphony from the film City For Conquest (1940) Composed and conducted by Max Steiner. Composer's original studio acetates as compiled on the album "Max Steiner Revisited" (Citadel CT MS 7) but with my own audio restoration for YouTube. See trailer: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Magic_Isle_Symphony
Gone With the Wind (1939) - Suite - Max Steiner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:24
- Published: 26 Dec 2010
- Updated: 03 Jun 2012
Prelude / Invitation to Twelve Oakes / Tara / Mammy / The Fall of the South / Scarlett Walks Among the Wounded / Rhett's Leaving / Melanie's Death / Finale From "Gone With the Wind: The Classic Max Steiner" album - The Westminster Philharmonic Orchestra - conducted by Kenneth Alwyn (1993 re-recording).
http://wn.com/Gone_With_the_Wind_1939_Suite_Max_Steiner
Max Steiner - Classic Film Scores For Humphrey Bogart - The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Published: 06 Apr 2009
- Updated: 16 May 2012
3. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. (7:46) Main Title; The Trek to the Gold; Fool's Gold; The Letter; Finale: The Gold Scatters In The Wind. Conducted by Charles Gerhardt. I DO NOT OWN ANY OF THESE TRACKS. ALL RIGHTS GO TO THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. ENJOY!!
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Classic_Film_Scores_For_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Treasure_of_the_Sierra_Madre
KING KONG (1933) Soundtrack Score Suite (Max Steiner)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:06
- Published: 25 Jan 2011
- Updated: 25 May 2012
1933 - ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SCORE !!! Composed by Max Steiner. Mixed, Edited & Adapted by Lordhelmchen76.
http://wn.com/KING_KONG_1933_Soundtrack_Score_Suite_Max_Steiner
Max Steiner - Symphony Moderne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Published: 08 Aug 2008
- Updated: 17 Feb 2012
This is the antidote to my previous few listings. Its the theme from the 1939 film Four Wives (a sequel to Four Daughters). The theme was written by Max Rabinowitsch and this is an arrangement by the famous film music composer Max Steiner. Its performed by Werner Janssen and his Orch. of Los Angeles. Recorded for Victor between 1943 and 1946 (not sure exactly - dates based on label design). There is an interesting film clip of Rabinowitsch on YT.
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Symphony_Moderne
Helen of Troy (1956) - Suite - Max Steiner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:27
- Published: 20 Dec 2010
- Updated: 27 May 2012
1. Prelude 2. The Voyage 3. The Gates of Troy 4. The Siege and Aftermath 5. Finale From "Gone With the Wind: The Classic Max Steiner" album - The Westminster Philharmonic Orchestra - conducted by Kenneth Alwyn (1993 re-recording).
http://wn.com/Helen_of_Troy_1956_Suite_Max_Steiner
Max Steiner: Unfinished Sonata
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 26 Dec 2010
- Updated: 24 Apr 2012
Unfinished Sonata from A Bill of Divorcement (1932). Composed and conducted by Max Steiner. The piano soloist is uncredited on this 1955 recording, but it may be Ray Turner, who recorded Symphonie Moderne with Steiner in 1956.
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Unfinished_Sonata
Max Steiner: House Of Wax (1953) Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 20 Aug 2010
- Updated: 10 Apr 2012
Max Steiner composed the two minutes of original music for this teaser trailer, but did not score the movie itself - David Buttolph did.
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_House_Of_Wax_1953_Teaser
Max Steiner: The FBI Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Published: 05 Nov 2011
- Updated: 10 May 2012
Main theme from The FBI Story (1959) Music by Max Steiner. The City of Prague Philharmonic conducted by Kenneth Alwyn. Footage edited from the film's trailer.
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_The_FBI_Story
THE RUNAWAY BLUES - A Tribute To Max Steiner & Son Of Kong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Published: 31 Jan 2010
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
A Tribute to Max Steiner's composition THE RUNAWAY BLUES written for THE SON OF KONG in 1933. This video includes 3 alternate versions of the song. First is the original 1933 version from the film performed by Helen Mack. Next is a recent version recorded by Janet Klein and finally an orchestral medley by the Moscow Orchestra!
http://wn.com/THE_RUNAWAY_BLUES_A_Tribute_To_Max_Steiner_Son_Of_Kong
Max Steiner - Classic Film Scores For Humphrey Bogart - The Caine Mutiny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 06 Apr 2009
- Updated: 18 May 2012
5. The Caine Mutiny. (2:33) March. Conducted by Charles Gerhardt. I DO NOT OWN ANY OF THESE TRACKS. ALL RIGHTS GO TO THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. ENJOY!!
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Classic_Film_Scores_For_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Caine_Mutiny
Max Steiner - Paige's Theme (1961)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Published: 14 May 2011
- Updated: 24 Apr 2012
Paige's Theme from the 1961 movie "Parrish" Composer: Max Steiner Performer: Warner Bros. Orchestra conducted by Max Steiner Label: Warner Bros. WS 1413 Year: 1961
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Paige's_Theme_1961
Max Steiner: Band of Angels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:52
- Published: 21 Dec 2010
- Updated: 08 May 2012
Selections from the score for Band of Angels (1957). Composed and conducted by Max Steiner.
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Band_of_Angels
Max Steiner - Clasic Film Scores For Humphrey Bogart - Casablanca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Published: 06 Apr 2009
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
1. Casablanca (8:44) Conducted by Charles Gerhardt. I DO NOT OWN ANY OF THESE TRACKS. ALL RIGHTS GO TO THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. ENJOY!!
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner_Clasic_Film_Scores_For_Humphrey_Bogart_Casablanca
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The Examiner
Head Same Remains the Change Vol. V is a sampler of the music Headchange Records has been working on at The Compound Studio with Anthony Antoine Arvizu over the past year. Some serious tracks, rough mixes and outtakes that were over-produced, neglected, and or destroyed by a rampant Elder D....(size: 9.7Kb)
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For the pornographic actor with the pseudonym Max Steiner, see Max Hardcore.
| Max Steiner | |
|---|---|
| Born | Maximilian Raoul Steiner (1888-05-10)May 10, 1888 Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now Austria) |
| Died | December 28, 1971(1971-12-28) (aged 83) Hollywood, California, USA |
| Occupation | composer, arranger, conductor |
Max Steiner (May 10, 1888 – December 28, 1971) was an Austrian composer of music for theatre productions and films. He later became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Trained by the great classical music composers Brahms and Mahler, he was one of the first composers who primarily wrote music for motion pictures, and as such is often referred to as "the father of film music".[1] Along with such composers as Franz Waxman, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Alfred Newman and Miklós Rózsa, Steiner played a major part in creating the tradition of writing music for films.
Steiner composed hundreds of film scores, including The Informer (1935), Now, Voyager (1942), and Since You Went Away (1944), which won him Academy Awards. He was nominated for the Academy Award a total of twenty-four times. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, which he won for his score to Life with Father.
Steiner was one of the best-known composers in Hollywood, and is widely regarded today as one of the greatest film score composers in the history of cinema. He was a frequent collaborator with some of the most famous film directors in history, including John Ford and William Wyler. Besides his Oscar-winning scores, some of Steiner's popular works include King Kong (1933), Little Women (1933), Jezebel (1938), Casablanca (1942), and the film score for which he is possibly best known, Gone with the Wind (1939). Despite being one of the most popular film soundtracks ever written, Gone with the Wind failed to win an Oscar for him.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Steiner was born as Maximilian Raoul Steiner in Austria-Hungary, in the Hotel Nordbahn (since 2008 Austria Classic Hotel Wien) on Praterstraße 72, in Vienna's Leopoldstadt.[2] Later in life he purportedly discovered a half-brother named James Owen, with whom he co-wrote the song "Theme from A Summer Place". His paternal grandfather was Maximilian Steiner (1830–1880), the influential manager of Vienna's Theater an der Wien; his father was Gabor Steiner (1858–1944), Viennese impresario and carnival and exposition manager, responsible for the Ferris wheel in the Prater that would become the setting for a key scene of the film The Third Man (1949); his godfather was the composer Richard Strauss.
A child prodigy in composing, Steiner received piano instruction from Johannes Brahms and, at the age of sixteen, enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Music (now known as the University of Music and Performing Arts), where he was taught by Gustav Mahler among others. His musical aptitudes enabled him to complete the school's four-year program in only two. At the age of 16, Steiner wrote and conducted the operetta The Beautiful Greek Girl. At the start of World War I, he was working in London and was classified as an enemy alien but was befriended by the Duke of Westminster and given exit papers. He arrived in New York City in December 1914 with $32 to his name.[citation needed]
Steiner worked in New York for eleven years as a musical director, arranger, orchestrator, and conductor of Broadway operettas and musicals written by Victor Herbert, Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans, and George Gershwin, among others. Steiner's credits include: George White's Scandals (1922), Lady, Be Good (1924), and Rosalie (1928).
In 1929, Steiner went to Hollywood to orchestrate the European film version of the Florenz Ziegfeld show Rio Rita for RKO. The score for King Kong (1933) made Steiner's reputation; it was one of the first American films to have an extensive musical score (it was re-used in a number of RKO films, including Back to Bataan.) He conducted the scores for several Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musicals, including Top Hat (1935) and Roberta (1935).
Movie career[link]
Steiner's first screen credit was an as orchestrator for the score of the 1930 film Dixiana. His first credit as a composer came the following year, for Cimarron. He received his first two Oscar nominations for John Ford's 1934 film The Lost Patrol, and the same year for The Gay Divorcee. He won his first Oscar the following year for Ford's The Informer. At the time, the Oscar was awarded to the head of the studio music department, not the composer, although in this case that was Steiner anyway. The first person to win the award for Best Original Score as a composer was Erich Wolfgang Korngold, who won for his work on The Adventures of Robin Hood.
Steiner scored several films produced by RKO, the final of which was Follow the Fleet. He left RKO in 1936 and soon became the musical director of Selznick International Pictures.
In April 1937, he signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros., and the same year composed the famous fanfare which introduced pictures produced by the studio, although this is no longer in use (curiously, this was never used for the studio's television productions).
In 1939, Steiner was borrowed from Warner Bros. by David O Selznick to compose the score to Gone with the Wind. He was given only three months to compose a large amount of music for the film, whilst at the same time scoring We Are Not Alone, Dark Victory and Four Wives for Warner. Gone with the Wind and Dark Victory both earned him Academy Award nominations, however, he lost to the score of The Wizard of Oz by Herbert Stothart. Along with Clark Gable, Steiner was one of the few nominees for Gone with the Wind that did not win. Many feel that Steiner deserved the award. The score was ranked by the AFI as the second greatest American film score of all time.
Steiner received his next Oscar nomination for the 1940 film The Letter, his first of several collaborations with legendary director William Wyler. A further nomination followed the next year for Sergeant York. In 1942, Steiner won his second Oscar for Now, Voyager, and was also nominated for Casablanca, which remains one of his most famous scores. He received his third and final Oscar in 1944 for Since You Went Away.
Steiner's pace slowed significantly in the mid-1950s, and he began freelancing. In 1954, RCA Victor asked Steiner to prepare and conduct an orchestral suite of music from Gone with the Wind for a special LP, which was later issued on CD.[3] There are also acetates of Steiner conducting the Warner Brothers studio orchestra in music from some of his film scores.
Steiner reunited with John Ford in 1956 to score The Searchers, widely considered the greatest western ever made. He returned to Warner-Bros in 1958 (although his contract ended in 1953) and scored several films, in addition to a rare venture into television composing a library of music for the fourth season of Hawaiian Eye.[4] He continued to score films produced by Warner until the mid sixties.[5]
Steiner's final original score was for the 1965 film Two on a Guillotine. He worked on over 300 films, sometimes as a composer, sometimes as an arranger/conductor, and often as both.
In 1963, Steiner began writing his autobiography, which, although completed, was never published, and is the source of a few biographical errors concerning this composer. A copy of the manuscript resides with the rest of the Max Steiner Collection at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.
Death[link]
Steiner died of congestive heart failure in Hollywood, aged 83. He is entombed in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.
Posthumous[link]
- After his death, Charles Gerhardt conducted the National Philharmonic Orchestra in an RCA Victor album of highlights from Steiner's career, titled Now Voyager. Additional selections of Steiner scores were included on other RCA classic film albums during the early 1970s. The quadraphonic recordings were later digitally remastered for Dolby surround sound and released on CD.
- In 1995, Steiner was inducted posthumously into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He has a star located at 1551 Vine Street on the Walk of Fame for his contribution to motion pictures.
- In commemoration of Steiner's 100th birthday a memorial plaque was revealed by Helmut Zilk, then Mayor of Vienna, in 1988 at Steiner's birthplace, the Hotel Nordbahn (now Austria Classic Hotel Wien) in Praterstraße 72.
AFI[link]
The American Film Institute respectively ranked Steiner's scores for Gone with the Wind (1939) and King Kong (1933) #2 and #13 on their list of the 25 greatest film scores. His scores for the following films were also nominated for the list:
- Adventures of Don Juan (1948)
- Casablanca (1942)
- Dark Victory (1939)
- The Informer (1935)
- Jezebel (1938)
- Johnny Belinda (1948)
- Now, Voyager (1942)
- A Summer Place (1959)
- The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
Additional filmography[link]
- The Bondman (1929) (uncredited)
- Rio Rita (1929) (uncredited)
- The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1930) (uncredited)
- Dixiana (1930) (as Orchestrator - first screen credit)
- Cimarron (1931)
- What Price Hollywood? (1932)
- Bird of Paradise (1932)
- The Most Dangerous Game (1932)
- A Bill of Divorcement (1932)
- Thirteen Women (1932)
- The Half-Naked Truth (1932)
- The Animal Kingdom (1932)
- Christopher Strong (1933)
- Rafter Romance (1933)
- King Kong (1933)
- Son of Kong (1933)
- Little Women (1933)
- Morning Glory (1933)
- Flying Down to Rio (1933) (as Musical Director)
- The Lost Patrol (Academy Award nomination, 1934)
- Of Human Bondage (1934)
- The Fountain (1934)
- The Age of Innocence (1934)
- The Gay Divorcee (as Musical Director) (Academy Award nomination, 1934)
- Anne of Green Gables (1934)
- The Little Minister (1934)
- Roberta (1935) (as Musical Director)
- The Informer (1935) (Academy Award winner)
- She (1935)
- Top Hat (1935) (as Musical Director)
- The Three Musketeers (1935)
- Follow the Fleet (1936) (as Musical Director)
- Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936)
- The Garden of Allah (Academy Award nomination, 1936)
- The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936)
- A Star Is Born (1937)
- Kid Galahad (1937)
- Nothing Sacred (1937) with Oscar Levant and Alfred Newman
- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) (uncredited)
- That Certain Woman (1937)
- The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
- Tovarich (1937) (first use of the Warner Bros. fanfare, composed by Steiner)
- Gold is Where You Find It (1938)
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938)
- Jezebel (Academy Award nomination, 1938)
- Crime School (1938)
- Four Daughters (1938)
- The Sisters (1938)
- Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
- The Dawn Patrol (1938)
- The Oklahoma Kid (1939)
- Dodge City (1939)
- Dark Victory (Academy Award nomination, 1939)
- Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939)
- The Old Maid (1939)
- The Wizard of Oz (1939) (replaced by Herbert Stothart)
- Gone with the Wind (Academy Award nomination, 1939)
- Virginia City (1940)
- All This, and Heaven Too (1940)
- The Letter (Academy Award nomination, 1940)
- Santa Fe Trail (1940)
- City for Conquest (1940)
- Shining Victory (1941)
- They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
- Sergeant York (Academy Award nomination, 1941)
- Casablanca (Academy Award nomination, 1942)
- Now, Voyager (1942) (Academy Award winner)
- Captains of the Clouds (1942)
- Since You Went Away (1944) (Academy Award winner)
- The Adventures of Mark Twain (Academy Award nomination, 1944)
- Mildred Pierce (1945)
- Rhapsody in Blue (Academy Award nomination, shared with Ray Heindorf, 1945)
- A Stolen Life (1946)
- The Big Sleep (1946)
- Night and Day (Academy Award nomination, shared with Ray Heindorf, 1946)
- The Unfaithful (1947 film)
- Life with Father (Academy Award nomination, 1947)
- My Wild Irish Rose (Academy Award nomination, shared with Ray Heindorf, 1947)
- The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
- Key Largo (1948)
- Winter Meeting (1948)
- Johnny Belinda (Academy Award nomination, 1948)
- The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949)
- Beyond the Forest (Academy Award nomination, 1949)
- The Fountainhead (1949)
- The Flame and the Arrow (Academy Award nomination, 1950)
- The Glass Menagerie (1950)
- Jim Thorpe -- All-American (1951)
- Operation Pacific (1951)
- The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (Academy Award nomination, 1952)
- The Jazz Singer (Academy Award nomination, shared with Ray Heindorf, 1953)
- So Big (1953)
- The Charge at Feather River
- The Caine Mutiny (Academy Award nomination, 1954)
- Battle Cry (Academy Award nomination, 1955)
- The Last Command (1955)
- The Searchers (1956)
- Death of a Scoundrel (1956)
- Band of Angels (1957)
- A Summer Place (1959) (Theme U.S.#1 Hit Single)
- The FBI Story (1959)
- The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1960)
- Ice Palace (1960)
- Parrish (1961)
- Susan Slade (1961)
- Rome Adventure (1962)
- Spencer's Mountain (1963)
- Youngblood Hawke (1964)
- A Distant Trumpet (1964)
- Two on a Guillotine (1965)
- Those Calloways (1965)
Notes[link]
- ^ Posted by sdtom (2008-02-13). "Max Steiner " Film Music: The Neglected Art". Sdtom.wordpress.com. http://sdtom.wordpress.com/2008/02/13/max-steiner/. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ Austria Classic Hotel Wien – a Viennese hotel with hospitality tradition since 1838
- ^ Soundtrack details - SoundtrackCollector.com
- ^ Burlingame, Jon, TV's Biggest Hits: The Story Of Television Themes From Dragnet To Friends, pp. 42-43, Schirmer Books, 1996, ISBN 0-02-870324-3
- ^ Max Steiner - IMDb
External links[link]
- Max Steiner at the Internet Movie Database
- Max Steiner at the Internet Broadway Database
- Max Steiner at AmericanComposers.com
- Max Steiner at Find a Grave
Multimedia links[link]
- "Max Steiner - Father of Film Music", film documentary trailer
- "Max Steiner - Greatest Hits", compilation by Beny Debny
- Score to King Kong (1933)
- Score to The Garden of Allah (1936)
- Score to The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
- Score to Gone With the Wind (1939)
- "Gone With the Wind" theme to Ice Dancing
- Score to All This and Heaven Too (1940)
- Score to Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1940)
- Score to City for Conquest (1940)
- "Score to Cassablanca (1942)
- Score to Now Voyager (1942) performed at Hollywood Bowl, 2006
- Score to Mildred Pierce (1945)
- Score to The Big Sleep (1946)
- "Score to Johnny Belinda (1948)
- Score to Key Largo (1948)
- Score to Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
- Score to The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949)
- Score to Operation Pacific (1951)
- Score to The Last Command (1955)
- Score to The Searchers (1956)
- Score to Helen of Troy (1956)
- Score to Band of Angels (1957)
- Theme from A Summer Place (1959) Selections from A Summer Place
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Steiner, Max |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 10, 1888 |
| Place of birth | Vienna, Austria-Hungary |
| Date of death | December 28, 1971 |
| Place of death | Hollywood, California, USA |
http://wn.com/Max_Steiner
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max Steiner
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Revisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.
The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.
|
Church[link]
Main article: Church Fathers
Games[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Miniature wargaming | H.G. Wells[1] | |
| The modern video game industry | Nolan Bushnell | Creator of Pong and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's |
| Modern video game | Shigeru Miyamoto[2] | Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises |
| Role-playing game | Gary Gygax[3] | Creator of Dungeons & Dragons |
| Stealth game | Hideo Kojima[4] | Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games |
| Video game | Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. | Inventor of the First video game |
| Wargaming | Charles S. Roberts[5] |
Humanities[link]
Military[link]
Nations[link]
Natural and social sciences[link]
Sports[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| American football | Walter Camp[25] | |
| American motocross | Edison Dye[26] | Introduced motorcross to American riders. |
| American road racing | Cameron Argetsinger[27] | Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen. |
| American soccer | Steve Ross[28] | Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US. |
| Angling | Izaak Walton[29] | Author of The Compleat Angler. |
| Argentine football | Alexander Watson Hutton[30] | |
| Argentine professional golf | José Jurado[31] | |
| Argentine winter sports | Otto Meiling[32] | |
| Association football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[33] | |
| Baseball | Henry Chadwick[34][35][36][37] | |
| Basketball | James Naismith | Left many diaries and interviews that explain how and when he created basketball. |
| BMX | Scot Breithaupt[38] | |
| Brazilian football | Charles William Miller[39] | |
| Camel Lights | Jim Downing | Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in |
| Canadian rodeo | O. Raymond Knight[41] | Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902. |
| Drag racing | Wally Parks[42] | Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race. |
| Don Garlits[43] | Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety. | |
| Eddie Hill[44] | Regarded as the forefather of drag racing. | |
| Drifting | Kunimitsu Takahashi[45] | Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes which eventually became a sport. |
| East Coast skateboarding | Vinny Raffa (godfather)[46] | |
| Florida skateboarding | Bruce Walker (godfather)[47] | |
| Modern football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[48] | |
| Freestyle BMX | Bob Haro[49][50] | |
| Freestyle Motocross | Mike Metzger[51] | Godfather. |
| Funny Car | Dick Landy[52] | |
| Ice Hockey | James Creighton (ice hockey) | Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal. |
| Import drag racing | Frank Choi[53] | Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category. |
| Italian football | James Richardson Spensley[54] | Given due to his association with Genoa CFC and his contribution to the modern day variation of the game in Italy. |
| William Garbutt[55] | Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football. | |
| Japanese baseball | Horace Wilson[56] | Credited for introducing baseball in Japan. |
| Hiroshi Hiraoka[57] | Credited for establishing the first baseball team. | |
| Jogging | Jim Fixx[58] | Founding father. |
| Kart racing | Art Ingels[59] | Developed the world's first kart (1956). |
| Lacrosse | William George Beers[60][61][62][63] | Codified the sport. |
| Mixed martial arts | Bruce Lee[64] | Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do. |
| Modern bodybuilding | Eugen Sandow[65] | |
| Harold Zinkin[66] | Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines. | |
| Modern boxing | James Figg[67] | |
| James J. Corbett[citation needed] | ||
| Modern figure skating | Jackson Haines[68] | "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey |
| Modern football in Japan | Dettmar Cramer[69] | |
| Modern rodeo | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916. |
| Modern sabre fencing | Italo Santelli[71] | |
| Modern surfing | Duke Kahanamoku[72] | |
| Rodeo bareback bronc riding | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924. |
| Rugby union | A. G. Guillemard[73] | |
| William Webb Ellis[74] | "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". | |
| Scuba diving | Jacques Cousteau[75] | Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality. |
| Skateboarding | Skip Engblom (godfather)[76] | |
| Tony Hawk (godfather)[77] | ||
| Snowboarding | Jake Burton Carpenter[78] | |
| Stock car racing | Bill France, Sr.[79][80] | Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing |
| Supercross | Mike Goodwin[81] | Organized the first supercross race. |
| Televised golf | Frank Chirkinian[82][83] | Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting. |
Technology[link]
Fields[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerodynamics (modern) | Sir George Cayley [84][85] | Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries. |
| Architecture | Imhotep[86] | Built the first pyramid |
| Astronautics | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[87] |
|
| Aviation | Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[90] | Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel. |
| British watchmaking | Thomas Tompion[91] | |
| Clinical trials | James Lind[92] | Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747 |
| Computing | Charles Babbage[93] | Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime. |
| Cybernetics | Norbert Wiener[94][95] | |
| Genetics | Gregor Mendel | Founder of the Genetics[96] |
| Modern Bladesmithing | William F. Moran | Founder of the American Bladesmith Society |
| Modern Kinematics | Ferdinand Freudenstein | Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.[97] |
| Modern Knifemaking | Bob Loveless | Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild |
| Photography | Louis Daguerre[98] Nicéphore Niépce[99] William Henry Fox Talbot[100] Thomas Wedgwood[101] |
Inventions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Air conditioning | Willis Carrier | [102] |
| C (programming language) | Dennis Ritchie | |
| Chronograph | George Graham[91][103] | Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book he Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism |
| Compact Disc | Kees Immink[104] | |
| Compiler | Grace Hopper | |
| Computer | Konrad Zuse[105] | Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. |
| Alan Turing[106][107] | Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936). | |
| John von Neumann[108] | Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. | |
| John V. Atanasoff[109] | Invented the digital computer in the 1930s | |
| John W. Mauchly [110] J.Presper Eckert[111] |
Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. | |
| Computer Program | Ada Lovelace[112] | Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime. |
| Ekranoplan | Rostislav Alexeev | |
| Helicopter | Igor Sikorsky [113] | Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. |
| Internet | Vint Cerf[114][115] Bob Kahn[116] [117] |
Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[118] |
| Instant noodle | Momofuku Ando[119] | Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. |
| Japanese television | Kenjiro Takayanagi[120][121] | |
| Jet engine | Frank Whittle[122][123] | |
| Karaoke | Daisuke Inoue[124] | Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. |
| Laser | Charles Hard Townes | |
| Lightning prediction system | Alexander Stepanovich Popov | The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. |
| Marine chronometer | John Harrison[125] | |
| Microprocessor | Marcian Hoff[126] Masatoshi Shima[127] |
|
| Mobile phone | Martin Cooper[128] | He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos. |
| Pentium microprocessor | Vinod Dham[129][130] | The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[131] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[132] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[133] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". |
| Personal computer | Chuck Peddle[134] | Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET |
| Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[135] André Truong Trong Thi[136] |
||
| Programmable logic controller | Dick Morley[citation needed] | |
| Radio | Alexander Stepanovich Popov [137] Lee De Forest[138][139][140] Guglielmo Marconi[141] Jagdish Chandra Bose[142] Nikola Tesla[143] |
The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio |
| Radio (Radio broadcasting) | Reginald Fessenden[citation needed] David Sarnoff[citation needed] |
Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. |
| Radio (FM radio) | Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed] | Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) |
| Radiotelephony | Reginald Fessenden[144][145] | |
| Search Engine | Alan Emtage[146][147][148] | Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines |
| SGML | Charles Goldfarb[149] | |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell[150] | See Invention of the telephone |
| Television | Philo T. Farnsworth[151] | Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. |
| Tokamak | Lev Artsimovich | |
| Tube structure | Fazlur Khan[156] | Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. |
| World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee[157] | |
| Visual Basic | Alan Cooper[158] | |
| XML | Jon Bosak[159] |
Towns, cities and regions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| British Columbia | James Douglas[160] | Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. |
| Lan Kwai Fong | Allan Zeman[161] | Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong. |
Transport[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| 20th century American car industry | Henry Ford[162] | Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. |
| American Interstate Highway System | Dwight D. Eisenhower[163] | |
| High-performance VW industry | Gene Berg[164] | |
| Hot rod | Ed Winfield[165] | |
| Import Car Culture | RJ DeVera[166] | Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s. |
| Kustom Kulture | Von Dutch[167] | |
| Monster truck | Bob Chandler[168] | Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history |
| Mountain bike | Gary Fisher[169] | |
| Rotary engine | Felix Wankel[170][171] | |
| Route 66 | Cyrus Avery[172] | |
| Tailfin | Harley Earl[173][174][175] | |
| Traffic safety | William Phelps Eno[176] | |
| Yellow school bus | Frank W. Cyr[177] |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
- ^ "Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto, 'The Father of Modern Video Games,' Receives The Jim". Reuters. 2009-01-15. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218035+15-Jan-2009+PRN20090115.
- ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html. Retrieved 2005-01-03.
- ^ "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. March 26, 2009. http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
- ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8194
- ^ J Robert Oppenheimer
- ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
- ^ Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6. http://books.google.com/?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&dq=Lichello.
- ^ Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Chris Shimp (March 1, 2001). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
- ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5. , p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
- ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
- ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8. , p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 98. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (October 29, 2002). Blood Warriors: American Military Elites. New York: Ballantine. pp. 368. ISBN 978-0-345-44891-0.
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 96. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm
- ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612100930/http://www.screamingeagle.org/WilliamLeeChapter/williamclee.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ Yale Richmond (1995). From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-877864-30-7, ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8. http://books.google.com/?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
- ^ http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=88004
- ^ http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163
- ^ http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos
- ^ New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.
- ^ "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886-29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football."
- ^ "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history."
- ^ Mirodan, Seamus (February 14, 2004). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth."
- ^ http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html
- ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[1]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
- ^
- 'Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
- ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
- ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
- ^ http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27
- ^ Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-041-2.
- ^ Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 0-87938-582-0.
- ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519.
- ^ http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm
- ^ http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1e6j
- ^ http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=30337&FS=NHRA
- ^ http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Drifting&id=875478
- ^ http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html
- ^ http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm
- ^ http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf
- ^ http://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html
- ^ http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm
- ^ http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders
- ^ http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html
- ^ "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html
- ^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. http://www.rsssf.com/players/eng-players-in-it.html. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829
- ^ http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/16820/the_social_impact_of_japanese_baseball_pg2_pg2.html?cat=9
- ^ Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2.
- ^ "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent (London). 2004-02-12. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
- ^ STX Lacrosse
- ^ HickokSports.com - History - Lacrosse
- ^ Lacrosse History. Historical Facts About Lacrosse
- ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
- ^ Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit.com. See Wikiquotes for the text.
- ^ http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html
- ^ http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/
- ^ http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1
- ^ Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive, accessed December 15, 2011.
- ^ http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer
- ^ a b Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp.77.
- ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
- ^ http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html
- ^ http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWEplaque_700.jpg
- ^ Diving Almanac article.
- ^ http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70
- ^ http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html
- ^ http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1
- ^ "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YscEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1892,1191270
- ^ http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html
- ^ Dolch, Craig (March 4, 2011). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote."
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 5, 2011). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television,” Jim Nantz, CBS’s longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. “He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life."
- ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft."
- ^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider."
- ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
- ^ Tsiolkovskiy
- ^ Goddard
- ^ Oberth
- ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- ^ a b . http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/.
- ^ Twyman, Richard (22 September 2004). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.
- ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development.... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X. , p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, ..."
- ^ Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
- ^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
- ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/p68g683357756307/fulltext.pdf?page=1 Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
- ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6. , p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
- ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4. p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography."
- ^ The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning
- ^ http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts
- ^ Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine"
- ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004
- ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ Ada Lovelace
- ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
- ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website
- ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
- ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18 January
- ^ Louis Pouzin
- ^ "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm.
- ^ http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Aircraft Engine
- ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html
- ^ . http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm.
- ^ http://www.rpi.edu/about/hof/hoff.html
- ^ "Kosaku Inagaki’s Home Page". Kyoto University. http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
- ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
- ^ p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649.
- ^ p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745.
- ^ p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992.
- ^ Commodore History: Chuck Peddle
- ^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. April 2, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
- ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing, Wired Magazine
- ^ The "The First Electronic Church of America" website poses the question: "Russia's Popov: Did he 'invent' radio?" According to this account, Alexander Popov is the "radio man." Among other things, it notes that Popov reported sending and receiving a wireless signal across a 600 yards distance in 1895. Two years later, it says, he set up a shore station at Kronstadt and equipped the Russian navy cruiser Africa with his wireless communications apparatus to provide ship-to-shore communication., an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett. (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
- ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). Radio—The Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9. , p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
- ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5. , p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
- ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), pp. 557-560.
- ^ Ask the average person "Who invented radio?" and the average answer will be "Marconi." Ask the same question on the Internet, and the average answer will not likely be "Marconi." Instead, try one of the following on for size: Nikola Tesla, Alexander Popov, Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, Nathan Stubblefield, James Clerk Maxwell and even Thomas Edison, among others, an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[2]
- ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-3340-0. p. 160
- ^ [3] from the Eweek website
- ^ [4] History of the Internet
- ^ [5] History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?
- ^ XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I
- ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3. , p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
- ^ http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm
. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 20, 2008. "Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? - ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin""
- ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". ""
- ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system."
- ^ "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
- ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28 January 2005, Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
- ^ XML.com: "XML Father" leaves W3C for OASIS
- ^ BC Archives: Sir James Douglas
- ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_429594.html
- ^ http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/
- ^ Federal Highway Administration [6]. URL accessed July 21, 2006.
- ^ http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html
- ^ http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html
- ^ http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php
- ^ http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html
- ^ http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html
- ^ http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0
- ^ http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm
- ^ http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/
- ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4. "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22&source=bl&ots=0R7qHrSvev&sig=NllowJaW5UQa_SJB7MZgZOoVbWA&hl=en&ei=xTYaTZ2WKIa4hAeOj_W3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22father%20of%20the%20tail%20fin%22&f=false
- ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm.
- ^ http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/
- ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [7]. URL accessed August 23, 2006.
- ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 0-89789-900-8. http://books.google.com/?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30. "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
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"Bogart" redirects here. For other uses, see Bogart (disambiguation).
| Humphrey Bogart | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Bogart in 1946, in a photograph by Yousuf Karsh |
|
| Born | Humphrey DeForest Bogart (1899-12-25)December 25, 1899 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | January 14, 1957(1957-01-14) (aged 57) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Esophageal cancer |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California |
| Education | Trinity School |
| Alma mater | Phillips Academy |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1921–1956 |
| Spouse | Helen Menken (m.1926-1927; divorced) Mary Philips (m.1928-1937; divorced) Mayo Methot (m.1938-1945; divorced) Lauren Bacall (m.1945-1957; his death) |
| Children | Stephen Humphrey Bogart (born 1949) Leslie Howard Bogart (born 1952) |
| Parents | Dr. Belmont DeForest Bogart, Maud Humphrey |
| Website | |
| http://www.humphreybogart.com/ | |
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957)[1][2] was an American actor.[3] He is widely regarded as a cultural icon.[4][5] The American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star in the history of American cinema.
After trying various jobs, Bogart began acting in 1921 and became a regular in Broadway productions in the 1920s and 1930s. When the stock market crash of 1929 reduced the demand for plays, Bogart turned to film. His first great success was as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), and this led to a period of typecasting as a gangster with films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and B-movies like The Return of Doctor X (1939).
Bogart's breakthrough as a leading man came in 1941, with High Sierra and The Maltese Falcon. The next year, his performance in Casablanca raised him to the peak of his profession and, at the same time, cemented his trademark film persona, that of the hard-boiled cynic who ultimately shows his noble side. Other successes followed, including To Have and Have Not (1944); The Big Sleep (1946); Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948), with his wife Lauren Bacall; The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948); In a Lonely Place (1950); The African Queen (1951), for which he won his only Academy Award; Sabrina (1954); and The Caine Mutiny (1954). His last movie was The Harder They Fall (1956). During a film career of almost thirty years, he appeared in 75 feature films.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bogart was born on Christmas Day, 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Dr. Belmont DeForest Bogart (July 1867, Watkins Glen, New York – September 8, 1934, Tudor City apartments, New York City) and Maud Humphrey (1868–1940). Belmont and Maud married in June 1898. The name “Bogart” comes from the Dutch surname “Bogaert”. It is derived from the word “bogaard”, a short name for “boomgaard”, which means “orchard”.[6] Bogart's father was a Presbyterian of English and Dutch descent; his mother was an Episcopalian of English descent. Bogart was raised in the Episcopalian faith, but gave up his belief in God and was an atheist since the age of eight.[7]
Bogart's birthday has been a subject of controversy; according to Warner Bros, he was born on Christmas Day, 1899. Others believe that this was a fiction created by the studio to romanticize their star, and that he was actually born on January 23, 1899. However, this story is now considered baseless: although no birth certificate has ever been found, his birth notice did appear in a New York newspaper in early January 1900, which supports the December 1899 date, as do other sources, such as the 1900 census.[N 1]
Bogart's father, Belmont, was a cardiopulmonary surgeon. His mother, Maud Humphrey, was a commercial illustrator, who received her art training in New York and France, including study with James McNeill Whistler, and who later became artistic director of the fashion magazine The Delineator. She was a militant suffragette.[9] She used a drawing of baby Humphrey in a well-known ad campaign for Mellins Baby Food.[10] In her prime, she made over $50,000 a year, then a vast sum, far more than her husband's $20,000 per year.[11] The Bogarts lived in a fashionable Upper West Side apartment, and had an elegant cottage on a fifty-five acre estate in upstate New York on Canandaigua Lake. As a youngster, Humphrey's gang of friends at the lake would put on theatricals.[12]
Humphrey was the oldest of three children; he had two younger sisters, Frances and Catherine Elizabeth (Kay).[10] His parents were very formal, busy in their careers, and frequently fought—resulting in little emotion directed at the children, "I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly. A kiss, in our family, was an event. Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters and me."[13] As a boy, Bogart was teased for his curls, his tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him pose for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes she dressed him in—and the name "Humphrey."[14] From his father, Bogart inherited a tendency for needling people, a fondness for fishing, a life-long love of boating, and an attraction to strong-willed women.[15]
The Bogarts sent their son to private schools. Bogart began school at the Delancey School until fifth grade, when he was enrolled in Trinity School.[16] He was an indifferent, sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities.[17] Later he went to the prestigious preparatory school Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, where he was admitted based on family connections.[18] They hoped he would go on to Yale, but in 1918, Bogart was expelled.[19] The details of his expulsion are disputed: one story claims that he was expelled for throwing the headmaster (alternatively, a groundskeeper) into Rabbit Pond, a man-made lake on campus. Another cites smoking and drinking, combined with poor academic performance and possibly some inappropriate comments made to the staff. It has also been said that he was actually withdrawn from the school by his father for failing to improve his academics, as opposed to expulsion. In any case, his parents were deeply dismayed by the events and their failed plans for his future.[20]
Navy[link]
With no viable career options, Bogart followed his love for the sea and enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918. He recalled later, "At eighteen, war was great stuff. Paris! French girls! Hot damn!"[21] Bogart is recorded as a model sailor who spent most of his months in the Navy after the Armistice was signed, ferrying troops back from Europe.[22]
It was during his naval stint that Bogart may have gotten his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp, though the actual circumstances are unclear. In one account, during a shelling of his ship the USS Leviathan, his lip was cut by a piece of shrapnel, although some claim Bogart did not make it to sea until after the Armistice with Germany was signed. Another version, which Bogart's long time friend, author Nathaniel Benchley, claims is the truth, is that Bogart was injured while on assignment to take a naval prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine. Supposedly, while changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner asked Bogart for a cigarette and while Bogart looked for a match, the prisoner raised his hands, smashed Bogart across the mouth with his cuffs, cutting Bogart's lip, and fled. The prisoner was eventually taken to Portsmouth. An alternate explanation is in the process of uncuffing an inmate, Bogart was struck in the mouth when the inmate wielded one open, uncuffed bracelet while the other side was still on his wrist.[23]
By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor, the scar had already formed. "Goddamn doctor," Bogart later told David Niven, "instead of stitching it up, he screwed it up." Niven says that when he asked Bogart about his scar he said it was caused by a childhood accident; Niven claims the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios to inject glamour. His post-service physical makes no mention of the lip scar even though it mentions many smaller scars, so the actual cause may have come later.[22] When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924, he had some scarred tissue on his upper lip, which Belmont Bogart may have partially repaired before Bogart went into films in 1930.[20] She believes his scar had nothing to do with his distinctive speech pattern, his "lip wound gave him no speech impediment, either before or after it was mended. Over the years, Bogart practiced all kinds of lip gymnastics, accompanied by nasal tones, snarls, lisps and slurs. His painful wince, his leer, his fiendish grin were the most accomplished ever seen on film."[24]
Early career[link]
Bogart returned home to find his father was suffering from poor health (perhaps aggravated by morphine addiction), his medical practice was faltering, and he lost much of the family's money on bad investments in timber.[25] During his naval days, Bogart's character and values developed independent of family influence, and he began to rebel somewhat against their values. He came to be a liberal who hated pretensions, phonies, and snobs, and at times he defied conventional behavior and authority, traits he displayed in life and in his movies. On the other hand, he retained their traits of good manners, articulateness, punctuality, modesty, and a dislike of being touched.[26] After his naval service, Bogart worked as a shipper and then bond salesman.[27] He joined the Naval Reserve.
Bogart resumed his friendship with boyhood pal Bill Brady, Jr. whose father had show business connections, and eventually Bogart got an office job working for William A. Brady Sr.'s new company World Films.[28] Bogart got to try his hand at screenwriting, directing, and production, but excelled at none. For a while, he was stage manager for Brady's daughter's play A Ruined Lady. A few months later, in 1921, Bogart made his stage debut in Drifting as a Japanese butler in another Alice Brady play, nervously speaking one line of dialog. Several more appearances followed in her subsequent plays.[29] Bogart liked the late hours actors kept, and enjoyed the attention an actor got on stage. He stated, "I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets".[27] He spent a lot of his free time in speakeasies and became a heavy drinker. A barroom brawl during this time might have been the actual cause of Bogart's lip damage, as this coincides better with the Louise Brooks account.[30]
Bogart had been raised to believe acting was beneath a gentleman, but he enjoyed stage acting. He never took acting lessons, but was persistent and worked steadily at his craft. He appeared in at least seventeen Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935.[31] He played juveniles or romantic second-leads in drawing room comedies. He is said to have been the first actor to ask "Tennis, anyone?" on stage.[32] Critic Alexander Woollcott wrote of Bogart's early work that he "is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate."[33] Some reviews were kinder. Heywood Broun, reviewing Nerves wrote, "Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance...both dry and fresh, if that be possible".[34] Bogart loathed the trivial, effeminate parts he had to play early in his career, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles.
Early in his career, while playing double roles in the play Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922, Bogart met actress Helen Menken. They were married on May 20, 1926 at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City, divorced on November 18, 1927, but remained friends.[35] On April 3, 1928, he married Mary Philips at her mother's apartment in Hartford, Connecticut. She, like Menken, had a fiery temper and, like every other Bogart spouse, was an actress. He had met Mary when they appeared in the play Nerves, which had a very brief run at the Comedy Theatre in September 1924.
After the stock market crash of 1929, stage production dropped off sharply, and many of the more photogenic actors headed for Hollywood. Bogart's earliest film role is with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler The Dancing Town, of which a complete copy has never been found. He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930) which was re-discovered in 1963.[36]
Bogart then signed a contract with Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week. Spencer Tracy was a serious Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired, and they became good friends and drinking buddies. It was Tracy, in 1930, who first called him "Bogey". (Spelled variously in many sources, Bogart himself spelled his nickname "Bogie".)[37] Tracy and Bogart appeared in their only film together in John Ford's early sound film Up the River (1930), with both playing inmates. It was Tracy's film debut.[38] Bogart then performed in The Bad Sister with Bette Davis in 1931, in a minor part.[39]
Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935, suffering long periods without work. His parents had separated, and Belmont died in 1934 in debt, which Bogart eventually paid off. Bogart inherited his father's gold ring which he always wore, even in many of his films. At his father's deathbed, Bogart finally told Belmont how much he loved him.[40] His second marriage was on the rocks, and he was less than happy with his acting career to date; he became depressed, irritable, and drank heavily.[41]
[edit] The Petrified Forest
Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque, now the John Golden Theatre, in 1934. The producer Arthur Hopkins heard the play from off-stage and sent for Bogart to play escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E. Sherwood's new play, The Petrified Forest.[41] Hopkins recalled:
When I saw the actor I was somewhat taken aback, for he was the one I never much admired. He was an antiquated juvenile who spent most of his stage life in white pants swinging a tennis racquet. He seemed as far from a cold-blooded killer as one could get, but the voice (dry and tired) persisted, and the voice was Mantee's.[42]
The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935.[43] Leslie Howard though, was the star. New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said of the play, "a peach... a roaring Western melodrama... Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor."[44] Bogart said the play "marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed condemned to life." However, he was still feeling insecure.[43]
Warner Bros. bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest. The studio was famous for its socially-realistic, urban, low-budget action pictures; the play seemed like the perfect property for it, especially since the public was entranced by real-life criminals like John Dillinger (whom Bogart resembled) and Dutch Schultz.[45] Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast. Howard, who held production rights, made it clear he wanted Bogart to star with him. The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role, and chose Edward G. Robinson, who had first-rank star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his expensive contract. Bogart cabled news of this to Howard, who was in Scotland. Howard's cabled reply was, "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H.". When Warner Bros. saw that Howard would not budge, they gave in and cast Bogart.[46] Jack Warner, famous for butting heads with his stars, tried to get Bogart to adopt a stage name, but Bogart stubbornly refused.[47] Bogart never forgot Howard's favor, and in 1952 he named his only daughter "Leslie Howard" after Howard, who had died in World War II under mysterious circumstances.[48] Robert E. Sherwood remained a close friend of Bogart's.
Early film career[link]
The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936. His performance was called "brilliant", "compelling", and "superb." Despite his success in an "A movie," Bogart received a tepid twenty-six week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of "B movie" crime dramas.[49] Bogart was proud of his success, but the fact that it came from playing a gangster weighed on him. He once said: "I can't get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument. There must be something in my tone of voice, or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody. Nobody likes me on sight. I suppose that's why I'm cast as the heavy." Bogart's roles were not only repetitive, but physically demanding and draining (studios were not yet air-conditioned), and his regimented, tightly-scheduled job at Warners was not exactly the "peachy" actor's life he hoped for.[50] However, he was always professional and generally respected by other actors. In those "B movie" years, Bogart started developing his lasting film persona – the wounded, stoical, cynical, charming, vulnerable, self-mocking loner with a core of honor.
The studio system, then at its most entrenched, usually restricted actors to one studio, with occasional loan-outs, and Warner Bros. had no interest in making Bogart a top star. Shooting on a new movie might begin days or only hours after shooting on the previous one was completed. Any actor who refused a role could be suspended without pay. Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him, but he worked steadily: between 1936 and 1940, Bogart averaged a movie every two months, sometimes even working on two simultaneously, as movies were not generally shot sequentially. Amenities at Warners were few compared to those for their fellow actors at MGM. Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap, and often wore his own suits in his movies. In High Sierra, Bogart used his own pet dog Zero to play his character's dog, Pard. Bogart's disputes with Warner Bros. over roles and money were similar to those the studio had with other less-than-obedient stars, such as Bette Davis, James Cagney, Errol Flynn, and Olivia de Havilland.[51]
The leading men ahead of Bogart at Warner Bros. included not only such classic stars as James Cagney and Edward G. Robinson, but also actors far less well-known today, such as Victor McLaglen, George Raft and Paul Muni. Most of the studio's better movie scripts went to these men, and Bogart had to take what was left. He made films like Racket Busters, San Quentin, and You Can't Get Away with Murder. The only substantial leading role he got during this period was in Dead End (1937), while loaned to Samuel Goldwyn, where he portrayed a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson.[52] He did play a variety of interesting supporting roles, such as in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) (in which his character got shot by James Cagney's). Bogart was gunned down on film repeatedly by Cagney and Edward G. Robinson, among others. In Black Legion (1937), for a change, he played a good man caught up and destroyed by a racist organization, a movie Graham Greene called "intelligent and exciting, if rather earnest".[53]
In 1938, Warner Bros. put Bogart in a "hillbilly musical" called Swing Your Lady as a wrestling promoter; he later apparently considered this his worst film performance.[54] In 1939, Bogart played a mad scientist in The Return of Doctor X. He cracked, "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood...I wouldn't have minded so much. The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie." Mary Philips, in her own stage hit A Touch of Brimstone (1935), refused to give up her Broadway career to go to Hollywood with Bogart. After the play closed, however, she went to Hollywood, but insisted on continuing her career and they divorced in 1937.[55]
On August 21, 1938, Bogart entered into a disastrous third marriage, with actress Mayo Methot, a lively, friendly woman when sober, but paranoid when drunk. She was convinced that her husband was cheating on her. The more she and Bogart drifted apart, the more she drank, got furious and threw things at him: plants, crockery, anything close at hand. She even set the house on fire, stabbed him with a knife, and slashed her wrists on several occasions. Bogart for his part needled her mercilessly and seemed to enjoy confrontation. Sometimes he turned violent. The press accurately dubbed them "the Battling Bogarts."[56] "The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War," said their friend Julius Epstein. A wag observed that there was "madness in his Methot." During this time, Bogart bought a motor launch, which he named Sluggy, after his nickname for his hot-tempered wife. Despite his proclamations that, "I like a jealous wife," "We get on so well together (because) we don't have illusions about each other," and, "I wouldn't give you two cents for a dame without a temper," it was a highly destructive relationship.[57]
In California in 1945, Bogart bought a 55-foot (17 m) sailing yacht, the Santana, from actor Dick Powell. The sea was his sanctuary[58] and he loved to sail around Catalina Island. He was a serious sailor, respected by other sailors who had seen too many Hollywood actors and their boats. About 30 weekends a year, he went out on his boat. He once said, "An actor needs something to stabilize his personality, something to nail down what he really is, not what he is currently pretending to be."
Bogart had a lifelong disgust for the pretentious, fake or phony, as his son Stephen told Turner Classic Movies host Robert Osborne in 1999. Sensitive yet caustic, and disgusted by the inferior movies he was performing in, Bogart cultivated the persona of a soured idealist, a man exiled from better things in New York, living by his wits, drinking too much, cursed to live out his life among second-rate people and projects.
Bogart rarely saw his own films and avoided premieres. He even protected his privacy with invented press releases about his private life to satisfy the curiosity of the newspapers and the public.[59] When he thought an actor, director, or a movie studio had done something shoddy, he spoke up about it and was willing to be quoted. He advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an "againster." As a result, he was not the most popular of actors, and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios.[60] But the Hollywood press, unaccustomed to candor, was delighted. Bogart once said:
All over Hollywood, they are continually advising me, "Oh, you mustn't say that. That will get you in a lot of trouble," when I remark that some picture or writer or director or producer is no good. I don't get it. If he isn't any good, why can't you say so? If more people would mention it, pretty soon it might start having some effect.
Rise to stardom[link]
[edit] High Sierra
High Sierra, a 1941 movie directed by Raoul Walsh, had a screenplay written by Bogart's friend and drinking partner, John Huston, adapted from the novel by W. R. Burnett (Little Caesar, etc.).[61] Both Paul Muni and George Raft turned down the lead role, giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character of some depth, although legendary director Walsh initially fought the casting of supporting player Bogart as a leading man, much preferring Raft for the part. The film was Bogart's last major film playing a gangster (his final gangster role was in The Big Shot in 1942). Bogart worked well with Ida Lupino, and her relationship with him was a close one, provoking jealousy from Bogart's wife Mayo.[62]
The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston. Bogart admired and somewhat envied Huston for his skill as a writer. Though a poor student, Bogart was a lifelong reader. He could quote Plato, Pope, Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare. He subscribed to the Harvard Law Review.[63] He admired writers, and some of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Benchley and Nunnally Johnson. Bogart enjoyed intense, provocative conversation and stiff drinks, as did Huston. Both were rebellious and liked to play childish pranks. John Huston was reported to be easily bored during production, and admired Bogart (who also got bored easily off camera) not just for his acting talent but for his intense concentration on the set.[64]
[edit] The Maltese Falcon
Raft turned down the lead in John Huston's directorial debut The Maltese Falcon (1941), due to its being a cleaned up version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon (1931), his contract stipulating that he did not have to appear in remakes. The original novel, written by Dashiell Hammett, was first published in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929. It was also the basis for another movie version, Satan Met a Lady (1936) starring Bette Davis.[65] Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Cook, Jr., and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil.[66]
Bogart's sharp timing and facial expressions as private detective Sam Spade were praised by the cast and director as vital to the quick action and rapid-fire dialogue.[63] The film was a huge hit and for Huston, a triumphant directorial debut. Bogart was unusually happy with it, remarking, "it is practically a masterpiece. I don't have many things I'm proud of... but that's one".[67]
[edit] Casablanca
Bogart gained his first real romantic lead in 1942's Casablanca, playing Rick Blaine, the hard-pressed expatriate nightclub owner, hiding from the past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis, the French underground, the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend. The film was directed by Michael Curtiz, produced by Hal Wallis and featured a strong cast, including Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson. In real life, Bogart played tournament chess, one level below master level and often played with crew members and cast off the set. It was reportedly his idea that Rick Blaine be portrayed as a chess player, which also served as a metaphor for the sparring relationship of the characters played by Bogart and Rains in the movie. However, Paul Henreid proved to be the best player.[68]
The on-screen magic of Bogart and Bergman was the result of two actors doing their very best work, not any real-life sparks, though Bogart's perennially jealous wife assumed otherwise. Off the set, the co-stars hardly spoke during the filming, where normally she had a reputation for affairs with her leading men.[69] Because Bergman was taller than her leading man, Bogart had 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached to his shoes in certain scenes.[69] She reportedly said later, "I kissed him but I never knew him."[70] Years later, after Bergman had taken up with Italian director Roberto Rossellini, and bore him a child, Bogart confronted her. "You used to be a great star", he said, "What are you now?" "A happy woman," she replied.[citation needed]
Casablanca won the 1943 Academy Award for Best Picture. Bogart was nominated for the Best Actor in a Leading Role, but lost out to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine. Still, for Bogart, it was a huge triumph. The film vaulted him from fourth place to first in the studio's roster, finally exceeding James Cagney, and more than doubling his salary to over $460,000 per year by 1946, making him the highest paid actor in the world.[71]
Bogart and Bacall[link]
[edit] To Have and Have Not
Bogart met Lauren Bacall while filming To Have and Have Not (1944), a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel. The movie has many similarities with Casablanca – the same enemies, the same kind of hero, even a piano player sidekick (this time Hoagy Carmichael). When they met, Bacall was nineteen and Bogart was forty-four. He nicknamed her "Baby." She had been a model since she was sixteen and had acted in two failed plays. Bogart was drawn to Bacall's high cheekbones, green eyes, tawny blond hair, and lean body, as well as her poise and earthy, outspoken honesty.[72] Reportedly he said, "I just saw your test. We'll have a lot of fun together".[73] Their physical and emotional rapport was very strong from the start, and the age difference and different acting experience also created the additional dimension of a mentor-student relationship. Quite contrary to the Hollywood norm, it was his first affair with a leading lady.[74] Bogart was still miserably married and his early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief, their separations bridged by ardent love letters.[75] The relationship made it much easier for the newcomer to make her first film, and Bogart did his best to put her at ease by joking with her and quietly coaching her. He let her steal scenes and even encouraged it. Howard Hawks, for his part, also did his best to boost her performance and her role, and found Bogart easy to direct.[76]
Hawks at some point began to disapprove of the pair. Hawks considered himself her protector and mentor, and Bogart was usurping that role. Hawks fell for Bacall as well (normally he avoided his starlets, and he was married). Hawks told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and even threatened to send her to Monogram, the worst studio in Hollywood. Bogart calmed her down and then went after Hawks. Jack Warner settled the dispute and filming resumed.[77] Hawks said of Bacall: "Bogie fell in love with the character she played, so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life."[78]
[edit] The Big Sleep, Dark Passage and Key Largo
Just months after wrapping the film, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for their second movie together, the film noir The Big Sleep, based on the novel by Raymond Chandler, again with script help from William Faulkner. Chandler thoroughly admired Bogart's performance: "Bogart can be tough without a gun. Also, he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt."[79] The film holds a rare niche in Hollywood history as having been completed and slated for release in 1945, then withdrawn and substantially re-edited with new, juiced up scenes added to better exploit the box office chemistry that shined between Bogie and Bacall in To Have and Have Not and the notoriety of their personal relationship. "After the public's response to Bacall's debut performance in To Have and Have Not at the urging of director Howard Hawks production partner Charles K. Feldman, scenes were re-written to heighten the 'insolent' quality that had intrigued critics and audiences in that film." By chance, a 35 mm nitrate composite master positive (fine grain) of the 1945 version survived. The UCLA Film Archive, in association with Turner Entertainment and with funding provided by Hugh Hefner, the original film was restored and released in comparison with the 1946 version in 1996.[80]
Bogart was still torn between his new love and his sense of duty to his marriage. The mood on the set was tense, the actors both emotionally exhausted as Bogart tried to find a way out of his dilemma. The dialogue, especially in the newly shot scenes, was full of sexual innuendo supplied by Hawks, and Bogart is convincing and enduring as private detective Philip Marlowe. In the end, the film was successful, though some critics found the plot confusing and overly complicated.[81] Reportedly Chandler himself could not answer the question who killed the limousine driver in the story when the baffled screenwriters called him up for final reference.
Dark Passage (1947) was Bogart's and Bacall's next collaboration. The first third of the film is shot from the protagonist's point of view, with the camera seeing what he sees. After the character's plastic surgery, the rest of the movie is shot normally with Bogart as the lead character. The picture is a suspense thriller with Bogart intent on finding the real killer in a murder he was blamed for and sentenced to prison.
Key Largo was directed by John Huston and, in addition to the presence of Bogart and Bacall, features Edward G. Robinson as "Johnny Rocco," a seething older synthesis of many of his past vicious gangster roles. The cast is trapped during a spectacular hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacall's character's father in law, played by Lionel Barrymore. Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Rocco's physically abused, alcoholic, girlfriend. Robinson had always had top billing over Bogart in their previous films together but for this movie, Robinson's name appears to the right of Bogart's, but placed a little higher on the posters, and also in the film's opening credits, to indicate Robinson's near-equal status. Robinson's image was also markedly larger and centered on the original poster, with Bogart relegated to the background. In the film's trailer, Bogart is repeatedly mentioned first but Robinson's name is listed above Bogart's in a cast list at the trailer's very end. Robinson's role remains similar in circumstance to Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), Bogart's initial breakthrough which the studio had originally earmarked for Robinson.
Marriage[link]
Divorce proceedings were initiated by February 1945. Bogart and Bacall then married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogart's close friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield at Malabar Farm near Lucas, Ohio on May 21, 1945.[48]
Bogart and Bacall moved into a $160,000 white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood in Holmby Hills. The marriage proved to be a happy one, though there were the normal tensions due to their differences. He was a homebody and she liked nightlife. He loved the sea; it made her sick. Bacall allowed Bogart lots of weekend time on his boat as she got seasick.[82] Bogart's drinking sometimes inflamed tensions.[83]
Lauren Bacall gave birth to Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6, 1949. Stephen was named after Bogart's character's nickname in To Have and Have Not, making Bogart a father at 49.[84] Stephen would go on to become a best-selling author and biographer, later hosting a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies. They had their second child, Leslie Howard Bogart on August 23, 1952, a girl named after British actor Leslie Howard.[48]
Later career[link]
The enormous success of Casablanca redefined Bogart's career. For the first time, Bogart could be cast successfully as a tough, strong man and, at the same time, as a vulnerable love interest. Despite Bogart's elevated standing, he did not yet have a contractual right of script refusal, so when he got weak scripts, he dug in his heels, and locked horns again with the front office, as he did on the film Conflict (1945).[85] Though he submitted to Jack Warner on that picture, he successfully turned down God is My Co-Pilot (1945).[86] During part of 1943 and 1944, Bogart went on USO and War Bond tours accompanied by Mayo, enduring arduous travels to Italy and North Africa, including Casablanca.[71]
[edit] The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided some script refusal rights and the right to form his own separate production company, Bogart reunited with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, a stark tale of greed involving three gold prospectors played out in the dusty back country of Mexico. Absent any love story or a happy ending, it was deemed a risky project.[87] Bogart later said of co-star (and John Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom I'd gladly lost a scene".[88]
The film was grueling to make, and was done in summer for greater realism and atmosphere.[89] James Agee wrote, "Bogart does a wonderful job with this character...miles ahead of the very good work he has done before". John Huston won the Academy Award for direction and screenplay and his father won Best Supporting Actor, but the film had mediocre box office results. Bogart complained, "An intelligent script, beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it".[90]
House Un-American Activities Committee[link]
Bogart, a liberal Democrat,[91] organized a delegation to Washington, D.C., called the Committee for the First Amendment, against the House Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors. He subsequently wrote an article "I'm No Communist" in the March 1948 edition of Photoplay magazine in which he distanced himself from The Hollywood Ten to counter the negative publicity that resulted from his appearance. Bogart wrote: "The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us."[92]
Santana Productions[link]
In addition to being offered better, more diverse roles, in 1948 he started his own production company, Santana Productions, named after his private sailing yacht. (Santana was also the name of the cabin cruiser featured in the 1948 film Key Largo).[93] Bogart's contract gave him the right to have his own production company, but Jack Warner was reportedly furious at this, fearing that other stars would do the same and major studios would lose their power. The studios, however, were already under a lot of pressure, not just from free-lancing actors like Bogart, James Stewart, Henry Fonda and others (who also saved taxes as independents), but also from the eroding impact of television and from anti-trust laws which were breaking up theater chains.[94] Bogart performed in his final films for Warners, Chain Lightning, released early in 1950, and The Enforcer, released early in 1951.
Under Bogart's Santana Productions, which released through Columbia Pictures, Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), Sirocco (1951) and Beat the Devil (1954). While the majority of his films lost money at the box office (the main reason for Santana's end), at least two of them are still remembered today; In a Lonely Place is now recognized as a masterpiece of film noir. Bogart plays embittered writer Dixon Steele, who has a history of violence and becomes a suspect in a murder case at the same time that he falls in love with a failed actress, played by Gloria Grahame. Many Bogart biographers and actress/writer Louise Brooks agree that the role is the closest to Bogart's real self and is considered among his best performances.[95] She wrote that the film "gave him a role that he could play with complexity, because the film character's pride in his art, his selfishness, drunkenness, lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart". The character even mimics some of Bogart's personal habits, including twice ordering Bogart's favorite meal of ham and eggs.[96]
Beat the Devil, Bogart's last film with his close friend and favorite director John Huston, also enjoys a cult following.[citation needed] Co-written by Truman Capote, the movie is a parody of The Maltese Falcon, and is a tale of an amoral group of rogues chasing an unattainable treasure, in this instance uranium.[97]
Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955.[98]
[edit] The African Queen
Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the film The African Queen in 1951, again directed by his friend John Huston. The novel was overlooked and left undeveloped for fifteen years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights. Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book and she suggested Bogart for the male lead, firmly believing that "he was the only man who could have played that part".[99] Huston's love of adventure, a chance to work with Hepburn, and Bogart's earlier successes with Huston convinced Bogart to leave the comfortable confines of Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo in Africa. Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent, plus a relatively small salary for both. The stars met up in London and announced the happy prospect of working together.
Bacall came for the duration (over four months), leaving their young child behind, but the Bogarts started the trip with a junket through Europe, including a visit with Pope Pius XII.[100] Later, the glamor would be gone and she would make herself useful as a cook, nurse and clothes washer, for which Bogart praised her, "I don't know what we'd have done without her. She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa".[101] Just about everyone in the cast came down with dysentery except Bogart and John Huston, who subsisted on canned food and alcohol. Bogart explained: "All I ate was baked beans, canned asparagus and Scotch whisky. Whenever a fly bit Huston or me, it dropped dead."[102] The teetotaling Hepburn, in and out of character, fared worse in the difficult conditions, losing weight, and at one time, getting very ill. Bogart resisted Huston's insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Bogart has to drag the boat through a shallow marsh, until reasonable fakes were employed.[103] In the end, the crew overcame illness, soldier ant invasions, leaking boats, poor food, attacking hippos, bad water filters, fierce heat, isolation, and a boat fire to complete a memorable film.[104] Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps, rivers and marshes the film apparently rekindled in Bogart his early love of boats and on his return to California from the Congo he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death.
The African Queen was the first Technicolor film in which Bogart appeared. He appeared in relatively few color films during the rest of his career, which continued for another five years. The role of Charlie Allnutt won Bogart his only Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 1951. Bogart considered his performance to be the best of his film career.[105] He had vowed to friends that if he won, his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight. He advised Claire Trevor, when she had been nominated for Key Largo, to "just say you did it all yourself and don't thank anyone". But when Bogart won the Academy Award, which he truly coveted despite his well-advertised disdain for Hollywood, he said "It's a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre. It's nicer to be here. Thank you very much...No one does it alone. As in tennis, you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you. John and Katie helped me to be where I am now". Despite the thrilling win and the recognition, Bogart later commented, "The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one...too many stars...win it and then figure they have to top themselves...they become afraid to take chances. The result: A lot of dull performances in dull pictures".[106]
Final roles[link]
Bogart dropped his asking price to get the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryk's The Caine Mutiny, then griped with some of his old bitterness about it.[107] For all his success, he was still his melancholy old self, grumbling and feuding with the studio, while his health was beginning to deteriorate. The character of Captain Queeg, mirrored those Bogart had played in The Maltese Falcon, Casablanca and The Big Sleep—the wary loner who trusts no one—but with none of the warmth or humor of those roles. Like his portrayal of Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, Bogart played a paranoid, self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroyed him. Three months before the film's release, Bogart as Queeg appeared on the cover of TIME magazine, while on Broadway Henry Fonda was starring in the stage version (in a different role), both of which generated strong publicity for the film.[108]
In Sabrina, Billy Wilder, unable to secure Cary Grant, chose Bogart for the role of the older, conservative brother who competes with his younger playboy sibling (William Holden) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina (Audrey Hepburn). Bogart was lukewarm about the part, but agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder, without a finished script, and with the director's assurances to take good care of Bogart during the filming.[109] But Bogart got on poorly with his director and co-stars. He also complained about the script, which was written on a last-minute, daily basis, and that Wilder favored Hepburn and Holden on and off the set. The main problem was that Wilder was the opposite of his ideal director, John Huston, in both style and personality. Bogart told the press that Wilder was "overbearing" and "is the kind of Prussian German with a riding crop. He is the type of director I don't like to work with... the picture is a crock of crap. I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina."[110] Wilder said, "We parted as enemies but finally made up." Despite the acrimony, the film was successful. The New York Times said of Bogart, "he is incredibly adroit... the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blend the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show."[111]
The Barefoot Contessa, directed by Joseph Mankiewicz, was filmed in Rome, and released in 1954. In this Hollywood back-story movie, Bogart again is the broken-down man, this time the cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer Ava Gardner, modeled on the real life of Rita Hayworth. Bogart was uneasy with Gardner because she had just split from "rat-pack" buddy Frank Sinatra and was carrying on with bullfighter Luis Miguel Dominguín. Bogart told her, "Half the world's female population would throw themselves at Frank's feet and here you are flouncing around with guys who wear capes and little ballerina slippers." He was also annoyed by her inexperienced performance. Later, she credited him with helping her. Bogart's performance was generally praised as the strongest part of the film.[112] During the filming, while Bacall was home, Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Peterson, his long-time studio assistant whom he took sailing and enjoyed drinking with. But when Bacall suddenly arrived on the scene discovering them together, Bacall took it quite well. She extracted an expensive shopping spree from him and the three traveled together after the shooting.[113]
Bogart could be generous with actors, particularly those who were blacklisted, down on their luck, or having personal problems. During the filming of The Left Hand of God (1955), he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and also behaving oddly. He coached Tierney, feeding her lines. He was familiar with mental illness (his sister had bouts of depression), and Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment, which she did.[114][115] He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in We're No Angels when a scandal made her persona non grata with Jack Warner.[116]
In 1955, Bogart made three films: We're No Angels (dir. Michael Curtiz), The Left Hand of God (dir. Edward Dmytryk) and The Desperate Hours (dir. William Wyler). Mark Robson's The Harder They Fall (1956) was his last film.
Television and radio work[link]
Bogart rarely appeared on television. However, he and Bacall appeared on Edward R. Murrow's Person to Person. Bogart was also featured on The Jack Benny Show. The surviving kinescope of the live Benny telecast features Bogart in his only TV sketch comedy outing. Bogart and Bacall also worked together on an early color telecast, in 1955, an NBC adaptation of The Petrified Forest for Producers' Showcase; only a black and white kinescope of the live telecast has survived.
Bogart performed radio adaptations of some of his best known films, such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon. He also recorded a radio series called Bold Venture with Lauren Bacall.
The Rat Pack[link]
Bogart was a founding member of the Rat Pack. In the spring of 1955, after a long party in Las Vegas with Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, her husband Sid Luft, Mike Romanoff and wife Gloria, David Niven, Angie Dickinson and others, Lauren Bacall surveyed the wreckage of the party and declared, "You look like a goddamn rat pack."[117]
Romanoff's in Beverly Hills was where the Rat Pack became official. Sinatra was named Pack Leader, Bacall was named Den Mother, Bogie was Director of Public Relations, and Sid Luft was Acting Cage Manager.[118] When asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the purpose of the group was, Bacall responded "to drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late."[117]
Death[link]
By the mid-1950s, Bogart's health was failing. Once, after signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros., Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended. Bogart had formed a new production company and had plans for a new film Melville Goodwin, U.S.A., in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate. His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore and he dropped the project. The film was renamed Top Secret Affair and made with Kirk Douglas and Susan Hayward.[119]
Bogart, a heavy smoker and drinker, developed cancer of the esophagus. He almost never spoke of his failing health and refused to see a doctor until January 1956. A diagnosis was made several weeks later and by then removal of his esophagus, two lymph nodes, and a rib on March 1, 1956, was too late to halt the disease, even with chemotherapy.[120] He underwent corrective surgery in November 1956 after the cancer had spread.[48] Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy visited him at this time. Frank Sinatra was also a frequent visitor. With time, Bogart grew too weak to walk up and down stairs. He valiantly fought the pain and joked about his immobility: "Put me in the dumbwaiter and I'll ride down to the first floor in style." The dumbwaiter was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair.[121] In an interview, Hepburn described the last time she and Spencer Tracy saw Bogart (the night before he died):
Spence patted him on the shoulder and said, "Goodnight, Bogie." Bogie turned his eyes to Spence very quietly and with a sweet smile covered Spence's hand with his own and said, "Goodbye, Spence." Spence's heart stood still. He understood.[122]
Bogart had just turned 57 and weighed 80 pounds (36 kg) when he died on January 14, 1957, after falling into a coma. He died at 2:25 am at his home at 232 South Mapleton Drive in Holmby Hills, California. His simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church with musical selections from Bogart's favorite composers, Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy. The ceremony was attended by some of Hollywood's biggest stars, including Katharine Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, David Niven, Ronald Reagan, James Mason, Danny Kaye, Joan Fontaine, Marlene Dietrich, Errol Flynn, Gregory Peck and Gary Cooper, as well as Billy Wilder and Jack Warner. Bacall had asked Tracy to give the eulogy, but Tracy was too upset, so John Huston spoke instead and reminded the gathered mourners that while Bogart's life had ended far too soon, it had been a rich one.
Himself, he never took too seriously—his work most seriously. He regarded the somewhat gaudy figure of Bogart, the star, with an amused cynicism; Bogart, the actor, he held in deep respect...In each of the fountains at Versailles there is a pike which keeps all the carp active; otherwise they would grow overfat and die. Bogie took rare delight in performing a similar duty in the fountains of Hollywood. Yet his victims seldom bore him any malice, and when they did, not for long. His shafts were fashioned only to stick into the outer layer of complacency, and not to penetrate through to the regions of the spirit where real injuries are done...He is quite irreplaceable. There will never be another like him."[123]
Bogart's cremated remains were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Glendale, California. He was buried with a small gold whistle, which he gave to Lauren Bacall before they married, inscribed with a quote from their first movie together: "If you want anything, just whistle."[124]
Legacy and tributes[link]
After his death, a "Bogie Cult" formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as well as Greenwich Village, New York and in France, which contributed to his spike in popularity in the late 1950s and 1960s. In 1997, Entertainment Weekly magazine named him the number one movie legend of all time. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the Greatest Male Star of All Time.
Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart. Later, in Woody Allen's comic tribute to Bogart Play It Again, Sam (1972), Bogart's ghost comes to the aid of Allen's bumbling character, a movie critic with woman troubles and whose "sex life has turned into the 'Petrified Forest'".
Awards and honors[link]
On August 21, 1946, Humphrey Bogart was honored in a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. On February 8, 1960 he was posthumously given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard. During his career he was nominated for several awards including the BAFTA award for best foreign actor in 1952 for The African Queen and several Academy Awards.
| Year | Award | Film | y/n |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1943 | Best Actor | Casablanca | Nominated |
| 1951 | Best Actor | The African Queen | Won |
| 1954 | Best Actor | The Caine Mutiny | Nominated |
In 1997, the United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp bearing his image in its "Legends of Hollywood" series as the third figure to be recognized.[125] At a formal ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall, and the Bogart children, Stephen and Leslie, Tirso del Junco, the chairman of the governing board of the USPS, provided an eloquent tribute:
"Today, we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy. With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid, we will begin today to bring his artistry, his power, his unique star quality, to the messages that travel the world."[126]
On June 24, 2006, a section of 103rd Street between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue in New York City was renamed "Humphrey Bogart Place". Lauren Bacall and her son Stephen Bogart were present at the commemorative event. "Bogie would never have believed it," Lauren Bacall expressed to the assembled group of city officials and onlookers in attendance.[127]
In popular culture[link]
Humphrey Bogart's life has inspired writers and others:
- Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured Humphrey Bogart:
- In Slick Hare (1947), Bogart orders fried rabbit in a Hollywood restaurant. Told that they do not have any, he becomes insistent, leading waiter Elmer Fudd to try (unsuccessfully as usual) to serve Bugs as the meal. Bogart finally gives up, saying: "Baby will just have to have a ham sandwich instead." – "Baby" being Bacall's nickname. Bugs, upon hearing the name, immediately presents himself and goes completely ga-ga over Bacall, who looks on with amusement.[128]
- In 8 Ball Bunny (1950) Bugs decides to take a baby penguin back to the South Pole. At intervals, "Fred C. Dobbs" (Bogart's character in Treasure of the Sierra Madre) appears and asks Bugs to "help out a fellow American who's down on his luck" – a line Bogart says a number of times in the film to John Huston, playing an American gringo.[129]
- Bogart is featured in one of Woody Allen's comic movies, Play It Again, Sam (1972), which relates the story of a young man obsessed by his persona.[130]
- Issue No.70 of the US The Phantom (1977) comic book is known as the "Bogart" issue, as the story stars Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre and Claude Rains and is a mixture of Casablanca, The African Queen, The Maltese Falcon and The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.[131]
- The Man With Bogart's Face (1981) was an homage to Bogart and starred Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi.[132]
- The slang term "bogarting" refers to taking an unfairly long time with a joint that is supposed to be shared. It derives from Bogart's style of cigarette smoking, with which he left his cigarette dangling from his mouth rather than withdrawing it between puffs.[133] The term also inspired a 1968 song Don't Bogart Me (also known as Don't Bogart That Joint) by US band Fraternity of Man, which became popular in hippy culture through its inclusion in the soundtrack of the 1969 film Easy Rider, and the song Don't Bogart My Heart by Australian singer/songwriter Darren Hanlon.[134] "Bogart" can also refer to coercion or bullying in African-American slang [135]
Quotations[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Humphrey Bogart |
Bogart is credited with five of the American Film Institute's top 100 quotations in American cinema, the most by any actor:
- 5th: "Here's looking at you, kid" – Casablanca
- 14th: "The stuff that dreams are made of." – The Maltese Falcon
- 20th: "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship." – Casablanca
- 43rd: "We'll always have Paris." – Casablanca
- 67th: "Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine." – Casablanca
Bogart is also credited with one of the top movie misquotations. In Casablanca, neither he (nor anyone else) ever said, "Play it again, Sam," although that "quote" is widely credited to him, and is the title of the Woody Allen tribute movie. When Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman), his former love, first enters the Café Americain, she spots Sam, the piano player (Dooley Wilson) and asks him to "Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake." When he feigns ignorance, she responds, "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By.'" Later that night, alone with Sam, Rick says, "You played it for her and you can play it for me," and "If she can stand it, I can! Play it!"[136]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Humphrey Bogart filmography
See also[link]
List of Santana productions[link]
| Year | Title | Distributor | Producer | Director | Star(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | Knock on Any Door | Columbia | Robert Lord | Nicholas Ray | Humphrey Bogart & John Derek | |
| 1949 | Tokyo Joe | Columbia | Robert Lord | Stuart Heisler | Humphrey Bogart & Alexander Knox | |
| 1949 | And Baby Makes Three | Columbia | Robert Lord | Henry Levin | Robert Young & Barbara Hale | |
| 1950 | In a Lonely Place | Columbia | Robert Lord | Nicholas Ray | Humphrey Bogart & Gloria Grahame | Added to the National Film Registry in 2007 |
| 1951 | Sirocco | Columbia | Robert Lord | Curtis Bernhardt | Humphrey Bogart & Lee J. Cobb | |
| 1951 | The Family Secret | Columbia | Robert Lord | Henry Levin | John Derek & Lee J. Cobb | |
| 1953 | Beat the Devil | United Artists | John Huston | John Huston | Humphrey Bogart & Jennifer Jones | Co-produced with Romulus Films (UK); Screenplay by Truman Capote |
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ The 1900 census for the household of Belmont Bogart lists his son Humphrey as having a birth date in December 1899. There are also three different censuses attesting to his birth date in December 1899. His last wife, actress Lauren Bacall, always maintained that December 25 was his true birth date.[8]
Citations[link]
- ^ Ontario County Times birth announcement, January 10, 1900.
- ^ Birthday of Reckoning.
- ^ Obituary Variety, January 16, 1957.
- ^ Sragow, Michael. "Spring Films/Revivals; How One Role Made Bogart Into an Icon." The New York Times, January 16, 2000. Retrieved: February 22, 2009.
- ^ "100 Icons of the Century – Humphrey Bogart." Variety, October 16, 2005. Retrieved: February 22, 2009.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 5.
- ^ "The religious affiliation of Humphrey Bogart." Adherents.com. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bogart: Urban Legends." bogart-tribute.net. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b Meyers 1997, p. 8.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 6.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 9.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 22.
- ^ Hyams 1975, p. 12.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 12.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 13.
- ^ Wallechinsky and Wallace 2005, p. 9.
- ^ a b Meyers 1997, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 19.
- ^ a b Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 27.
- ^ Citro, Sceurman, Mark and Moran 2005, pp. 240–241.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 29.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 28.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 22, 31.
- ^ a b Meyers 1997, p. 23.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 24, 31.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 29–31.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 35.
- ^ Humphrey Bogart at the Internet Broadway Database.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 28.
- ^ Time Magazine, June 7, 1954.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 33.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 36.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 39–39.
- ^ "letter from Bogart to John Huston," displayed in documentary John Huston: The Man, the Movies, the Maverick (1989).
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 41.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 41.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 48.
- ^ a b Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 45.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 49.
- ^ a b Meyers 1997, p. 51.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 46.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 52.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 52–54.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 57.
- ^ a b c d Shickel 2006, p. 161.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 56.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 54.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 69.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 67.
- ^ Lax, Eric. Audio commentary for Disc One of the 2006 three-disc DVD special edition of The Maltese Falcon.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 78, 91–92.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 81.
- ^ Interview with John Huston.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 76.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 119.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 128.
- ^ a b Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 127.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 115.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 123.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 125.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 131.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 198.
- ^ a b Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 201.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 196.
- ^ a b Meyers 1997, p. 151.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 166.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 165.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 258.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 173–174.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 263–264.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 168.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 289.
- ^ UCLA Film & Television Archive 8th Annual Festival of Preservation Program June 27, 1996.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 180.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 185.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 188–191.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 422.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 214.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 164.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 337.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 343.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 227.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 229–230.
- ^ Porter 2003, p. 9.
- ^ Bogart, Humphrey. "I'm No Communist." Photoplay, March 1948.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 236.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 235.
- ^ In a Lonely Place at Rotten Tomatoes
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 240–241.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 471.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 243.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 439.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 248.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 249.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 444.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 447.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 444–445.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 258.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 259–260.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 480.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 279–280.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 281.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 283.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 495.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 288–290.
- ^ Meyers 1997, pp. 291–292.
- ^ "Gene Tierney: A Shattered Portrait". The Biography Channel. Airdate: March 26, 1999.
- ^ Tierney and Herskowitz, (1978). Wyden Books. Self-Portrait. pp. 164–165.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 294.
- ^ a b Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 504.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 430.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, pp. 509–510.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 510.
- ^ Bacall 1978, p. 273.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 516.
- ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 518.
- ^ Meyers 1997, p. 315.
- ^ Selligman, Craig. "New Humphrey Bogart bio a superficial effort: USPS Humphrey Bogart Legends of Hollywood Stamp." reuters.com, February 22, 2011. Retrieved: March 19, 2011.
- ^ Kanfer 2011, p. 248.
- ^ Kanfer 2011, p. 249.
- ^ "Slick Hare." Big Cartoon Database. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ "8 Ball Bunny." revver.com. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ Dirks, Tim. "Play It Again, Sam (1972) ." filmsite.org. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Don Newton: Fan to Pro." Comic Book Fanzines: Chain Letters for Disturbed Children: A tribute to the early days of comic book fandom and the fanzines that kept them informed, September 3, 2010. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ Null, Christopher. "The Man With Bogart's Face." filmcritic.com, May 17, 2000. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bogart." Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition via Wordorigins.org. Retrieved: January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Don't Bogart My Heart."[dead link] 'SongLyrics.com. Retrieved: March 2, 2012
- ^ http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/257509
- ^ Shapiro, Fred R. "Movie Misquotations." The New York Times Magazine,January 15, 2010.
Bibliography[link]
- Bacall, Lauren. By Myself. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0-394-41308-3.
- Bogart, Stephen Humphrey. Bogart: In Search of My Father. New York: Dutton, 1995. ISBN 0-525-93987-3.
- Bogart, Humphrey. "I'm no communist," Photoplay Magazine, March 1948.
- Citro, Joseph A., Mark Sceurman and Mark Moran.Weird New England. New York: Sterling, 2005. ISBN 1-4027-3330-5.
- Halliwell, Leslie. Halliwell's Film, Video and DVD Guide. New York: Harper Collins Entertainment, 2004. ISBN 0-00-719081-6.
- Hepburn, Katharine. The Making of the African Queen. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0-394-56272-0.
- Hill, Jonathan and Jonah Ruddy. Bogart: The Man and the Legend. London: Mayflower-Dell, 1966.
- "Humphrey Bogart (cover story)." Time Magazine, June 7, 1954.
- Hyams, Joe. Bogart and Bacall: A Love Story. New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1975. ISBN 0-446-91228-X.
- Hyams, Joe. Bogie: The Biography of Humphrey Bogart. New York: New American Library, 1966 (later editions renamed as: Bogie: The Definitive Biography of Humphrey Bogart). ISBN 0-451-09189-2.
- Kanfer, Stefan. Tough Without A Gun: The Life and Extraordinary Afterlife of Humphrey Bogart. New York: Knopf, 2011. ISBN 978-0-307-27100-6.
- Meyers, Jeffrey. Bogart: A Life in Hollywood. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd., 1997. ISBN 0-233-99144-1.
- Michael, Paul. Humphrey Bogart: The Man and his Films. New York: Bonanza Books, 1965. No ISBN.
- Porter, Darwin. The Secret Life of Humphrey Bogart: The Early Years (1899–1931). New York: Georgia Literary Association, 2003. ISBN 0-9668030-5-1.
- Pym, John, ed. "Time Out" Film Guide. London: Time Out Group Ltd., 2004. ISBN 1-904978-21-5.
- Shickel, Richard. Bogie: A Celebration of the Life and Films of Humphrey Bogart. New York : Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-312-36629-2.
- Sperber, A.M. and Eric Lax. Bogart. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997. ISBN 0-688-07539-8.
- Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait. New York: Peter Wyden, 1979. ISBN 0-88326-152-9.
- Wallechinsky, David and Amy Wallace. The New Book of Lists. Edinburgh, Scotland: Canongate, 2005. ISBN 1-84195-719-4.
- Youngkin, Stephen D. The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2005, ISBN 0-8131-2360-7.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Humphrey Bogart |
- Humphrey Bogart at the Internet Broadway Database
- Humphrey Bogart at the Internet Movie Database
- Humphrey Bogart Official Website
- Humphrey Bogart at AllRovi
- Humphrey Bogart at the TCM Movie Database
- Works by or about Humphrey Bogart in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Bogie Online: The online resource for Humphrey Bogart fans
- Humphrey Bogart player profile at ChessGames.com
- Modern Drunkard: Three Drinks Ahead With Humphrey Bogart
- Genealogy of Humphrey Bogart
- Bogart: Behind the Legend (documentary)
- Verita Thompson:Humphrey Bogart's Secret Mistress
- Bibliography
- Bold Venture radio show (32 episodes)
- Tribute to Humphrey Bogart
- Humphrey Bogart's appearances in the 1900 US Census -- Version 1 and Version 2, in the 1905 NY Census, the 1910 US Census, and the 1920 US Census.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bogart, Humphrey |
| Alternative names | Bogart, Humphrey DeForest |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | December 25, 1899 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | January 14, 1957 |
| Place of death | Hollywood, California, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Humphrey_Bogart
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey Bogart
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Helen of Troy (disambiguation).
In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy (in Greek, Ἑλένη, Helénē), also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda (or Nemesis), step-daughter of King Tyndareus, wife of Menelaus and sister of Castor, Polydeuces and Clytemnestra. Her abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War.
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Etymology[link]
The etymology of Helen's name has been a problem to scholars until the present. Georg Curtius related Helen (Ἑλένη) to the moon (Selene Σελήνη). Émile Boisacq considered Ἑλένη from the noun ἑλένη meaning "torch".[1] It has also been suggested that the λ of Ἑλένη arose from an original ν, and thus the etymology of the name is connected with the root of Venus. Linda Lee Clader, however, says that none of the above suggestions offers much satisfaction.[2]
If the name has an Indo-European etymology, it is possibly a suffixed form of a root *wel- "to turn, roll",[3] or of *sel- "to flow, run".[4] The latter possibility would allow comparison to the Vedic Sanskrit Saraṇyū, a character who is abducted in Rigveda 10.17.2. This parallel is suggestive of a Proto-Indo-European abduction myth. Saraṇyū means "swift" and is derived from the adjective saraṇa ("running", "swift"), the feminine of which is saraṇā; this is in every sound cognate with Ἑλένα, the form of her name that has no initial digamma.[5] The possible connection of Helen's name to ἑλένη ("torch"), as noted above, may also support the relationship of her name to Vedic svaranā ("the shining one").[6][7]
Prehistoric and mythological context[link]
The origins of Helen's myth date back to the Mycenaean age.[8] The first record of her name appears in the poems of Homer, but scholars assume that such myths invented or received by the Mycenaean Greeks made their way to Homer. Her mythological birthplace was the Sparta of the Age of Heroes, which features prominently in the canon of Greek myth: in later ancient Greek memory, the Mycenaean Bronze Age became the age of the Greek heroes. The kings, queens, and heroes of the Trojan Cycle are often related to the gods, since mythic origins gave stature to the Greeks' heroic ancestors. The fall of Troy came to represent a fall from an illustrious heroic age, remembered for centuries in oral tradition before being written down.[9] Recent archaeological excavations in Greece suggest that modern-day Laconia was a distinct territory in the Late Bronze Age, while the poets narrate that it was a rich kingdom. Archaeologists have unsuccessfully looked for a Mycenaean palatial complex buried beneath present-day Sparta.[10] An important Mycenaean site at the Menelaion was destroyed by c. 1200 BC, and most other Mycenaean sites in Lakonia also disappear. There is a shrinkage from fifty sites to fifteen in the early twelfth century, and then to fewer in the eleventh century.[11]
Life[link]
Birth[link]
In most sources, including the Iliad and the Odyssey, Helen is the daughter of Zeus and Leda, the wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus.[12] Euripides' play Helen, written in the late 5th century BC, is the earliest source to report the most familiar account of Helen's birth: that, although her putative father was Tyndareus, she was actually Zeus' daughter. In the form of a swan, the king of gods was chased by an eagle, and sought refuge with Leda. The swan gained her affection, and the two mated. Leda then produced an egg, from which Helen emerged.[13] The First Vatican Mythographer introduces the notion that two eggs came from the union: one containing Castor and Pollux; one with Helen and Clytemnestra. Nevertheless, the same author earlier states that Helen, Castor and Pollux were produced from a single egg.[14] Pseudo-Apollodorus states that Leda had intercourse with both Zeus and Tyndareus the night she conceived Helen.[15]
On the other hand, in the Cypria, one of the Cyclic Epics, Helen was the daughter of Zeus and the goddess Nemesis.[16] The date of the Cypria is uncertain, but it is generally thought to preserve traditions that date back to at least the 7th century BC. In the Cypria, Nemesis did not wish to mate with Zeus. She therefore changed shape into various animals as she attempted to flee Zeus, finally becoming a goose. Zeus also transformed himself into a goose and mated with Nemesis, who produced an egg from which Helen was born.[17] Presumably, in the Cypria, this egg was somehow transferred to Leda.[18] Later sources state either that it was brought to Leda by a shepherd who discovered it in a grove in Attica, or that it was dropped into her lap by Hermes.[19]
Asclepiades[disambiguation needed 
] and Pseudo-Eratosthenes related a similar story, except that Zeus and Nemesis became swans instead of geese.[20] Timothy Gantz has suggested that the tradition that Zeus came to Leda in the form of a swan derives from the version in which Zeus and Nemesis transformed into birds.[21]
Pausanias states that in the middle of the 2nd century AD, the remains of an egg-shell, tied up in ribbons, were still suspended from the roof of a temple on the Spartan acropolis. People believed that this was "the famous egg that legend says Leda brought forth". Pausanias traveled to Sparta to visit the sanctuary, dedicated to Hilaeira and Phoebe, in order to see the relic for himself.[22]
Abduction by Theseus and youth[link]
Two Athenians, Theseus and Pirithous, thought that since they were both sons of Gods, both should have divine wives; they thus pledged to help each other abduct two daughters of Zeus. Theseus chose Helen, and Pirithous vowed to marry Persephone, the wife of Hades. Theseus took Helen and left her with his mother Aethra or his associate Aphidnus at Aphidnae or Athens. Theseus and Pirithous then traveled to the underworld, the domain of Hades, to kidnap Persephone. Hades pretended to offer them hospitality and set a feast, but, as soon as the pair sat down, snakes coiled around their feet and held them there. Helen's abduction caused an invasion of Athens by Castor and Pollux, who captured Aethra in revenge, and returned their sister to Sparta.[23]
In most accounts of this event, Helen was quite young; Hellanicus of Lesbos said she was seven years old and Diodorus makes her ten years old.[24] On the other hand, Stesichorus said that Iphigeneia was the daughter of Theseus and Helen, which obviously implies that Helen was of childbearing age.[25] In most sources, Iphigeneia is the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, but Duris of Samos and other writers followed Stesichorus' account.[26]
Ovid's Heroides give us an idea of how ancient and, in particular, Roman authors imagined Helen in her youth: she is presented as a young princess wrestling naked in the palaestra; an image alluding to a part of girls' physical education in classical (and not in Mycenaean) Sparta. Sextus Propertius imagines Helen as a girl who practices arms and hunts with her brothers:[27]
[...] or like Helen, on the sands of Eurotas, between Castor and Pollux, one to be victor in boxing, the other with horses: with naked breasts she carried weapons, they say, and did not blush with her divine brothers there.
Suitors of Helen[link]
When it was time for Helen to marry, many kings and princes from around the world came to seek her hand, bringing rich gifts with them, or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. During the contest, Castor and Pollux had a prominent role in dealing with the suitors, although the final decision was in the hands of Tyndareus.[28] Menelaus, her future husband, did not attend but sent his brother, Agamemnon, to represent him.
There are three available and not entirely consistent lists of suitors, compiled by Pseudo-Apollodorus (31 suitors), Hesiod (11 suitors), and Hyginus (36 suitors), for a total of 45 distinct names. There are only fragments from Hesiod's poem, so his list would have contained more. Achilles' absence from the lists is conspicuous, but Hesiod explains that he was too young to take part in the contest.[29] Taken together, the list of suitors matches well with the captains in the Catalog of Ships from the Iliad; however, some of the names may have been placed in the list of Helen's suitors simply because they went to Troy. It is not unlikely that relatives of a suitor may have joined the war.
Six Suitors listed in all three sources[30]
- Ajax - Son of Telamon. Led 12 ships from Salamis to Troy. Commits suicide there.
- Elephenor - Son of Chalcodon. Led 50 ships to Troy and died there
- Menelaus - Son of Atreus. Led 60 ships from Sparta to Troy. He returned home to Sparta with Helen.
- Menestheus - Son of Peteos. Led 50 ships from Athens to Troy. He returned to Athens after the war.
- Odysseus - Son of Laertes. Led 12 ships from Ithaca to Troy. He returned home after 10 years of wandering the seas.
- Protesilaus - Son of Iphicles. Led 40 ships from Phylace to Troy. He was the first Greek to die in battle at the hands of Hector.
Nineteen Suitors listed by both Apollodorus and Hyginus
- Agapenor - Son of Ancaeus, King of Arcadia. Takes 60 ships of men to Troy. Returns home.
- Ajax (AKA Ajax the Lesser or Locrian Ajax) - Son of Oileus. Led 40 ships to Troy, drowned on the way home when Poseidon split the rock he was on.
- Amphimachus - Son of Cteatus. With Polyxenus and Thalpius, he led 40 ships from Elis to Troy. Killed by Hector.
- Antilochus - Son of Nestor. Went with his father and 90 ships to Troy. Killed in battle while protecting his father from Memnon.
- Ascalaphus - Son of Ares and King of Orchemenus. Led 30 ships to Troy. Killed in battle by Deiphobus.
- Diomedes - Son of Tydeus. Diomedes was one of the Epigoni and King of Argos. He led 80 ships to Troy. His wife took a lover and Diomedes lost his kingdom, so after the war he settled in Italy.
- Eumelus - Son of Admetus and King of Pherae. Led 11 ships to Troy.
- Eurypylus - Son of Euaemon. Led 40 ships from Thessaly to Troy.
- Leonteus - Son of Coronos. With Polypoetes he led 40 ships of the Lapiths to Troy.
- Machaon - Son of Asclepius, brother of Podalirius. An Argonaut and physician. Led 30 ships. Killed in battle by Eurypylus (the son of Telephus).
- Meges - Son of Phyleus. Led 40 ships to Troy.
- Patroclus - Son of Menoetius. His younger cousin Achilles went with him to Troy. Killed by Hector.
- Peneleus - Son of Hippalcimus. An Argonaut. He went with the Boetian force of 50 ships to Troy. Killed in battle by Eurypylus (the son of Telephus).
- Philoctetes - Son of Poeas. Led 7 ships from Thessaly to Troy, he was an archer and killed Paris.
- Podalirius - Son of Asclepius, brother of Machaon. A physician. After the war he founded a city in Caria.
- Polypoetes - Son of Pirithous. With Leonteus, he led 40 ships of the Lapiths to Troy.
- Polyxenus - Son of Agasthenes. With Amphimachus, and Thalpius, he led 40 ships from Elis to Troy.
- Sthenelus - Son of Capaneus. One of the Epigoni, he went with Diomedes to Troy.
- Thalpius - Son of Eurytus. With Amphimachus and Polyxenus, he led 40 ships from Elis to Troy.
One Suitor listed by Apollodorus and Hesiod
- Amphilochus - Son of Amphiaraus and younger brother of Alcmaeon.
One Suitor listed by Hesiod and Hyginus
- Idomeneus - Son of Deucalion and King of Crete. Led 80 ships to Troy. Survived the war, but was exiled from Crete.
Three Suitors listed only by Hesiod
- Alcmaeon - Son of Amphiaraus and one of the Epigoni.
- Lycomedes - a Cretan.
- Podarces - The younger brother of Protesilaus. He led the troops after his brother's death.
Ten Suitors listed only by Hyginus
- Ancaeus -
- Blanirus -
- Clytius -
- Meriones - A companion of Idomeneus of Crete.
- Nireus - He led 3 ships from Syme to Troy.
- Phemius -
- Phidippus - He led 30 ships to Troy.
- Prothous - He led 40 ships from Magnetes to Troy.
- Thoas - He led 40 ships from Aetolia to Troy.
- Tlepolemus - He led 9 ships from Rhodes to Troy.
Five Suitors listed only by Apollodorus
- Epistrophus - Son of Iphitus, brother of Schedius.
- Ialmenus - Companion of Ascalaphus, who led 30 ships to Troy
- Leitus - Son of Alector and father of Peneleus.
- Schedius - Son of Iphitus, brother of Epistrophus. He was killed by Hector who was trying to throw a spear towards Ajax.
- Teucer - The half-brother of Ajax. Survived the war.
The Oath of Tyndareus[link]
Tyndareus was afraid to select a husband for his daughter, or send any of the suitors away, for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus was one of the suitors, but had brought no gifts because he believed he had little chance to win the contest. He thus promised to solve the problem, if Tyndareus in turn would support him in his courting of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndareus readily agreed, and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with him. After the suitors had sworn not to retaliate, Menelaus was chosen to be Helen's husband. As a sign of the importance of the pact, Tyndareus sacrificed a horse.[31] Helen and Menelaus became rulers of Sparta, after Tyndareus abdicated.
The marriage of Helen and Menelaus marks the beginning of the end of the age of heroes. Concluding the catalog of Helen's suitors, Hesiod reports Zeus' plan to obliterate the race of men and the heroes in particular. The Trojan War, caused by Helen's elopement with Paris, is going to be his means to this end.[32]
Seduction by Paris[link]
See also: Judgement of Paris
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In western painting, Helen's journey to Troy is usually depicted as a forced abduction. The Rape of Helen by Francesco Primaticcio (left, c. 1530–1539, Bowes Museum) is representative of this tradition. In Guido Reni's homonymous painting (right, 1631, Louvre, Paris), however, Paris holds Helen by her wrist, and leave together for Troia.
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Some years later, Paris, a Trojan prince, came to Sparta to claim Helen, in the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission. Before this journey, Paris had been appointed by Zeus to judge the most beautiful goddess; Hera, Athena, or Aphrodite. In order to earn his favour, Aphrodite promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world. Swayed by Aphrodite's offer, Paris chose her as the most beautiful of the goddesses, earning the wrath of Athena and Hera.
Although Helen is sometimes depicted as being raped by Paris, Ancient Greek sources are often elliptical and contradictory. Herodotus states that Helen was abducted, but the Cypria simply mentions that, after giving Helen gifts, "Aphrodite brings the Spartan queen together with the Prince of Troy."[33] Sappho argues that Helen willingly left behind Menelaus and Hermione, her nine-year-old daughter, to be with Paris:
- Some say a host of horsemen, others of infantry and others
- of ships, is the most beautiful thing on the dark earth
- but I say, it is what you love
- Full easy it is to make this understood of one and all: for
- she that far surpassed all mortals in beauty, Helen her
- most noble husband
- Deserted, and went sailing to Troy, with never a thought for
- her daughter and dear parents.[35]
Dio Chrysostom gives a completely different account of the story, questioning Homer's credibility: after Agamemnon had married Helen's sister, Klytaemnestra, Tyndareus sought Helen's hand for Menelaus on account of political reasons. However, Helen was sought by many suitors, who came from far and near, among them Paris who surpassed all the others and won the favor of Tyndareus and his sons. Thus he won her fairly and took her away to Troia, with the full consent of her natural protectors.[36] Cypria narrate that in just three days Paris and Helen reached Troy. Homer narrates that during a brief stop-over in the small island of Kranai, where, according to Iliad, the two lovers consummated their passion. On the other hand, Cypria note that this happened the night before they left Sparta.[37]
Helen in Egypt[link]
At least three Ancient Greek authors denied that Helen ever went to Troy; instead, they suggested, Helen stayed in Egypt during the duration of the Trojan War. Those three authors are Euripides, Stesichorus, and Herodotus.[38] In the version put forth by Euripides in his play Helen, Hera fashioned a likeness of Helen (eidolon, εἴδωλον) out of clouds at Zeus' request, Hermes took her to Egypt, and Helen never went to Troy, spending the entire war in Egypt. Eidolon is also present in Stesichorus' account, but not in Herodotus' rationalizing version of the myth.
Herodotus adds weight to the "Egyptian" version of events by putting forward his own evidence—he traveled to Egypt and interviewed the priests of the temple of (Foreign Aphrodite, ξείνης Ἀφροδίτης) at Memphis. According to these priests, Helen had arrived in Egypt shortly after leaving Sparta, because strong winds had blown Paris's ship off course. King Proteus of Egypt, appalled that Paris had seduced his host's wife and plundered his host's home in Sparta, disallowed Paris from taking Helen to Troy. Paris returned to Troy without a new bride, but the Greeks refused to believe that Helen was in Egypt and not within Troy's walls. Thus, Helen waited in Memphis for ten years, while the Greek and the Trojans fought. Following the conclusion of the Trojan War, Menelaus sailed to Memphis, where Proteus reunited him with Helen.[39]
Helen in Troy[link]
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Helen on the Ramparts of Troy was a popular theme in the late 19th century art. Both Frederick Leighton (left), and Gustave Moreau (right) depict an expressionless Helen; a blank or anguished face.
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When he discovered that his wife was missing, Menelaus called upon all the other suitors to fulfill their oaths, thus beginning the Trojan War. The Greek fleet gathered in Aulis, but the ships could not sail, because there was no wind. Artemis was enraged with a sacrilegious act of the Greeks, and only the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter, Iphigenia, could appease her. In Euripides Iphigenia in Aulis, Clytemnestra, Iphigenia's mother and Helen's sister, begs her husband to reconsider his decision, calling Helen a "wicked woman". Clytemnestra (unsuccessfully) warns Agamemnon that sacrificing Iphigenia for Helen's sake is, "buying what we most detest with what we hold most dear".[40]
Before the opening of hostilities, the Greeks dispatched a delegation to the Trojans under Odysseus and Menelaus; they endeavored to persuade Priam to hand Helen back without success. A popular theme, The Request of Helen (Helenes Apaitesis, Ἑλένης Ἀπαίτησις) was the subject of a drama by Sophocles, now lost.[41]
Homer paints a poignant, lonely picture of Helen in Troy. She is filled with self-distaste and regret for what she has caused; by the end of the war, the Trojans have come to hate her. When Hector dies, she is the third mourner at his funeral, and she says that, of all the Trojans, Hector and Priam alone were always kind to her:[42]
- Wherefore I wail alike for thee and for my hapless self with grief at heart;
- for no longer have I anyone beside in broad Troy that is gentle to me or kind;
- but all men shudder at me.
These bitter words reveal that Helen gradually realized Paris' weaknesses, and she decided to ally herself with Hector. There is an affectionate relationship between the two of them, and Helen has harsh words to say for Paris, when she compares the two brothers:[43]
- Howbeit, seeing the gods thus ordained these ills, would that I had been wife to a better man,
- that could feel the indignation of his fellows and their many revilings. [...]
- But come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair, my brother,
- since above all others has trouble encompassed thy heart because of shameless me, and the folly of Alexander.
During the fall of Troy, Helen's role is ambiguous. In Virgil's Aeneid, Deiphobus gives an account of Helen's treacherous stance: when the Trojan Horse was admitted into the city, she feigned Bacchic rites, leading a chorus of Trojan women, and, holding a torch among them, she signaled to the Greeks from the city's central tower. In Odyssey, however, Homer narrates a different story: Helen circled the Horse three times, and she imitated the voices of the Greek women left behind at home—she thus tortured the men inside (including Odysseus and Menelaus) with the memory of their loved ones, and brought them to the brink of destruction.[44]
After the death of Hector and Paris, Helen became the paramour of their younger brother, Deiphobus; but when the sack of Troy began, she hid her new husband's sword, and left him to the mercy of Menelaus and Odysseus. In Aeneid, Aeneas meets the mutilated Deiphobus in Hades; his wounds serve as a testimony to his ignominious end, abetted by Helen's final act of treachery.[45]
However, Helen's portraits in Troy seem to contradict each other. From one side, we read about the treacherous Helen who simulated Bacchic rites and rejoiced over the carnage of Trojans. On the other hand, there is another Helen, lonely and helpless; desperate to find sanctuary, while Troy is on fire. Stesichorus narrates that both Greeks and Trojans gathered to stone her to death.[46] When Menelaus finally found her, he raised his sword to kill her. He had demanded that only he should slay his unfaithful wife; but, when he was ready to do so, she dropped her robe from her shoulders, and the sight of her beauty caused him to let the sword drop from his hand.[47] Electra wails:[48]
Alas for my troubles! Can it be that her beauty has blunted their swords?
Fate[link]
Helen returned to Sparta and lived for a time with Menelaus, where she was encountered by Telemachus in The Odyssey. According to another version, used by Euripides in his play Orestes, Helen had long ago left the mortal world by then, having been taken up to Olympus almost immediately after Menelaus' return.
According to Pausanias the geographer (3.19.9–10): "The account of the Rhodians is different. They say that when Menelaus was dead, and Orestes still a wanderer, Helen was driven out by Nicostratus and Megapenthes and came to Rhodes, where she had a friend in Polyxo, the wife of Tlepolemus. For Polyxo, they say, was an Argive by descent, and when she was already married to Tlepolemus, shared his flight to Rhodes. At the time she was queen of the island, having been left with an orphan boy. They say that this Polyxo desired to avenge the death of Tlepolemus on Helen, now that she had her in her power. So she sent against her when she was bathing handmaidens dressed up as Furies, who seized Helen and hanged her on a tree, and for this reason the Rhodians have a sanctuary of Helen of the Tree."[49]
Tlepolemus was a son of Heracles and Astyoche. Astyoche was a daughter of Phylas, King of Ephyra who was killed by Heracles. Tlepolemus was killed by Sarpedon on the first day of fighting in the Iliad. Nicostratus was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Pieris, an Aetolian slave. Megapenthes was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Tereis, no further origin.
In Simonianism, it was taught that Helen of Troy was one of the incarnations of the Ennoia in human form.
Artistic representations[link]
From Antiquity, depicting Helen would be a remarkable challenge. The story of Zeuxis deals with this exact question: how would an artist immortalize ideal beauty?[51] He eventually selected the best features from five virgins. The ancient world starts to paint Helen's picture or inscribe her form on stone, clay and bronze by the 7th century BC.[52] Helen is frequently depicted on Athenian vases as being threatened by Menelaus and fleeing from him. This is not the case, however, in Laconic art: on an Archaic stele depicting Helen's recovery after the fall of Troy, Menelaus is armed with a sword but Helen faces him boldly, looking directly into his eyes; and in other works of Peloponnesian art, Helen is shown carrying a wreath, while Menelaus holds his sword aloft vertically. In contrast, on Athenian vases of c. 550–470, Menelaus threateningly points his sword at her.[53]
The abduction by Paris was another popular motive in ancient Greek vase-painting; definitely more popular than the kidnapping by Theseus. In a famous representation by the Athenian vase painter Makron, Helen follows Paris like a bride following a bridegroom, her wrist grasped by Paris' hand.[54] The Etruscans, who had a sophisticated knowledge of Greek mythology, demonstrated a particular interest in the theme of the delivery of Helen's egg, which is depicted in relief mirrors.[55]
In Renaissance painting, Helen's departure from Sparta is usually depicted as a scene of forcible removal (rape) by Paris. This is not, however, the case with certain secular medieval illustrations. Artists of the 1460s and 1470s were influenced by Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae, where Helen's abduction was portrayed as a scene of seduction. In the Florentine Picture Chronicle Paris and Helen are shown departing arm in arm, while their marriage was depicted into Franco-Flemish tapestry.[56]
In Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus (1604), Faust conjures the shade of Helen. Upon seeing Helen, Faustus speaks the famous line: "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships, / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium." (Act V, Scene I.) Helen is also conjured by Faust in Goethe's Faust.
In Pre-Raphaelite art, Helen is often shown with shining curly hair and ringlets. Other painters of the same period depict Helen on the ramparts of Troy, and focus on her expression: her face is expressionless, blank, inscrutable.[57] In Gustave Moreau's painting, Helen will finally become faceless; a blank eidonon in the middle of Troy's ruins.
Cult[link]
The major centers of Helen's cult were in Laconia. At Sparta, the urban sanctuary of Helen was located near the Platanistas, so called for the plane-trees planted there. Ancient sources associate Helen with gymnastic exercises or/and choral dances of maidens near the Evrotas River. Theocritus conjures up the epithalamium Spartan women sung at Platanistas commemorating the marriage of Helen and Menelaus:[58]
- We first a crown of low-growing lotus
- having woven will place it on a shady plane-tree.
- First from a silver oil-flask soft oil
- drawing we will let it drip beneath the shady plane-tree.
- Letters will be carved in the bark, so that someone passing by
- may read in Doric: "Reverence me. I am Helen's tree."
Helen's worship was also present on the opposite bank of Eurotas at Therapne, where she shared a shrine with Menelaus and the Dioscuri. The shrine has been known as "Menelaion" (the shrine of Menelaus), and it was believed to be the spot where Helen was buried alongside Menelaus. Despite its name, both the shrine and the cult originally belonged to Helen; Menelaus was added later as her husband.[59] Isocrates writes that at Therapne Helen and Menelaus were worshiped as gods, and not as heroes. Clader argues that, if indeed Helen was worshiped as a goddess at Therapne, then her powers should be largely concerned with fertility.[60] There is also evidence for Helen's cult in Hellenistic Sparta: rules for those sacrificing and holding feasts in their honor are extant.[61]
Helen was also worshiped in Attica along with her brothers, and on Rhodes as Helen Dendritis (Helen of the Trees, Έλένα Δενδρῖτις); she was a vegetation or a fertility goddess.[62] Martin F. Nilsson has argued that its cult in Rhodes has its roots to the Minoan, pre-Greek era, when Helen was allegedly worshiped as a vegetation goddess.[63] Claude Calame and other scholars try to analyze the affinity between the cults of Helen and Artemis Orthia, pointing out the resemblance of the terracotta female figurines offered to both deities.[64]
Modern Culture[link]
- Helen appears in various versions of the Faust Myth, such as Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus - of which Faustus' summoning Helen and courting her is one of the most well-known scenes, and which contributed the line "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships...?" which inspired many later references to Helen (see below).
- German poet and polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe re-envisioned the meeting of Faust and Helen. In Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy, the union of Helen and Faust becomes a complex allegory of the meeting of the classical-ideal and modern worlds.
- In 1928, Richard Strauss wrote the German opera Die ägyptische Helena, The Egyptian Helena, which is the story of Helen and Menelaus's troubles when they are marooned on a mythical island.
- In 1928, a silent film The Private Life of Helen of Troy, was made.
- In 1956, a British-Italian epic titled Helen of Troy was released, directed by Oscar-winning director Robert Wise and starring Italian actress Rossana Podestà in the title role. It was filmed in Italy, and featured well-known British character actors such as Harry Andrews, Cedric Hardwicke, and Torin Thatcher in supporting roles.
- In 1971, Michael Cacoyannis directed a film version of The Trojan Women in which Helen is played by Irene Papas.
- A 2003 television version of Helen's life up to the fall of Troy, Helen of Troy, in which she was played by Sienna Guillory.
- Helen was portrayed by Diane Kruger in the 2004 film Troy. In this adaptation she does not return to Sparta with Menelaus but leaves Troy with Aeneas when the city falls.
- Appeared in the episode 12 of Season 1 called "Beware Greeks Bearing Gifts" in Xena: Warrior Princess. Played by Galyn Görg, Helen was supposedly a close friend of Xena's and sent out a messenger to fetch her during the Trojan War.
- Helen of Troy is referenced in the climactic scene of The Truth About Cats & Dogs.
- Margaret George wrote an epic adult novel, Helen of Troy, in 2006, told through Helen's first-person narrative.
- Esther Friesner wrote a young-adult novel, Nobody's Princess, published in 2007, of Helen's childhood and early life, and its sequel, Nobody's Prize.
- Caroline B. Cooney also wrote a young-adult novel, Goddess of Yesterday, where Helen is one of the main characters.
- Kimberly-Clark's 2010 TV campaign for Poise adult underwear with Whoopi Goldberg as Helen.[65]
- Josephine Angelini wrote a young adult novel, Starcrossed about Helen of Troy.
- Irish poet William Butler Yeats compared Helen to his lover, Maude Gonne, in his poem "No Second Troy".[66]
- Canadian novelist and poet Margaret Atwood re-envisioned the myth of Helen in modern, feminist guise in her poem "Helen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing".[67]
- Henry Rider Haggard wrote a novel, The World's Desire in which Odysseus finds Helen in Egypt as a priestess and they wed.
- Inspired by the above-mentioned line "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships...?" from Marlowe's Faustus, Isaac Asimov jocularly coined the unit "millihelen" to mean the amount of beauty that can launch one ship.[68]
- Also inspired by the same Marlowe quotation is "If a face could launch a thousand ships, then where am I to go?", a line from the song "If" by David Gates and Bread.
- The modernist poet H.D. wrote an epic poem Helen in Egypt from Helen's perspective.<
- Jacob M. Appel's play, Helen of Sparta, retells Homer's Iliad from Helen's point-of-view.[69]
- The Memoirs of Helen of Troy by Amanda Elyot is about the life of Helen.
- The anthology Of Other Worlds by C. S. Lewis includes "After Ten Years". In Egypt after the Trojan War, Menelaus is allowed to choose between the real, disappointing Helen and an ideal Helen conjured by Egyptian magicians. As it stands, it recalls "The Lady, or the Tiger?". Which would Menelaus choose?
- The band Glass Wave entitled a song on their 2010 album "Helen". In the song, Helen remembers her life before the Trojan War.
- Star Trek: The Original Series produced an episode that is called "Elaan of Troyius" in which a woman's beauty causes problems for the crew of the Enterprise.
- In the movie English dubbed version of Kung Fu Hustle, The Beast asks if they are the fated Lovers, to which the Landlord and Landlady refer to themselves as Paris and Helen of Troy.
- Her cuff bracelet is briefly mentioned in a Warehouse 13 episode as having seductive properties.
- In the novel "Faust Among Equals" by Tom Holt, the relationship between Faust and Helen of Troy is a central theme.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.21:8:173.LSJ.
- ^ Clader, Helen, 63–64; Skutsch, Helen, 191
- ^ or "to cover, enclose" (compare Varuna, Veles)
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary, "Indo-European roots: wel₂"
- ^ The name of Helen as worshipped at Sparta and Therapne began with a digamma. On the other hand, at Corinth, there is evidence of Helen without a digamma. Scutsch (Helen, 189, 190 and passim) suggests that we have to make do "with two different names, two different mythological Helens".
- ^ Scutsch, Helen, 190–191, 192
- ^ Compare Proto-Indo-European *sa(e)wol: Greek helios, Latin sol, Sanskrit suryah -from *sawel=to shine. The relation with Selene is quite possible.
- ^ Nilsson, The Mycenaean Origin, 41
- ^ Meagher, The Meaning of Helen, 14–15; Thompson, The Trojan War, 20
- ^ Hughes, Helen of Troy, 29
- ^ Whitby, Sparta, 7
- ^ Homer, Iliad, III, 199, 418, 426; Odyssey, IV, 184, 219; XXIII, 218.
- ^ Euripides, Helen 16–21, 257–59
- ^ First Vatican Mythographer, VM I 204.
* Gantz, Early Greek Myth, 320–321; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 350; Moser, A Cosmos of Desire, 443–444 - ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, III, 10.7
- ^ Cypria, fr. 9 PEG.
- ^ Athenaeus 8.334b-d, quoting the Cypria; Cypria, fr. 10 PEG.
- ^ In the 5th century comedy "Nemesis" by Cratinus, Leda was told to sit on an egg so that it would hatch, and this is no doubt the egg that was produced by Nemesis (Cratinus fr. 115 PCG; Gantz, Early Greek Myth, ibid).
- ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, III, 10.7
* Hard & Rose, The Roudlegde Handbook, 438–439 - ^ Asclepiades 12F11, Pseudo-Eratosthenes Catast. 25.
- ^ Gantz, Early Greek Myth, ibid
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, III, 16.1
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 26–27 - ^ The most complete accounts of this narrative are given by Apollodorus, Diodorus 4.63.1-3, and Plutarch, Theseus 31-34. For a collection of ancient sources narrating Helen's abduction by Theseus, see Hughes, Helen, 357; Mills, Theseus, 7–8
- ^ Hellanicus 4F134; Diodorus 4.63.1-3.
- ^ Stesichorus, fr. 191 PMG.
- ^ Gantz, pp. 289, 291.
- ^ Ovid, Heroides, 16.149–152; Propertius, 3.14
* Cairns, Sextus Propertius, 421–422; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 60; Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 28: "In the Roman period, because Sparta was a destination for tourists, the characteristics that made Sparta distinctive were emphasized. The athleticism of women was exaggerated." - ^ In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women fr. 198.7–8, and 199.0–1, they are the recipients of the bridal presents. For further details, see A Catalog within a Catalog, 133–135
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 196–204; Hyginus, Fables, 81; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca II, 10.8
* Cingano, A Catalog within a Catalog, 124; Clader, Helen, 10 - ^ Carlos Parada's website Greek Mythology Link
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 204; Hyginus, Fables, 78; Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.20.9; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3.10.9
* Cingano, A Catalog within a Catalog, 128; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 76 - ^ Cypria, fr. 1; Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 204.96–101
* Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 7–8 - ^ Cypria, fr. 1; Herodotus, Histories, 113–119
- ^ Kimmelman, Michael (March 1 2007). "Lights! Darks! Action! Cut! Maestro of Mise-en-Scène". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/01/arts/design/01tint.html. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
* Schjeldahl, Peter (February 12 2007). "Venetial Brass". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/artworld/2007/02/12/070212craw_artworld_schjeldahl. Retrieved July 11, 2009. - ^ Sappho, fr. 16. See an analysis of the poem by Gumpert, Grafting Helen, 92
- ^ Dio Chrysostom, Discourses, 1.37–53
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 128–129 - ^ Cypria, fr. 1; Homer, Iliad, III, 443–445
* Cyrino, "Helen of Troy", 133–134 - ^ Alan, Introduction, 18–28
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, 113–120; Kim, Homer, poet and historian, 30–35 ; Alan, Introduction, 22–24 ; Lindsay, Helen in the Fifth Century, 135–138
- ^ Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis, 1166–1170; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 195–196
- ^ Ancient writers do not agree on whether the embassy was dispatched before the gathering of the Greek army in Aulis or after it reached Tenedos or Troia. In Herodotus' account the Trojans swore to the Greek envoys that Helen was in Egypt, not in Troy; but the Greeks did not believe them, and laid siege to the city, until they took it (Cypria, fr. 1; Herodotus, Histories, II, 118.2–4; Homer, Iliad, III, 205; Pseudo-Appolodorus, Epitome, 28–29). About Euripides lost drama, see Hughes, Helen of Troy, 191.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, XXIV, 773–775
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 219; Redfold, The Tragedy of Hector, 122 - ^ Homer, Iliad, VI, 349–351, 354–356
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 219; Redfold, The Tragedy of Hector, 122; Suzuki, Metamorphoses of Helen, 36 - ^ Homer, Odyssey, IV, 277–289; Virgil, Aeneid, 515&ndASH;519.
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 220; Suzuki, Metamorphoses of Helen, 99–100. - ^ Virgil, Aeneid, 494&ndASH;512.
* Suzuki, Metamorphoses of Helen, 101–102. - ^ Stesichorus, fr. 201 PMG.
- ^ According to the ancient writers, it was the sight of Helen's face or breasts that made Menelaus drop his sword. See, inter allia, Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 155; Little Iliad, fr. 13 EGF.
* Maguire, Helen of Troy, 52 - ^ Euripides, Orestes, 1286
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece
- ^ Pliny, National History, 35.64–66. Cicero (De Inventione, 2.1–3) sets the story in Croton.
- ^ Mansfield, Too Beautiful to Picture, 29
- ^ Hughes, Helen of Troy, 1–2
- ^ Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 169
- ^ Anderson, The Fall of Troy, 257; Matheson, Polygnotos and Vase Painting, 225
- ^ Caprino, Etruscan Italy, 66–71
- ^ David, Narrative in Context, 136; Hughes, Helen of Troy, 181–182
- ^ Maguire, Helen of Troy, 39–43, 47
- ^ Theocritus, The Epithalamium of Helen, 43–48
* Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 12 - ^ Herodotus, Histories, VI, 61.3
* Hughes, Helen of Troy, 30–31; Lynn Budin, The Ancient Greeks, 286 - ^ Isocrates, Helen, 63
* Clader, Helen, 70; Jackson, The Transformations of Helen, 52. For a criticism of the theory that Helen was worshiped as a goddess in Therapne, see Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 20–24 - ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, III, 15.3, and 19.9
* Allan, Introduction, 14–16; Calame, Choruses of Young Women, 192–197; Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 114–118 - ^ A shared cult of Helen and her brothers in Attica is alluded to in Euripides, Helen, 1666–1669. See also, Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 26–29. Concerning Helen Dendritis, Gumpert (Grafting Helen, 96), and Skutsch (Helen, 109) support that she was a vegetation goddess. Meagher (The Meaning of Helen, 43–44) argues that her cult in Rhodes reflects an ancient fertility ritual associated with Helen not only on Rhodes but also at Dendra, near Sparta. Edmunds (Helen's Divine Origins, 18) notes that it is unclear what an ancient tree cult might be.
- ^ Cited by Gumpert, Grafting Helen, 96, Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 15–18, and Skutsch, Helen, 109. See critical remarks on this theory by Edmunds, Helen's Divine Origins, 16.
- ^ Calame, Choruses of Young Women, 201; Eaverly, Archaic Greek Equestrian Sculpture, 9; Pomeroy, Spartan Women, 162–163
- ^ "Whoopi Goldberg as Helen of Troy" youtube.com', April 23, 2010
- ^ bartleby.com
- ^ poemhunter.com
- ^ The Humanism of Isaac Asimov
- ^ Horwitz, Jane. Washington Post, December 16, 2008. P. C08.
References[link]
Primary sources[link]
- Aristophanes, Lysistrata. For an English translation see the Perseus Project.
- Cicero, De inventione II.1.1-2
- Cypria, fragments 1, 9, and 10. For an English translation see the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- Dio Chrysostom, Discourses. For an English translation, see Lacus Curtius.
- Euripides, Helen. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis. For an English translation, see the Perseus project.
- Euripides, Orestes. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Herodotus, Histories, Book II. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae. For an English translation see the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- Homer, Iliad, Book III; Odyssey, Books IV, and XXIII.
- Hyginus, Fables. Translated in English by Mary Grant.
- Isocrates, Helen. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Servius, In Aeneida I.526, XI.262
- Lactantius Placidus Commentarii in Statii Thebaida I.21.
- Little Iliad, fragment 13. For an English translation, see the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- Ovid, Heroides, XVI.Paris Helenae. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, Book III. For an English translation, see the Perseus Project.
- Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, Book III; Epitome.
- Sappho, fragment 16.
- Sextus Propertius, Elegies, 3.14. Translated in English by A.S. Kline.
- Theocritus, Idylls, XVIII (The Epithalamium of Helen). Translated in English by J.M. Edmonds.
- Virgil, Aeneid. Book VI. For an English translation see the Perseus Project.
Secondary sources[link]
- Allan, Williams (2008). "Introduction". Helen. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83690-5.
- Anderson, Michael John (1997). "Further Directions". The Fall of Troy in early Greek Poetry and Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815064-4.
- Cairns, Francis (2006). "A Lighter Shade of Praise". Sextus Propertius. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86457-7.
- Calame, Claude (2001). "Chorus and Ritual". Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece (translated by Derek Collins and Janice Orion). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1525-7.
- Caprino, Alexandra (1996). "Greek Mythology in Etruria". In Franklin Hall; John. Etruscan Italy. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-8425-2334-0.
- Chantraine, Pierre (2000). "Ἐλένη" (in French). Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Gercque. Klincksieck. ISBN 2-252-03277-4.
- Cingano, Ettore (2005). "A Catalog within a Catalog: Helen's Suitors in the Hesiodic Catalog of Women". In Hunter; Richard L.. The Hesiodic Catalog of Women. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83684-0.
- Clader, Linda Lee (1976). Helen. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04721-2.
- Cyrino, Monica S. (2006). "Helen of Troy". In Winkler; Martin M.. Troy: from Homer's Iliad to Hollywood. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-4051-3182-9.
- David, Benjamin (2005). "Narrative in Context". In Jenkens, Lawrence A.. Renaissance Siena. Truman State University. ISBN 1-931112-43-6.
- Eaverly, Mary Ann (1995). "Geographical and Chronological Distribution". Archaic Greek Equestrian Sculpture. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10351-2.
- Edmunds, Lowell (May 2007). "Helen's Divine Origins". Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics X (2): 1–44. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V10N2/. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- Frisk, Hjalmar (1960). "Ἐλένη" (in German). Griechisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. I. French & European Pubns. ISBN 0-8288-6839-5.
- Gantz, Timothy (2004). Early Greek Myth. Baltimore, MD and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5362-1.
- Gumpert, Matthew (2001). "Helen in Greece". Grafting Helen. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-17124-8.
- Hard, Robin; Rose, Herbert Jennings (2004). "the Trojan War". The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18636-6.
- Hughes, Bettany (2005). Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-224-07177-7.
- Executive ed.: Joseph P. Pickert... (2000). "Indo-European roots: wel₂". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
- Jackson, Peter (2006). "Shapeshifting Rape and Xoros". The Transformations of Helen. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 3-89754-260-9.
- Kim, Lawrence (2010). "Homer, poet and historian". Homer Between History and Fiction in Imperial Greek Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19449-5.
- Lindsay, Jack (1974). "Helen in the Fifth Century". Helen of Troy: Woman and Goddess. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-581-4.
- Lynn Badin, Stephanie (2006). "Religion and Ideology". The Ancient Greeks. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-814-0.
- Maguire, Par (2009). "Beauty". Helen of Troy. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-4051-2635-3.
- Mansfield, Elizabeth (2007). "Helen's Uncanny Beauty". Too Beautiful to Picture. University of MinnesotaPress. ISBN 0-8166-4749-6.
- Matheson, Susan B. (1996). "Heroes". Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-13870-4.
- Meagher, Robert E. (2002). The Meaning of Helen. Bolchazy–Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-510-6.
- Mills, Sophie (1997). "Theseus and Helen". Theseus, Tragedy, and the Athenian Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815063-6.
- Moser, Thomas C. (2004). A Cosmos of Desire. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11379-8.
- Nilsson, Martin Persson (1932). "Mycenaean Centers and Mythological Centers". The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology. Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-60506-393-2.
- Pomeroy, Sarah B. (2002). "Education". Spartan Women. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513067-7.
- Redfield, James (1994). "The Hero". The Tragedy of Hector. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1422-3.
- Skutsch, Otto (1987). "Helen, her Name and Nature". The Journal of Hellenic Studies 107: 188–193. DOI:10.2307/630087. JSTOR 630087.
- Suzuki, Mihoko (1992). "The Iliad". Metamorphoses of Helen. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8080-9.
- Thompson, Diane P. (2004). "The Fall of Troy – The Beginning of Greek History". The Trojan War. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1737-4.
- Whitby, Michael (2002). "Introduction". Sparta. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-93957-7.
External links[link]
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- See reviews of Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore by Bettany Hughes (2005) New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-224-07177-7, which has been translated into ten languages, on http://www.bettanyhughes.co.uk/
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http://wn.com/Helen_of_Troy
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen of Troy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
11:27
Helen of Troy (1956) - Suite - Max Steiner
amuggle15
Helen of Troy (1956) - Suite - Max Steiner
1. Prelude 2. The Voyage 3. The Gates of Troy 4. The Siege and Aftermath 5. Finale From "Gone With the Wind: The Classic Max Steiner" album - The Westminster Philharmonic Orchestra - conducted by Kenneth Alwyn (1993 re-recording).
3:14
Max Steiner: Unfinished Sonata
skipjacktuner
Max Steiner: Unfinished Sonata
Unfinished Sonata from A Bill of Divorcement (1932). Composed and conducted by Max Steiner. The piano soloist is uncredited on this 1955 recording, but it may be Ray Turner, who recorded Symphonie Moderne with Steiner in 1956.
8:05
THE RUNAWAY BLUES - A Tribute To Max Steiner & Son Of Kong
Chaplin1914
THE RUNAWAY BLUES - A Tribute To Max Steiner & Son Of Kong
A Tribute to Max Steiner's composition THE RUNAWAY BLUES written for THE SON OF KONG in 1933. This video includes 3 alternate versions of the song. First is the original 1933 version from the film performed by Helen Mack. Next is a recent version recorded by Janet Klein and finally an orchestral medley by the Moscow Orchestra!
2:38
Max Steiner - Classic Film Scores For Humphrey Bogart - The Caine Mutiny
satriani404
Max Steiner - Classic Film Scores For Humphrey Bogart - The Caine Mutiny
5. The Caine Mutiny. (2:33) March. Conducted by Charles Gerhardt. I DO NOT OWN ANY OF THESE TRACKS. ALL RIGHTS GO TO THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. ENJOY!!
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