A day is a unit of time, commonly defined as 24 hours. It also can mean that portion of the full day during which a location is illuminated by the light of the sun. The period of time measured from local noon to the following local noon, is called a ''solar day''.

Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context, need and convenience. In 1967, the second was redefined in terms of the wavelength of light, and it became the SI base unit of time. The unit of measurement for time called "day", redefined in 1967 as 86,400 SI seconds and symbolized d, is not an SI unit, but it is accepted for use with SI. A civil day is usually also 86,400 seconds, plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time UTC, and, in some locations, occasionally plus or minus an hour when changing from or to daylight saving time. The word ''day'' may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date, as in answer to the question "On which day?" ''Day'' also refers to the part of the day that is not night — also known as 'daytime'. The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the cycle of day and night, when timing (See circadian rhythms.)

The average length of a solar day on Earth is about 86,400 seconds (24 hours) and there are about 365.2422 solar days in one mean tropical year. Because celestial orbits are not perfectly circular, and thus objects travel at different speeds at various positions in their orbit, a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year. A ''day'', understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation with respect to the celestial background or a distant star (assumed, to be fixed), is called ''stellar day''. This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours and there are about 366.2422 in one mean tropical year. Mainly due to tidal effects, the Earth's rotational period is not constant, resulting in further minor variations for both solar days and stellar 'days'. Other planets and moons also have stellar and solar days.

Introduction

Besides the day of 24 hours (86,400 seconds), the word ''day'' is used for several different spans of time based on the rotation of the Earth around its axis. An important one is the solar day, defined as the time it takes for the sun to return to the zenith (its highest point in the sky). Because the Earth orbits the Sun elliptically as the Earth spins on an inclined axis, this period can be up to 7.9 seconds more than (or less than) 24 hours. On average over the year this day is equivalent to 24 hours (86,400 seconds).

A day, in the sense of daytime that is distinguished from night-time, is commonly defined as the period during which sunlight directly reaches the ground, assuming that there are no local obstacles. The length of daytime averages slightly more than half of the 24-hour day. Two effects make daytime on average longer than nights. The Sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc. Additionally, the atmosphere refracts sunlight in such a way that some of it reaches the ground even when the Sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. So the first light reaches the ground when the centre of the Sun is still below the horizon by about 50 minutes of arc. The difference in time depends on the angle at which the Sun rises and sets (itself a function of latitude), but can amount to around seven minutes.

Ancient custom has a new day start at either the rising or setting of the Sun on the local horizon (Italian reckoning, for example) The exact moment of, and the interval between, two sunrises or two sunsets depends on the geographical position (longitude as well as latitude), and the time of year. This is the time as indicated by ancient hemispherical sundials.

A more constant day can be defined by the Sun passing through the local meridian, which happens at local noon (upper culmination) or midnight (lower culmination). The exact moment is dependent on the geographical longitude, and to a lesser extent on the time of the year. The length of such a day is nearly constant (24 hours ± 30 seconds). This is the time as indicated by modern sundials.

A further improvement defines a fictitious mean Sun that moves with constant speed along the celestial equator; the speed is the same as the average speed of the real Sun, but this removes the variation over a year as the Earth moves along its orbit around the Sun (due to both its velocity and its axial tilt).

The Earth's day has increased in length over time. This phenomenon is due to tides raised by the Moon which slow Earth's rotation. Because of the way the second is defined, the mean length of a day is now about 86,400.002 seconds, and is increasing by about 1.7 milliseconds per century (an average over the last 2,700 years). See tidal acceleration for details. The length of one day was about 21.9 hours 620 million years ago as recorded by rhythmites (alternating layers in sandstone); when the Earth was new about 4.5 billion years ago, it was probably around six hours as determined by computer simulations. The length of day for the Earth or Proto-Earth before the event which created our moon by an impact is yet unknown.

Etymology

The term comes from the Old English ''dæg'', with its cognates such as ''Tag'' in German, and ''dag'' in Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Dutch.

International System of Units (SI)

A day is defined as 86,400 seconds.

A day on the UTC time scale can include a negative or positive leap second, and can therefore have a length of 86,399 or 86,401 seconds.

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) currently defines a second as

… the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.

This makes the SI-based day last exactly 794,243,384,928,000 of those periods.

Decimal and metric time

In the 19th century it had also been suggested to make a decimal fraction ( or ) of an astronomic day the base unit of time. This was an afterglow of decimal time and calendar, which had been given up already for its difficulty to comply with familiar units. The still most successful candidate is the ''centiday'' = 14.4 minutes, as a shorter quarter of an hour and also close to the SI target kilosecond and old Chinese ke.

Astronomy

A day of exactly 86,400 SI seconds is the astronomical unit of time (the second is not preferred in astronomy).

For a given planet, there are three types of day defined in astronomy:

stellar day - an entire rotation of a planet with respect to the distant stars

sidereal day - a single rotation of a planet with respect to the vernal equinox

mean solar day - average time of a single rotation of a planet with respect to the sun as the central star

For Earth, the stellar day and the sidereal day are nearly of the same length and about 3 minutes 56 seconds shorter than the solar day. In fact, the Earth spins 366 times about its axis during a 365-day year, because the Earth's revolution about the Sun removes one apparent turn of the Sun about the Earth.

Colloquial

The word refers to various relatedly defined ideas, including the following:

24 hours (exactly)

the period of light when the Sun is above the local horizon (that is, the time period from sunrise to sunset);

the full day covering a dark and a light period, beginning from the beginning of the dark period or from a point near the middle of the dark period;

a full dark and light period, sometimes called a ''nychthemeron'' in English, from the Greek for ''night-day'';

the time period from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM or 9:00 PM or some other fixed clock period overlapping or set off from other time periods such as "morning", "evening", or "night".

Civil day

For civil purposes a common clock time has been defined for an entire region based on the mean local solar time at some central meridian. Such time zones began to be adopted about the middle of the 19th century when railroads with regular schedules came into use, with most major countries having adopted them by 1929. For the whole world, 40 such time zones are now in use. The main one is "world time" or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

The present common convention has the civil day starting at midnight, which is near the time of the lower culmination of the mean Sun on the central meridian of the time zone. A day is commonly divided into 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60 seconds each.

Leap seconds

To keep the civil day aligned with the apparent movement of the Sun, positive or negative leap seconds may be inserted.

A civil clock day is typically 86,400 SI seconds long, but will be 86,401 s or 86,399 s long in the event of a leap second.

Leap seconds are announced in advance by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service which measures the Earth's rotation and determines whether a leap second is necessary. Leap seconds occur only at the end of a UTC month, and have only ever been inserted at the end of June 30 or December 31.

Boundaries of the day

For most diurnal animals, the day naturally begins at dawn and ends at sunset. Humans, with our cultural norms and scientific knowledge, have supplanted Nature with several different conceptions of the day's boundaries. The Jewish day begins at either sunset or at nightfall (when three second-magnitude stars appear). Medieval Europe followed this tradition, known as Florentine reckoning: in this system, a reference like "two hours into the day" meant ''two hours after sunset'' and thus times during the evening need to be shifted back one calendar day in modern reckoning. Days such as Christmas Eve, Halloween, and the Eve of Saint Agnes are the remnants of the older pattern when holidays began the evening before. Present common convention is for the civil day to begin at midnight, that is 00:00 (inclusive), and last a full 24 hours until 24:00 (exclusive).

In ancient Egypt, the day was reckoned from sunrise to sunrise. Muslims fast from daybreak to sunset each day of the month of Ramadan. The "Damascus Document", copies of which were also found among the Dead Sea scrolls, states regarding Sabbath observance that "No one is to do any work on Friday ''from the moment that the sun's disk stands distant from the horizon by the length of its own diameter''," presumably indicating that the monastic community responsible for producing this work counted the day as ending shortly before the sun had begun to set.

In the United States, nights are named after the previous day, ''e.g.'' "Friday night" usually means the entire night between Friday and Saturday. This is the opposite of the Jewish pattern. This difference from the civil day often leads to confusion. Events starting at midnight are often announced as occurring the day before. TV-guides tend to list nightly programs at the previous day, although programming a VCR requires the strict logic of starting the new day at 00:00 (to further confuse the issue, VCRs set to the 12-hour clock notation will label this "12:00 AM"). Expressions like "today", "yesterday" and "tomorrow" become ambiguous during the night.

Validity of tickets, passes, etc., for a day or a number of days may end at midnight, or closing time, when that is earlier. However, if a service (e.g. public transport) operates from for example, 6:00 to 1:00 the next day (which may be noted as 25:00), the last hour may well count as being part of the previous day (also for the arrangement of the timetable). For services depending on the day ("closed on Sundays", "does not run on Fridays", and so on) there is a risk of ambiguity. As an example, for the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways), a day ticket is valid 28 hours, from 0:00 to 28:00 (that is, 4:00 the next day). To give another example, the validity of a pass on London Regional Transport services is until the end of the "transport day" -- that is to say, until 4:30 am on the day after the "expiry" date stamped on the pass.

24 hours vs daytime

To distinguish between a full day and daytime, the word ''nychthemeron'' may be used in English for the former, or more colloquially the term . In other languages, the latter is also often used. Other languages also have a separate word for a full day, such as יממה in Hebrew, ''dygn'' in Swedish, ''etmaal'' in Dutch, ''doba'' in Polish, ''сутки'' (''sutki'') in Russian, ''суткі'' (''sutki'') in Belarusian, ''døgn'' in Danish and ''доба́'' (''doba'') in Ukrainian. In Spanish, ''singladura'' is used, but only as a marine unit of length, being the distance covered in 24 hours.

See also

10 s, times from 10 kiloseconds to 100 kiloseconds

Calculating the day of the week

Daylight

Daylight saving time

Meteorological day

Season, for a discussion of daylight and darkness at various latitudes

Synodic day

Notes and references

External links

Definitions of day, night, twilight (USA navy site)

Formulas to calculate the length of day and night

Sunrise and sunset, all year long, anywhere

Show where it is daytime at the moment

Category:Orders of magnitude (time) Category:Units of time

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Coordinates	12°56′23″N74°14′51″N
name	Sir Peter Jackson
birthname	Peter Robert Jackson
birth date	October 31, 1961
birth place	Pukerua Bay, New Zealand
occupation	Film director, film producer, screenwriter
yearsactive	1976–present
spouse	Fran Walsh (1987–present) }}

Sir Peter Robert Jackson, KNZM (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand film director, producer, actor, and screenwriter, known for his ''Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy, adapted from the novel by J. R. R. Tolkien. He was also the producer/co-writer/director of ''King Kong'' and the producer of ''District 9''.

He won international attention early in his career with his "splatstick" horror comedies such as ''Bad Taste'' and ''Braindead'', before coming to mainstream prominence with ''Heavenly Creatures'', for which he shared an Academy Award Best Screenplay nomination with his wife, Fran Walsh. Jackson has been awarded three Academy Awards in his career, including the award for Best Director in 2003.

Early life

Jackson, an only child, was born on 31 October 1961. He grew up in Pukerua Bay, a coastal town near Wellington. His parents - Joan, a factory worker and housewife, and William (Bill) Jackson, a wages clerk - were both immigrants from England. His father was a veteran of the Siege of Malta in World War II. As a child, Jackson was a keen film fan, growing up on Ray Harryhausen films as well as finding inspiration in the television series ''Thunderbirds'' and ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. After a family friend gave the Jacksons a Super 8 cine-camera with Peter in mind, he began making short films with his friends. Jackson has long cited ''King Kong'' as his favourite film and around the age of nine he attempted to remake it using his own stop-motion models. Also as a child the young Jackson made a WWII epic and a James Bond spoof named ''Coldfinger''.Most notably though was a 10 minute short called 'The Valley' which won him a special prize because of the shots he used.

Jackson had no formal training in film-making, but learned about editing, special effects and make-up largely through his own trial and error. As a teenager Jackson discovered the work of author J. R. R. Tolkien after watching ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978), an animated film by Ralph Bakshi that was a part-adaptation of Tolkien's fantasy trilogy.

When he was 16 years old, Jackson left school and began working full time as a photo lithographer for a newspaper. For the 7 years he worked there, Jackson lived at home with his parents so he could save as much money as possible to spend on filming equipment. After two years of work Jackson bought a 16 mm camera, and began shooting a short film that later became ''Bad Taste''.

The splatter period

Over four years (from 1983 to 1987) Jackson's first feature, ''Bad Taste'', grew in haphazard fashion from a short film into a 90-minute splatter comedy, with many of Jackson's friends acting and working on it for free. Shooting was normally done in the weekends since Jackson was now working full-time. ''Bad Taste'' is about aliens that come to earth with the intention of turning humans into food. Jackson had two acting roles including a scene in which he fights himself.

The film was finally completed thanks to a late injection of finance from the New Zealand Film Commission, after Jim Booth, the body's executive director, became convinced of Jackson's talent (Booth later left the Commission to become Jackson's producer). In May 1987, ''Bad Taste'' was unveiled at the Cannes Film Festival, where rights to the film quickly sold to twelve countries.

Around this time Peter Jackson began working on writing a number of film scripts, in varied collaborative groupings with playwright Stephen Sinclair, writer Fran Walsh and writer/actor Danny Mulheron. Walsh would later become his partner. Some of the scripts from this period, including ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'' sequel, have never been made into movies; the proposed zombie film ''Braindead'' underwent extensive rewrites.

Jackson's next film to see release was ''Meet the Feebles'' (1989), co-written by the four writers mentioned above. An ensemble musical comedy starring Muppet-style puppets, ''Feebles'' originally began as a short film intended for television, but was rapidly expanded into a full-length script after unexpected enthusiasm from Japanese investors, and the collapse of ''Braindead'', six weeks before filming. Begun on a very low budget, ''Feebles'' went weeks over schedule. Jackson stated of his second feature length film, "It's got a quality of humour that alienates a lot of people.. It's very black, very satirical, very savage." ''Feebles'' marked Jackson's first collaboration with special effects team Richard Taylor and Tania Rodger, who would later work on all Jackson's movies.

Jackson's next release was the horror comedy ''Braindead'' (1992) (released in North America as ''Dead Alive''), now seen as a landmark in splatter movies. Originally planned as a Spanish co-production, the film reversed the usual zombie plot. Rather than keeping the zombies out of his place of refuge, the hero attempts to keep them inside, while maintaining a façade of normality. The film features extensive special effects including miniature trams, stop motion and a plethora of gory make-up effects.

''Heavenly Creatures'' and ''Forgotten Silver''

Released in 1994 after Jackson won a race to bring the story to the screen, ''Heavenly Creatures'' marked a major change for Jackson in terms of both style and tone. The film is based on real-life events: namely the Parker–Hulme murder in which two teenage girls in 1950s Christchurch became close friends, some say lovers, and later murdered the mother of one of the girls. Jackson's partner Fran Walsh helped persuade him that the events had the makings of a movie; Jackson has been quoted saying that the film "only got made" because of her enthusiasm for the subject matter. Many New Zealanders were apprehensive about how Jackson would treat the material, an apprehension that would later turn in many cases to relief. The film's fame coincided with the New Zealand media tracking down the real-life Juliet Hulme, who now wrote books under the name Anne Perry. Jackson would cast the actors Melanie Lynskey and Kate Winslet in the roles of Parker and Hulme. ''Heavenly Creatures'' received considerable critical acclaim, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay and making top ten of the year lists in ''Time'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', and ''The New Zealand Herald''.

The success of ''Heavenly Creatures'' won Jackson attention from US company Miramax, who promoted the film vigorously in America and signed the director to a first-look deal.

The following year, in collaboration with Wellington film-maker Costa Botes, Jackson co-directed the mockumentary ''Forgotten Silver'' (1995). This ambitious made-for-television piece told the story of New Zealand film pioneer Colin McKenzie, who had supposedly invented colour film and 'talkies', and attempted an epic film of ''Salome'' before being forgotten by the world. Though the programme played in a slot normally reserved for drama, no other warning was given that it was fictionalised. Many were outraged at discovering Colin McKenzie had never existed. Some have argued that the number of people who believed the increasingly improbable story provides testimony to Jackson and Botes' skill at playing on New Zealand's national myth of a nation of innovators and forgotten trail-blazers.

In the meantime, Jackson and Walsh had two children, Billy (1995) and Katie (1996).

Hollywood, Weta, and the Film Commission

The success of ''Heavenly Creatures'' helped pave the way for Jackson's first big budget Hollywood film, ''The Frighteners'' starring Michael J. Fox, in 1996. Thanks partly to support from American producer Robert Zemeckis, Jackson was given permission to make this comedy/horror film entirely in New Zealand despite being set in a North American town. This period was a key one of change for both Jackson and Weta Workshop, the special effects company — born from the one man contributions of George Port to ''Heavenly Creatures'' — with which Jackson is often associated. Weta, initiated by Jackson and key collaborators, grew rapidly during this period to incorporate both digital and physical effects, make-up and costumes, the first two areas normally commanded by Jackson collaborator Richard Taylor.

''The Frighteners'' was regarded as a commercial failure. Some critics expressed disappointment that it displayed little of the anarchistic humor of Jackson's early movies and that the script felt underdeveloped. In February 1997, Jackson launched legal proceedings against the ''New Zealand Listener'' magazine for defamation, over a review of ''The Frighteners'' which claimed that the film was "built from the rubble of other people's movies". In the end, the case was not pursued further. Around this time Jackson's remake of ''King Kong'' was shelved by Universal Studios, partly because ''Mighty Joe Young'', another giant gorilla movie, had already gone into production.

This period of transition seems not to have been entirely a happy one; it also marked one of the high points of tension between Jackson and the New Zealand Film Commission since ''Meet the Feebles'' had gone over-budget earlier in his career. Jackson has claimed the Commission considered firing him from ''Feebles'', though the NZFC went on to help fund his next three films. In 1997, the director submitted a lengthy criticism of the Commission for a magazine supplement meant to celebrate the body's 20th anniversary, criticising what he called inconsistent decision-making by inexperienced board members. The magazine felt that the material was too long and potentially defamatory to publish in that form; a shortened version of the material went on to appear in ''Metro'' magazine. In the ''Metro'' article Jackson criticised the Commission over funding decisions concerning a film he was hoping to executive produce, but refused to drop a client-confidentiality clause that allowed them to publicly reply to his criticisms.

''The Lord of the Rings''

Peter Jackson won the rights to film J. R. R. Tolkien's epic in 1997 after meeting with producer Saul Zaentz. Originally working with Miramax towards a two-film production, Jackson was later pressured to render the story as a single film, and finally overcame a tight deadline by making a last minute deal with New Line, who were keen on a trilogy.

Principal photography stretched from 11 October 1999 to 22 December 2000 with extensive location filming across New Zealand. With the benefit of extended post-production and extra periods of shooting before each film's release, the series met huge success and sent Jackson's popularity soaring. ''The Return of the King'' itself met with huge critical acclaim, winning eleven Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The film was the first of the fantasy film genre to win the award for Best Picture and was the second sequel to win Best Picture (the first being ''The Godfather Part II'').

Jackson's mother, Joan, died three days before the release of the first movie in the trilogy, ''The Fellowship of the Ring''. There was a special showing of the film after her funeral.

Following ''The Return of the King'', Jackson lost a large amount of weight –over to the point of being unrecognisable to some fans. In ''The Daily Telegraph'', he attributed his weight loss to his diet. He said, "I just got tired of being overweight and unfit, so I changed my diet from hamburgers to yogurt and muesli and it seems to work."

''King Kong''

Universal Studios signed Peter Jackson for a second time to remake the 1933 classic ''King Kong'' — the film that inspired him to become a film director as a child. He was reportedly paid a fee of US$20 million upfront, the highest salary ever paid to a film director in advance of production, against a 20 percent take of the box-office rentals (the portion of the price of the ticket that goes to the film distributor, in this case Universal). The film was released on 14 December 2005, and grossed around US$550 million worldwide.

''The Lovely Bones''

Jackson completed an adaptation of Alice Sebold's bestseller, ''The Lovely Bones'', which was released in the United States on 11 December 2009. Jackson has said the film was a welcome relief from his larger-scale epics. The storyline's combination of fantasy aspects and themes of murder bears some similarities to ''Heavenly Creatures''.

The film was an anticipated Best Picture Oscar contender, but ended up receiving mixed reviews and middling box office returns.

Current and future projects

Jackson is one of the producers on a ''Tintin'' movie directed by Steven Spielberg. The project will use 3-D animation combined with motion capture to bring the project to the silver screen, likely in 2011. Jackson has planned to direct the sequel with tentative plans for himself and Spielberg to co-direct a third film.

Jackson had talked of producing films for others as early as 1995, but a number of factors slowed developments in this regard, including the failure of ''Jack Brown Genius'' (1995). After he became a force in Hollywood, he was set to produce a $128 million movie version of the science fiction video game series ''Halo'', but the project went on hold when financial backers withdrew their support. The failure of Halo however led to what became ''District 9'', which ended up being a box office hit and garnered a Best Picture nomination.

Jackson is set to produce a remake of ''The Dam Busters'', to be directed by longtime Weta designer Christian Rivers and for which Stephen Fry has written a screenplay.

Jackson has also won the rights to a film adaptation of the fantasy novel series ''Temeraire'', a novel about dragons being used in combat in the Napoleonic Wars and a dragon named Temeraire and his captain, Will Laurence, written by Naomi Novik. It remains to be seen if he will direct it.

Jackson produced ''District 9'', a science fiction project which Neill Blomkamp directed. The script was written by Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell.

In recent years, Jackson has also directed a short film entitled ''Crossing the Line'' to test a new model of digital cinema camera, the RED ONE. The film takes place during World War I, and was shot in two days. "Crossing the Line" was shown at NAB 2007 (the USA National Association of Broadcasters). Clips of the film can be found at Reduser.net.

Jackson and his newly formed studio Wingnut Interactive are working on an unrevealed project being developed by Microsoft Game Studios in collaboration with Bungie Studios. The project has been officially titled ''Halo: Chronicles'' but beyond speculation little else is known about its nature. He was to be the executive producer on a ''Halo'' film, developed and released by Universal Studios and 20th Century Fox but in October 2006 the film was postponed indefinitely. The film was never officially cancelled and in late June 2008 Peter Jackson commented that, "With upcoming developments (Halo: Chronicles), I wouldn't know when to expect a movie, and I'm the producer."

Jackson spent $5 million to purchase 20 hectares of land in Wairarapa, a property containing a mansion, private lake, tunnel and the interior of Bag End from ''The Lord of the Rings''. In 2009, he purchased a Gulfstream G550 jet; his total net worth is estimated by ''National Business Review'' at NZ$450 million. Jackson owns an aircraft restoration and manufacturing company, The Vintage Aviator, which is dedicated to World War I and World War II fighter planes among other planes from the 1920s and 1930s. He is chairman of the Omaka Aviation Heritage Trust, which hosts a biennial air show. In late December 2009 announced his interest on the movie adaption of the novel Mortal Engines. In April 2010 it was confirmed that he would be both director and producer of the project and as of May 2010 it is rumoured that WETA has already begun preliminary work on the movie.

''The Hobbit''

Jackson's involvement in the making of a film version of ''The Hobbit'', has a long and chequered history. In November 2006, a letter from Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh stated that due to an ongoing legal dispute between Wingnut Films (Jackson's production company) and New Line Cinema, Jackson would not be directing the film. New Line Cinema's head Robert Shaye commented that Jackson "...will never make any movie with New Line Cinema again while I'm still working at the company...". This prompted an online call for a boycott of New Line Cinema, and by August 2007 Shaye was trying to repair his working relationship. On 18 December 2007, it was announced that Peter Jackson and New Line Cinema had reached agreement to make two prequels, both based on ''The Hobbit'', and to be released in 2012 and 2013 with Jackson as a writer and executive producer and Guillermo del Toro directing.

However, in early 2010, del Toro dropped out of directing the film because of production delays and a month later Jackson was in negotiations to direct ''The Hobbit'' after all; and on October 15 he was finalised as the director—with New Zealand confirmed as the location a couple of weeks later. The film started production on March 20, 2011.

Games

Jackson is set to make games with Microsoft Game Studios, a partnership announced on 27 September 2006, at X06. Specifically, Jackson and Microsoft were teaming together to form a new studio called Wingnut Interactive. In collaboration with Bungie Studios, Jackson was to co-write, co-design and co-produce a new game taking place in the Halo universe - tentatively called ''Halo: Chronicles''. However on 27 July 2009, in an interview about his new movie ''District 9'', he said that ''Halo: Chronicles'' had been cancelled, while Microsoft confirmed that the game is "on hold". Jackson's game studio Wingnut Interactive is now at work on original intellectual property.

Charitable activities

Jackson has given NZ$500,000 to stem cell research.

He purchased a church in the Wellington suburb of Seatoun for about $10 million, saving it from demolition.

He also contributes his expertise to 48HOURS, a New Zealand film-making competition, through annually selecting 3 "Wildcards" for the National Final.

Jackson, a World War I aviation enthusiast, is chair of the 14-18 Aviation Heritage Trust. He donated his services and provided replica aircraft to create a 10 minute multimedia display called ''Over the Front'' for the Australian War Memorial in 2008.

Style

Jackson is known for his attention to detail, a habit of shooting scenes from many angles, a macabre sense of humour, and a general playfulness - the latter to the point where ''The Lord of the Rings'' conceptual designer Alan Lee jokingly remarked "the film is almost incidental really".

Jackson was a noted perfectionist on the ''Lord of the Rings'' shoot, where he demanded numerous takes of scenes, requesting additional takes by repeatedly saying, "one more for luck". Jackson is also renowned within the New Zealand film industry for his insistence on "coverage" — shooting a scene from as many angles as possible, giving him more options during editing. Jackson has been known to spend days shooting a single scene. This is evident in his work where even scenes featuring simple conversations often feature a wide array of multiple camera angles and shot-sizes as well as zooming closeups on characters' faces. One of his most common visual trademarks is shooting close-ups of actors with wide-angle lenses.

Unlike some other film directors, Jackson has remained in his native country to make films. This has been the genesis of several production and support companies. Most of Jackson's assets are found on the Miramar Peninsula in his home town of Wellington where much of his filming occurs; and he was instrumental in having the world premiere of ''The Return of the King'' in the city's iconic Embassy Theatre which he helped restore.

He was an early user of computer enhancement technology and provided digital special effects to a number of Hollywood films by use of telecommunications and satellite links to transmit raw images and the final results across the Pacific Ocean.

During filming of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Jackson was famous for wearing shorts and going barefoot under most circumstances, especially during film shoots.

Cameo roles

Jackson usually makes cameo appearances in his own films:

In ''The Lovely Bones'', he appears as a customer in a camera store playing with a camera.

Jackson appears as a biplane gunner attacking Kong in New York, reprising the cameo which original ''King Kong'' filmmaker Merian C. Cooper made in his 1933 film.

''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy includes multiple cameos. In ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', Jackson plays a drunken, carrot-chomping citizen of Bree. In ''The Two Towers'', he plays a spear-throwing defender of Helm's Deep. In his significant cameo in ''The Return of the King'' he is seen as the boatswain of a murderous corsair ship. This character is seen very briefly in the theatrical version. In the extended version he is onscreen for a longer period of time and is accidentally killed by Legolas's "warning shot". A detailed action figure of Jackson was made of this character in the same line as the rest of the Lord of the Rings toys.

Unbeknownst to many, Jackson actually makes two cameos in ''Return of the King''. The other is seen during the scene of Shelob's Lair, where Sam's (Jackson's) arm is seen entering the shot as Shelob is wrapping Frodo in webbing. This was due to Sean Astin's temporary absence, and Peter wanted to progress the production of the scene as much as possible, even without the actor.

In ''The Frighteners'', Jackson is a biker bumped into by Frank Bannister.

In ''Heavenly Creatures'', he is the bum who gets kissed by Juliet Hulme.

In ''Braindead'', he is the mortician's assistant.

In the puppet movie ''Meet the Feebles'', Jackson appears as an audience member disguised as one of the aliens from ''Bad Taste''.

He has also made cameos in several films not directed by him. In the opening sequence of ''Hot Fuzz'' (2007), he played a demented man dressed as Father Christmas, who stabs Nicholas Angel (played by Simon Pegg) in the hand.

Jackson's eldest son, Billy (born 1995), has made cameo appearances in every one of his father's films since his birth, namely ''The Frighteners'' (1996), ''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy, and ''King Kong''. His daughter, Katie (born 1996), appears in all the above films except ''The Frighteners''.

Jackson had a cameo on the HBO show ''Entourage'' in 5 August 2007 episode, "Gary's Desk", in which he offers a business proposal to Eric Murphy, manager to the lead character, Vincent Chase.

Filmography

Director

! Year	! Title	! Oscar nominations	! Oscar wins	! BAFTA nominations	! BAFTA wins	! Golden Globe nominations	! Golden Globe wins
! 1976
! 1987	''Bad Taste''
! 1989	''Meet the Feebles''
! 1992
! 1994	''Heavenly Creatures''	1
! 1995	''Forgotten Silver''
! 1996	''The Frighteners''
! 2001	''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''	13	4	12	4	4
! 2002	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''	6	2	9	2	2
! 2003	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''	11	11	12	4	4	4
! 2005		4	3	3	1	2
! 2008
! 2009		1		2		1
!2012
!2013

Producer

''Bad Taste'' (1987): Producer/Director

''Meet the Feebles'' (1989): Producer/Director

''Valley of the Stereos'' (1992 short): Co-producer

''Jack Brown Genius'' (1994): Producer

''Heavenly Creatures'' (1994): Co-producer/Director

''The Frighteners'' (1996): Producer/Director

''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (2001): Producer/Director

''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (2002): Producer/Director

''The Long and Short of It'' (2003 short): Executive Producer

''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003): Producer/Director

''King Kong'' (2005): Producer/Director

''District 9'' (2009): Producer

''The Lovely Bones'' (2009): Producer/Director

''The Adventures of Tintin: Secret of the Unicorn'' (2011): Producer

''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' (2012): Producer/Director

''The Hobbit: There And Back Again'' (2013): Producer/Director

Awards and nominations

! Year	! Award	! Category	! Title	! Result
1995	Academy Awards		''Heavenly Creatures''
2002	Academy Awards		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2002	Academy Awards		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2002	Academy Awards		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2003	Academy Awards	Best Picture	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2004	Academy Awards	Best Picture	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2004	Academy Awards	Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2004	Academy Awards	Best Adapted Screenplay	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2010	Academy Awards	Best Picture	''District 9''
2002	British Academy Film Awards
2002	British Academy Film Awards		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2002	British Academy Film Awards		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2003	British Academy Film Awards	Best Film
2003	British Academy Film Awards	David Lean Award for Direction	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2004	British Academy Film Awards	Best Film	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2004	British Academy Film Awards	David Lean Award for Direction	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2004	British Academy Film Awards	Best Adapted Screenplay	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2002		Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2004		Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2006		Best Director
2002	Directors Guild of America Award		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2003	Directors Guild of America Award	DGA Award - Motion Pictures	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2004	Directors Guild of America Award	DGA Award - Motion Pictures	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2002	Golden Globe Award		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2003	Golden Globe Award	Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2004	Golden Globe Award	Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2006	Golden Globe Award	Best Director	''King Kong''
1993	New Zealand Film and TV Award	Best Director - Film
1993	New Zealand Film and TV Award	Best Screenplay - Film	''Braindead''
1995	New Zealand Film and TV Award	Best Director - Film	''Heavenly Creatures''
2002	Producers Guild of America Award		''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2003	Producers Guild of America Award	PGA Award - Motion Pictures	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2004	Producers Guild of America Award	PGA Award - Motion Pictures	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2010	Producers Guild of America Award	PGA Award - Motion Pictures	''District 9''
1997	Saturn Award		''The Frighteners''
1997	Saturn Award		''The Frighteners''
2002	Saturn Award	Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2002	Saturn Award	Best Writing	''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2003	Saturn Award	Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2003	Saturn Award	Best Writing	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''
2004	Saturn Award	Best Director	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2004	Saturn Award	Best Writing	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''
2006	Saturn Award	Best Director	''King Kong''
2006	Saturn Award	Best Writing	''King Kong''
1995	Writers Guild of America Award		''Heavenly Creatures''
2002	Writers Guild of America Award	Best Adapted Screenplay	''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
2004	Writers Guild of America Award	Best Adapted Screenplay	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''

Jackson was appointed a Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit, in the 2002 New Year Honours. In 2010 he was advanced to Knight Companion of New Zealand. The investiture ceremony took place at Premier House in Wellington on 28 April 2010.

Bibliography

Brian Sibley. ''Peter Jackson- A Film-maker's Journey''. Sydney, HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 0732285623.

Ian Pryor. ''Peter Jackson- From prince of splatter to lord of the rings''. Auckland, Random House, 2003, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2004. ISBN 1869415558 (NZ Edition)

Andrea Bordoni, Matteo Marino, "Peter Jackson". Milan, Il Castoro, 2002. ISBN 9788880332251. The first book-length study of the director.

See also

Cinema of New Zealand

List of New Zealand film makers

Park Road Post

Weta Workshop

Weta Digital

References

External links

The official Peter Jackson fanclub

In-depth interview about ''King Kong'' and future projects

Peter Jackson at FEARnet

Peter Jackson's trip from splatstick to RAF

Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners Category:Best Director Academy Award winners Category:Best Director Golden Globe winners Category:Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit Category:New Zealand film directors Category:New Zealand film producers Category:New Zealand people of English descent Category:New Zealand screenwriters Category:People from Wellington City Category:Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award

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Coordinates	12°56′23″N74°14′51″N
name	Roy Edwards
position	Goaltender
catches	Right
height ft	5
height in	8
weight lb	165
played for	NHL Detroit Red Wings Pittsburgh Penguins AHL Buffalo Bisons Pittsburgh Hornets CHL Fort Worth Wings
nationality	Canada
birth date	March 12, 1937
birth place	Seneca Township, ON, CAN
death date	August 16, 1999
death place	Buffalo, NY, USA
career start	1959
career end	1974
halloffame	}}

Allan Roy Edwards (March 12, 1937 – August 16, 1999) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 206 games in the National Hockey League. He was born in Seneca Township, Ontario. On June 6, 1967 Pittsburgh Penguins selected him in the expanstion draft, but traded Edwards to the Detroit Red Wings the next day. Roy Edwards spent six seasons with the Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) to (1973–74). During the (1971–72) he played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

In 1958 at age 21, Edwards backstopped the Whitby Dunlops, Canada's representative, to the World Hockey Championship at Oslo, Norway, posting a perfect 7–0 record with three shutouts and an 0.86 goals-against average. The Dunlops captain was future Boston Bruins General Manager Harry Sinden.

In 1960 he became property of the Chicago Black Hawks. His name was engraved on the Stanley Cup in 1961, despite never having played a single game for Chicago. If fact Edwards did not play his first NHL game until 1967-68 season for Detroit, 7 season after being engraved on the Stanley Cup.

Edwards' road to the NHL was a long, windy one. In nine years, he played for seven teams in four leagues. Then in 1967–68, Roger Crozier stunned the Red Wings by announcing his retirement due to illness. The 30-year-old made much of his opportunity, leading the team in games and wins for four consecutive seasons.

A collision in 1970 with an opposing forward and the goalpost caused a hairline fracture in Edwards' skull, headaches and dizzy spells. His health caused him to retire, but only briefly. After a one-season comeback with the Penguins, he returned to the Wings. His 1972–73 season was his finest: winning 27 games and posting an NHL-leading six shutouts. The following season, he lost his first three decisions and retired, permanently.

Edwards was uncle to Don Edwards, another NHL goalie noted for his longevity.

External links

Wings of Legend:Roy Edwards, DetroitRedWings.com, retrieved on May 27, 2007

Masks from the Past: Roy Edwards, classic fibreglass goalie masks, www.hockeymasks.com, retrieved on May 27, 2007

Obituary at LostHockey.com

Category:1937 births Category:1999 deaths Category:Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders Category:Detroit Red Wings players Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario Category:People from Haldimand County, Ontario Category:Pittsburgh Hornets players Category:Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players Category:Stanley Cup champions Category:Spokane Comets players Category:St. Catharines Teepees alumni

fr:Roy Edwards