Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Born	17 September [O.S. 5 September] 1857 Izhevskoye, Russian Empire
Died	19 September 1935(1935-09-19) (aged 78) Kaluga, USSR
Fields	Astronautic theory
Known for	Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky^[1] (17 September [O.S. 5 September] 1857 – 19 September 1935) was an Imperial Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory. Along with his followers the German Hermann Oberth and the American Robert H. Goddard, he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics.^[2] His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergey Korolyov and Valentin Glushko and contributed to the success of the Soviet space program.

Tsiolkovsky spent most of his life in a log house on the outskirts of Kaluga, about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Moscow. A recluse by nature, he appeared strange and bizarre to his fellow townsfolk.

Biography[link]

He was born in Izhevskoye (now in Spassky District, Ryazan Oblast), in the Russian Empire, to a middle-class family. His father, Edward Tsiolkovsky (in Polish: Ciołkowski), was Polish; his mother, Maria Yumasheva, was an educated Russian woman.^[3] His father was an orthodox priest of Polish descent deported to Russia as a result of his political activities.^[4] At the age of 9, Konstantin caught scarlet fever and became hard of hearing.^[5] He was not admitted to elementary schools because of his hearing problem, so he was self-taught.^[5]

After falling behind in his studies, Tsiolkovsky spent three years attending a library where Russian cosmism proponent Nikolai Fyodorov worked. He later came to believe that colonizing space would lead to the perfection of the human race, with immortality and a carefree existence.^[6]

Additionally, inspired by the fiction of Jules Verne, Tsiolkovsky theorized many aspects of space travel and rocket propulsion. He is considered the father of spaceflight and the first person to conceive the space elevator, becoming inspired in 1895 by the newly-constructed Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Tsiolkovsky worked as a high school mathematics teacher until retiring in 1920. He did not particularly flourish under a communist system, in particular Tsiolkovsky's support of eugenics^[7] made him politically unpopular. However, from the mid 1920s onwards the importance of his other work was acknowledged, and he was honoured for it. He died on 19 September 1935 in Kaluga and was buried in state.^[6]

Scientific achievements[link]

This section has recently been partly machine translated from the Russian article. Please supply an improved translation if possible.

Monument to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Moscow

Tsiolkovsky stated that he developed the theory of rocketry only as a supplement to philosophical research on the subject.^[8] He wrote more than 400 works, most of which are little known to the general reader because of their questionable value.

During his lifetime he published approximately 90 works on space travel and related subjects.^[9] Among his works are designs for rockets with steering thrusters, multi-stage boosters, space stations, airlocks for exiting a spaceship into the vacuum of space, and closed cycle biological systems to provide food and oxygen for space colonies.

The first scientific study of Tsiolkovsky dates to the year 1880–1881. Unaware of the discoveries already made, he wrote a paper called "Theory of Gases," in which he outlined the basis of the kinetic theory of gases. His second work – "The mechanics of the animal organism" received favorable feedback and Tsiolkovsky was inducted into the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. The main works of Tsiolkovsky after 1884 dealt with four major areas: the scientific rationale for the all-metal balloon (Airship), the streamlined airplane, trains, hovercraft, and rockets for interplanetary travel.

Tsiolkovsky developed the first aerodynamic laboratory in Russia in his apartment. In 1897, he built the first Russian wind tunnel with an open test section, developed a method of experiment in it and 1900, with a grant from the Academy of Sciences, made a purge of the simplest models and determined the drag coefficient of the ball, flat plates, cylinders, cones and other bodies. Tsiolkovsky's work in the field of aerodynamics was a source of ideas for Zhukovsky. Tsiolkovsky described the airflow of bodies of different geometric shapes.

Tsiolkovsky studied the mechanics of powered flight, which were designated "dirigibles" (the word "airship" had not yet been invented). Tsiolkovsky first proposed the idea of ​​an all-metal dirigible, and built its model. The first printed work on the airship was "Managed Metallic Balloon" (1892), in which was given the scientific and technical rationale for the design of an airship with a metal sheath. Progressive for his time, Tsiolkovsky was not supported on the airship project: the author was refused a grant to build the model. An appeal to the General Aviation Staff of the Russian army also had no success. In 1892, he turned to the new and unexplored field of aircraft heavier than air. Tsiolkovsky's idea was to build an airplane with a metal frame. In the article "An airplane or a birdlike (aircraft) flying machine" (1894) are the descriptions and drawings of a monoplane, which by its appearance and aerodynamics was the design of an anticipated construction aircraft that would emerge over 15–18 years. In an Aviation Airplane, the wings have a thick profile with a rounded front edge and the fuselage is faired. But work on the airplane, as well as on the airship, did not receive recognition from the official representatives of Russian science. For further research Tsiolkovsky had neither the means nor even moral support.

Since 1896 Tsiolkovsky systematically studied the theory of motion of jet apparatus. Thoughts on the use of the rocket principle in the cosmos were expressed as early as 1883 by Tsiolkovsky. But a rigorous theory of jet propulsion described them in 1896. Tsiolkovsky derived the formula (it was called "Formula of Aviation"), establishing the relationship between:

• speed of a rocket at any moment
• specific impulse fuel
• mass of the rocket in the initial and final time

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \delta V=I_0 \ln\left( {M_1\over M_0} \right)

When finished recording math, Tsiolkovsky automatically set the date: 10 May 1897. In the same year the formula for the motion of the body of variable mass was published in the thesis of the Russian mathematician I. V. Meshchersky ("Dynamics of a point of variable mass," IV Meshchersky, St. Petersburg., 1897).

His most important work, published in 1903, was The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Russian: Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами).^[10] Tsiolkovsky calculated, with the Tsiolkovsky equation,^[11]:1 that the horizontal speed required for a minimal orbit around the Earth is 8,000 m/s (5 miles per second) and that this could be achieved by means of a multistage rocket fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.

In 1903 he published an article "Investigation of outer space rocket appliances", in which for the first time it was proved that a rocket could perform space flight. In this article, and its subsequent sequels (1911 and 1914), he developed some ideas of missiles and the use of liquid rocket engine.

Result of the first publication was not the one expected by Tsiolkovsky. No foreign scientists appreciated the research, which today is a major science. He was simply ahead of his time. In 1911 he published the second part of the work "The study of outer space rocket appliances." Tsiolkovsky evaluates work to overcome the force of gravity, determines the speed needed to exit the device into the solar system ("escape velocity") and flight time. This time, Tsiolkovsky's article made a splash in the scientific world. Tsiolkovsky found many friends in the world of science.

In 1926—1929 Tsiolkovsky solved the practical problem of how to get fuel into the rocket to get the separation speed and leave the Earth. It turned out that the finite speed of the rocket depends on the rate of gas flowing from it and from how many times the weight of the fuel exceeds the empty weight of the rocket.

Tsiolkovsky conceived a number of ideas that have been used in rockets. They included: gas rudders (graphite) for the rocket flight control and change the trajectory of its center of mass, use of components of the fuel to cool the outer shell of the spacecraft (during re-entry to Earth), the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, pump system feeding the fuel components, the optimal descent trajectory of the spacecraft while returning from space, etc.[source?] In the field of rocket propellants Tsiolkovsky studied a large number of different oxidizing and combustible fuel and recommended pairings: liquid oxygen and hydrogen and oxygen with hydrocarbons. Tsiolkovsky did much fruitful work on the creation of the theory of jet aircraft, and invented his chart Gas Turbine Engine. In 1927 he published the theory and design of a train on an air cushion. He first proposed a "bottom of the retractable body" chassis. Space flight and the airship were the main problems to which he devoted his life. Tsiolkovsky had been developing the idea of the air cushion since 1921, publishing a fundamental paper on it in 1927, entitled "Air Resistance and the Express Train" (Russian: Сопротивление воздуха и скорый поезд).^[12][13] In 1929 Tsiolkovsky proposed the construction of multistage rockets in his book Space Rocket Trains (Russian: Космические ракетные поезда).

Tsiolkovsky championed the idea of ​​the diversity of life in the universe, and was the first theorist and advocate of human space exploration.

Hearing problems did not prevent the scientist from having a good understanding of music as outlined in his work "The Origin of music and its essence."

1 ruble, 1987

Tsiolkovsky never built a rocket; he apparently did not expect many of his theories to ever be implemented. Only late in his lifetime was Tsiolkovsky honoured for his pioneering work. He supported the Bolshevik Revolution, and the new Soviet government wished to identify itself with technology. In 1918 he was elected as a member of the Socialist Academy, and in 1921 received a lifetime pension.^[11]:1–2,8

Legacy[link]

Although many called his ideas impractical,^[11]:8,117 Tsiolkovsky influenced later rocket scientists throughout Europe, like Wernher von Braun. Russian search teams at Peenemünde found a German translation of a book by Tsiolkovsky of which "almost every page...was embellished by von Braun's comments and notes."^[11]:27 Leading Russian rocket-engine designer Valentin Glushko and rocket designer Sergey Korolyov studied Tsiolkovsky's works as youths,^{[11]:6–7,333} and both sought to turn Tsiolkovsky's theories into reality.^{[11]:3,166,182,187,205–206,208} In particular, Korolyov saw traveling to Mars as the more important priority,^{[11]:208,333,337} until in 1964 he decided to compete with the American Project Apollo for the moon.^[11]:404

Philosophical work[link]

The cover of the book "The Will of the Universe. The Unknown Intelligence." by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, 1928, considered to be a work of Cosmist philosophy.

Tsiolovsky wrote a book called The Will of the Universe. The Unknown Intelligence in 1928 in which he propounded a philosophy of panpsychism. He believed humans would eventually colonize the Milky Way galaxy.

Tributes[link]

Draft first space ship by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

• The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga now bears his name.
• The crater Tsiolkovskiy (the most prominent crater on the far side of the Moon) was named after him, while asteroid 1590 Tsiolkovskaja was named after his wife.^[14][15] (The Soviet Union obtained naming rights by operating Luna 3, the first space device to successfully transmit images of the side of the moon not seen from Earth.^[16])
• There is a statue of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky directly outside the Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

In popular culture[link]

• Tsiolkovsky was consulted for the script to the early Soviet science-fiction film, Kosmicheskiy reys.^[17]
• SF writer Alexander Beliaev has written a book in which a city and a space station are named after him.
• A lunar station is named Tsiolkovsky in Stanisław Lem's novel Tales of Pirx the Pilot, story "The Conditional Reflex".
• A space station is named Tsiolkovsky 1 in William Gibson's short story "Hinterlands".
• The character Aeolia Schenberg in the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam 00 is based on Tsiolkovsky.
• The Zvezda module of the International Space Station has photos of Tsiolkovsky and Yuri Gagarin posted on the wall above the aft hatchway.^[18]
• The Space Elevators in the Horus Heresy novel Mechanicum are called "Tsiolkovsky Towers".
• The Science ship in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Naked Now" is named after him.
• Episode eight of Denpa Onna to Seishun Otoko is called "Tsiolkovsky's Prayer"
• In the book Limit, written by Frank Schätzing in 2009, the theory of the Space Elevator is applied in a hypothetical future.
• In the video-game Mass Effect 2, one of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's quotes is used in an in-game advertisement.
• In the comic book series Assassin's Creed: The Fall, the leader of the Assassin Order reads from The Will of the Universe.

Works[link]

• (Russian) Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E. (1903), "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами)", The Science Review (5), http://www.epizodsspace.ru/bibl/dorev-knigi/ciolkovskiy/issl-03sovr.html 
• (Russian) Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E. (1931) (PDF), Origin and an Essence of Music (Происхождение музыки и ее сущность), http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Origin_of_music_by_Tsiolkovsky.pdf, retrieved 22 September 2008 

See also[link]

• Cosmism (Russian)
• Russian philosophy
• Space exploration
• Spaceflight
• Space colonization
• History of the internal combustion engine
• Timeline of hydrogen technologies
• Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
• Cosmonauts Alley

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Andrews, James T. (2009). Red Cosmos: K.E. Tsiolkovskii, Grandfather of Soviet Rocketry. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-168-1.  Review

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

• Tsiolkovsky's house The house museum of Tsiolkovsky
• Virtual Matchbox Labels Museum – Russian labels – Space – Page 2 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Historic images
• Tsiolkovsky from Russianspaceweb.com
• Spaceflight or Extinction: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Excerpts from "The Aims of Astronautics", The Call of the Cosmos
• The Foundations of the Space Age. The life and work of Tsiolkovskiy, by Vladimir V. Lytkin, Tsiolkovskiy Museum, Kaluga.

The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

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• List of inventors
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References[link]