Getty Images

Type	Private
Industry	Publishing, media, web design
Genre	Stock photography
Predecessor(s)	Getty Communications, PhotoDisc
Founder(s)	Mark Getty, Jonathan Klein
Headquarters	Seattle, Washington, USA
Products	Digital images, audio, video
Services	Rights-managed and royalty-free images, audio and video
Owner(s)	Hellman & Friedman
Subsidiaries	PhotoDisc, Tony Stone, Hulton Getty, Jupiterimages
Website	gettyimages.com

Getty Images, Inc. is a stock photo agency, based in Seattle, Washington, USA. It is a supplier of stock images for business and consumers with an archive of 80 million still images and illustrations and more than 50,000 hours of stock film footage. It targets three markets—creative professionals (advertising and graphic design), the media (print and online publishing), and corporate (in-house design, marketing and communication departments).

Getty has distribution offices around the world and capitalizes on the Internet and CD-ROM collections for distribution. As Getty has acquired other older photo agencies and archives, it has digitised their collections, enabling online distribution. Getty Images now operates a large commercial website which allows clients to search and browse for images, purchase usage rights and download images. Costs of images vary according to the chosen resolution and type of rights associated with each image. The company also offers custom photo services for corporate clients.

History[link]

In 1993, Mark Getty and Chief Executive Officer Jonathan Klein co-founded Getty Investments LLC. Mark Getty is the company's chairman.

In September 1997, Getty Communications, as it was called at the time, merged with PhotoDisc, Inc. to form Getty Images.

In April 2003 Getty Images entered into a partnership with Agence France-Presse (AFP) to market each other's images.^[1]

Getty Images acquired the Michael Ochs Archives in February 2007.^[2] The Michael Ochs Archives were described by The New York Times as "the premier source of musician photography in the world".^[3]

In 2008, the private equity firm Hellman & Friedman acquired Getty Images.

In 2009, Flickr announced a partnership with Getty Images in which specially selected users could submit photographs for stock photography usage and receive payment. In 2010 this was changed so that users could label images as suitable for stock use themselves.^[4]

Acquisitions[link]

Since its formation, Getty Images has pursued an aggressive programme of acquisition, buying up many privately owned agencies that had built up the stock photography industry, from small family-run firms to larger agencies. By 1999 it had acquired one of the largest agencies, Tony Stone Images; the online art seller Art.com; the sports photography agency Allsport; the journalistic specialists Liaison Agency; Newsmakers the first digital news photo agency; Online USA, a specialist in celebrity shots; and the Hulton Picture Library, the former archive of the British photojournalistic magazine Picture Post. The Hulton collection was sold by the BBC to Brian Deutsch in 1988, when it was renamed Hulton Deutsch. In 1996, the Hulton collection was sold on once more, this time purchased by Getty Images and renamed Hulton Getty. With the acquisition of the Hulton library, Getty Images took ownership of the rights to some 15 million photographs from the British press archives dating back to the Nineteenth Century. Hulton Getty also included photographs from the Keystone Collection, as well as images by notable photographers such as Bert Hardy, Bill Brandt, Weegee and Ernst Haas.^[5]

Getty also branched out into stock audio and video with the acquisition of EyeWire and Energy Film Library.^[6]

In 2000, Getty acquired one of its main competitors, Archive Photos of New York (a division of The Image Bank), for US$183 million.^[6] The Archive Photos library was combined with the Hulton Getty collection to form a new subsidiary, Hulton Archive. Archive Photos had been formed in 1990 from the merger of Pictorial Parade (est. 1935) and Frederick Lewis Stock Photos (est. 1938), two well-established US photo agencies. Their collections included archive images from The New York Times, Metronome and George Eastman House, and works by photographers such as Ruth Orkin, Deborah Feingold, Murray Garrett, Nat Fein and John Filo.^[5]

Further acquisitions followed, with the purchase in 2004 of image.net for $20 million USD.^[7] On February 9, 2006, the microstock photo website iStockphoto was acquired by Getty Images for $50 million USD.^[8] In 2007, Getty successfully purchased its largest competitor, MediaVast, for $207 million. The acquisition meant that Getty Images gained control of WireImage (Entertainment, creative, and sports photography), FilmMagic (fashion and red carpet photography), Contour Photos (portrait and studio photography). Getty Images also acquired a host of other subsidiaries including "Master Delegates" who include: Gallo Images in Johannesburg, Touchline Photo in Cape Town, Isifa Image Service in Prague, Laura Ronchi in Italy.^[9]

On October 23, 2008, Getty Images announced their intention to buy Jupitermedia's online images division, Jupiterimages, for $96 million in cash.^[10] The sale went ahead in February 2009; Jupiterimages (including the sites stock.xchng and StockXpert) is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Getty, while Jupitermedia, now trading as WebMediaBrands, continues its internet publishing business which was not sold to Getty Images.^[11]

In December 2008, it was announced that Getty Images was acquiring Redferns Music Picture Library, the London-based music photography collection.

Sale of company[link]

In February 2008 it was announced that Getty Images would be acquired by Hellman & Friedman in a transaction valued at an estimated US$2.4 billion.^[12]

On July 2, 2008, Getty Images announced the completion of its acquisition by the private equity firm Hellman & Friedman. Getty Images common stock ceased trading on the New York Stock Exchange at the close of the acquisition and was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange.^[13]

Controversial practices to enforce copyright[link]

Getty Images has caused controversy for its aggressive pursuit of copyright enforcement on behalf of its photographers. Rather than pursue a policy of sending out "cease and desist" notices, Getty typically mails out a demand letter claiming substantial sums of damages to owners of websites which it believes are using their images in infringement of their photographers' copyright.^[14] Getty commonly tries to intimidate website owners by sending collection agents, even though a demand letter cannot create a debt. One photographer noted: "courts don't like to be used as a means of extortion."^[14] In one case, Getty sent a church in Lichfield, Staffordshire, a £6,000 bill for photographs used on its website, apparently placed there by a church volunteer.^[14] In this case, the church offered to pay Getty what it thought was a reasonable amount. The diocese's communications director said, "Getty was not playing ball or following the normal litigation or dispute resolution procedures and [I advised the church] to ignore them. We don't deal with bullies; we deal with legal threats appropriately. I told [Getty] by letter that's what [the church was] doing, that we were not going to play, and didn't hear any more."^[14] The Guardian describes other instances in which Getty or other stock photo businesses dropped the matter when the website owner refused to pay or hired a lawyer. A law firm was quoted as saying: "Once we get involved generally Getty does back off."^[14]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Getty Images Retrieved September 2011

John J. Medina is a developmental molecular biologist with special research interests in the isolation and characterization of genes involved in human brain development and the genetics of psychiatric disorders. Medina has spent most of his professional life as an analytical research consultant, working primarily in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries on research issues related to mental health.

He was founding director of the Talaris Research Institute, which supports researchers such as Patricia Kuhl^[1] and John Gottman.^[2] He directed Talaris until 2006, and now is the director of the Brain Center for Applied Learning Research at Seattle Pacific University, which has worked on creating learning environments at Woodland Park Zoo.^[3] He is also an affiliate professor of Bioengineering at the University of Washington School of Medicine.

Dr. Medina writes the "Molecules of the Mind" column for the Psychiatric Times.

Education[link]

Dr. Medina earned his doctorate in molecular biology from Washington State University and is a national faculty fellow of Continuing Medical Education, Inc., of Irvine, CA. In 2004, he was appointed to the rank of affiliate scholar at the National Academy of Engineering.^[4]

Books[link]

• Brain Rules, about which Dr. Medina was recorded speaking at Google's Mountain View headquarters as part of the Authors@Google program on April 8, 2008.
• The Outer Limits of Life
• Depression: How it happens, How it's healed
• What You Need to Know About Alzheimer's
• The Clock of Ages
• The Genetic Inferno: Inside the Seven Deadly Sins
• Uncovering the Mystery of AIDS
• Of Serotonin, Dopamine and Antipsychotic Medications

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• http://www.johnmedina.com
• http://www.brainrules.net