In Brazil, Pardo (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpaʁdu]) is a race/skin color category used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in Brazilian censuses. It is a Portuguese word that encompasses various shades of brown, but is usually translated as "grayish-brown". The other categories are branco ("White"), negro ("Black"), amarelo ("yellow", meaning East Asians), and indígena ("indigene" or "indigenous person", meaning Amerindians).

Pardo was also a casta classification used in Colonial Spanish America from the 16th to 18th centuries, and was used to classify a racially mixed individual who did not fall within the racially mixed categories (castes) of Mulatto, Zambo, or Mestizo because a Pardo is a mixture of white, black, and Amerindian, not just two of them. The term Pardo was used primarily in small areas of Spanish America whose economy was based on slavery during the Spanish colonization period.

Definitions[link]

According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Pardo is a broad classification that encompasses Brazilians of mixed race ancestry, mulattoes, and assimilated indigenous people ("caboclos"). The term "pardo" was first used in a Brazilian census in 1872. The following census, in 1890, replaced the word "pardo" by mestiço (mixed). The censuses of 1900 and 1920 did not ask about race, arguing that "the answers largely hid the truth".^[3] The question about race reappeared in the 1940 census. In this census, "pardo" was not given as an option, but if the answer was different from the options "white", "black", and "yellow", a horizontal line was drawn into the "colour" box. When the census data came to be tabulated, all responses with horizontal lines were collected into the single category of "pardo". The term "pardo" was not used as an option as an assurance to the public that census data would not be used for discriminatory purposes, as a result of rising European racism at the time.^[4] In the 1950 census, "pardo" was actually added as a choice of answer.^[4] This trend remains, with the exception of the 1970 census, which also did not ask about race.^[3]

The 20th century saw a large growth of the "pardo" population.^[3] In 1940, 21.2% of Brazilians were classified as "pardos". In 2000, they had increased to 38.5% of the population. This is only partially due to the continuous process of miscegenation in the Brazilian population.^{[citation needed]} Races are molded in accordance with perceptions and ideologies prevalent in each historical moment. In the 20th century, a significant part of Brazilians who used to self-report to be Black in earlier censuses chose to move to the Pardo category^{[citation needed]}. Also a significant part of the population that used to self-report to be White also moved to the Pardo category^{[citation needed]}. Magnoli describes this phenomenon as the "pardização" (pardoization) of Brazil.^[3]

Ancestry[link]

According to an autosomal DNA study (the autosomal study is about the sum of the ancestors of a person, unlike mtDNA or yDNA haplogroup studies, who cover only one single line), the "pardos" in Rio de Janeiro were found to be predominantly European, at roughly 70% (see table). The geneticist Sérgio Pena criticised foreign scholar Edward Telles for lumping "blacks" and "pardos" in the same category, given the predominant European ancestry of the "pardos" throughout Brazil. According to him, "the autosomal genetic analysis that we have performed in non related individuals from Rio de Janeiro shows that it does not make any sense to put "blacks" and "pardos" in the same category".^[5]

Another autosomal DNA study has confirmed that the European ancestry is dominant throughout in the Brazilian population, regardless of complexion, "pardos" included. "A new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific magazine 'American Journal of Human Biology' by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as skin colour, colour of the eyes and colour of the hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies".^[7] "Ancestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian Native Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations." ^[8] It is important to note that "the samples came from free of charge paternity test takers, thus as the researchers made it explicit: "the paternity tests were free of charge, the population samples involved people of variable socioeconomic strata, although likely to be leaning slightly towards the ‘‘pardo’’ group".^[9]

According to another autosomal DNA study conducted on a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro the "pardos" there were found to be on average over 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found out to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. "The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry", say the researchers. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as 1/3 European, 1/3 African and 1/3 Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry was determined to be at over 80% European.^[10][11]

An autosomal study from 2011 (with nearly almost 1000 samples from all over the country, "whites", "pardos" and "blacks") has also concluded that European ancestry is the predominant ancestry in Brazil, accounting for nearly 70% of the ancestry of the population. "In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The "pardos" included were found to be predominantly European in ancestry on average.^[12] The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil ^[13]), and also public health institutions personnel and health students.

History[link]

The formation of the Brazilian people is marked by a mixture of whites, blacks and Indians.^[14] According to geneticist Sérgio Pena "with the exception of immigrants of first or second generation, there is no Brazilian who does not carry a bit of African and Amerindian genetic".^[15] "The correlation between color and genomic ancestry is imperfect: at the individual level one cannot safely predict the skin color of a person from his/her level of European, African and Amerindian ancestry nor the opposite. Regardless of their skin color, the overwhelming majority of Brazilians have a high degree of European ancestry. Also, regardless of their skin color, the overwhelming majority of Brazilians have a significant degree of African ancestry. Finally, most Brazilians have a significant and very uniform degree of Amerindian ancestry! The high ancestral variability observed in Whites and Blacks suggests that each Brazilian has a singular and quite individual proportion of European, African and Amerindian ancestry in his/her mosaic genomes" (geneticist Sérgio Pena).^[16] The colonization of Brazil was characterised by a small proportion of women among the settlers.^[17] As there was a male predominance in the European contingent present in Brazil, most sexual partners of those settlers were, initially, Amerindian or African women, and, later, mixed-race women.^[17] This sexual asymmetry is marked on the genetics of the Brazilian people, regardless of skin color: there is a predominance of European Y chromosomes, and of Amerindian and African MtDNA.^[18] Haplogroup frequencies do not determine phenotype nor admixture. They are very general genetic snapshots, primarily useful in examining past population group migratory patterns. Only autosomal DNA testing can reveal admixture structures, since it analyses millions of alleles from both maternal and paternal sides. Contrary to yDNA or mtDNA, which are focused on one single lineage (paternal or maternal) the autosomal DNA studies profile the whole ancestry of a given individual, being more accurate in describing the complex patterns of ancestry in a given place. In the Brazilian "white" and "pardos" the autosomal ancestry (the sum of the ancestors of a given individual) tends to be largely European, with often a non European mtDNA (which points to a non European ancestor somewhere down the maternal line), which is explained by the women marrying newly arrived colonists, during the formation of the Brazilian people.^[19]

In the 1st century of colonization, there was generalised interbreeding between Portuguese males and Amerindian females in Brazil. However, the Amerindian population was decimated by epidemics, wars and slavery.^[17] Since 1550, African slaves began to be brought to Brazil in large numbers. Miscegenation between Portuguese males and African females was common. European and Asiatic immigrants who came to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries (Portuguese, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Arab, Japanese, etc.) also participated in the process. Among many of the immigrant groups in Brazil, there was a large predominance of men.

In all Brazilian regions European, African and Amerindian genetic markers are found in the local populations, even though the proportion of each varies from region to region and from individual to individual.^[20][21] However most regions showed basically the same structure, a greater European contribution to the population, followed by African and Native American contributions: “Some people had the vision Brazil was a heterogeneous mosaic [...] Our study proves Brazil is a lot more integrated than some expected".^[22] Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, greater within regions than between them:

Not all descendants of this mixture of peoples are included in the "parda" category. Since racial classifications in Brazil are based on phenotype, rather than ancestry, a large part of the self-reported White population has African and Amerindian ancestors, as well as a great part of the Black population has large European and Native American contributions.^[23] Besides skin color, there are social factors that influence the racial classifications in Brazil, such as social class, wealth, racial prejudice and stigma of being Black, Mulatto or Amerindian.^[17]

Moreno[link]

In daily usage, Brazilians use the ambiguous^[24] term "moreno", a word that means "dark-skinned", "dark-haired", "tawny", "swarthy", "Brown" (when referring to people), "suntanned".^[25] "Moreno" is often used as an intermediate colour category, similar to "pardo", but its meaning is significantly broader, including people who self identify as Black, White, Asian and Amerindian in the IBGE classification system.^[26] In a 1995 survey, 32% of the population self-identified as "moreno", with a further 6% self-identifying as "moreno claro" ("light brown"), and 7% self-identified as "pardo". Telles describes both classifications as "biologically invalid", but sociologically significant.^[23]

References[link]

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Jimmy Pardo
Jimmy Pardo performing at MaxFunCon 2009 in Lake Arrowhead, CA.
Born	July 28, 1966 Chicago, Illinois, USA
Medium	Stand-up Comedy, Television, Film, Podcast
Nationality	American
Genres	Observational comedy, Crowd based material Insult
Subject(s)	Pop culture, American culture
Influences	Don Rickles, Johnny Carson
Spouse	Danielle Koenig
Notable works and roles	Never Not Funny The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien Conan
Website	JimmyPardo.com

Jimmy Pardo (born James Ronald Pardo, Jr., July 28, 1966) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and host of the popular comedy podcast Never Not Funny. He is married to fellow comedian Danielle Koenig. They live in Los Angeles with their son Oliver. He is not related to the famed TV announcer Don Pardo.^[1]

Early life[link]

Pardo was born in Chicago, Illinois and spent his first 8 years living on the south side, eventually moving to the south suburbs of Chicago. He spent his grade school years living in Hometown, Illinois. In 1980, his family moved to Oak Forest, Illinois where he attended Oak Forest High School. In 1986, he moved to Pasadena, California to attend the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He attended for one year, then returned to Chicago to pursue a career in stand-up comedy.

Comedy career[link]

In late 1988, Pardo started performing at open microphones at various venues around Chicago, including "The Roxy", "The Last Laugh" and "The Comedy Cottage". The plethora of successful comedy clubs in the area at that time meant Pardo started earning money almost immediately, allowing him to quit his day job as a sales rep for MCA Records.^[2] In addition to his comedy CDs Uno and Pompous Clown, in 2007 Pardo appeared on the comedy compilation CD Comedy Death-Ray. Pardo is also featured on The Bob and Tom Show's comedy collection As Big As a Hat.

Pardo hosted GSN's National Lampoon's Funny Money from June to October 2003, and later co-hosted AMC's Movies At Our House with Rachel Quaintance for 5 seasons.

Pardo was the warm-up comedian for The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. He has returned as the opening act for Conan,^[3] and appeared in a recurring on-air sketch throughout the week of April 11, 2011.^[4] In May 2011 he began conducting backstage interviews with celebrity guests for a web series called "The Pardo Patrol."^[5]

Jimmy Pardo hosts the award-winning podcast Never Not Funny with producer Matt Belknap, now in its tenth season.^[6]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jimmy Pardo at the Internet Movie Database
• Jimmy Pardo's Website
• Interview from June 2008
• Jimmy Pardo's "Never Not Funny" Podcast
• Meet Jimmy Pardo: Never Not Having Fun on LAist

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Jorge Pardo is a Spanish musician (flute & sax) born 1955 in Madrid, known for the albums he released for Milestone Records in the 1990s. He has been a side musician of famous flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucia and also with American jazz legend Chick Corea ^[1]. He occasionally joins the Al andalus ensemble for performances.^[2]

Discography[link]

• 1982: Jorge Pardo (Blau)
• 1984: El canto de los Guerreros (Linterna)
• 1991: In a Minute (Milestone)
• 1991: Las cigarras son quizá sordas (Milestone)
• 1993: Veloz hacia su sino (Milestone)
• 1995: 10 de Paco (Milestone)
• 1997: 2332 (Nuevos Medios)
• 2001; Mira (Nuevos Medios)
• 2005: Vientos Flamencos (Manantial de Músicas)
• 2009: Vientos Flamencos 2 (Flamenco World Music)

References[link]

Timothy David Olyphant (born May 20, 1968) is an American actor whose notable roles in television drama series include Seth Bullock in Deadwood, Raylan Givens in Justified, Danny Cordray in The Office, and Wes Krulik in Damages. He has also starred in the films Scream 2, Gone in 60 Seconds, Dreamcatcher, Live Free or Die Hard, The Girl Next Door, A Perfect Getaway, The Crazies, Hitman and I Am Number Four.

Early life[link]

Olyphant was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, the son of Katherine and John Vernon Bevan Olyphant, a college teacher who worked for a winery.^[1][2] Olyphant's family moved to Modesto, California, a city southeast of San Francisco, where he was raised.^[3][4] Olyphant began competitive swimming at age 6, and in middle school started training seriously under swim coach Darrell Lohrke, who came to Modesto via Arden Hills Swimming and Tennis Club. Olyphant made remarkable strides and soon became a nationally ranked swimmer. He was a finalist at the USA Swimming Short Course National Championships in 1986 in the 200 Individual Medley.^[5] He graduated from Modesto's Fred C. Beyer High School that year.^[6]

Olyphant continued swimming competitively at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, where he studied fine art. He took a beginning acting class as an elective at UC Irvine in order to fulfill the final credits he needed to graduate from USC. Olyphant then decided to move to New York City to study acting rather than pursue a master's degree in fine arts. He took acting classes with William Esper at William Esper Studio for two years, and then started looking for acting work.^[7]

Career[link]

Olyphant made his professional off-Broadway debut in 1995 in the Playwrights Horizons' production of The Monogamist in the role of Tim Hapgood. He received the Theatre World Award for Outstanding Debut Performance for his performance.^[8] He subsequently appeared in the one-man play The SantaLand Diaries in 1996, which was written by David Sedaris and adapted and directed by Joe Mantello,^[9] and in the play Plunge.

Olyphant returned to Los Angeles and found work in television. In 1995 he landed his first TV role in a pilot for a remake of the series 77 Sunset Strip, produced by Clint Eastwood. He was cast in the pilot of Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1996), a short-lived CBS spy series, as Scooby, Mr. Smith's (Scott Bakula's) assistant.^[10] Olyphant appeared in 3 episodes of the acclaimed police drama High Incident and in the 1997 Hallmark Channel TV film Ellen Foster. A role in the HBO movie When Trumpets Fade was next in 1998, which was a dramatization of the 1944 Battle of Hürtgen Forest. This was followed by a guest starring role in the Sex and the City episode "Valley of the Twenty Something Guys" as one of Carrie Bradshaw's boyfriends.

Olyphant made his feature film debut with a small part in The First Wives Club (1996). He appeared briefly in A Life Less Ordinary (1997), which starred Ewan McGregor, but gained notice appearing in the horror film Scream 2 (1997), as a cynical film student, Mickey. He portrayed the drug dealer Todd Gaines in the comedy-drama Go (1999), directed by Doug Liman, which also starred Katie Holmes, Scott Wolf and Sarah Polley, and featured a script by first time screenwriter John August.^[4] His next film roles were in Advice from a Caterpillar (1999), No Vacancy (1999), The Broken Hearts Club: A Romantic Comedy (2000) and Gone in 60 Seconds (2000).

He had roles in Rock Star (2001) and Dreamcatcher (2003). In 2004 he played a porn film producer in The Girl Next Door alongside Emile Hirsch and Elisha Cuthbert.

Olyphant played the lead role of Sheriff Seth Bullock in HBO's Deadwood for three seasons from 2004 until 2006. Olyphant considered it to be one of his first lead roles as a "complicated" and "complex" character.^[11]

In January 2007, Olyphant appeared in the comedy Catch and Release, playing the love interest of Jennifer Garner. Olyphant was cast in the role over several other known actors, including Matthew Fox.^[12] Olyphant had studied acting with Garner when he first moved to New York.^[3] He next appeared in Live Free or Die Hard as a cyber-terrorist villain, and in Hitman as the title character. Olyphant shaved his head for his role in Hitman. His 2008 roles included Stop-Loss, about the Iraq War in which he played a Lieutenant Colonel, Meet Bill, a comedy co-starring Aaron Eckhart and Jessica Alba, and a voice-acting role in Turok (2008) as Cowboy.

Olyphant served as the daily on-air, unpaid sports commentator for Joe Escalante's morning show on the LA radio station Indie 103.1, until the channel's demise in January 2009.

In June 2008 he joined the cast of FX's show Damages, starring Glenn Close. He was also cast at the same time in the Christina Applegate sitcom Samantha Who? but his part was recast with Billy Zane. ^[13] In 2009, he starred with Steve Zahn and Milla Jovovich in the thriller A Perfect Getaway as an Iraq war veteran and possible serial killer of honeymooners on the Hawaii islands. In 2010, he was featured in the lead role of the town sheriff in the remake of the film The Crazies.

In the spring of 2010 Olyphant landed the lead role of Raylan Givens in the FX series Justified. His character is a 21st century U.S. Marshal who is banished back to his home state of Kentucky for questionable actions in Miami. Givens wears a Stetson hat and behaves like an Old West sheriff. The show is based on a character created by Elmore Leonard in the novels Pronto and Riding the Rap, and the short story "Fire in the Hole," which served as the basis for the pilot. The same year Olyphant played a paper salesman in two episodes of the seventh season of the NBC comedy The Office. He returned to the role for Steve Carell's second-to-last episode, but his scenes were cut. However, they can be seen on the Season 7 DVD. Olyphant's most recent film role was in the 2011 animated feature Rango as the voice of Spirit of the West.

Personal life[link]

Olyphant lives in Westwood, Los Angeles with his wife and their three children. The couple were married in July 1991.^[3]

Film and television credits[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Timothy Olyphant

• Timothy Olyphant at the Internet Movie Database
• Timothy Olyphant at Emmys.com

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2012)

Dominick George "Don" Pardo (born February 22, 1918) is an American radio and television announcer. He is best known as the voice of the long-running late night sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live.

Pardo is noted for his long association with NBC, working as the announcer for early incarnations of such notable shows as The Price is Right^[1], Jeopardy!,^[2] and NBC Nightly News.^[3] He has acted as the announcer of Saturday Night Live for all but one of its seasons. He continues his voiceover duties during the program's opening montage, several years after his official retirement from NBC.

Radio career[link]

Pardo was born in Westfield, Massachusetts, and spent his childhood in Norwich, Connecticut, and Providence, Rhode Island. He was hired for his first radio position at WJAR-AM in Providence in 1938. Pardo joined NBC as an in-house announcer in 1944, remaining on the network staff for the next 60 years. During World War II, he worked as a war reporter for NBC radio.^[4][5]

NBC television[link]

In the early 1950s, he served as announcer for many of RCA's and NBC's closed-circuit color television demonstrations, but eventually became one of the top game-show announcers for the network.

Pardo made his mark on game shows for NBC as the booming voice of the original The Price Is Right from 1956 until it moved to ABC in 1963, then Call My Bluff. The next year, he moved to Jeopardy!, which he announced from 1964 until the original version of the series ended in 1975. Pardo reprised that role with a cameo voiceover in "Weird Al" Yankovic's 1984 song "I Lost on Jeopardy" (a parody of the Greg Kihn Band's 1983 hit song "Jeopardy").^[6] He also announced numerous other New York–based NBC game shows, such as Three on a Match, Winning Streak, and Jackpot!, all three of which were Bob Stewart productions.

Pardo squeezed in many other assignments at NBC, including the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (until 1999)^[7], WNBC-TV's Live at Five news program, NBC Nightly News, and Wheel of Fortune (during two special on-location weeks in 1988, when the show originated from New York and was using substitute announcers after Jack Clark's death).

Pardo was the on-duty live booth announcer for WNBC-TV in New York and the NBC network on November 22, 1963, and he was first to announce to NBC viewers that President John F. Kennedy had been shot in Dallas, Texas. (His first bulletin interrupted a local WNBC-TV broadcast of Bachelor Father before the NBC network went live with the story.)^[8] Because NBC waited eleven minutes to begin videotaping the coverage, it was believed for decades that Pardo's historic bulletins were lost; but, almost 40 years later, an audio tape of the bulletins was discovered in a private collection.

In January 1986, Don Pardo replaced Hal Simms as announcer on the NBC soap opera Search for Tomorrow. He was the announcer until the final episode, on December 26, 1986.^[9]

[edit] Saturday Night Live

His best-known announcing work is for the television series Saturday Night Live. His was the first voice heard on the show's premiere episode in 1975.

He has remained the program's announcer except for one season (1981–1982), when it was announced by Mel Brandt (except for the episodes performed on December 5 and December 12, 1981, when veteran announcer Bill Hanrahan briefly substituted for Brandt). After "Live, from New York...", which is cried out at the end of the opening sketch, Don Pardo announces the show's title, then names the cast members and musical guest(s) in a voice-over during the opening montage. According to Pardo, his announcing booth in Studio 8-H, from which Saturday Night Live is telecast, is almost exactly where Arturo Toscanini stood when conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in Rockefeller Center from 1937 to 1950. (Toscanini's broadcasts later moved to Carnegie Hall.)

In December 1976, on one SNL episode, Pardo participated in a musical performance by Frank Zappa, reciting a verse of the song "I'm the Slime". Pardo subsequently reprised this role on the live-recorded version of the song for the Zappa in New York album (it was not featured on the first release in 1978, but it appears on the 1993 CD re-release). He also provided narration for the songs "The Illinois Enema Bandit" and "Punky's Whips" (a business dispute between Zappa and his then record company led to "Punky's Whips" being removed from the 1978 album, but the song was reinstated on the 1993 CD).

Retirement[link]

Although Pardo officially retired from NBC in 2004^[10] and moved from Demarest, New Jersey to Tucson, Arizona, the producers of Saturday Night Live persuaded him to continue providing the introductions for their show. In 2006, he announced he would be prerecording his announcements from a home studio in Arizona. That arrangement lasted only a few episodes however, before producers insisted that they needed him in Studio 8H, and he resumed weekly flights to New York to do the show.^[11] On Saturday, February 23, 2008, Pardo appeared at the closing of SNL to blow out the candles of his 90th birthday cake. Upon his induction into the Rhode Island Radio Hall of Fame on May 14, 2009, Pardo indicated that the May 16, 2009, episode of Saturday Night Live could be his last.^[12][13] However, his voice was heard once again announcing the show's 35th season premiere, and he continued providing the voice-overs through the season.

He announced that for the 36th season, he would pre-record his parts from his home in Arizona rather than performing live in New York City.^[11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Don Pardo at the Internet Movie Database
• The recovery of Pardo's "lost" JFK bulletins
• The Illinois Enema Bandit lyrics inc. Don Pardo's contribution
• Punky's Whips lyrics inc. Don Pardo's contribution
• I'm The Slime lyrics inc. Don Pardo's contribution
• Video clip from 1980 featuring last moments of pre-sign off WNBC-TV news update by Don Pardo
• Video interview on WJAR Providence
• Don Pardo Archive of American Television Interview