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Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Antioch
http://wn.com/Antioch -
Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
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Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
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Crete
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Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
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Ephesus
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Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
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Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnese
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Pergamon
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Platonic Academy
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Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Temple of Hephaestus
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy -
Vatican Museum
http://wn.com/Vatican_Museum
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Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus -
Aesop
http://wn.com/Aesop -
Al-Kindi
http://wn.com/Al-Kindi -
Alcaeus of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene -
Alcibiades
http://wn.com/Alcibiades -
Alexander the Great
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Ameipsias
Ameipsias (lang-grc|, fl. late 5th century BC) of Athens was a Ancient Greek comic poet, a contemporary of Aristophanes, whom he twice bested in the dramatic contests. His Konnos () gained a second prize at the City Dionysia in 423 BC, when Aristophanes won the third prize with The Clouds.
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anaximander
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Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
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Archimedes
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Aristippus
Aristippus () of Cyrene, (c. 435-c. 356 BCE), was the founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates, but adopted a very different philosophical outlook, teaching that the goal of life was to seek pleasure by adapting circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both adversity and prosperity. Among his pupils was his daughter Arete.
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Aristophanes
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Aristotle
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Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
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Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
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Crates of Thebes
Crates (; c. 365-c. 285 BC) of Thebes, was a Cynic philosopher. Crates gave away his money to live a life of poverty on the streets of Athens. He married Hipparchia of Maroneia who lived in the same manner that he did. Respected by the people of Athens, he is remembered for being the teacher of Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. Various fragments of Crates' teachings survive, including his description of the ideal Cynic state.
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Critias
Critias (Greek Kritias, 460-403 BC), born in Athens, son of Callaeschrus, was an uncle of Plato, and a leading member of the Thirty Tyrants, and one of the most violent. He was an associate of Socrates, a fact that did not endear Socrates to the Athenian public. He was noted in his day for his tragedies, elegies and prose works. Some, like Sextus Empiricus, believe that Critias authored the Sisyphus fragment; others, however, attribute it to Euripides.
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Crito of Alopece
Crito of Alopece was a faithful, probably life-long companion of Socrates. The two had evidently grown up together as friends, being from the same deme and of roughly the same age (Plato, Apology [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Apol.+33d 33d-e]). Plato portrays Crito as present at the trial and execution of Socrates, attending to the familial and practical matters having to do with the philosopher's death (Phaedo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Phaedo+60a 60a], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Phaedo+63d 63d-e], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Phaedo+115b 115b-117a], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Phaedo+118a 118a]); so Crito survived Socrates, but for how long, we do not know. According to Plato, in addition to offering to help pay a proposed fine at Socrates' sentencing (Apology [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Apol.+38b 38b]), Crito swore before Socrates' judges that the philosopher would remain in prison until the execution rather than attempt to flee Athens (Phaedo [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Phaedo+115d 115d]), even though he is portrayed in the dialogue named after him as urging Socrates, for the sake of his friends and family, to allow Crito and the Thebians Simmias and Cebes and others to bribe the prison guards so that Socrates might flee to Thessaly, where he could seek asylum with friends of Crito's who lived there (Crito [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Crito+44b 44b-46a]). Crito appears to have been a wealthy businessman (Plato Euthydemus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Euthyd.+304c 304c]) who evidently made his money from running a successful farm (Euthydemus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plat.+Euthyd.+291e 291e]; Xenophon Memorabilia [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Xen.+Mem.+2.9.1 2.9.2-4]). Crito seems to have married a woman with impressive aristocratic pedigree (Euthydemus 306e), though we do not know her name.
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Democritus
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Demosthenes
http://wn.com/Demosthenes -
Diogenes Laërtius
Diogenes Laertius (ancient Greek: , Diogenes Laertios; fl. c. 3rd century) was a biographer of the Greek philosophers. Nothing is known about his life, but his surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is one of the principal surviving sources for the history of Greek philosophy.
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Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Diotima of Mantinea
Diotima of Mantinea () is a female seer who plays an important role in Plato's Symposium. Her ideas are the origin of the concept of Platonic love. Since the only source concerning her is Plato, it is uncertain whether she was a real historical personage or merely a fictional creation. However, nearly all of the characters named in Plato's dialogues have been found to correspond to real people living in ancient Athens.
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Empedocles
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Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Eric A. Havelock
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Eric Havelock
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Euclid
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Euclid of Megara
Euclid of Megara (also Euclides, Eucleides, ; c. 435-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek Socratic philosopher who founded the Megarian school of philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE, and was present at his death. He held the supreme good to be one, eternal and unchangeable, and denied the existence of anything contrary to the good. Editors and translators in the Middle Ages often confused him with Euclid of Alexandria when discussing the latter's Elements.
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Eupolis
Eupolis (ca. 446 BC-411 BC) was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War.
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Euripides
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Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
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Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Herodotus
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Hesiod
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Hipparchus
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Hippocrates
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Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
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Hobbes
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Homer
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Hypatia
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Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
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Jacques-Louis David
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John Locke
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Jonathan Barnes
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Karl Popper
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Khazar
http://wn.com/Khazar -
Leonidas I
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Leucippus
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Lycurgus of Sparta
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Lysander
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Menexenus
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Milo of Croton
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Mirza Tahir Ahmad
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (Urdu: ) (December 18, 1928 – April 19, 2003) was Khalifatul Masih IV, Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He was elected to this office on 10 June 1982, the day after the death of his predecessor, Mirza Nasir Ahmad. He was the son of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph and was the half-brother of Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph. He graduated from Jamia Ahmadiyya (Theological Academy) at Rabwah, followed by higher education in Lahore at the University of Punjab, and London at the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1974 he was also nominated as a member of the Ahmadiyya delegation which appeared in the Parliament of Pakistan to defend the beliefs of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
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Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
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Pausanias (general)
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Pericles
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Phaenarete
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Philip II of Macedon
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Pierre Hadot
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Pindar
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Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Polybius
http://wn.com/Polybius -
Prodicus
http://wn.com/Prodicus -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
http://wn.com/Protagoras -
Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
R. M. Hare
Richard Mervyn Hare (21 March 1919 in Backwell, Somerset – 29 January 2002 in Ewelme, Oxfordshire) was an English moral philosopher who held the post of White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1966 until 1983 and then taught for a number of years at the University of Florida. His meta-ethical theories were influential during the second half of the twentieth century.
http://wn.com/R_M_Hare -
Robert Drew Hicks
http://wn.com/Robert_Drew_Hicks -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
http://wn.com/Sappho -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Sophroniscus
http://wn.com/Sophroniscus -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard -
Terence Irwin
Terence Irwin (born 21 April 1947, in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland) is a scholar and philosopher specializing in ancient Greek philosophy and the history of ethics (i.e. the history of Western moral philosophy in ancient, medieval, and modern times).
http://wn.com/Terence_Irwin -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
Timon (philosopher)
http://wn.com/Timon_(philosopher) -
Voltaire
http://wn.com/Voltaire -
Walter Ong
http://wn.com/Walter_Ong -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
Socrates Filmography
- Futebol Brasileiro (2010)
- Boleiros 2 - Vencedores e Vencidos (2006)
- Um Craque Chamado Divino (2006)
- Hero: The Official Film of the 1986 FIFA World Cup (1987)
- XII FIFA World Cup 1982 (1982)
Socrates Filmography
Socrates Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Starvation
- Queen of the Universe
- Every Dream Comes to an End
- The Bridge
- Killer
- A Day in Heaven
- Time of Pain
- Mountains
- Who Is to Blame
- Distruction
- Naked Trees
- Death Is Gonna Die
- This Is the Rats
- Lovesick Kid's Blues
- On the Wings of Death
- Breakdown
- Triping in a Crystal Forest
- Regulations (If I Were a President)
- Live in the Country
- Something in the Air
- Bad Conditions
- It's a Disgusting World
- Close the Door and Lay Down
- Blind Illusion
- Hoo Yeah
- Underground
- Starvation
RELEASE
ALBUMS
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Socrates - Encyclopedia channel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Published: 07 May 2007
- Updated: 21 Jun 2012
Ancient Greek philosopher Socrates was born in Athens in the year 469 BC, into the family of the sculptor Sophroniscus and Phaenarete. Socrates became the new philosophy founder and the teacher of the many of great philosophers. There is a sample of our production worldwide distributed.Having an exchange stock we are looking for archive and video materials (tv quality) for our use in our own historical video-project about prominent people of the past and famous canvases. (For more information please visit: www.enc-tv.com)
http://wn.com/Socrates_Encyclopedia_channel
2. Socratic Citizenship: Plato's Apology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:35
- Published: 22 Sep 2008
- Updated: 10 Jun 2012
Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114) The lecture begins with an explanation of why Plato's Apology is the best introductory text to the study of political philosophy. The focus remains on the Apology as a symbol for the violation of free expression, with Socrates justifying his way of life as a philosopher and defending the utility of philosophy for political life. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Plato, Apology 09:31 - Chapter 2. Political Context of the Dialogue 19:19 - Chapter 3. Accusations Leveled Against Socrates 27:51 - Chapter 4. Clouds: Debunking Socrates' New Model of Citizenship 33:31 - Chapter 5. The Famous Socratic "Turn"; Socrates' Second Sailing Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
http://wn.com/2_Socratic_Citizenship_Plato's_Apology
Dust, Wind, Dude
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Published: 27 Jun 2007
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
All we are is dust in the wind, dude.
http://wn.com/Dust,_Wind,_Dude
Eurovision 1979 - Greece - Socrates - Elpida
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 19 Nov 2007
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
Eurovision 1979 - Greece - Socrates - Elpida
http://wn.com/Eurovision_1979_Greece_Socrates_Elpida
The Wisdom of Socrates
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 24 Nov 2009
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
The philosopher Socrates remains, as he was in his lifetime (469-399 BC), an enigma, an inscrutable individual who, despite having written nothing, is considered one of the handful of philosophers who forever changed how philosophy itself was to be conceived. All our information about him is second-hand and most of it vigorously disputed, but his trial and death at the hands of the Athenian democracy is nevertheless the founding myth of the academic discipline of philosophy, and his influence has been felt far beyond philosophy itself, and in every age.
http://wn.com/The_Wisdom_of_Socrates
Socrates Drank The Conium (Live 1999-STEREO) Starvation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 27 May 2008
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Socrates (as the somewhat ponderous name is often abbreviated) began its career in the clubs of Athens. Most prominent of these was the popular Kyttaro. They were present at a number of other locations in and around Victoria Square in Athens. Apart from playing many original songs at gigs, Socrates often covered Jimi Hendrix songs, none of which were featured on any studio releases. However, a thirteen-minute cover of (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction by the Rolling Stones found its way onto their 1972 album Taste of Conium. The guitarist, Yannis Spathas, favored a mid-1960's sunburst Fender Stratocaster, a Candy Apple Red Roland GR-505 guitar synthesizer and a black Gibson Les Paul Custom as his instruments, Antonis Tourkoyorgis played a mid-1970's natural ash-bodied Fender Jazz Bass and sang, while several drummers were used throughout the live shows and recording sessions. As a whole, the three-piece outfit resembled that of Cream: counterparts Spathas and Clapton, singer/bassists Tourkoyorgis and Bruce and drummers Boukouvalas and Baker. In 1974, Socrates went through a change in stylistic direction with "Phos" which was produced by Vangelis and featured his contribution on many tracks. Phos was mostly reworkings of older songs by Socrates. During 2006 Socrates reunited in an extended form (featuring keyboards and a second singer) to do several shows around Athens.
http://wn.com/Socrates_Drank_The_Conium_Live_1999-STEREO_Starvation
World Cup best Goals _ Socrates - 1982
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Published: 29 May 2011
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Socrates scores the equaliser for Brazil against USSR; World Cup finals; Spain; 1982, Group six (Brazil, USSR, Scotland, Newzeland), Brazil won 2-1.
http://wn.com/World_Cup_best_Goals_Socrates_1982
3. Socratic Citizenship: Plato's Crito
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:16
- Published: 22 Sep 2008
- Updated: 10 Jun 2012
Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114) In the Apology, Socrates proposes a new kind of citizenship in opposition to the traditional one that was based on the poetic conception of Homer. Socrates' is a philosophical citizenship, relying on one's own powers of independent reason and judgment. The Crito, a dialogue taking place in Socrates' prison cell, is about civil obedience, piety, and the duty of every citizen to respect and live by the laws of the community. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Was Socrates Guilty or Innocent? 02:22 - Chapter 2. The Socratic Citizen 09:39 - Chapter 3. Principled DIsobedience to the Law 24:07 - Chapter 4. Crito's Apology: "Companion Dialogue" 42:22 - Chapter 5. Applying Lessons from Fourth-Century Athens to Our World Today Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
http://wn.com/3_Socratic_Citizenship_Plato's_Crito
Plato - The Apology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Updated: 21 Jun 2012
A dramatization.
http://wn.com/Plato_The_Apology
Socrates vs Chili 1981 By Zouzinho
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:03
- Published: 21 Jul 2011
- Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Socrates vs Chili
http://wn.com/Socrates_vs_Chili_1981_By_Zouzinho
Bill & Ted meet Socrates
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Published: 09 Oct 2010
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Bill & Ted meet Socrates. All we are is dust in the wind, dude.
http://wn.com/Bill_Ted_meet_Socrates
Bringing Wisdom of Socrates to Modern Dialogue - Karen Armstrong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Published: 26 Aug 2009
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
Complete video at: fora.tv Author, scholar and journalist Karen Armstrong discusses the need to apply Socratic philosophy to the counterproductive fierceness of modern debate. "Real philosophical debate...that is conducted in the spirit of malice or hate will not work," she says. ----- Ms. Armstrong describes how Islam, Judaism and Christianity have been diverted from a shared moral purpose. She now is working with the TED community to build a Charter for Compassion. - Chautauqua Institution Karen Armstrong is one of the most provocative, original thinkers on the role of religion in the modern world. Armstrong is a former Roman Catholic nun who left a British convent to pursue a degree in modern literature at Oxford. In 1982 she wrote a book about her seven years in the convent, Through the Narrow Gate, that angered and challenged Catholics worldwide; her recent book The Spiral Staircase discusses her subsequent spiritual awakening after leaving the convent, when she began to develop her iconoclastic take on the great monotheistic religions. She has written more than 20 books around the ideas of what Islam, Judaism and Christianity have in common, and around their effect on world events, including the magisterial A History of God and Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Todays World. Her latest book is The Bible: A Biography. Her meditations on personal faith and religion (she calls herself a freelance monotheist) spark discussion — especially her take on <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Bringing_Wisdom_of_Socrates_to_Modern_Dialogue_Karen_Armstrong
Socrates - Queen Of The Universe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 05 Jan 2009
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Socrates - Queen Of The Universe HQ: www.youtube.com Album: Phos Year: 1974 Genre: Progressive Rock Vertigo Greece
http://wn.com/Socrates_Queen_Of_The_Universe
Socrates - Mountains 1976
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Published: 05 Nov 2008
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Greek Rockband "Socrates" in 1975/76 is: Antonis Tourkogiorgis voc John Spathas lead guitar, synthesizer George Tradalidis drums produced by Vangelis (Papathanassiou - partly keyboards and percussions) at Orange Studios London Lyrics: MOUNTAINS Mountains all around me reaching out to heaven Wild and full of colours standing proud forever Mountains all around me reaching out to heaven Wild and full of colours standing proud forever Longest track "Mountains" at first repeats the Fleetwood Mac trick on "Oh Well" of the lead-singer several times singing on his own followed by a guitar-riff. Then it all stops, and Vangelis joins in to accompany a long difficult acoustic guitar-part in the best seventies guitar-freakery tradition. This plus some weird percussion creates a slightly "666" atmosphere to end this album. Webside: www.vangelismovements.com The pictures you' ve seen show "Samaria mountains" (Island of Crete)
http://wn.com/Socrates_Mountains_1976
Socrates Penalty against Poland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:20
- Published: 20 Mar 2008
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Socrates' penalty against Poland, 2nd Round, World Cup 1986
http://wn.com/Socrates_Penalty_against_Poland
Socratic Robologues: Euthyphro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Published: 03 Mar 2010
- Updated: 21 Jun 2012
In this robologue, Robot Socrates investigates the nature of piety with Robot Euthyphro. You should also check out my blog: horselesstelegraph.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Socratic_Robologues_Euthyphro
Kill Socrates
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Published: 14 Jun 2009
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Why a Democracy killed an old man for exercising Freedom of Speech.
http://wn.com/Kill_Socrates
Socrates Brazil vs USSR 1-1 First Round World Cup 1982
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Published: 07 Jun 2010
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
This goal was voted in Holland as the 19th best goal in World Cup history.
http://wn.com/Socrates_Brazil_vs_USSR_1-1_First_Round_World_Cup_1982
The Socratic Seminar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Published: 18 Jun 2009
- Updated: 21 Jun 2012
This film will demonstrate how to properly conduct a Socratic Seminar
http://wn.com/The_Socratic_Seminar
Socrates-Starvation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 12 Feb 2008
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Live in Athens 2005 Socrates Drank the Conium is a Greek progressive/blues rock band that was active in the early 1970s. Their sound was reminiscent of other such bands of the approximate period like the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Led Zeppelin, Cream, Jeff Beck and some of the more progressive, experimental works of Black Sabbath. Their categorization as "progressive" can be attributed mainly to their abundant use of less-than-conventional time signatures. The Group would go through many lineup changes throughout the years, but the two core members have remained: guitarist Yannis Spathas and bassist/singer Antonis Tourkoyorgis History Socrates (as the somewhat ponderous name is often abbreviated) began its career in the clubs of Athens. Most prominent of these was the popular Kyttaro. They were present at a number of other locations in and around Victoria Square in Athens. Apart from playing many original songs at gigs, Socrates often covered Jimi Hendrix songs, none of which were featured on any studio releases. However, a thirteen-minute cover of (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction by the Rolling Stones found its way onto their 1972 album Taste of Conium. The guitarist, Yannis Spathas, favored a mid-1960's sunburst Fender Stratocaster, a Candy Apple Red Roland GR-505 guitar synthesizer and a black Gibson Les Paul Custom as his instruments, Antonis Tourkoyorgis played a mid-1970's natural ash-bodied Fender Jazz Bass and sang, while several drummers were used throughout the live <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Socrates-Starvation
TEDxUFM: Michael Strong - Socratic Practice as Disruptive Technology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:28
- Published: 02 Sep 2011
- Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Michael Strong is the Chief Visionary Officer of FLOW, Inc. He is also the author of "The Habit of Thought: From Socratic Seminars to Socratic Practice". Michael's work is featured in academic journals (The Journal of Business Ethics, Economic Affairs, Critical Review, etc.), specialty publications (Microfinance Insights, Policy Innovations, Carnegie Ethics, etc.), and popular media (The New York Times, Bloomberg, The Huffington Post, RealClearPolitics, Barron's, etc.). He serves on the board of the Seasteading Institute and works as a mentor for developing world entrepreneurs for the MIT Legatum Center for Entrepreneurship and Development. Michael is also a board member of the Free Cities Institute at UFM. In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)
http://wn.com/TEDxUFM_Michael_Strong_Socratic_Practice_as_Disruptive_Technology
Tribute to Socrates de Oliveira - 1982 1986 Worldchampionship Legend - 1954-2011 | Goals & Skills
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 04 Dec 2011
- Updated: 07 Jun 2012
Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira, MD, (19 February 1954 -- 4 December 2011), more commonly known simply as Sócrates, was a Brazilian footballer. He played for Botafogo-SP, before joining Corinthians in 1978. He spent six years with the club, scoring 172 goals in 297 league games. He then moved to Italy to play for Fiorentina, before retuning to Brazil to end his career with Flamengo and Santos. He is best remembered outside of his homeland for the sixty caps he won playing internationally for Brazil; he captained his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, and also appeared at the 1986 World Cup, the 1979 Copa América, and the 1983 Copa América -- appearing in the defeat to Uruguay in the 1983 finals. He was named South American Footballer of the Year in 1983, and was named on Pelé's FIFA 100 list in 2004. Sócrates was a technical playmaker, known for great through passes and his vision on the field, as well as his physical strength. He was also a two-footed player and a prolific goal scorer. His ability to read the game was highly valued, and his signature move was the blind heel pass.[3] He was considered to be one of the greatest midfielders ever to play the game.[4] Easily recognizable for his beard and headband, he became the "symbol of cool for a whole generation of football supporters. Socrates was born in Belém do Pará. Sócrates played for, and captained, Brazil in the 1982 World Cup. However, Edinho replaced him as captain for the 1986 FIFA <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_Socrates_de_Oliveira_1982_1986_Worldchampionship_Legend_1954-2011_|_Goals_Skills
Socrates Tribute - Best Goal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Published: 04 Dec 2011
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Brazil vs USSR 1-1 First Round World Cup 1982
http://wn.com/Socrates_Tribute_Best_Goal
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photo: AP / Ed Andrieski
20 Jul 2012
DENVER, Colorado (Reuters) - A masked gunman killed 12 people at a midnight showing of the new Batman movie in a suburb of Denver early on Friday, sparking pandemonium when he hurled a gas canister...
photo: UN / DB
21 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling If Yasser Arafat, former co-founder of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), died from a lethal radioactive substance known as polonium, not...
photo: NASA
19 Jul 2012
The Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland has calved an iceberg twice the size of Manhattan, scientists say. Images from a Nasa satellite show the island breaking off a tongue of ice that extends at...
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20 Jul 2012
By Ryan Parker and Kurtis Lee The Denver Postdenverpost.com Posted: 07/20/2012 01:42:27 AM PDT July 20, 2012 9:33 AM GMTUpdated: 07/20/2012 02:33:00 AM PDT Aurora Police responded to a...
photo: AP / Bulgarian Interior Ministry
20 Jul 2012
As Bulgarian officials said the suspected bomber in the attack on Wednesday that killed five Israeli holidaymakers was a lanky, long-haired man in a baseball cap and T-shirt, carrying a fake American...
The Guardian
The call for reader nominations to find a 10th title for the first book award longlist produced 11 eligible books. In the latest reports back from our panel of reader reviewers, PaulBowes01 and tenuousfives are bemused by the tale of a tube salesman Which one is Mildred? Industrial tubing ......(size: 7.3Kb)
The New York Times
Orrin Evans began one tune in his second set at the Jazz Standard on Tuesday night with a solo piano reverie, ethereal with a touch of the ominous, like Duke Ellington in a sepulchral mood. His dark but delicate sonorities slowly gathered force, until his left hand locked into a two-bar vamp...(size: 8.9Kb)
Dear Socrates Safo...
14 Jul 2012
Peace FM Online
Socrates Safo makes bad movies for a living but he could be so much more than that. Kwame Appiah sends a friendly word to prod him in the right direction. So as it turns out, you have become quite the force in the local movie industry. Not bad for a man who started out as the guy holding up the...(size: 3.6Kb)
The Guardian
Socrates is as relevant as ever, 2,400 years after his death, say creators of one-man performance of The Apology With Socrates’s help, Simonides said, Greeks might be able to admit their limitations. Photograph: Hulton Archive/Getty Images...(size: 4.3Kb)
Peace FM Online
Rifts between producers in the Ghanaian movie industry have seem not to come anything near resolving as recently a media house published a letter which was scribbled by award winning Leila Djansi titled: The Ghana Film Industry And Opera Square Mafias, with bitterness in her tone, rabble-rousing...(size: 2.8Kb)
The Christian Science Monitor
The Greece vs. Germany showdown at Euro 2012 later...(size: 0.3Kb)
The Examiner
With the heat wave NYC is experiencing this week it is no surprise that the sun was being celebrated at Socrates Sculpture Park yesterday, June 20th. The Summer Solstice Celebration took on many forms. There were exhibits celebrating new life with dripping flowers on a structure; recycled items used...(size: 5.9Kb)
Socrates under the Acropolis
20 Jun 2012
Kathimerini
“Socrates Now” is the title of a well-traveled theater production expected in Greece after completing 250 performances in 14 countries. The New York-based Elliniko Theatro company presents Plato’s “Apology of Socrates,” a timeless work of ancient Greek literature,...(size: 1.7Kb)
What Do Socrates and Lincoln Have In Common?
18 Jun 2012
Forbes
As we observe the pundits...(size: 0.2Kb)
This article is about the classical Greek philosopher. For other uses of Socrates, see Socrates (disambiguation).
 Socrates |
|
| Born | c. 469 / 470 BC[1] Deme Alopece, Athens |
|---|---|
| Died | 399 BC (age approx. 71) Athens |
| Era | Ancient philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Classical Greek |
| Main interests | Epistemology, ethics |
| Notable ideas | Socratic method, Socratic irony |
|
Influenced
|
|
 |
| Part of a series on |
| Socrates |
|---|
| "I know that I know nothing" Social gadfly · Trial of Socrates |
| Eponymous concepts |
| Socratic dialogue · Socratic method Socratic questioning · Socratic paradox Socratic problem |
| Disciples |
| Plato · Xenophon Antisthenes · Aristippus |
| Related topics |
| Cynics · Cyrenaics · Platonism Stoicism · The Clouds |
Socrates (
/ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης, Ancient Greek pronunciation: [sɔːkrátɛːs], Sōkrátēs; c. 469 BC – 399 BC)[1] was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.[2]
Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Plato's Socrates that also made important and lasting contributions to the fields of epistemology and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains strong in providing a foundation for much western philosophy that followed.
As one recent commentator has put it, Plato, the idealist, offers "an idol, a master figure, for philosophy. A Saint, a prophet of the 'Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic."[3]
Contents |
Biography[link]
The Socratic problem[link]
An accurate picture of the historical Socrates and his philosophical viewpoints is problematic: an issue known as the Socratic problem.
As Socrates did not write philosophical texts, the knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students and contemporaries. Foremost among them is Plato; however, works by Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes also provide important insights.[4] The difficulty of finding the “real” Socrates arises because these works are often philosophical or dramatic texts rather than straightforward histories. Aside from Thucydides (who makes no mention of Socrates or philosophers in general) and Xenophon, there are in fact no straightforward histories contemporary with Socrates that dealt with his own time and place. A corollary of this is that sources that do mention Socrates do not necessarily claim to be historically accurate, and are often partisan (those who prosecuted and convicted Socrates have left no testament). Historians therefore face the challenge of reconciling the various texts that come from these men to create an accurate and consistent account of Socrates' life and work. The result of such an effort is not necessarily realistic, merely consistent.
Plato is frequently viewed as the most informative source about Socrates' life and philosophy.[5] At the same time, however, many scholars believe that in some works Plato, being a literary artist, pushed his avowedly brightened-up version of "Socrates" far beyond anything the historical Socrates was likely to have done or said; and that Xenophon, being an historian, is a more reliable witness to the historical Socrates. It is a matter of much debate which Socrates Plato is describing at any given point—the historical figure, or Plato's fictionalization.
It is also clear from other writings and historical artifacts, however, that Socrates was not simply a character, or an invention, of Plato. The testimony of Xenophon and Aristotle, alongside some of Aristophanes' work (especially The Clouds), is useful in fleshing out a perception of Socrates beyond Plato's work.
Life[link]
Details about Socrates can be derived from three contemporary sources: the dialogues of Plato and Xenophon (both devotees of Socrates), and the plays of Aristophanes. He has been depicted by some scholars, including Eric Havelock and Walter Ong, as a champion of oral modes of communication, standing up at the dawn of writing against its haphazard diffusion.[6]
Aristophanes' play The Clouds portrays Socrates as a clown who teaches his students how to bamboozle their way out of debt. Most of Aristophanes' works, however, function as parodies. Thus, it is presumed this characterization was also not literal.
According to Plato, Socrates' father was Sophroniscus[7] and his mother Phaenarete,[8] a midwife. Though she was characterized as undesirable in temperament, Socrates married Xanthippe,[9] who was much younger than he. She bore for him three sons,[10] Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. His friend Crito of Alopece criticized him for abandoning his sons when he refused to try to escape before his execution.[11]
It is unclear how Socrates earned a living. Ancient texts seem to indicate that Socrates did not work. In Xenophon's Symposium, Socrates is reported as saying he devotes himself only to what he regards as the most important art or occupation: discussing philosophy. In The Clouds Aristophanes portrays Socrates as accepting payment for teaching and running a sophist school with Chaerephon, while in Plato's Apology and Symposium and in Xenophon's accounts, Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching. More specifically, in the Apology Socrates cites his poverty as proof he is not a teacher. According to Timon of Phlius and later sources, Socrates took over the profession of stonemasonry from his father. There was a tradition in antiquity, not credited by modern scholarship, that Socrates crafted the statues of the Three Graces, which stood near the Acropolis until the 2nd century AD.[12]
Several of Plato's dialogues refer to Socrates' military service. Socrates says he served in the Athenian army during three campaigns: at Potidaea, Amphipolis, and Delium. In the Symposium Alcibiades describes Socrates' valour in the battles of Potidaea and Delium, recounting how Socrates saved his life in the former battle (219e-221b). Socrates' exceptional service at Delium is also mentioned in the Laches by the General after whom the dialogue is named (181b). In the Apology, Socrates compares his military service to his courtroom troubles, and says anyone on the jury who thinks he ought to retreat from philosophy must also think soldiers should retreat when it seems likely that they will be killed in battle.
In 406 he was a member of the Boule, and his tribe the Antiochis held the Prytany on the day the Generals of the Battle of Arginusae, who abandoned the slain and the survivors of foundered ships to pursue the defeated Spartan navy, were discussed. Socrates was the Epistates and resisted the unconstitutional demand for a collective trial to establish the guilt of all eight Generals, proposed by Callixeinus. Eventually, Socrates refused to be cowed by threats of impeachment and imprisonment and blocked the vote until his Prytany ended the next day, whereupon the six Generals who had returned to Athens were condemned to death.
In 404 the Thirty Tyrants sought to ensure the loyalty of those opposed to them by making them complicit in their activities. Socrates and four others were ordered to bring a certain Leon of Salamis from his home for unjust execution. Socrates quietly refused, his death averted only by the overthrow of the Tyrants soon afterwards.
Trial and death[link]
Main article: Trial of Socrates
Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian hegemony to its decline with the defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens sought to stabilize and recover from its humiliating defeat, the Athenian public may have been entertaining doubts about democracy as an efficient form of government. Socrates appears to have been a critic of democracy, and some scholars[who?] interpret his trial as an expression of political infighting.
Claiming loyalty to his city, Socrates clashed with the current course of Athenian politics and society.[13] He praises Sparta, archrival to Athens, directly and indirectly in various dialogues. But perhaps the most historically accurate of Socrates' offenses to the city was his position as a social and moral critic. Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness.[14] His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the source of his execution.
According to Plato's Apology, Socrates' life as the "gadfly" of Athens began when his friend Chaerephon asked the oracle at Delphi if anyone was wiser than Socrates; the Oracle responded that no-one was wiser. Socrates believed that what the Oracle had said was a paradox, because he believed he possessed no wisdom whatsoever. He proceeded to test the riddle by approaching men considered wise by the people of Athens—statesmen, poets, and artisans—in order to refute the Oracle's pronouncement. Questioning them, however, Socrates concluded that, while each man thought he knew a great deal and was wise, in fact they knew very little and were not wise at all. Socrates realized that the Oracle was correct, in that while so-called wise men thought themselves wise and yet were not, he himself knew he was not wise at all, which, paradoxically, made him the wiser one since he was the only person aware of his own ignorance. Socrates' paradoxical wisdom made the prominent Athenians he publicly questioned look foolish, turning them against him and leading to accusations of wrongdoing. Socrates defended his role as a gadfly until the end: at his trial, when Socrates was asked to propose his own punishment, he suggests a wage paid by the government and free dinners for the rest of his life instead, to finance the time he spends as Athens' benefactor.[15] He was, nevertheless, found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in the gods of the state"),[16] and subsequently sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing poison hemlock.
According to Xenophon's story, Socrates purposefully gave a defiant defense to the jury because "he believed he would be better off dead". Xenophon goes on to describe a defense by Socrates that explains the rigors of old age, and how Socrates would be glad to circumvent them by being sentenced to death. It is also understood that Socrates also wished to die because he "actually believed the right time had come for him to die."
Xenophon and Plato agree that Socrates had an opportunity to escape, as his followers were able to bribe the prison guards. He chose to stay for several reasons:
- He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death, which he believed no true philosopher has.
- If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure.
- Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws, he implicitly subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of crimes by its citizens and judged guilty by its jury. To do otherwise would have caused him to break his "social contract" with the state, and so harm the state, an act contrary to Socratic principle.
The full reasoning behind his refusal to flee is the main subject of the Crito.
Socrates' death is described at the end of Plato's Phaedo. Socrates turned down the pleas of Crito to attempt an escape from prison. After drinking the poison, he was instructed to walk around until his legs felt numb. After he lay down, the man who administered the poison pinched his foot. Socrates could no longer feel his legs. The numbness slowly crept up his body until it reached his heart. Shortly before his death, Socrates speaks his last words to Crito: "Crito, we owe a rooster to Asclepius. Please, don't forget to pay the debt." Asclepius was the Greek god for curing illness, and it is likely Socrates' last words meant that death is the cure—and freedom, of the soul from the body. Additionally, in Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths, Robin Waterfield adds another interpretation of Socrates' last words. He suggests that Socrates was a voluntary scapegoat; his death was the purifying remedy for Athens’ misfortunes. In this view, the token of appreciation for Asclepius would represent a cure for the ailments of Athens.[14]
Philosophy[link]
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Socratic method[link]
Main article: Socratic method
Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of "elenchus", which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The influence of this approach is most strongly felt today in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates' most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethics or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy.
To illustrate the use of the Socratic method; a series of questions are posed to help a person or group to determine their underlying beliefs and the extent of their knowledge. The Socratic method is a negative method of hypothesis elimination, in that better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. It was designed to force one to examine one's own beliefs and the validity of such beliefs. In fact, Socrates once said, "I know you won't believe me, but the highest form of Human Excellence is to question oneself and others."[17]
An alternative interpretation of the dialectic is that it is a method for direct perception of the Form of the Good. Philosopher Karl Popper describes the dialectic as "the art of intellectual intuition, of visualising the divine originals, the Forms or Ideas, of unveiling the Great Mystery behind the common man's everyday world of appearances."[18] In a similar vein French philosopher Pierre Hadot suggests that the dialogues are a type of spiritual exercise. "Furthermore," writes Hadot, "in Plato's view, every dialectical exercise, precisely because it is an exercise of pure thought, subject to the demands of the Logos, turns the soul away from the sensible world, and allows it to convert itself towards the Good."[19]
Philosophical beliefs[link]
The beliefs of Socrates, as distinct from those of Plato, are difficult to discern. Little in the way of concrete evidence exists to demarcate the two. The lengthy theories given in most of the dialogues are those of Plato, and some scholars think Plato so adapted the Socratic style as to make the literary character and the philosopher himself impossible to distinguish. Others argue that he did have his own theories and beliefs, but there is much controversy over what these might have been, owing to the difficulty of separating Socrates from Plato and the difficulty of interpreting even the dramatic writings concerning Socrates. Consequently, distinguishing the philosophical beliefs of Socrates from those of Plato and Xenophon is not easy and it must be remembered that what is attributed to Socrates might more closely reflect the specific concerns of these thinkers.
The matter is complicated because the historical Socrates seems to have been notorious for asking questions but not answering, claiming to lack wisdom concerning the subjects about which he questioned others.[20]
If anything in general can be said about the philosophical beliefs of Socrates, it is that he was morally, intellectually, and politically at odds with his fellow Athenians. When he is on trial for heresy and corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens, he uses his method of elenchos to demonstrate to the jurors that their moral values are wrong-headed. He tells them they are concerned with their families, careers, and political responsibilities when they ought to be worried about the "welfare of their souls". Socrates' belief in the immortality of the soul, and his conviction that the gods had singled him out as a divine emissary seemed to provoke, if not ridicule, at least annoyance. Socrates also questioned the Sophistic doctrine that arete (virtue) can be taught. He liked to observe that successful fathers (such as the prominent military general Pericles) did not produce sons of their own quality. Socrates argued that moral excellence was more a matter of divine bequest than parental nurture. This belief may have contributed to his lack of anxiety about the future of his own sons.
Socrates frequently says his ideas are not his own, but his teachers'. He mentions several influences: Prodicus the rhetor and Anaxagoras the scientist. Perhaps surprisingly, Socrates claims to have been deeply influenced by two women besides his mother: he says that Diotima, a witch and priestess from Mantinea, taught him all he knows about eros, or love; and that Aspasia, the mistress of Pericles, taught him the art of rhetoric.[21] John Burnet argued that his principal teacher was the Anaxagorean Archelaus but his ideas were as Plato described them; Eric A. Havelock, on the other hand, considered Socrates' association with the Anaxagoreans to be evidence of Plato's philosophical separation from Socrates.
Socratic paradoxes[link]
Many of the beliefs traditionally attributed to the historical Socrates have been characterized as "paradoxical" because they seem to conflict with common sense. The following are among the so-called Socratic Paradoxes:[22]
- No one desires evil.
- No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.
- Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
- Virtue is sufficient for happiness.
The phrase Socratic paradox can also refer to a self-referential paradox, originating in Socrates' phrase, "I know that I know nothing noble and good".[23]
Knowledge[link]
One of the best known sayings of Socrates is "I only know that I know nothing". The conventional interpretation of this remark is that Socrates' wisdom was limited to an awareness of his own ignorance. Socrates believed wrongdoing was a consequence of ignorance and those who did wrong knew no better. The one thing Socrates consistently claimed to have knowledge of was "the art of love", which he connected with the concept of "the love of wisdom", i.e., philosophy. He never actually claimed to be wise, only to understand the path a lover of wisdom must take in pursuing it. It is debatable whether Socrates believed humans (as opposed to gods like Apollo) could actually become wise. On the one hand, he drew a clear line between human ignorance and ideal knowledge; on the other, Plato's Symposium (Diotima's Speech) and Republic (Allegory of the Cave) describe a method for ascending to wisdom.
In Plato's Theaetetus (150a), Socrates compares himself to a true matchmaker (προμνηστικός promnestikós), as distinguished from a panderer (προᾰγωγός proagogos). This distinction is echoed in Xenophon's Symposium (3.20), when Socrates jokes about his certainty of being able to make a fortune, if he chose to practice the art of pandering. For his part as a philosophical interlocutor, he leads his respondent to a clearer conception of wisdom, although he claims he is not himself a teacher (Apology). His role, he claims, is more properly to be understood as analogous to a midwife (μαῖα maia). Socrates explains that he is himself barren of theories, but knows how to bring the theories of others to birth and determine whether they are worthy or mere "wind eggs" (ἀνεμιαῖον anemiaion). Perhaps significantly, he points out that midwives are barren due to age, and women who have never given birth are unable to become midwives; they would have no experience or knowledge of birth and would be unable to separate the worthy infants from those that should be left on the hillside to be exposed. To judge this, the midwife must have experience and knowledge of what she is judging.
Virtue[link]
Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on self-development rather than the pursuit of material wealth.[citation needed] He always invited others to try to concentrate more on friendships and a sense of true community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for people to grow together as a populace.[citation needed] His actions lived up to this: in the end, Socrates accepted his death sentence when most thought he would simply leave Athens, as he felt he could not run away from or go against the will of his community; as mentioned above, his reputation for valor on the battlefield was without reproach.
The idea that humans possessed certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates' teachings. These virtues represented the most important qualities for a person to have, foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues. Socrates stressed that "virtue was the most valuable of all possessions; the ideal life was spent in search of the Good. Truth lies beneath the shadows of existence, and it is the job of the philosopher to show the rest how little they really know."[citation needed]
Politics[link]
It is often argued that Socrates believed "ideals belong in a world only the wise man can understand",[citation needed] making the philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern others. In Plato's dialogue the Republic, Socrates was in no way subtle about his particular beliefs on government. He openly objected to the democracy that ran Athens during his adult life. It was not only Athenian democracy: Socrates objected to any form of government that did not conform to his ideal of a perfect republic led by philosophers, and Athenian government was far from that. It is, however, possible that the Socrates of Plato's Republic is colored by Plato's own views. During the last years of Socrates' life, Athens was in continual flux due to political upheaval. Democracy was at last overthrown by a junta known as the Thirty Tyrants, led by Plato's relative, Critias, who had been a student of Socrates. The Tyrants ruled for about a year before the Athenian democracy was reinstated, at which point it declared an amnesty for all recent events.
Socrates' opposition to democracy is often denied, and the question is one of the biggest philosophical debates when trying to determine exactly what Socrates believed. The strongest argument of those who claim Socrates did not actually believe in the idea of philosopher kings is that the view is expressed no earlier than Plato's Republic, which is widely considered one of Plato's "Middle" dialogues and not representative of the historical Socrates' views. Furthermore, according to Plato's Apology of Socrates, an "early" dialogue, Socrates refused to pursue conventional politics; he often stated he could not look into other's matters or tell people how to live their lives when he did not yet understand how to live his own. He believed he was a philosopher engaged in the pursuit of Truth, and did not claim to know it fully. Socrates' acceptance of his death sentence, after his conviction by the Boule (Senate), can also be seen to support this view. It is often claimed much of the anti-democratic leanings are from Plato, who was never able to overcome his disgust at what was done to his teacher. In any case, it is clear Socrates thought the rule of the Thirty Tyrants was at least as objectionable as Democracy; when called before them to assist in the arrest of a fellow Athenian, Socrates refused and narrowly escaped death before the Tyrants were overthrown. He did however fulfill his duty to serve as Prytanis when a trial of a group of Generals who presided over a disastrous naval campaign were judged; even then he maintained an uncompromising attitude, being one of those who refused to proceed in a manner not supported by the laws, despite intense pressure.[24] Judging by his actions, he considered the rule of the Thirty Tyrants less legitimate than the Democratic Senate that sentenced him to death.
Mysticism[link]
In the Dialogues of Plato, Socrates often seems to support a mystical side, discussing reincarnation and the mystery religions; however, this is generally attributed to Plato[citation needed]. Regardless, this cannot be dismissed out of hand, as we cannot be sure of the differences between the views of Plato and Socrates; in addition, there seem to be some corollaries in the works of Xenophon. In the culmination of the philosophic path as discussed in Plato's Symposium and Republic, one comes to the Sea of Beauty or to the sight of the form of the Good in an experience akin to mystical revelation; only then can one become wise. (In the Symposium, Socrates credits his speech on the philosophic path to his teacher, the priestess Diotima, who is not even sure if Socrates is capable of reaching the highest mysteries.) In the Meno, he refers to the Eleusinian Mysteries, telling Meno he would understand Socrates' answers better if only he could stay for the initiations next week. Further confusions result from the nature of these sources, insofar as the Platonic Dialogues are arguably the work of an artist-philosopher, whose meaning does not volunteer itself to the passive reader nor again the lifelong scholar. Plato himself was a playwright before taking up the study of philosophy. His works are, indeed, dialogues; Plato's choice of this, the medium of Sophocles, Euripides, and the fictions of theatre, may reflect the interpretable nature of his writings. What is more, the first word of nearly all Plato's works is a, or the, significant term for that respective study, and is used with the commonly approved definition in mind. Finally, the Phaedrus and the Symposium each allude to Socrates' coy delivery of philosophic truths in conversation; the Socrates of the Phaedrus goes so far as to demand such dissembling and mystery in all writing. The mysticism we often find in Plato, appearing here and there and couched in some enigmatic tract of symbol and irony, is often at odds with the mysticism Plato's Socrates expounds in some other dialogue. These mystical resolutions to hitherto rigorous inquiries and analyses fail to satisfy caring readers, without fail. Whether they would fail to satisfy readers who understood them is another question, and will not, in all probability, ever be resolved.
Perhaps the most interesting facet of this is Socrates' reliance on what the Greeks called his "daemonic sign", an averting (ἀποτρεπτικός apotreptikos) inner voice Socrates heard only when he was about to make a mistake. It was this sign that prevented Socrates from entering into politics. In the Phaedrus, we are told Socrates considered this to be a form of "divine madness", the sort of insanity that is a gift from the gods and gives us poetry, mysticism, love, and even philosophy itself. Alternately, the sign is often taken to be what we would call "intuition"; however, Socrates' characterization of the phenomenon as "daemonic" suggests its origin is divine, mysterious, and independent of his own thoughts.
Satirical playwrights[link]
He was prominently lampooned in Aristophanes' comedy The Clouds, produced when Socrates was in his mid-forties; he said at his trial (according to Plato) that the laughter of the theater was a harder task to answer than the arguments of his accusers. Søren Kierkegaard believed this play was a more accurate representation of Socrates than those of his students. In the play, Socrates is ridiculed for his dirtiness, which is associated with the Laconizing fad; also in plays by Callias, Eupolis, and Telecleides. Other comic poets who lampooned Socrates include Mnesimachus and Ameipsias. In all of these, Socrates and the Sophists were criticised for "the moral dangers inherent in contemporary thought and literature".
Prose sources[link]
Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle are the main sources for the historical Socrates; however, Xenophon and Plato were direct disciples of Socrates, and presumably, they idealize him; however, they wrote the only continuous descriptions of Socrates that have come down to us. Aristotle refers frequently, but in passing, to Socrates in his writings. Almost all of Plato's works center on Socrates. However, Plato's later works appear to be more his own philosophy put into the mouth of his mentor.
The Socratic dialogues[link]
Main article: Socratic dialogues
The Socratic Dialogues are a series of dialogues written by Plato and Xenophon in the form of discussions between Socrates and other persons of his time, or as discussions between Socrates' followers over his concepts. Plato's Phaedo is an example of this latter category. Although his Apology is a monologue delivered by Socrates, it is usually grouped with the Dialogues.
The Apology professes to be a record of the actual speech Socrates delivered in his own defense at the trial. In the Athenian jury system, an "apology" is composed of three parts: a speech, followed by a counter-assessment, then some final words. "Apology" is a transliteration, not a translation, of the Greek apologia, meaning "defense"; in this sense it is not apologetic according to our contemporary use of the term.
Plato generally does not place his own ideas in the mouth of a specific speaker; he lets ideas emerge via the Socratic Method, under the guidance of Socrates. Most of the dialogues present Socrates applying this method to some extent, but nowhere as completely as in the Euthyphro. In this dialogue, Socrates and Euthyphro go through several iterations of refining the answer to Socrates' question, "...What is the pious, and what the impious?"
In Plato's Dialogues, learning appears as a process of remembering. The soul, before its incarnation in the body, was in the realm of Ideas (very similar to the Platonic "Forms"). There, it saw things the way they truly are, rather than the pale shadows or copies we experience on earth. By a process of questioning, the soul can be brought to remember the ideas in their pure form, thus bringing wisdom.
Especially for Plato's writings referring to Socrates, it is not always clear which ideas brought forward by Socrates (or his friends) actually belonged to Socrates and which of these may have been new additions or elaborations by Plato – this is known as the Socratic Problem. Generally, the early works of Plato are considered to be close to the spirit of Socrates, whereas the later works – including Phaedo and the Republic – are considered to be possibly products of Plato's elaborations.
Legacy[link]
Immediate influence[link]
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Immediately, the students of Socrates set to work both on exercising their perceptions of his teachings in politics and also on developing many new philosophical schools of thought. Some of Athens' controversial and anti-democratic tyrants were contemporary or posthumous students of Socrates including Alcibiades and Critias. Critias' cousin, Plato would go on to found the Academy in 385 BC, which gained so much notoriety that 'Academy' became the base word for educational institutions in later European languages such as English, French, and Italian. Plato's protege, another important figure of the Classical era, Aristotle went on to tutor Alexander the Great and also to found his own school in 335 BC- the Lyceum, whose name also now means an educational institution.
While Socrates was shown to demote the importance of institutional knowledge like mathematics or science in relation to the human condition in his Dialogues, Plato would emphasize it with metaphysical overtones mirroring that of Pythagoras – the former who would dominate Western thought well into the Renaissance. Aristotle himself was as much of a philosopher as he was a scientist with rudimentary work in the fields of biology and physics.
Socratic thought which challenged conventions, especially in stressing a simplistic way of living, became divorced from Plato's more detached and philosophical pursuits. This idea was inherited by one of Socrates' older students, Antisthenes, who became the originator of another philosophy in the years after Socrates' death – Cynicism. Antisthenes attacked Plato and Alcibiades over what he deemed as their betrayal of Socrates' tenets in his writings.[citation needed]
The idea of asceticism being hand in hand with an ethical life or one with piety, ignored by Plato and Aristotle and somewhat dealt with by the Cynics, formed the core of another philosophy in 281 BC – Stoicism when Zeno of Citium would discover Socrates' works and then learn from Crates, a Cynic philosopher. None of the schools however, would inherit his tendency to openly associate with and respect women or the regular citizen.[citation needed]
Later historical effects[link]
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While some of the later contributions of Socrates to Hellenistic Era culture and philosophy as well as the Roman Era have been lost to time, his teachings began a resurgence in both medieval Europe and the Islamic Middle East alongside those of Aristotle and Stoicism. Socrates is mentioned in the dialogue Kuzari by Jewish philosopher and rabbi Yehuda Halevi in which a Jew instructs the Khazar king about Judaism. al-Kindi, a well-known Arabic philosopher, introduced and tried to reconcile Socrates and Hellenistic philosophy to an Islamic audience.
Socrates' stature in Western philosophy returned in full force with the Renaissance and the Age of Reason in Europe when political theory began to resurface under those like Locke and Hobbes. Voltaire even went so far as to write a satirical play about the Trial of Socrates. There were a number of paintings about his life including Socrates Tears Alcibiades from the Embrace of Sensual Pleasure by Jean-Baptiste Regnault and The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David in the later 18th century.
To this day, the Socratic Method is still used in classroom and law school discourse to expose underlying issues in both subject and the speaker. He has been rewarded with accolades ranging from numerous mentions in pop culture such as the movie Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure and a Greek rock band to numerous busts in academic institutions in recognition of his contribution to education.
Criticism[link]
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Evaluation and reaction to Socrates has been undertaken with both historical and philosophical inquiry from the time of his death to the present day with a multitude of conclusions and perspectives. One of the initial criticisms levied against the philosopher was presented at his trial – that he was not the proponent of a philosophy but an individual with a method of undermining the fabric of Athenian society, a charge carried by the 500-man jury of Athenians that sentenced him to death. Although he was not directly prosecuted for his connection to Critias, leader of the Spartan-backed Thirty Tyrants, he was seen as a controversial figure, who mentored oligarchs who became abusive tyrants, and undermined Athenian democracy. The Sophist establishment he railed at in life survived him, but by the 3rd century BC, was rapidly overtaken by the many philosophical schools of thought that Socrates influenced.
Socrates' death is considered iconic and his status as a martyr of philosophy overshadowed most contemporary and posthumous criticism at the time. However, Xenophon attempts to explain that Socrates purposely welcomed the hemlock due to his old age using the arguably self-destructive testimony to the jury as evidence. Direct criticism of Socrates almost disappears at this point, but there is a noticeable preference for Plato or Aristotle over the elements of Socratic philosophy distinct from those of his students, even into the Middle Ages.
Modern scholarship holds that, with so much of the philosopher obscured and possibly altered by Plato, it is impossible to gain a clear picture of Socrates amidst all the seeming contradictions. That both Cynicism and Stoicism, which carried heavy influence from Socratic thought, were unlike or even contrary to Platonism further illustrates this. The ambiguity and lack of reliability serves as the modern basis of criticism – that it is near impossible to know the real Socrates. Some controversy also exists about claims of Socrates exempting himself from the homosexual customs of ancient Greece and not believing in the Olympian gods to the point of being monotheistic or if this was an attempt by later Medieval scholars to reconcile him with the morals of the era. However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the founder of modern Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic.
Ahmadiyya viewpoint[link]
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community) argued in his book Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth that Socrates was a prophet of the ancient Greeks. The apparent prophetic qualities of Socrates are indeed a subject for debate.[25] His constant reference to the oracle and how it performs the active function of a moral compass by preventing him from unseemly acts could easily be taken as a reference to – or substitute for revelation. Similarly, Socrates often refers to God in the singular as opposed to the plural and actively rejected the Greek pantheon of Gods and Goddesses unless citing them as examples of their falseness.[26]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "Socrates". 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Socrates_%28philosopher%29. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
- ^ Sarah Kofman, Socrates: Fictions of a Philosopher (1998) ISBN 0-8014-3551-X
- ^ Martin Cohen, Philosophical Tales (2008) ISBN 1-4051-4037-2
- ^ Many other writers added to the fashion of Socratic dialogues (called Sőkratikoi logoi) at the time. In addition to Plato and Xenophon, each of the following is credited by some source as having added to the genre: Aeschines of Sphettus, Antisthenes, Aristippus, Bryson, Cebes, Crito, Euclid of Megara, and Phaedo. It is unlikely Plato was the first in this field (Vlastos, p. 52).
- ^ There are several reasons this is the case. For one, Socrates is credited as an intellectual by almost every existing primary source. It is more likely then, that a fellow intellectual (i.e., Plato) would be more capable of understanding Socrates's ideas than a comic playwright, like Aristophanes. Furthermore, Socrates – as he is depicted by Xenophon's works – does nothing that would lead one to conclude he was a revolutionary or a threat to Athens (both Socrates and Xenophon served in military forces). Plato's Socrates behaves in ways that would explain why he was condemned for impiety (May, On Socrates).
- ^ Ong, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Plato, Laches 180d, Euthydemus 297e, Hippias Major 298c
- ^ Plato, Theaetetus 149a, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0176:text=Alc.%201:section=131e Alcibiades 1 131e
- ^ Xenophon, Symposium 2.10
- ^ Plato, Phaedo 116b
- ^ Plato, Crito 45c-45e
- ^ The ancient tradition is attested in Pausanias, 1.22.8; for a modern denial, see Kleine Pauly, "Sokrates" 7; the tradition is a confusion with the sculptor, Socrates of Thebes, mentioned in Pausanias 9.25.3, a contemporary of Pindar.
- ^ Here it is telling to refer to Thucydides (3.82.8): "Reckless audacity came to be considered the courage of a loyal ally; prudent hesitation, specious cowardice; moderation was held to be a cloak for unmanliness; ability to see all sides of a question inaptness to act on any. Frantic violence, became the attribute of manliness; cautious plotting, a justifiable means of self-defense. The advocate of extreme measures was always trustworthy; his opponent a man to be suspected."
- ^ a b Waterfield,Robin. Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths. New York:W.W.Norton and Company, 2009
- ^ Brun (1978).
- ^ Plato. Apology, 24–27.
- ^ Coppens.
- ^ Popper, K. (1962) The Open Society and its Enemies, Volume 1 Plato, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, p133.
- ^ Hadot, P. (1995) Philosophy as a Way of Life, Oxford, Blackwells, p93.
- ^ Plato, Republic 336c & 337a, Theaetetus 150c, Apology 23a; Xenophon, Memorabilia 4.4.9; Aristotle, Sophistical Refutations 183b7.
- ^ Plato, Menexenus 235e
- ^ p. 14, Terence Irwin, The Development of Ethics, vol. 1, Oxford University Press 2007; p. 147, Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", Philosophical Review 73 (1964), pp. 147–64.
- ^ Apology of Socrates 21d.
- ^ Kagen (1978).
- ^ Hughes, Bettany. Socrates: The Hemlock Cup. (Random House, 2009)
- ^ Greek Philosophy – Al Islam
References[link]
- Brun, Jean (1978 (sixth edition)). Socrate. Presses universitaires de France. pp. 39–40. ISBN 2-13-035620-6. (French)
- Coppens, Philip, "Socrates, that’s the question" Feature Articles – Biographies, PhilipCoppens.com.
- May, Hope (2000). On Socrates. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-57604-4.
- Ong, Walter (2002). Orality and Literacy. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28129-6.
- Kagan, Donald. The Fall of the Athenian Empire. First. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece. W. H. S. Jones (translator). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol. 1. Books I–II: ISBN 0-674-99104-4. Vol. 4. Books VIII.22–X: ISBN 0-674-99328-4.
- Thucydides; The Peloponnesian War. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton. 1910.
- Vlastos, Gregory (1991). Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9787-6.
Further reading[link]
- Bernas, Richard, cond. Socrate. By Erik Satie. LTM/Boutique, 2006
- Bruell, C. (1994). “On Plato’s Political Philosophy”, Review of Politics, 56: 261-82.
- Bruell, C. (1999). On the Socratic Education: An Introduction to the Shorter Platonic Dialogues, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Grube, G.M.A.(2002). "Plato, Five Dialogues". Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
- Hanson, V.D. (2001). "Socrates Dies at Delium, 424 B.C.", What If? 2, Robert Cowley, editor, G.P. Putnam's Sons, NY.
- Egan, K. The educated mind : how cognitive tools shape our understanding. (1997) University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-19036-6 p. 137-144
- Kierkegaard, Søren (1968). The Concept of Irony: with Constant Reference to Socrates. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20111-9.
- Levinson, Paul (2007). The Plot to Save Socrates. New York: Tor Books. ISBN 0-7653-1197-6.
- Luce, J.V. (1992). An Introduction to Greek Philosophy, Thames & Hudson, NY.
- Maritain, J. (1930, 1991). Introduction to Philosophy, Christian Classics, Inc., Westminster, MD.
- Robinson, R (1953). Plato's Earlier Dialectic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824777-7. Ch. 2: "Elenchus", Ch. 3: "Elenchus: Direct and Indirect"
- Taylor, C.C.W. , Hare, R.M. & Barnes, J. (1998). Greek Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Oxford University Press, NY.
- Taylor, C.C.W. (2001). Socrates: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Socrates |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Socrates |
- Socrates on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Socrates entry by Debra Nails in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Greek Philosophy: Socrates
Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Socrates, translated by Robert Drew Hicks (1925).- Original Fresque of Socrates in Archaeological Museum of Ephesus
- Socrates Narrates Plato's The Republic
- Apology of Socrates, by Plato.
- Project Gutenberg e-texts on Socrates, amongst others:
- The Dialogues of Plato (see also Wikipedia articles on Dialogues by Plato)
- The writings of Xenophon, such as the Memorablia and Hellenica.
- The satirical plays by Aristophanes
- Aristotle's writings
- Voltaire's Socrates
- A free audiobook of the Socratic dialogue Euthyphro at LibriVox
- Socratic Method Research Portal
- Video on Socratic method
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Socrates |
| Alternative names | Sokrates; Σωκράτης (Greek) |
| Short description | Greek philosopher |
| Date of birth | ca. 470 BC |
| Place of birth | Athens |
| Date of death | 399 BC |
| Place of death | Athens |
http://wn.com/Socrates
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Сократ
http://es.wn.com/Sócrates
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the operatic soprano, see Karan Armstrong.
| Karen Armstrong | |
|---|---|
| Born | Karen Armstrong (1944-11-14) November 14, 1944 (age 67) Wildmoor, Worcestershire, England |
| Occupation | Writer, Academic |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Oxford University |
|
charterforcompassion.org |
|
Karen Armstrong FRSL (born 14 November 1944), is a British author and commentator who is the author of twelve books on comparative religion. A former Roman Catholic nun, she went from a conservative to a more liberal and mystical faith. Armstrong first rose to prominence in 1993 with her book, A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, an international best seller that is now required reading in many theology courses. Her work focuses on commonalities of the major religions, such as the importance, in many, of compassion or "The Golden Rule".
Armstrong received the $100,000 TED Prize in February 2008. She used that occasion to call for the creation of a Charter for Compassion, which was unveiled the following year.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Armstrong was born at Wildmoor, Worcestershire,[1] into a family of Irish extraction who, after her birth, moved to Bromsgrove and later to Birmingham. In 1962, while still in her teens, she became a nun in the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, a teaching order, in which she remained for seven years. Once she had advanced from postulant and novice to professed nun, she enrolled in St Anne's College, Oxford, to study English. Armstrong left her order in 1969 while still a student at Oxford. After graduating with a Congratulatory First, she embarked on a DPhil on the poet Tennyson. According to Armstrong, she wrote her dissertation on a topic that had been approved by the university committee. Nevertheless it was failed by her external examiner on the grounds that the topic had been unsuitable.[2] Armstrong did not formally protest this verdict, nor did she embark upon a new topic but instead abandoned hope of an academic career. She reports that this period in her life was marked by ill-health stemming from her life-long but, at that time, still undiagnosed temporal epilepsy.[3][4]
Career[link]
In 1976, Armstrong took a job as teaching English at a girls' school in Dulwich while working on a memoir of her convent experiences. This was published in 1982 as Through the Narrow Gate to excellent reviews. That year she embarked on a new career as an independent writer and broadcasting presenter. In 1984, the British Channel Four commissioned her to write and present a TV documentary on the life of St. Paul, a project that involved traveling to the Holy Land to retrace the steps of the saint. Armstrong described this visit as a "breakthrough experience" that defied her prior assumptions and was the inspiration for virtually all her subsequent work. In A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, she traces the evolution of the three major monotheistic traditions from their beginnings in the Middle East up to the present day and also discusses Hinduism and Buddhism. As guiding "luminaries" in her approach, Armstrong acknowledges (in The Spiral Staircase and elsewhere) the late Canadian theologian Wilfred Cantwell Smith, a Protestant minister,[5] and the Jesuit father Bernard Lonergan.[6] In 1996, she published Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths.
Armstrong's The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (2006) continues the themes covered in A History of God and examines the emergence and codification of the world's great religions during the so-called Axial age, identified by Karl Jaspers. In the year of its publication Armstrong achieved the distinction of being invited to choose her eight favourite records for BBC Radio's Desert Island Discs programme.[7] She has made considerable appearances on television, including appearances on Rageh Omaar's programme on The Life of Muhammad. She was also an advisor for the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation.
In 2007, Armstrong was invited by the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore to deliver the "2007 MUIS Lecture".[8]
Armstrong is a fellow of the Jesus Seminar, a group of scholars and laypeople which attempts to investigate the historical foundations of Christianity. She has written numerous articles for The Guardian and other publications. She was a key advisor on Bill Moyers' popular PBS series on religion, has addressed members of the US Congress, and was one of three scholars to speak at the UN's first ever session on religion.[9] She is a vice-president of the British Epilepsy Association, otherwise known as Epilepsy Action.
Armstrong, who has taught courses at Leo Baeck College, a rabbinical college and centre for Jewish education located in north London, says she has been particularly inspired by the Jewish tradition's emphasis on practice as well as faith: "I say that religion isn't about believing things. It's about what you do. It's ethical alchemy. It's about behaving in a way that changes you, that gives you intimations of holiness and sacredness." [10] She maintains that religious fundamentalism is not just a response to but, paradoxically, a product of contemporary culture[11] and for this reason concludes that, "We urgently need to make compassion a clear, luminous and dynamic force in our polarized world. Rooted in a principled determination to transcend selfishness, compassion can break down political, dogmatic, ideological and religious boundaries. Born of our deep interdependence, compassion is essential to human relationships and to a fulfilled humanity. It is the path to enlightenment, and indispensable to the creation of a just economy and a peaceful global community."[12]
Awarded the $100,000 TED Prize in February 2008, Armstrong called for drawing up a Charter for Compassion, in the spirit of the Golden Rule, to identify shared moral priorities across religious traditions, in order to foster global understanding and a peaceful world.[13] It was presented in Washington, D.C. in November 2009. Signatories include Queen Noor of Jordan, the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Paul Simon.[14]
Honours[link]
In 1999 Armstrong received the Muslim Public Affairs Council's Media Award[15][16][17].
Armstrong was honoured by the New York Open Center in 2004 for her "profound understanding of religious traditions and their relation to the divine."[18]
She received an honorary degree as Doctor of Letters by Aston University in 2006[19].
In May 2008 she was awarded the Freedom of Worship Award by the Roosevelt Institute, one of four medals presented each year to men and women whose achievements have demonstrated a commitment to the Four Freedoms proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 as essential to democracy: freedom of speech and of worship, freedom from want and from fear. The institute stated that Armstrong had become "a significant voice, seeking mutual understanding in times of turbulence, confrontation and violence among religious groups." It cited "her personal dedication to the ideal that peace can be found in religious understanding, for her teachings on compassion, and her appreciation for the positive sources of spirituality." [20]
She has also received the TED Prize 2008[21].
In 2009 she was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize by the University of Tübingen.[22]
Armstrong was honored Nationalencyklopedin's International Knowledge Award 2011[23] "for her long standing work of bringing knowledge to others about the significance of religion to humankind and, in particular, for pointing out the similarities between religions. Through a series of books and award-winning lectures she reaches out as a peace-making voice at a time when world events are becoming increasingly linked to religion."
On November 30, 2011 (St. Andrew's Day) Armstrong was made honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Saint Andrews.[24]
Reception[link]
Armstrong has been called "a prominent and prolific religious historian"[25] and described as "arguably the most lucid, wide-ranging and consistently interesting religion writer today".[26] Juan Eduardo Campo, author of the Encyclopedia of Islam (Encyclopedia of World Religions) (2009), included Armstrong among a group of scholars whom he considered as currently conveying a "more or less objective" (as opposed to polemical) view of Islam and its origins to a wide public in Europe and North America.[27] She is in demand as a speaker on the Abrahamic tradition; in the last decade increasing interest in and debate surrounding Islamic issues has brought her even wider visibility.[citation needed]
Bibliography[link]
- Journal articles:
- "Women, Tourism, Politics" (1977)
- "The Holiness of Jerusalem: Asset or Burden?" (1998)
- "Ambiguity and Remembrance: Individual and Collective Memory in Finland" (2000)
- Books:
- Through the Narrow Gate (1982)
- The First Christian: Saint Paul's Impact on Christianity (1983)
- Beginning the World (1983)
- Tongues of Fire: An Anthology of Religious and Poetic Experience (1985)
- The Gospel According to Woman: Christianity's Creation of the Sex War in the West (1986)
- Holy War: The Crusades and their Impact on Today's World (1988)
- Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (1991)
- The English Mystics of the Fourteenth Century (1991)
- The End of Silence: Women and the Priesthood (1993)
- A History of God (1993)
- Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (1996)
- In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis (1996)
- Islam: A Short History (2000)
- The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (2000)
- Buddha (2001)
- Faith After September 11 (2002)
- The Spiral Staircase (2004)
- A Short History of Myth (2005)
- Muhammad: A Prophet For Our Time (2006)
- The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (2006) ISBN 978-0-375-41317-9
- The Bible: A Biography (2007)
- The Case for God (2009) ISBN 978-0-307-26918-8
- Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life (2010) ISBN 978-0-307-59559-1
- A Letter to Pakistan ISBN 978-0-19-906330-7
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Armstrong, Karen (2005). Through A Narrow Gate: A Memoir of Spiritual Discovery (Revised ed.). Macmillan. pp. 7. ISBN 0-312-34095-8.
- ^ Armstrong, Karen. The Spiral Staircase: My Climb Out Of Darkness. New York: Random House, 2004.
- ^ McGrath, Alister (2006). "Spirituality and well-being: some recent discussions". Brain 129 (1): 278–282. DOI:10.1093/brain/awh719. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/129/1/278.full.
- ^ "The runaway nun". New Statesman. 5 April 2004. http://www.newstatesman.com/200404050042.
- ^ See The Case for God, p. 87, footnote 42
- ^ The Case for God, p. 283.
- ^ "Desert Island Discs, February 12, 2006: Karen Armstrong". BBC Radio 4 Website. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs20060212.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ Karen Armstrong delivers the 2007 MUIS lecture, muis.gov.sg
- ^ Karen Armstrong Speaker Profile at The Lavin Agency, thelavinagency.com
- ^ Dave Weich, "Karen Armstrong, Turn, Turn, Turn".
- ^ "Voices on Antisemtisim interview with Karen Armstrong". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2007-07-05. http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/index.php?content=20070705.
- ^ The Charter for Compassion.
- ^ "TEDPrize 2008 Winner :: Karen Armstrong". TEDPrize Website. http://www.tedprize.org/?page_id=8. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
- ^ Chapman, Glenn (2009.11.12). "Online call for religions to embrace compassion". Agence France-Presse. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMy_pmwt7MKtU1RzSn_AfrhUFZJg. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ "Last Chance to Buy Your Tickets to MPAC Media Awards Gala on Sunday, June 1st". Muslim Public Affairs Council. http://www.mpac.org/programs/hollywood-bureau/last-chance-to-buy-your-tickets-to-mpac-media-awards-gala-on-sunday-june-1st.php. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "Karen Armstrong". Westar Institute. http://www.westarinstitute.org/Fellows/armstrong.html. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "Bill Moyers Journal, Karen Armstrong". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/03132009/profile.html. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "Open Center Gala Honorees". [2009]. http://www.opencenter.org/galahonorees/. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ^ "Honorary Graduates of the University". Aston University. http://www1.aston.ac.uk/about/history/honorary-graduates/. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards: Freedom of Worship: Karen Armstrong". Four Freedoms Award website. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. 2008. http://www.fourfreedoms.nl/index.php?lang=en&id=16&laureate=77. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
- ^ "2008 Winners". TED Prize. http://www.tedprize.org/2008-winners/. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ Armstrong, Karen. (2010). Plädoyer für Gott. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 108. ISBN 978-3-16-150305-4. http://www.mohr.de/en/religious-studies/subject-areas/all-books/buch/plaedoyer-fuer-gott.html.
- ^ "Intervju med Karen Armstrong". The Knowledge Awards. http://kunskapspriset.se/2011/10/internationella-hederspriset-2011-gar-till-karen-armstrong-3/. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ "The point of religion". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2011/Title,77179,en.html. , University of St Andrews, News archive
- ^ Bonos, Lisa (2011-01-16). "Review of Karen Armstrong's "Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life"". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/14/AR2011011406932.html. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Miller, Laura. ""Buddha" by Karen Armstrong". Salon. http://dir.salon.com/books/feature/2001/04/18/armstrong/index.html. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Juan Eduardo Campo (November 1996). "Review of [Muhammad and the Origins of Islam] by F. E. Peters". International Journal of Middle East Studies 28 (4): 597–599.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Karen Armstrong |
- Author Spotlight at Random House
- Profile at islamfortoday.com
- Charter for Compassion, charterforcompassion.org
- Interview with Karen Armstrong on "The Bible", readthespirit.com
- The reason of faith Ode magazine, 2009.
- Articles by Karen Armstrong on the 5th Estate blog, fifthestate.co.uk
- Audio and video
- Karen Armstrong's TED Talk "Let's revive the golden rule", ted.com
- Audio: Karen Armstrong in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum, BBC.co.uk
- Booknotes interview with Armstrong on Islam: A Short History, September 22, 2000.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Karen |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1944-11-14 |
| Place of birth | Wildmoor, Worcestershire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Karen_Armstrong
Related pages:
http://es.wn.com/Karen Armstrong
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Michael Strong | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1918-02-08)February 8, 1918 New York, N.Y. |
| Died | September 17, 1980(1980-09-17) (aged 62) Los Angeles, California |
Michael Strong (February 8, 1918- September 17, 1980)[1] was an American stage, film and television actor.
He was born Cecil Natapoff in New York City and had extensive stage experience. He was a member of the Actors Studio.[2] Among his film credits are Point Blank, Patton, and The Great Santini. Strong also made many television appearances during his career on shows such as Naked City, The Fugitive, I Spy, Mission: Impossible, The Streets of San Francisco, and Hawaii Five-O. He played Dr. Roger Korby in the Star Trek episode "What Are Little Girls Made Of?".
His most notable performance was as the young hoodlum in the stage and film versions of Detective Story.[2]
He died of cancer in Los Angeles, California on September 17, 1980.
References[link]
- ^ California Death Index and Social Security Death Index, accessed on Ancestry.com
- ^ a b New York Times obituary, Sept. 22, 1980
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Strong, Michael |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American actor |
| Date of birth | August 17, 1924 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois |
| Date of death | September 29, 1980 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California |
 |
This article about an American television actor born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Michael_Strong
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Strong
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
4:07
Socrates-Starvation
syd2007
Socrates-Starvation
Live in Athens 2005 Socrates Drank the Conium is a Greek progressive/blues rock band that was active in the early 1970s. Their sound was reminiscent of other such bands of the approximate period like the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Led Zeppelin, Cream, Jeff Beck and some of the more progressive, experimental works of Black Sabbath. Their categorization as "progressive" can be attributed mainly to their abundant use of less-than-conventional time signatures. The Group would go through many lineup changes throughout the years, but the two core members have remained: guitarist Yannis Spathas and bassist/singer Antonis Tourkoyorgis History Socrates (as the somewhat ponderous name is often abbreviated) began its career in the clubs of Athens. Most prominent of these was the popular Kyttaro. They were present at a number of other locations in and around Victoria Square in Athens. Apart from playing many original songs at gigs, Socrates often covered Jimi Hendrix songs, none of which were featured on any studio releases. However, a thirteen-minute cover of (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction by the Rolling Stones found its way onto their 1972 album Taste of Conium. The guitarist, Yannis Spathas, favored a mid-1960's sunburst Fender Stratocaster, a Candy Apple Red Roland GR-505 guitar synthesizer and a black Gibson Les Paul Custom as his instruments, Antonis Tourkoyorgis played a mid-1970's natural ash-bodied Fender Jazz Bass and sang, while several drummers were used throughout the live <b>...</b>
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