- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Music of Canada
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- A-side and B-side
- Aboriginal rock
- Academies
- Aesthetics of music
- African
- Alberta
- Alberta (song)
- Album
- Alexander Muir
- Alternative rock
- Ancient music
- Anglo-Zulu War
- Animal hides
- Antlers
- Apex Records
- Arctic Cordillera
- Arms of Canada
- Artist in residence
- Atlantic Canada
- Atlantis Music Prize
- ATN B4U Music
- Aux (TV channel)
- Bank of Canada
- Banking in Canada
- Baroque music
- Big Valley Jamboree
- Billboard charts
- Birchbark
- Bishop's University
- Black Canadians
- Blackfoot
- Blowing horn
- Book Canada
- Boston
- Boston Symphony Hall
- Bpm tv
- British America
- British Columbia
- Bugle call
- Button accordion
- Calixa Lavallée
- Canada
- Canada 1996 Census
- Canada 2001 Census
- Canada 2006 Census
- Canada, New France
- Canadian art
- Canadian blues
- Canadian content
- Canadian cuisine
- Canadian dollar
- Canadian fiddle
- Canadian Forces
- Canadian heraldry
- Canadian hip hop
- Canadian identity
- Canadian jazz
- Canadian literature
- Canadian Music Week
- Canadian Musician
- Canadian nationalism
- Canadian Prairies
- Canadian punk rock
- Canadian rock
- Canadian Rockies
- Canadian Shield
- Canadians
- Carnegie Hall
- CASBY Award
- Category Canada
- Category Music
- Catholicism
- CBC News
- CBC Radio 3
- CD
- Celine Dion
- Celtic Colours
- Central Canada
- Chamber music
- Chanting
- Chart (magazine)
- Choir director
- CHUM Chart
- Church hall
- Cinema of Canada
- CINW
- City of Halifax
- Civil rights
- CKAC
- Classical music
- CMT (Canada)
- Coast Mountains
- Coast Salish peoples
- Columbia Mountains
- Compact Cassette
- Compilation album
- Compo Company
- Composer
- Conducting
- Conservatories
- Contralto
- Country music
- Covenant Awards
- Cover version
- Crime in Canada
- Culture of Canada
- Dance
- Dancing
- Definition of music
- Dene
- Dene music
- Diana (song)
- Drums
- Drumsticks
- Easy listening
- Economy of Canada
- Education in Canada
- Eileen Southern
- Elections in Canada
- Episcopal see
- Ethnomusicology
- Exclaim!
- Extended play
- Fauna of Canada
- Felix Award
- Feminism
- Feminism in Canada
- Fiddle
- Film
- First Nations
- First Nations music
- First World War
- Flag of Canada
- Flora of Canada
- France
- French Canadian
- Félix Award
- Galop
- Geography of Canada
- GMA Canada
- God Save the Queen
- Google Books
- Gospel music
- Gourds
- Government of Canada
- Grammy Awards
- Gramophone record
- Grand Ole Opry
- Great Lakes
- Guitars
- Guy Lombardo
- Habitants
- Haida people
- Hamilton, Ontario
- Handel
- Hank Snow
- Harpsichord
- Haydn
- Henri Membertou
- History of Canada
- Holy Family
- Hydrography
- Indie rock
- Innu
- Innu music
- Interior Plateau
- Internet
- Inuit
- Inuit music
- Irish people
- Iroquois
- J.C. Bach
- Jam!
- Jazz
- Jitterbug
- Jive (dance)
- Joni Mitchell
- Joseph Quesnel
- Juno Award
- Juno Awards
- Kevin S. MacLeod
- Kingston, Ontario
- La Minerve
- Lachine, Quebec
- Languages of Canada
- Latin American music
- Law of Canada
- Leo, the Royal Cadet
- Leonard Cohen
- Libretto
- Lindy Hop
- List of Canadians
- Live album
- London Records
- Louis Jolliet
- Lower Canada
- LP album
- Lyrics
- Manitoba
- Marc Lescarbot
- March (music)
- Maritimes
- Media of Canada
- Medieval music
- MetroLeap Media Inc.
- Mexico
- Mi'kmaq people
- Middle Eastern music
- Military band
- Minuet
- Monarchy of Canada
- Montreal
- Motets
- Mozart
- MuchLOUD
- MuchMore
- MuchMoreRetro
- MuchMusic
- Murray Adaskin
- Music
- Music and politics
- Music cognition
- Music critic
- Music education
- Music genre
- Music history
- Music industry
- Music of Afghanistan
- Music of Africa
- Music of Albania
- Music of Alberta
- Music of Algeria
- Music of Andorra
- Music of Angola
- Music of Anguilla
- Music of Argentina
- Music of Armenia
- Music of Aruba
- Music of Asia
- Music of Australia
- Music of Austria
- Music of Azerbaijan
- Music of Bahrain
- Music of Bangladesh
- Music of Barbados
- Music of Belarus
- Music of Belgium
- Music of Belize
- Music of Benin
- Music of Bermuda
- Music of Bhutan
- Music of Bolivia
- Music of Bonaire
- Music of Botswana
- Music of Brazil
- Music of Brunei
- Music of Bulgaria
- Music of Burma
- Music of Burundi
- Music of Cambodia
- Music of Cameroon
- Music of Canada
- Music of Cape Verde
- Music of Chad
- Music of Chile
- Music of China
- Music of Colombia
- Music of Comoros
- Music of Costa Rica
- Music of Croatia
- Music of Cuba
- Music of Curaçao
- Music of Cyprus
- Music of Denmark
- Music of Djibouti
- Music of Dominica
- Music of East Timor
- Music of Ecuador
- Music of Egypt
- Music of El Salvador
- Music of Eritrea
- Music of Estonia
- Music of Ethiopia
- Music of Fiji
- Music of Finland
- Music of France
- Music of Gabon
- Music of Germany
- Music of Ghana
- Music of Greece
- Music of Greenland
- Music of Grenada
- Music of Guadeloupe
- Music of Guatemala
- Music of Guinea
- Music of Guyana
- Music of Haiti
- Music of Honduras
- Music of Hong Kong
- Music of Hungary
- Music of Iceland
- Music of India
- Music of Indonesia
- Music of Iran
- Music of Iraq
- Music of Ireland
- Music of Israel
- Music of Italy
- Music of Jamaica
- Music of Japan
- Music of Jordan
- Music of Kazakhstan
- Music of Kenya
- Music of Kiribati
- Music of Kuwait
- Music of Kyrgyzstan
- Music of Laos
- Music of Latvia
- Music of Lebanon
- Music of Lesotho
- Music of Liberia
- Music of Libya
- Music of Manitoba
- Music of Martinique
- Music of Melanesia
- Music of Mexico
- Music of Micronesia
- Music of Montserrat
- Music of Nicaragua
- Music of Nova Scotia
- Music of Nunavut
- Music of Ontario
- Music of Panama
- Music of Polynesia
- Music of Puerto Rico
- Music of Quebec
- Music of Saba
- Music of Saint Lucia
- Music of the Bahamas
- Music of the Gambia
- Music of the Yukon
- Music of West Africa
- Music of Yukon
- Music psychology
- Music theory
- Music therapy
- Music video
- Musical composition
- Musical form
- Musical notation
- Musician
- Musicology
- MusiMax
- MusiquePlus
- Name of Canada
- Napster
- Nashville
- Neil Young
- New Brunswick
- New France
- New World
- New world
- New York
- New York City
- Newspapers
- Nordic folk music
- North America
- Northern Canada
- Nova Scotia
- Nun
- Nunavut
- O Canada
- Obesity in Canada
- Ode to Newfoundland
- Okeh Records
- Ontario
- Opera
- Operettas
- Orchestra
- Oscar Peterson
- Ottawa Bluesfest
- Outline of Canada
- Outline of music
- Pacific Northwest
- Parliament of Canada
- Paul Anka
- Peer-to-peer
- Periodicals
- Philadelphia
- Philosophy of music
- Phonograph
- Phonograph records
- Pianists
- Pipe organ
- Plainsong
- Playwright
- Pleyel
- Poet
- Polaris Music Prize
- Politics of Canada
- Polkas
- Popular music
- Port Royal
- Portal Canada
- Portal Music
- Portia White
- Poverty in Canada
- Prehistoric music
- Primate (religion)
- Prince Edward Island
- Province of Canada
- PunchMuch
- Quadrilles
- Quebec
- Quebec City
- Queen Elizabeth II
- Radio
- Radio stations
- Ray Hnatyshyn
- RCA Victor
- Record company
- Record label
- Record producer
- Religion in Canada
- Religious sect
- Remix
- Remix album
- Renaissance music
- René Ménard
- Rockabilly
- Romantic music
- Ronnie Hawkins
- Royal Canadian Mint
- Royalties
- RPM (magazine)
- Rush (band)
- Sacred
- Sagamore (title)
- Sampling (music)
- Samuel de Champlain
- Samuel Nordheimer
- Saskatchewan
- Scott Yanow
- Scottish people
- Senate of Canada
- Shania Twain
- Sheet music
- Single (music)
- Smoking in Canada
- Social class
- Song
- Sports in Canada
- Studio album
- Swing (dance)
- Séminaire de Québec
- Taxation in Canada
- Teen idol
- Television
- The Bold Canadian
- The Canadas
- The Coast
- The Globe & Mail
- The R3-30
- The Royal Canadians
- Theatre of Canada
- Thomas Moore
- Théodore Robitaille
- Toronto
- Toronto Empire
- Tourism in Canada
- Transport in Canada
- Trumpets
- United Kingdom
- Upper Canada
- Urban music
- Ursulines of Quebec
- VideoFACT
- Vietnam War
- Vinyl album
- Violin
- Violins
- Viols
- Virtuoso
- Volcanism of Canada
- Voyageurs
- Walt Grealis
- Waltzes
- Websites
- Western Canada
- Wikipedia Sound list
- Will Marion Cook
- Winnipeg
- World Music Awards
- World War II
- WSMV-TV
- Wyandot people
- Youth subculture
- Yukon
-
Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
http://wn.com/Alberta -
Atlantic Canada
http://wn.com/Atlantic_Canada -
Bishop's University
http://wn.com/Bishop's_University -
Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Boston -
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Central Canada
Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Due to their high populations, Ontario and Quebec have traditionally held a significant amount of political power in Canada, leading to some amount of resentment from other regions of the country. Before Confederation, the term 'Canada' specifically referred to Central Canada. Today, the term "Central Canada" is less often used than the names of the individual provinces.
http://wn.com/Central_Canada -
City of Halifax
The City of Halifax (est. 1841) was the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County, and was the largest city in Atlantic Canada until it was amalgamated into Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996. It is no longer an incorporated city and is a community of HRM.
http://wn.com/City_of_Halifax -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Grand Ole Opry
http://wn.com/Grand_Ole_Opry -
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes -
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario -
Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west. The continuation of the plateau into the United States is known there as the Columbia Plateau. The Interior Plateau is not part of the Interior Mountains, a huge area that constitutes most of the northern two thirds of the Canadian province of British Columbia between the Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains and the various small ranges on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains between the Bulkley Ranges and the Bella Coola River. Physiographically, the Interior Plateau is a section of the larger Northern Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
http://wn.com/Interior_Plateau -
Kingston, Ontario
Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city located in Eastern Ontario where the St. Lawrence River flows out of Lake Ontario. Originally a First Nations settlement called "Katarowki," (Ga-ta-row-key), growing European exploration in the 17th Century made it an important trading post. In order to control the fur trade, French explorer LaSalle founded Fort Frontenac in 1673.
http://wn.com/Kingston_Ontario -
Lachine, Quebec
Lachine was a city on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is now a borough within the city of Montreal.
http://wn.com/Lachine_Quebec -
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
http://wn.com/Manitoba -
Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
http://wn.com/Maritimes -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
MuchMusic
MuchMusic (often referred to only as Much) is a Canadian English language cable television specialty channel owned by CTVglobemedia. MuchMusic is dedicated to music, music-related programs, pop and youth culture.
http://wn.com/MuchMusic -
Nashville
http://wn.com/Nashville -
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province (English and French) in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton, while Saint John is the most populous city. Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
http://wn.com/New_Brunswick -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York -
Northern Canada
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
http://wn.com/Northern_Canada -
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
http://wn.com/Nova_Scotia -
Nunavut
http://wn.com/Nunavut -
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario -
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
http://wn.com/Opera -
Ottawa Bluesfest
The Cisco Ottawa Bluesfest is an annual outdoor music festival that takes place each July in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. While ostensibly focused on blues, the festival has increasingly showcased mainstream pop and rock acts in recent years.
http://wn.com/Ottawa_Bluesfest -
Parliament of Canada
http://wn.com/Parliament_of_Canada -
Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia -
Port Royal
Port Royal was a city located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica. Founded in 1518, it was the centre of shipping commerce in the Caribbean Sea during the latter half of the 17th century. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692 and subsequent fires, hurricanes, flooding, epidemics and another earthquake in 1907.
http://wn.com/Port_Royal -
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; , Scottish Gaelic: ''Eilean a' Phrionnsa'') is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories). The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation itself until 1873 when it became the seventh Canadian province.
http://wn.com/Prince_Edward_Island -
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec -
Quebec City
http://wn.com/Quebec_City -
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
http://wn.com/Saskatchewan -
Séminaire de Québec
http://wn.com/Séminaire_de_Québec -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Ursulines of Quebec
The Ursuline Convent of Quebec City, (French: Couvent Ursulines), founded in 1639, is the oldest institution of learning for women in North America. Today, the convent operates an historical museum and teaching centre.
http://wn.com/Ursulines_of_Quebec -
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
http://wn.com/Winnipeg -
Yukon
http://wn.com/Yukon
-
Alexander Muir
Alexander Muir (5 April 1830 – 26 June 1906) was a songwriter, poet and school headmaster. A childhood immigrant to Canada from his native Scotland, he grew up in Toronto, Ontario, and studied at Queen's College, where he graduated in 1851. He taught in the Greater Toronto Area in such places as Scarborough and Toronto, as well as in Newmarket, Beaverton, and in then suburban areas as Parkdale and Leslieville, where he lived on Laing Avenue. From 1860-1870 he was principal of Leslieville School in Toronto and Muir's main claim to fame was the song The Maple Leaf Forever, composed in 1867 to celebrate the Confederation of Canada. He was later (1888-1901) principal of Toronto's Alexander Muir/Gladstone Junior and Senior Public School (renamed after his death in his honour) . A school named Alexmuir Jr. PS is named after him, located in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. Also, there is an Alex Muir Public School named in his honour in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
http://wn.com/Alexander_Muir -
Black Canadians
'''
http://wn.com/Black_Canadians -
Calixa Lavallée
http://wn.com/Calixa_Lavallée -
Canadians
Canadians are citizens of Canada. Canada is a multiethnic society, home to people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds. Aside from the indigenous Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census enumerated 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population, nearly all Canadians or their ancestors immigrated to Canada within the past five centuries, and the overwhelming majority arrived in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Canadians -
Celine Dion
http://wn.com/Celine_Dion -
Eileen Southern
http://wn.com/Eileen_Southern -
First Nations
http://wn.com/First_Nations -
First World War
http://wn.com/First_World_War -
French Canadian
http://wn.com/French_Canadian -
Guy Lombardo
http://wn.com/Guy_Lombardo -
Handel
http://wn.com/Handel -
Hank Snow
Clarence Eugene "Hank" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian country music artist. He charted more than 70 singles on the Billboard country charts from 1950 until 1980. This total includes the number 1 hits "I'm Moving On", "The Golden Rocket", "I Don't Hurt Anymore", "Let Me Go, Lover!", "I've Been Everywhere", and "Hello Love" as well as other top ten hits. He is a member of both the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame and the Music Hall of Fame.
http://wn.com/Hank_Snow -
Haydn
http://wn.com/Haydn -
Innu
The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what non-First Nations Canadians refer to as northeastern Quebec and Labrador. Their population in 2003 includes about 18,000 people, of which 15,000 live in Quebec.
http://wn.com/Innu -
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
http://wn.com/Inuit -
Irish people
http://wn.com/Irish_people -
Iroquois
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems.
http://wn.com/Iroquois -
J.C. Bach
http://wn.com/JC_Bach -
Joni Mitchell
Joni Mitchell, CC, (born Roberta Joan Anderson; November 7, 1943) is a Canadian musician, songwriter, and painter.
http://wn.com/Joni_Mitchell -
Kevin S. MacLeod
http://wn.com/Kevin_S_MacLeod -
Leonard Cohen
Leonard Norman Cohen, CC, GOQ (born 21 September 1934) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet and novelist. Cohen published his first book of poetry in Montreal in 1956 and his first novel in 1963. His work often deals with the exploration of religion, isolation, sexuality and interpersonal relationships. Famously reclusive, having once spent several years in a Zen Buddhist monastery, and possessing a persona frequently associated with mystique, he is extremely well-regarded by critics for his literary accomplishments, for the richness of his lyrics, and for producing an output of work of high artistic quality over a five-decade career.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Cohen -
List of Canadians
This is a list of Canadians, people born in Canada, or who became citizens of Canada, grouped by their area of notability.
http://wn.com/List_of_Canadians -
Louis Jolliet
http://wn.com/Louis_Jolliet -
Marc Lescarbot
Marc Lescarbot (c. 1570 – 1641) was a French author and lawyer.
http://wn.com/Marc_Lescarbot -
Mi'kmaq people
http://wn.com/Mi'kmaq_people -
Mozart
http://wn.com/Mozart -
Music of Burma
The music of Burma (or Myanmar) has similarities with and is related to many other musical traditions in the region, including Chinese music, Indian music and Thai music.
http://wn.com/Music_of_Burma -
Neil Young
http://wn.com/Neil_Young -
Oscar Peterson
http://wn.com/Oscar_Peterson -
Paul Anka
Paul Albert Anka, OC (born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian American singer, songwriter, and actor.
http://wn.com/Paul_Anka -
Queen Elizabeth II
http://wn.com/Queen_Elizabeth_II -
René Ménard
http://wn.com/René_Ménard -
Ronnie Hawkins
Ronald "Ronnie" Hawkins (born January 10, 1935) is a Juno Award-winning rockabilly musician whose career has spanned more than half a century. Though his career began in Arkansas, USA, where he'd been born and raised, it was in Ontario, Canada where he found success and settled for most of his life. He is considered highly influential in the establishment and evolution of rock music in Canada.
http://wn.com/Ronnie_Hawkins -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain (ca. 1567 or 1580 – December 25, 1635) ( ), "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat and chronicler, who founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608.
http://wn.com/Samuel_de_Champlain -
Samuel Nordheimer
Samuel Nordheimer (February 6, 1824-June 29, 1912) was a prominent businessman and music promoter in 19th century Toronto. A Bavarian immigrant, he lived first in New York and then in Kingston, Ontario, before settling in Toronto in 1844. He and his older brother Abraham established a piano importing business, A.& S. Nordheimer Co. In part to build this business, Nordheimer also became one of the most active promoters of music in Canada. He brought prominent foreign stars to the city, such as Jenny Lind; opened a concert hall in Montreal, founded the Chamber Music Association, and for many years directed the Toronto Philharmonic Society.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Nordheimer -
Scott Yanow
Scott Yanow (born 4 October 1954 in New York) is an American jazz commentator, known for many contributions to the Allmusic website, for writing ten books on jazz and for reviewing jazz recordings for over 30 years.
http://wn.com/Scott_Yanow -
Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Celtic Picts (east) and the Gaels (west), incorporating neighbouring Britons as well as Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse.
http://wn.com/Scottish_people -
Shania Twain
Shania Twain, OC (; born Eilleen Regina Edwards; August 28, 1965) is a Canadian country pop singer and songwriter. She rose to fame in the mid 1990s with her album The Woman In Me (1995), and achieved worldwide success with her 1997 album Come On Over, which became the best-selling album of all time by a female musician, and the best selling country album of all time. The album Come on Over has sold over 39 million copies worldwide. Come on Over is also the 9th bestselling album in the U.S.
http://wn.com/Shania_Twain -
Théodore Robitaille
http://wn.com/Théodore_Robitaille -
Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War -
Voyageurs
http://wn.com/Voyageurs -
Will Marion Cook
http://wn.com/Will_Marion_Cook -
Wyandot people
http://wn.com/Wyandot_people
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Printemps
- Beige Station Wagon
- Hexenhaus
- Hey Garland
- Record Function
- The King's Ashes
- Look to the Trees
- Vorhies
- Madisonville, KY
- Asleep in Leaves
- Esther
- As Dry as Bone
- Cold Mouse Winter
- Automne
- La Chaleur du sud
- Les Cavaliers bleus
- Le loup s'endort
- Recommence
- Chattanooga
- Angelina
- La Fille du lac
- Bouge ma vie
- Les Fantômes
- Kevin
- Pauvre Joe
- Un bout de ciel
- Mourir les sirènes
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Coalition for Music Education (Canada) - Project for Awesome 2011 P4A
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
Learn more about the Coalition for Music Education in Canada: musicmakesus.ca Learn more about Yamaha Canada Music http Learn more about Project for Awesome: www.projectforawesome.com
http://wn.com/Coalition_for_Music_Education_Canada_Project_for_Awesome_2011_P4A
New Age Music by Canadian Singer Songwriter Marcome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 25 Dec 2006
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Discover more about Marcome's ethereal music & get your free mp3 songs at Marcome.com Love your way! ♥ ♥ ♥ Marcomé Yeku from album Seven Seas Remastered can be previewed at Marcome.com Version francaise de cette chanson disponible au www.youtube.com YEKU (Montanaro / Marcomé) Gather around the camp fire time. I love to tell stories. This one comes from..., dreams. Down misty magic mountains he came, into the wilding vale of the rain; The shining boy with piercing eyes and in our land he found a home. Blood magic flowin' throughout his veins, He was so young and yet unafraid. Child of sun and moon they say. The lissome boy he sang his tune; Then turnin' 'round in silent trance, He did a most enchanting dance; Then fire played upon his blade, Then fire spoke in voice so strange. From moon to sun he let out a chant Soul now was pure and full of intent With silver eyes up to the sky He shouted, "Joy of life!" Drawn by the crystal waters' lament He heard the voices call in his head In its depths his eyes were blind Yet he found door no mortal finds. Great One so glad he soared like a hawk Many a prayer and chant boy was taught Life itself it comes from earth Sacred love for Mother Earth Many a sun and moon gone by Homeward he came with daughter and wife That fruit of love from woman born Had magic coursing through her veins. His time with us was all but spent; Back to misty Magic Mountain he went And laying down then soared so high He shouted,"Joy of life!" Kenaa téku <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/New_Age_Music_by_Canadian_Singer_Songwriter_Marcome
The Canada Song: Wilbur Sargunaraj Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 08 Feb 2011
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Download this song on iTunes itunes.apple.com Lyrics below Inspired by the field trips to Canada. India's first youtube star composed a song about this country. Shot on location in the capital city of Ottawa this song will have you keep your CD on repeat!!! 1st class! First Class! Composed by Wilbur Sargunaraj Mixed by Wilbur Sargunaraj and Relic Mastered by Relic Scratching and cuts by Shortop Cover design by Wilbur Sargunaraj Produced in India and Canada. This first class single from India's 'First Youtube Star" will make you have this song on repeat all day long. Inspired by Wilbur's field trips to Canada and the capital city of Ottawa. LYRICS Chorus Don't be afraid of the Canada cold The warm citizens from the North are gold There is so much to see in this big country And Ottawa is the name of the capital city Verse 1 If you come to Canada you must skate on ice But try it on the Rideau Canal 1st class super nice It's the largest skating place in the world you see Where people skate to work and play the Hockey Verse 2 See the Prime minister on the parliament hill He knows French and English but maybe not Tamil If you get a little hungry for something to eat Try tasty pastry beavertail on the Ottawa Street Verse 3 Before Leaving Canada increase your CQ Understanding 1st Nations is important to do For there's many many different people in this gigantic country You can learn from one another celebrating diversity
http://wn.com/The_Canada_Song_Wilbur_Sargunaraj_Official_Music_Video
a sarcastic SONG about CANADA!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Published: 01 Jul 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Happy Canada Day! This is a song from the perspective of an ignorant Canadian - It's a work of fiction based on people's prejudices about the country. If you take the things I say seriously, I'll assume you're an idiot. I love Canada & everything about it! I hope my fellow Canadians understand that this is a joke. I wanted to offer something different than the jokes you hear over & over & over about Canada. :) For my weekly viewers, I apologize for such a short video this week. But I have to work all weekend. So I thought I'd throw up this bad boy. All the music was recorded by me & I did all the animation in Final Cut Motion. The entire project was created in under 24 hours. Have an amazing weekend! Please don't be offended by any of the lyrics in this song. It's all in good humour. I love you & your bum!
http://wn.com/a_sarcastic_SONG_about_CANADA!!!
Air Canada Christmas Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Published: 20 Dec 2011
- Updated: 20 Jun 2012
Seasons greetings everyone! Please enjoy this music video in the spirit of Christmas. Check out our vid from last year, the infamous Flash Mob www.youtube.com AND for more videos by Tetra Films please visit our fancy new website at tetrafilms.ca Thanks!
http://wn.com/Air_Canada_Christmas_Music_Video
Canadian National Canthem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 27 Jun 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Our anthem. Like never before. Five musicians conduct an experiment to perform O Canada using nothing but instruments made from Molson Canadian bottles and cans. The result is something no one expected. #Canthem
http://wn.com/Canadian_National_Canthem
Boards of Canada - Music Is Math
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Published: 24 Jan 2007
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
audio: "Music is Math" by Boards of Canada, from their album "Geogaddi". video sampled from "The Big Bounce", "20000 Leagues Under the Sea" and amateur film footage of the 1939 New York World's Fair. www.archive.org
http://wn.com/Boards_of_Canada_Music_Is_Math
Sean Quigley - Little Drummer Boy (Now Available on Itunes!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Published: 01 Dec 2011
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Available on Itunes! itunes.apple.com Check out my newest release Available online now! www.cdbaby.com You can now stay up to date by following me on... Twitter: @SeanQuigley204 Facebook: wwww.facebook.com/seanquigleyofficial Directed and Edited by: Sean Quigley Song Arranged by: Sean Quigley Recording, Mixing/Mastering and Instrumentation and all video by: Sean Quigley Special Thanks To: Caitlin Quigley (Camera Operation) James McLellan (Consultation) Adam Friesen (Equipment) Alexa Lopez (Camera Operation) Thanks also to Winnipeg Tourism for adding us to their holiday cards! www.tourismwinnipeg.com Lyrics: Come the told me, (Pa rum pum pum pum) A new born king to see, Our finest gifts we bring, To lay before the king, So to honor him, (Pa rum pum pum pum) When we come, Little baby, (Pa rum pum pum pum) I am a poor boy too. I have no gift to bring, Thats fit to give the king, Shall I play for you, (Pa rum pum pum pum) On my drum, Mary nodded, (Pa rum pum pum pum) They ox and lamb kept time, I played my drum for him, I played my best for him, Then he smiled at me, (Pa rum pum pum pum) Me and my drum Then he smiled at me, (Pa rum pum pum pum) Me and my drum
http://wn.com/Sean_Quigley_Little_Drummer_Boy_Now_Available_on_Itunes!
Maybach Music Invades Canada Announcement
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Published: 07 Jan 2012
- Updated: 10 May 2012
Maybach Music Invades Canada Announcement - Directed & edited by Illuminati Visions
http://wn.com/Maybach_Music_Invades_Canada_Announcement
Classified - Oh Canada Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 21 Jan 2010
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Prod: The NE Inc Dir: Cazhhmere
http://wn.com/Classified_Oh_Canada_Official_Music_Video
Boards of Canada - Music is Math (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 12 Feb 2009
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
audio: "Music is Math" by Boards of Canada, from their album "Geogaddi". video sampled from "The Big Bounce", "20000 Leagues Under the Sea" and amateur film footage of the 1939 New York World's Fair. www.archive.org
http://wn.com/Boards_of_Canada_Music_is_Math_HD
WORLDWIDE TAKEOVER - US/Canada/Europe Tour & Album release Date Sept. 18th (with snippet of song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 05 Jul 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
ALBUM RELEASE DATE (part one): September 18th, 2012 Be a part of my 1st ORIGINAL ALBUM here: youtu.be Tour dates: www.tylerwardmusic.com DATES and TICKETS: Oct 4 -- Copenhagen tinyurl.com Oct 5 -- Göteborg tinyurl.com Oct 6 -- Malmö tinyurl.com Oct 8 -- Paris tinyurl.com Oct 10 -- Amsterdam...
http://wn.com/WORLDWIDE_TAKEOVER_US_Canada_Europe_Tour_Album_release_Date_Sept_18th_with_snippet_of_song
Canadian, Please ♫
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 24 Jun 2009
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Share on Facebook: full.sc Share on Twitter: clicktotweet.com Song & video produced by Julia Bentley & Andrew Gunadie Check out our other stuff! www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Turn on Closed Captioning for lyrics. Thanks, Daniel!
http://wn.com/Canadian,_Please_♫
Dean Brody - Canadian Girls (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 08 Feb 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Dean Brody - Canadian Girls Open Road Recordings (2012) by Christopher Mills iTunes: itunes.apple.com From the new album 'DIRT' coming April 24, 2012. www.deanbrody.com facebook.com/deanbrody @deanbrody
http://wn.com/Dean_Brody_Canadian_Girls_Official_Video
Céline Dion - If You Asked Me To
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 23 Mar 2011
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Music video by Céline Dion performing If You Asked Me To. (C) 1992 Sony Music Entertainment (Canada) Inc.
http://wn.com/Céline_Dion_If_You_Asked_Me_To
Céline Dion - My Heart Will Go On
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Published: 18 Mar 2011
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Music video by Céline Dion performing My Heart Will Go On. (C) 2007 Sony Music Entertainment Canada Inc.
http://wn.com/Céline_Dion_My_Heart_Will_Go_On
Céline Dion - Taking Chances
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Music video by Céline Dion performing Taking Chances. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 639954 (C) 2007 Sony Music Entertainment Canada Inc.
http://wn.com/Céline_Dion_Taking_Chances
Céline Dion - A New Day Has Come
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Music video by Céline Dion performing A New Day Has Come. (C) 2002 Sony Music Entertainment (Canada) Inc.
http://wn.com/Céline_Dion_A_New_Day_Has_Come
Young Artists For Haiti - Wavin' Flag
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Published: 09 Mar 2010
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Music video by Young Artists For Haiti performing Wavin' Flag. (C) 2010 Universal Music Canada Inc.
http://wn.com/Young_Artists_For_Haiti_Wavin'_Flag
Boards Of Canada - Aquarius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Published: 10 Jan 2009
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Add &fmt=18 to url for better sound quality! From Album Boards Of Canada - Music Has The Right To Children Label: Warp Records, Skam Catalog#: WARP LP 55, SKALP001 Format: 2 x Vinyl, LP Country: UK Released: 20 Apr 1998 Genre: Electronic Style: IDM, Ambient discogs.com
http://wn.com/Boards_Of_Canada_Aquarius
Céline Dion - That's The Way It Is
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Music video by Céline Dion performing That's The Way It Is. (C) 1999 Sony Music Entertainment (Canada) Inc.
http://wn.com/Céline_Dion_That's_The_Way_It_Is
Britney Spears - Womanizer (Director's Cut) (Canada Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Music video by Britney Spears performing Womanizer (Director's Cut). (C) 2008 Zomba Recording, LLC
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears_Womanizer_Director's_Cut_Canada_Version
Mindcrack Prank Wars - EP10 - O Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Published: 23 Apr 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Anders is a very patriotic guy... but so am I. In this prank, I show him just how patriotic I can be. Check out ImAnderzel's reaction video: www.youtube.com Keep track of me here: Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com TwitchTV: www.twitch.tv Don't forget to "Like" and Subscribe! Music: "O Canada" from JewelBeat.com
http://wn.com/Mindcrack_Prank_Wars_EP10_O_Canada
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
US Coastguard / Petty Officer 2nd Class Mariana O'Leary.
Loading results ...
photo: AP
12 Jul 2012
Photos from Kate Middleton and Prince William’s honeymoon leaked online Wednesday and are stirring up controversy. The royal couple spent their honeymoon on the north island of the Seychelles...
photo: NASA
14 Jul 2012
A solar storm is racing toward Earth this weekend, but scientists say not to worry. The blast of charged solar particles was due to arrive on Saturday morning and last through Sunday as it slams into...
photo: AP / Drug Enforcement Administration
13 Jul 2012
LOS ANGELES: US and Mexican authorities have unearthed a 240-yard-long drug smuggling tunnel under their joint border in the state of Arizona, the latest such find in the violence-scarred region, US...
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Jeff Atherton
14 Jul 2012
Iran could prevent even "a single drop of oil" passing through the Strait of Hormuz if its security is threatened, country's naval commander has said, as tensions simmer over Tehran's...
photo: AP
13 Jul 2012
LAGOS, Nigeria -- A truck carrying fuel veered off the road into a ditch, caught fire and exploded in Nigeria's oil-rich delta Thursday, killing at least 95 people who had rushed to the scene to...
photo: Creative Commons
06 Jul 2012
Air Canada said its planes flew 85.6 per cent full on average last month, a record load factor for the month of June. That...
photo: Creative Commons / Jost Jahn
05 Jul 2012
Advocates with Lyme Disease are calling on all levels of government in Canada to improve testing and treatment for the illness. The disease is spread by a bite from an infected blacklegged tick that...
photo: public domain
03 Jul 2012
* C$ hits 6-wk high at $1.0140 vs US$, or 98.62 U.S cents * Canadian bond prices rise across the curve By Claire Sibonney TORONTO, July 3 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar climbed to its strongest level...
It's National Respect Canada Day
15 Jul 2012
The Examiner
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 16: The beautiful Toronto skyline. Credit: John Vetterli The beautiful Toronto skyline. Canadian geeseOne of the RCMP's finest. Capilano Lake, British Columbia Green Lake, Whistler, B.C. Scarborough Bluffs in TorontoTorontoQuebec City - the...(size: 4.3Kb)
Oh Canada: It's National Respect Canada Day, eh
15 Jul 2012
The Examiner
Related topics HolidaysCanadaNational Ice Cream Day Advertisement On the heels of Independence Day and Canada Day, this annual “holiday” serves as important reminder that our neighbors to the north are our important allies and friends. July 15th is National Respect Canada Day, eh! Rich in history,...(size: 8.1Kb)
Soccer: Football Ferns defeated by Canada
15 Jul 2012
NZ Herald
Football Ferns coach Tony Readings is confident his side's "below par" 2-0 loss to Canada in an Olympic Games warm-up in Switzerland this morning was a one-off as London 2012 draws closer. While the Canadians, ranked seventh in the world, were favourites to beat 23rd ranked New Zealand at their...(size: 3.7Kb)
Justice Department to spend $21k for victim of crime to attend spiritual healing sweat lodge in Canada
15 Jul 2012
The Daily Telegraph Australia
TAXPAYERS will fork out almost $21,000 to send a north Queensland assault victim overseas for spiritual healing on an Indian reserve. "Indigenous Canadian" Ruth Schaefer will fly with her friend, Hope Vale Aboriginal elder Gordon Charlie, on the trip...(size: 1.7Kb)
The Examiner
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 6: Northern Lights as across parts of the U.S. and Canada Monday evening. Credit: (WLKY) Northern Lights as across parts of the U.S. and Canada Monday evening.Northern Lights as across parts of the U.S. and Canada Monday evening.Northern Lights as across...(size: 4.4Kb)
Heatwave bakes Canada
14 Jul 2012
CBC
Christine Sinclair and Diana Matheson each scored to lead Canada in a 2-0 victory over New Zealand on Saturday at the Match World Women's Cup. It was...(size: 1.0Kb)
TSN Canada
TRAKAI, Lithuania -- Canada's women's four opened Saturday's competition at the under-23 world rowing championships with a gold medal victory. The Canadian crew of...(size: 1.1Kb)
| Music of Canada | |
|---|---|
| General topics | |
| Portal | |
| Genres | |
| Specific forms | |
| Media and performance | |
| Music awards | |
| Music charts | |
| Music festivals | |
| Music media |
Print media Music television |
| Nationalistic and patriotic songs | |
| National anthem | "O Canada" |
| Other | Anthems and nationalistic |
| Regional music | |
The music of Canada has reflected the diverse influences that have shaped the country.[1] Aboriginals, the British, and the French have all made unique contributions to the musical heritage of Canada.[2] The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries.[3] Since French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1605 and established the first permanent Canadian settlements at Port Royal and Quebec City in 1608, the country has produced its own composers, musicians and ensembles.[4][5]
Canada's music industry has produced internationally renowned Canadian artists.[6] Canada has developed a music infrastructure, that includes church halls, chamber halls, conservatories, academies, performing arts centres, record companies, radio stations, television music video channels.[7][8] Canada's music broadcasting is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).[7][9] The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences administers Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which commenced in 1970.
Contents |
History[link]
Further information: First Nations music
Before European settlers came to what is now Canada, the region was occupied by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, including the West Coast Salish and Haida, the centrally located Iroquois, Blackfoot and Huron, the Inuit and Dene people to the North, and the Innu and Mi'kmaq in the East.[10] Each of the aboriginal communities had (and have) their own unique musical traditions. Chanting - singing is widely popular and most use a variety of musical instruments.[10] Being resourceful and creative they used the materials at hand to make their instruments for thousands of years before Europeans immigrated to the new world.[11] They made gourds and animal horns into rattles, many rattles were elaborately carved and beautifully painted.[12] In woodland areas, they made horns of birchbark and drumsticks of carved antlers and wood.[11] Drums were generally made of carved wood and animal hides.[13] These musical instruments provide the background for songs and led to aboriginal dances.[13] For many years after Europeans came to Canada, First Nations and Inuit peoples were discouraged from practicing their traditional ceremonies.[14] In 1606-1607 Marc Lescarbot collected the earliest extant transcriptions of a songs from the Americas: three songs of Henri Membertou, the sakmow (Grand Chief) of the Mi'kmaq First Nations tribe situated near Port Royal, present-day Nova Scotia.[15]
17th century[link]
See also: Canadian classical music
French settlers and explorers to New France brought with them a great love of song, dance and fiddle playing. Beginning in the 1630s French and Aboriginal children at Quebec City were taught to sing and play European instruments, like viols, violins, guitars, transverse flutes, drums, fifes and trumpets.[4] Ecole des Ursulines and The Ursuline Convent are among North America's oldest schools and the first institutions of learning for women in North America.[16] Both where founded in 1639 by French nun Marie de l'Incarnation (1599–1672) alongside laywoman Marie-Madeline de Chauvigny de la Peltrie (1603–1671) and are the first Canadian institutions to have music as part of the curriculum.[17]
The earliest written record of violins in Canada comes from the Jesuit Relation of 1645.[18] The Jesuits additionally have the first documented organ sale, imported for their Quebec City chapel in 1657.[1][18] Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral build in 1647 is the primate church of Canada and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. It is the oldest Catholic "Episcopal see" in the New World north of Mexico and site of the first documented choir in Canada.[19]
Canada, New France first formal ball was given by Louis-Théandre Chartier de Lotbinière (1612–1688) on 4 Feb. 1667.[20] Louis Jolliet (1645–1700) is on record as one of the first classically trained practicing musicians in New France, although history has recognized him more as an explorer, hydrographer and voyageur.[21] Jolliet is said to have played the organ, harpsichord, flute, and trumpet.[21] 1700, under British rule at this time, an organ was installed in Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal and military bands gave concerts on the Champ de Mars.[17] A French-born priest, René Ménard, composed motets around 1640, and a second Canadian-born priest, Charles-Amador Martin, is credited with the plainchant music for the Sacrae familiae felix spectaculum, in celebration of the Holy Family feast day in 1700.[7]
18th century[link]
Historically, music was composed in Canada's colonies and settlements during the 18th century, although very few popular named works have survived or were even published.[5] The French and Indian Wars began and left the population economically drained and ill-equipped to develop cultural pursuits properly.[7] The part-time composers of this period were nonetheless often quite skilled.[4] Traditional songs and dances, such as those of the Habitants and Métis, were transmitted orally, from generation to generation and from village to village, thus people felt no need to transcribe or publish them.[22] Printed music was required, for music teachers and their pupils, who were from the privileged minority where domestic music making was considered a proof of gentility.[23] Music publishing and printing in Europe by this time was a thriving industry, but it did not begin in Canada until the 19th century.[24] Canadian composers were not able to focus entirely on creating new music in these years, most made their living in other musical activities such as leading choirs, church organists and teaching.[25] Regimental bands were musically part of civil life, they featured perhaps a dozen woodwind and brass instruments, performing at parades, festive ceremonies, minuets, country dances and balls.[26]
After the 1760s, regular concerts became a part of the cultural landscape, as well as a wide variety of dancing. Operatic excerpts began to appear, and before the end of the century Canada had its first home-grown grand opera.[4] A "Concert Hall" existed in Québec City by 1764 and subscription concerts by 1770, given, one may presume, by band players and skilled amateurs.[27] Programs for the Québec City and Halifax concerts of the 1790s reveal orchestral and chamber music by Handel, J.C. Bach, Haydn, Mozart and Pleyel.[5] Canada's first wildly published sheet music are two operas written in late 18th century by New France composer, poet, and playwright Joseph Quesnel (1746–1809).[28] The instrument of favor for the lower-class was the fiddle. Fiddlers were a fixture in most public drinking establishments.[29] The late 18th century two new melodic instruments the diatonic harmonica and the button accordion make their appearance in folk-music tradition.[29] God Save the Queen has been sung in Canada since British rule and by the mid-20th century was, along with "O Canada", one of the country's two de facto national anthems.[30][31][32][33]
19th century[link]
See also: Celtic music in Canada
The beginning of the 19th century Canadian musical ensembles had started forming in great numbers, writing waltzes, quadrilles, polkas and galops.[7][34] The first volumes of music printed in the Canadas was the "Graduel romain" in 1800 followed by the "Processional 'sic' romain" in 1801.[7] Folk music was still thriving, as recounted in the poem titled "A Canadian Boat Song". The poem was composed by the Irish poet Thomas Moore (1779–1852) during a visit to Canada in 1804.[35] "The Canadian Boat Song" was so popular that it was published several times over the next forty years in Boston, New York and Philadelphia.[4] Dancing likewise was extremely popular form of entertainment as noted In 1807 by the Scottish traveler and artist George Heriot (1759–1839), who wrote..
The whole of the Canadian inhabitants are remarkably fond of dancing, and frequently amuse themselves at all seasons with that agreeable exercise.
— George Heriot, Travels Through the Canadas, 1807
Among the earliest musical societies were Halifaxs "New Union Singing Society" of 1809 and Quebec's "Harmonic Society" of 1820.[4] One of the first registered all-civilian musical ensemble was a religious sect organized from Upper Canada called Children of Peace in 1820.[36] 1833, a student orchestra was organized at the Séminaire de Québec the Société Ste-Cécile, as it was known, is one of the earliest ensemble of its kind in Lower Canada.[36] The first appearance of a piece of music in a newspaper or magazine was in the pages of the Montreal twice-weekly newspaper, La Minerve, on September 19, 1831.[37] Many immigrants during this time lived in relative isolation and music sometimes obtained through subscriptions to newspapers and magazines, provided entertainment and a life line to civilization.[1] One of the earliest surviving publication in Canada of a song for the piano in sheet music format is The Merry Bells of England by J.F. Lehmann, in 1840.[38]
The Great Migration of Canada from 1815 to 1850, done largely by Irish, British and Scottish immigrants, broadened considerably the Canadian musical culture.[39] 1844, Samuel Nordheimer (1824–1912) opened a music store in Toronto selling pianos and soon thereafter began to publish engraved sheet music.[1] Samuel Nordheimer store was among the first and the largest specialized music publisher in the Province of Canada.[40] They initially had the sole right to publish copies of Alexander Muir's "The Maple Leaf Forever" that for many years served as an unofficial Canadian national anthem.[41] By the time of Canadian Confederation (1867), songwriting had become a favored means of personal expression across the land. In a society in which most middle-class families now owned a piano, and standard education included at least the rudiments of music, the result was often an original song.[42] Such stirrings frequently occurred in response to noteworthy events, and few local or national excitements were allowed to pass without some musical comment.[43][44]
File:Calixa Lavallée.png
Calixa Lavallée, (1842–1891)
The 1870s saw several conservatories opened their doors, providing their string, woodwind and brass faculty, leading to the opportunity for any class level of society to learn music.[45] 'One Sweetly Solemn Thought in 1876 by Hamilton-based Robert S. Ambrose, became one of the most popular songs to ever be published in the 19th century.[34] It fulfilled the purpose of being an appropriate song to sing in the parlors of homes that would not permit any non-sacred music to be performed on Sundays. At the same time it could be sung in dance halls or on the stage along operas and operettas.[46]
"O Canada" was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille (1834–1897), for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony.[47] Calixa Lavallée (1842–1891) wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier (1839–1920). The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.[48]
Leo, the Royal Cadet a light opera with music by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and a libretto by George Frederick Cameron was composed in Kingston, Ontario in 1889. The work centres on Nellie's love for Leo, a cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada who becomes a hero serving during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879. The operetta focussed on typical character types, events and concerns of Telgmann and Cameron's time and place.[49]
20th century[link]
1900–1929[link]
Prior to the development of the gramophone, Canadian songwriters' works were published as sheet music, or in periodicals in local newspapers such as The Montreal Gazette and Toronto Empire. Most recordings purchased by Canadians in the early days of the gramophone were made by American and British performers, behind some of these international hits were Canadian songwriters.[50][51] Robert Nathaniel Dett (1882–1943) was among the first Black Canadian composers during the early years of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. His works often appeared among the programs of William Marion Cook's New York syncopated Orchestra.[52] Dett himself performed at Carnegie Hall and at the Boston Symphony Hall as a pianist and choir director.[53] Following quickly on the gramophone's spread came Canada's involvement in the First World War.[54] The war was the catalyst for the writing and recording of large numbers of Canadian-written popular songs, some of which achieved lasting international commercial success.[55] The military during WWI produced official music such as regimental marches and songs as well as utilitarian bugle calls. The soldiers had a repertoire of their own, largely consisting of new, often ribald, lyrics to older tunes.[56]
Canada's first independent record label Compo Company built a pressing plant (the largest of its day) in 1918 at Lachine, Quebec.[57] Compo was originally created to serve the several American independent record companies such as Okeh Records which wanted to distribute records in Canada.[58] The 1920s saw Canada's first radio stations, this allowed Canadian songwriters to contribute some of the most famous popular music of the early 20th century.[59] Canada's first commercial radio station CFCF (formerly XWA) begins broadcasting regularly scheduled programming in Montreal in 1920, followed by CKAC, Canada's first French language radio station, in 1922.[60] By 1923, there were 34 radio stations in Canada[61] and subsequently proliferated at a remarkable rate, and with them spread the popularity of jazz. Jazz became associated with all things modern, sophisticated, and also decadent.[62]
In 1925, the Canadian Performing Rights Society was formed to administer public performance and royalties for composers and lyricists. It became known as the Composers, Authors and Publishers Association of Canada (CAPAC).[63] Toronto-born Murray Adaskin (1906–2002) was a violinist, composer, conductor and teacher at the University of Saskatchewan. From 1923 to 1936 he was an orchestral and chamber musician with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, he was later named head of music at the University of Saskatchewan.[64] He was a composer-in-residence at the University of Saskatchewan, the first appointment of this type in Canada.[65]
1930–1959[link]
See also: Canadian rock and Canadian blues
During the great depression in Canada, the majority of people listened to what today would be called swing (Jazz)[66] just as country was starting its roots.[67] The diversity in the evolution of swing dancing in Canada is reflected in its many American names, Jive, Jitterbug and Lindy. Canada's first big band star was Guy Lombardo (1902–1977), who formed his easy listening band, The Royal Canadians, with his brothers and friends. They achieved international success starting in the mid 1920s selling an estimated 250 million phonograph records, and were the first Canadians to have a #1 single on Billboards top 100.[68] 1932, the first Broadcasting Act was passed by Parliament creating the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission. It was to both to regulate all broadcasting and create a new national public radio network.[61] 1936, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation came into existence, at the time, a million Canadian households had a radio.[61]
Emerging out of the great depression on near equal-footing to American popular music, Canadian popular music continued to enjoy considerable success at home and abroad in the preceding years.[63][69] Among them Montreal's jazz virtuoso Oscar Peterson (1925–2007) who is considered to have been one of the greatest pianists of all time, releasing over 200 recordings and receiving several Grammy Awards during his lifetime.[70] Also notable is Hank Snow (1914–1999), who signed with RCA Victor in 1936 and went on to become one of America's biggest and most innovative country music superstars of the 1940s and 1950s.[71] Snow became a regular performer at the Grand Ole Opry on WSM in Nashville and released more than 45 LPs over his lifetime.[72] Snow was one of the inaugural inductees to the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame started in 2003.[72]
Canada during the Second World War produced some patriotic songs, but were not hits in the music industry sense.[63] A number of Canadian singers who learned their craft in Canadian opera companies in the 1930s went on to sing in major international opera houses.[73] Most notable from the 1940s is contralto singer Portia White (1911–1968). She achieved international fame because of her voice and stage presence.[74] As a Canadian female of African descent, her popularity helped to open previously-closed doors for talented women who followed. She has been declared "A person of national historic significance" by the Government of Canada.[74] In 1964 she performed for Queen Elizabeth II, at the opening of the Confederation Centre of the Arts.[75]
Following World War II a growth phase for Canadian bands was experienced, this time among school bands.[76] Rapid advances in the inclusion of instrumental music study in formal school curricula brought about fundamental changes to the philosophy of the band movement and the type of repertoire available.[76] The CHUM Chart debuted on May 27, 1957, under the name CHUM's Weekly Hit Parade, was in response to the fast growing diversity of music that needed to be subdivided and categorized.[77] The CHUM charts were the longest-running Top 40 chart in Canada ending in 1986.[78]
1958 saw its first Canadian rock and roll teen idol Paul Anka, who went to New York City where he auditioned for ABC with the song, Diana.[79] This song brought Anka instant stardom as it reached number one on the US Billboard charts.[80] "Diana" has gone on to be one of the best selling 45s in music history.[81] US-born rockabilly pioneer Ronnie Hawkins came to Canada in 1958, where he became a key player in the Canadian blues and rock scene.[82] The 4th of October was declared "Ronnie Hawkins Day" by the city of Toronto when Hawkins was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.[83] He was also inducted into the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame[84] and his pioneering contribution to rockabilly has been recognized with induction into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.[85]
1960–1999[link]
See also: Canadian jazz
Canadian artists and Canadian ensembles were generally forced to turn toward the United States to establish healthy long lasting careers during the 1960s.[86] Canada would produce some of the world's most influential singer-songwriters during this time.[87] Among the most notable is Winnipeg's Neil Young who has been inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, Canada's Walk of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice.[88] Leonard Cohen has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame and is also a Companion of the Order of Canada.[89] Folk legend Joni Mitchell is an Alberta native, and has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Walt Grealis of Toronto started in the music business with Apex Records in 1960, the Ontario distributor for Compo Company. He later joined London Records, where he worked until February 1964, when he then established RPM weekly trade magazine. From the first issue of RPM Weekly on February 24, 1964 to its final issue on November 13, 2000, RPM was the defining charts in Canada.[90]
The American and British counterculture explosion and hippie movement had diverted music to that which was dominated by socially and American politically incisive lyrics by the late 1960s .[91] The music was an attempt to reflect upon the events of the time -- civil rights, the war in Vietnam and the rise of feminism.[92] This led to the Canadian government passing Canadian content legislation to help Canadian artists. On January 18, 1971 regulations came into force requiring AM radio stations to devote 30 per cent of their musical selections to Canadian content. Although this was (and still is) controversial, it quite clearly contributed to the development of a nascent Canadian pop star system.[61]
With the introduction in the mid 1970s of mainstream music on FM radio stations, where it was common practice to program extended performances, musicians were no longer limited to songs of three minutes' duration as dictated by AM stations for decades.[86] The most notable musicians to benefit from this and one of the largest Canadian exports is Rush. They have produced 25 gold records and 14 platinum (3 multi-platinum) records,[93] making them one of the best-selling ensembles in history.[94][95][96]
Canada's first nation-wide music awards began as a reader poll conducted by Canadian music industry trade magazine RPM Weekly in December 1964.[97] A similar balloting process continued until 1970 when the RPM Gold Leaf Awards, as they were then known, were changed to the Juno Awards.[97] The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences held the first Juno Award ceremony in 1975.[98] This was in response to rectifying the same concerns about promotion of Canadian artist that the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission had.[97]
Things changed course in the 1980s and 1990s, the changing fast-paced culture was accompanied by an explosion in youth culture.[99] Until the mid-1960s, little attention was paid to music by Canadian daily newspapers except as news or novelty. With the introduction during the late 1970s of the "Music critic", coverage began to rival that of any other topic. Canadian publications devoted to all styles of music either exclusively or in tandem with more general editorial content directed to young readers, was expanding exponentially.[100]
The influence and innovations of Canadian hip hop came to the foreground in Canada when Music videos became an important marketing tool for Canadian musicians, with the debut of MuchMusic in 1984 and MusiquePlus in 1986. Now both English and French Canadian musicians had outlets to promote all forms of music through video in Canada.[101][102] The networks were not just an opportunity for artists to get their videos played—the networks created VideoFACT, a fund to help emerging artists produce their videos.[103]
Canadian women at the end of the 20th century enjoyed greater international commercial success than ever before.[104] Canadian women set a new pinnacle of success, in terms financial, critical and in their immediate and strong influence on their respective genres.[105] They were the women and daughters who had fought for emancipation and equality a generation before.[105] Most notable is French-Canadian singer, Celine Dion, who became Canada's best-selling music artist,[106][107] and who, in 2004, received the Chopard Diamond Award from the World Music Awards for surpassing 175 million in album sales, worldwide.[95][108][109][110]
21st century[link]
See also: Caribbean music in Canada and Canadian hip hop
The turn of the millennium was a time of incredible nationalism, at least as far as Canadian radio is concerned.[111] The 1971 CRTC rules (30% Canadian content on Canadian radio)[61] finally come into full effect and by the end of the 20th century radio stations would have to play 35% Canadian content.[112] This led to an explosion in the 21st century of Canadian pop musicians dominating the airwaves unlike any era before.[113] In 1996, VideoFACT launched PromoFACT, a funding program to help new artists produce electronic press kits and websites.[114] At about the same time, the CD (cheap to manufacture) replaced the vinyl album and Compact Cassette (expensive to manufacture).[115] Shortly thereafter, the Internet allowed musicians to directly distribute their music, thus bypassing the selection of the old-fashioned "record label".[7][116] Canada's main stream music industry has suffered as a result of the internet and the boom of independent music. The drop in annual sales between 1999 - the year that Napster's unauthorized peer-to-peer file sharing service launched[117] - and the end of 2004 was $465 million.[118] In 2007, Canada joined the controversial Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement talks,[119] whose outcome will have a significant impact on the Canadian music industry.[118][120] In 2010 Canada introduced new copyright legislation.[121] The amended law makes hacking digital locks illegal, but enshrine into law the ability of purchasers to record and copy music from a CD to portable devices.[121]
Anthems[link]
Main article: Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada
Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest, "The Bold Canadian", was written in 1812.[122]
- "O Canada" - the national anthem adopted in 1980.[48]
- "God Save the Queen" - Royal Anthem of Canada and previously the national anthem until 1980.[123]
- "The Maple Leaf Forever" - unofficial old national anthem 1867.[124]
- "Alberta" official anthem of of Alberta.[125]
- "Ode to Newfoundland" - official anthem of Newfoundland and Labrador.[124]
Accolades[link]
The Canadian Music Hall of Fame established in 1976 honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.[126] The ceremony is held each year as part of Canada's main annual music industry awards the Juno's .[127]
The Governor General's Performing Arts Awards for Lifetime Artistic Achievement are the foremost honours presented for excellence in the performing arts, in the categories of dance, classical music, popular music, film, and radio and television broadcasting.[128] They were initiated in 1992 by then Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn, and winners receive $25,000 and a medal struck by the Royal Canadian Mint.[129]
Canada also has many specific music awards, both for different genres and for geographic regions:[130]
- CASBY Awards – Canada’s annual independent and alternative music awards
- Canadian Country Music Awards – Canada’s annual country music industry awards
- GMA Canada Covenant Awards – Canada’s national awards for the Gospel music industry
- East Coast Music Awards – annual music appreciation for the East Coast of Canada
- Felix Awards – annual prize for members of the Quebec music industry
- MuchMusic Video Awards – Canada’s annual music video awards
- Polaris Music Prize – award annually given to the best full-length Canadian album based on artistic merit
- Canadian Urban Music Awards – Canada’s annual urban music awards
- Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards – Canada’s annual appreciation for the promoters, creators and performers of Aboriginal music
- Western Canadian Music Awards – annual music appreciation for the western part of Canada
Cultural and regional[link]
|
|
Main articles: Music of Canadian cultures and Canadian music genres
Distinctive music scenes have been an integral part of the cultural landscape of Canada. With Canada being vast in size, the country throughout its history has had regional music scenes, with a wide and divers accumulation of styles and genres from many different individual communities, such as Inuit music, music of the Maritimes and Canadian fiddle music.[131]
See also[link]
- The Top 100 Canadian Albums
- List of diamond-certified albums in Canada
- List of number-one singles (Canada)
- List of radio stations in Canada
- List of Canadian composers
- List of Canadian musicians
- List of bands from Canada
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "History of Canada in music". Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0001624. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ eds Beveley Diamond & Robert Witmer (1994). Canadian Music-Issues of Hegemony & Identity. Canadian Scholars Press.
- ^ edited by Kenneth G. Pryke, Walter C. Soderlund (2000). Profiles of Canada. Boulder, Colo. NetLibrary. ISBN 0-585-27925-X.
- ^ a b c d e f by Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont. (1975). Music in Canada 1600-1800. Habitex Books. p. 320. ISBN 0-88912-020-X.
- ^ a b c La Musique au Québec 1600-1875. Montreal - Les Éditions de l'Homme. 1976. ISBN 0-7759-0517-8.
- ^ Dorland, Michael (1996). The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects. J. Lorimer. p. 95. ISBN 1-55028-494-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20cultural%20industries%20in%20Canada%3A%20problems%2C%20policies%20and%20prospects%20%20By%20Michael%20Dorland&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g Carl Morey (1997) (Google books). Music in Canada: A Research and Information Guide. New York Garland Publishing. http://books.google.ca/books?id=eZQch8ieRtsC&pg=PP1&dq=Music+in+Canada:+A+Research+and+Information+Guide,#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ The Canadian Communications Foundation. "The history of broadcasting in Canada". http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ The Canadian Communications Foundation. "The history of broadcasting in Canada". http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b Canadian native art; arts and crafts of Canadian Indians and Eskimos. Don Mills, Ont., Collier-Macmillan. 1973. p. 36. ISBN 0-02-975610-3.
- ^ "The Aboriginal Curatorial Collective" (PDF). kingfisher (ACC/CCA). http://www.aboriginalcuratorialcollective.org/research/kingfisher.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b First Nations?.. Second Thoughts. 2008 - 2nd ed.. pp. 12–28. ISBN 0-7735-3443-1.
- ^ First Nations Music in Canada. Published under the authority of the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. 1999. ISBN 0-662-26856-3.
- ^ Clint Goss (2011). "Membertou's Three Songs". http://Flutopedia.com/song_Membertou.htm. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ "The Ursulines in New-France". Musée des Ursulines de Québec. http://www.museocapitale.qc.ca/014a.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b New Catholic encyclopedia. editors, Thomas Carson, Joann Cerrito - Washington, D.C. Catholic University of America.(ISBN 0-7876-4004-2)
- ^ a b "The Jesuit Relations(c.1635)". Cengage Learning, Inc. http://college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/colonial/thejesuitrelations.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Music in Canada: Capturing Landscape and Diversity. by Elaine Keillor. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2006. (ISBN 0-7735-3012-6)
- ^ "Louis-Théandre Chartier de Lotbinière". University of Toronto/Université Laval. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=118. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b "Louis Jolliet". University of Toronto/Université Laval. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=360. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Contemporary Canadian Composers. ed. by Keith MacMillan and John Beckwith. Toronto, Ont. Oxford University Press, 1975.
- ^ The Canadian musical heritage Ottawa. Canadian Musical Heritage Society, 1983 [A series of historical Canadian MUSIC SCORES publications.](ISBN 0-919883-00-1)
- ^ Contemporary Canadian composers ed. by Keith MacMillan and John Beckwith. Toronto. Oxford University Press, 1975 (ISBN 0-19-540244-8)
- ^ Canadian Music and Education : an annotated bibliography of theses and dissertations / by Diane Peters. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press, 1997. 476 p.
- ^ Canadian Musical Works S 1900-1980 : a bibliography of general and analytical sources. Ottawa : Canadian Association of Music Libraries, 1983. p96
- ^ Research in music education : a Festschrift for Dr. Allen Clingman Brian A. Roberts, ed. St. John's Nfld. : Binder's Press, 1993. 214 p. A survey of research in Canada. (MT3 .C2O93 1993t)
- ^ "Canadian Songs for Parlour and Stage". Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. http://www.carleton.ca/carletonsound/cscd1011.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b Canadian fiddle music. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Qi5CXDIA918C&pg=PA7&dq=fiddling+in+canada+1700s#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008), A Crown of Maples (1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1
- ^ Kallmann, Helmut, "The Canadian Encyclopedia", in Marsh, James Harley, Encyclopedia of Music in Canada > Musical Genres > National and royal anthems, Toronto: Historica Foundation of Canada, http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002533, retrieved 25 June 2010
- ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. "Royal Salute (Formerly known as the Vice-Regal Salute)". Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100430134828/http://lt.gov.ns.ca/en/royal-salute.aspx. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ Hoiberg, Dale, ed., "Encyclopaedia Britannica", O Canada, Toronto: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/423313/O-Canada, retrieved 25 June 2010
- ^ a b "Canadian Musical Composition before the First World War". Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sheetmusic/m5-180-e.html#cc. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "The Canadian Boat Song Thomas Moore {128}". Poets' Corner Editorial Staff. http://theotherpages.org/poems/poem-mn.html#moore. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b "Band music composition". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000189. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Canadian Sheet Music Before 1867". Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sheetmusic/m5-160-e.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ A book of scattered leaves. http://books.google.ca/books?id=SlhlFB07kqIC&pg=PA232&lpg=PA232&dq=The+Merry+Bells+of+England+sheet+music#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Mass immigration and the national interest (Pg50). http://books.google.ca/books?id=QoUySegAmagC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=canadian+Mass+immigration+during+the+1840s+and+1850s,#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ LAC. "Canadian Confederation" the Web site of Library and Archives Canada, 2006-01-09 (ISSN 1713-868X) [includes a bibliography
- ^ "Maple Cottage, Leslieville, Toronto". Institute for Canadian Music. http://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ The Piano Concert In Canada, 1900-1980 a bibliographic survey. by Zuk, Ireneus. Baltimore, Md. Peabody Institute, 1985. 429 p. (Ref ML128 .P3Z85 1985t)
- ^ Making Music: Profiles from a Century of Canadian Music, Alex Barris and Ted Barris. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2001.
- ^ Canadian news facts v. 35 no. 22 (15 December 2001. ISSN 0008-4565
- ^ "Publishing and printing". The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002886. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "One Sweetly Solemn Thought Composer. Robert Steele Ambrose". Clifford Ford Publications. http://cliffordfordpublications.ca/digital-collections//violin/one_sweetly_solemn_thought/. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "'O Canada'". The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002611. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b Government of Canada (2008-06-23). "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. Government of Canada. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ^ "Leo, the Royal cadet [microform] : Cameron, George Frederick, 1854-1885 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_06551. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
- ^ Music in Canada, capturing landscape and diversity by Elaine Keillor. Montreal McGill-Queen's University Press. 1939 (ISBN 0-7735-3177-7)
- ^ "Early Toronto Newspapers II". Edunetconnect.com. http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/oldnewspap/pap1.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ The music of black Americans. http://books.google.ca/books?id=PSvxJtF3_fUC&pg=PA356&lpg=PA356&dq=New+York+syncopated+Orchestra#v=onepage&q=New%20York%20syncopated%20Orchestra&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans: A History. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition. (ISBN 0-393-97141-4)
- ^ "Chamber music performance". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000658. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Canadian Songwriting to 1920". Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1SEC873941. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "History of Recorded Sound in Canada". Canadian Antique Phonograph Society. http://www.capsnews.org/barrcan.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "The Compo Company, History of Recorded Sound in Canada". Canadian Antique Phonograph Society. http://www.capsnews.org/barrcom.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Compo Company Ltd.". The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica Foundation of Canada). http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000771. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Songwriters and Songwriting (English Canada)". Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0004103. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Canadian Cultural Policies Chronology 1920's". Canadian Cultural Policies Chronology. http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/issues_resources/cultural_policies/chronology/cult_policies_chronology.cfm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b c d e "Highlights in the Evolution of Canadian Content Regulations". The Fraser Institute. http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/forum/1998/august/appendix1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–46. (ISBN 0-19-509514-6)
- ^ a b c Before the gold rush: flashbacks to the dawn of the Canadian sound by Nicholas Jennings, (Yorkville ON: Viking, 1997) (ISBN 0-670-87381-0)
- ^ "The Murray Adaskin collection". University of Saskatchewan.
- ^ Everett-Green, Robert. Composer expressed joy in art's beauty, The Globe and Mail, Wednesday, May 8, 2002. R7. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
- ^ Lanza, Joseph. (1994). Elevator Music: a Surreal History of Muzak, Easy-Listening, and Other Moodsong. New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-10540-1.
- ^ Music in Canada: Capturing Landscape & Diversity, by Elaine Keillor, 2006 (McGill-Queen's University Press)
- ^ "Guy Lombardo 100 to 300 million phonograph records sold". Biography (All Music Guide). http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1900/biography. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Canadian music fast facts : profiles of Canada's pop music pioneers. by Randy Ray and Mark Kearney London, Ont. : Sparky Jefferson Productions, c1991. (ISBN 0-9695149-0-5)
- ^ Scott Yanow. "Oscar Peterson Biography". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p7322/biography. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Wolfe, Charles. (1998). "Hank Snow". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 494–5. ISBN 0-19-517608-1
- ^ a b The Hank Snow Story: Hank Snow, the Singing Ranger. With Ownbey, Jack and Burris, Bob. Chicago, 1994 _(ISBN 0-252-02089-8)
- ^ SOCAN yearbook. Don Mills, Ont. : Society of Composers, Authors and Music publishers of Canada, 1994- (ML27 .C3S635)
- ^ a b "Portia White 1911-1968". The Centre for Canadian Studies. http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/famous_women/portia_white.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ 100 Canadian heroines: famous and forgotten faces Pg.274. http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZqeZBw6nzjgC&pg=PA273&dq=Portia+White+1911-1968#v=onepage&q=Portia%20White%201911-1968&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b "xpansion Since WWII, 1940-84". Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC824778. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Music Directory of Canada. 8th ed. Toronto : Norris-Whitney, 2001
- ^ Quill, Greg (2007-05-26). "Happy 50th birthday old CHUM". Toronto Star May 26, 2007. http://www.thestar.com/article/217451. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Canadian musician periodical. Unionville Branch v. 20 no. 4, 1998 August (ISSN 0708-9635)
- ^ Adam White & Fred Bronson (1988). The Billboard Book of Hits Pg12. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-8285-7.
- ^ "RPM (magazine)collection at Library and Archives Canada". RPM Awards. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-101.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=ccntousk30frf6h4jsn237nm12. Retrieved 2009-10-28. Requires running a searches for Artist or year
- ^ Hawkins, Ronnie (Copyright 2008). "Ronnie Hawkins Biography". Official Ronnie Hawkins Website. Hawkstone Enterprises Inc. http://www.ronniehawkins.com/bio_ronniehawkins.cfm. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
- ^ "Canada's Walk of Fame inductees". canadaswalkoffame.com. http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist. Retrieved 2006-11-26. Requires running a searches for Artist or year
- ^ "Ronnie Hawkins 1958–2005" (Press release). The Hamilton Spectator- Souvenir Edition. June 10, 2006. p. MP43.
- ^ "Rockabilly Hall of Fame inductees". rockabillyhall.com. http://www.rockabillyhall.com/home.html. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ^ a b by Allen Farrel (2001). The CHUM Story. Stoddart Publishing. ISBN 0-7737-6263-9.
- ^ Koskoff, Ellen (ed.) (2000). Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Garland Publishing. p. Volume 3. ISBN 0-8240-4944-6.
- ^ Simmons, Sylvie (2001). Neil Young- reflections in broken glass. Edinburgh: Mojo. ISBN 1-84195-084-X.
- ^ James Hale. "Leonard Cohen". The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000754. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
- ^ "RPM 1964–2000 The Conscience of Canada's Music Industry". Library and Archives Canada -RPM history. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/index-e.html?PHPSESSID=hcpqabrflcj0j327o3unbt23d7. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ San Francisco Chronicle, 18 January 1967 column, p. 27
- ^ Axes, Chops & Hot Licks: the Canadian rock music scene by Ritchie York, (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1971, 1979) (ISBN 0-88830-052-2)
- ^ "RIAA gold and platinum certifications search". riaa.com. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
- ^ "RIAA Website Top Selling Artists". Riaa.com. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ a b "RIAA statistics". RIAA Certifications. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Albums 1955-1996 and subsequent RIAA certifications". Neosoul.com. http://www.neosoul.com/riaa/faq.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ a b c McLean, Steve. "Juno Awards". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004198. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- ^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8020-9759-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127&dq=Canadian+Academy+of+Recording+Arts+and+Sciences+%22Juno%22#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
- ^ Heart of Gold: 30 years of Canadian pop music by Martin Melhuish, (Toronto: CBC Enterprises, 1983) (ISBN 0887841125)
- ^ The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure?B. J. Moore-Gilbert 1994 Routledge ISBN 0-415-09906-4. Page 240
- ^ Have Not Been the Same: the CanRock renaissance 80s-90s, by Michael Barclay, (Toronto ON: ECW Press, 2001) (ISBN 1-55022-475-1)
- ^ "What is the first video that MuchMusic aired?". Muchmusic.com. 1984-08-31. http://www.muchmusic.com/aboutus/faq/#programming. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Background MuchFACT VideoFACT Retrieved 2011-01-22
- ^ Women Musicians in Canada "on the record" the Music Division of the National Library of Canada / by C. Gillard. Ottawa : NLC, 1995. [6] leaves. (ML136 .O8G54 1995t)
- ^ a b Hand Me Down World: the Canadian pop-rock paradox by Greg Potter, (Toronto: Macmillan, 1999) (ISBN 0-7715-7642-0)
- ^ "Dion Named All-time Best-selling Canadian Act". (2000-1-06). Allbusiness. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ Learn, Josh "High Fidelity: Top Selling Canadian Artists". The Brock Press. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ "World’s Best Selling Female Artist of All Time". Sony Music Entertainment Canada. http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/journey_awards.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Celine Dion Awards". .aboutcelinedion.net. http://www.aboutcelinedion.net/celine-dion-awards.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Dion, Lavigne score trophies at World Music Awards. CBC News.ca November 5, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- ^ The Canadian encyclopedia. Marsh Edition: 2. 1988. p. Item notes: v. 3–273. ISBN 0-7710-2099-6.
- ^ "A home-grown philosophy of Canadian content". by Charles Gordon The Ottawa Citizen, May 7, 1998. http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/articles/sovereignty_identity/philosophy_content.cfm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ The CHUM Story. (C.A ON: Stoddart Publishing. 2001. ISBN 0-7737-6263-9.
- ^ "A Foundation To Assist Canadian Talent, was created in 1984". VIDEOFACT AND PROMOFACT. http://www.videofact.ca/home/background. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "End of track. (the vinyl record is meeting its demise in music recording industry)". The Economist (US). May 11, 1991. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-10705268.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ (Google Books) America on Record-A History of Recorded Sound. Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-521-47556-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=gd2b0M2fDckC&pg=PA353&dq=record+playing+time#PPA58,M1. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Napster's High and Low Notes". Businessweek. August 14, 2000. http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_33/b3694003.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b "(CRIA)President's Message". Canadian Recording Industry Association. http://www.cria.ca/about.php. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement". Ministry of Economic Development (Wellington, New Zealand). http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/ContentTopicSummary____34357.aspx. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Canadian Copyright Act - Overview". Media Awareness Network (Department of Justice). http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/legislation/canadian_law/federal/copyright_act/cdn_copyright_ov.cfm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ a b "Canada announces new copyright law for digital age". Google News. 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iI9pXzLLcyvoJCMSwKgUvHEbH3HA. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ Adam Jortner (December 12, 2011). The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier. Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-19-976529-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217.
- ^ "Canadian Heritage - National Anthem: O Canada". Pch.gc.ca. 2009-12-11. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ a b "Canadian Heritage - Patriotic Songs". Pch.gc.ca. 2010-03-03. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/patriot-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Anonymous. "Canada Alberta: Alberta Provincial Song". Sheet music. National Anthems of the World Oranisation. http://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/naw_id/PSC-001. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (June 4, 2005). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. p. 13. ISSN 00062510. http://books.google.com/books?id=6xQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13.
- ^ "Juno Award winners list by year" (Requires a search by year). Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. MetroLeap Media. http://www.metrolyrics.com/juno-awards.html. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ Sarah Jennings (June 11, 2009). Art and Politics: The History of the National Arts Centre. Dundurn Press Ltd.. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-55002-886-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZdjXSiWAwC4C&pg=PA246.
- ^ "The Awards". Governor General's Performing Arts Awards Foundation. http://www.ggpaa.ca/en/awards.html. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
- ^ Hephaestus Books (August 22, 2011). Articles on Canadian Music Awards, Including: Juno Award, Canadian Music Hall of Fame, Casby Award, F LIX Award, Muchmusic Video Awards, Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, Urban Music Association of Canada, Polaris Music Prize. Hephaestus Books. pp. 14–21. ISBN 978-1-242-64024-7.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Canadian rock, pop and folk music by Rick Jackson, (Kingston, ON: Quarry Press, Inro (1994) (ISBN 1-55082-107-5)
Further reading[link]
- Beckwith, John (1997), Music papers: articles and talks by a Canadian composer, 1961-1994, Golden Dog Press, ISBN 0-919614-72-8, http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jw5yVtb9qBsC&lpg=PA55&dq=canadian%20composers&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Browner, Tara (2009), Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 9780252022210, http://books.google.ca/books?id=QXkM557ASogC&lpg=PP1&dq=First%20Nations&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Edwardson, Ryan (2009), Canuck rock: a history of Canadian popular music, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9989-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=cwc4o2qntH4C&lpg=PA199&dq=Canadian%20music&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Morey, Carl (1997), Music in Canada: a research and information guide, ISBN Routledge, http://books.google.ca/books?id=eZQch8ieRtsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Music%20in%20Canada%3A&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Pegley, Kip (2009), Coming to you wherever you are: MuchMusic, MTV, and youth identities, Wesleyan Univ. Press, ISBN 0819568694, http://books.google.ca/books?id=2YLmEqymuPIC&lpg=PP1&dq=MuchMusic&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Music in Canada, capturing landscape and diversity by Elaine Keillor. Montreal McGill-Queen's University Press. (1939) (ISBN 0-7735-3177-7)
- Canadian Music Catalogues and Acquisitions lists. Toronto, (1971) various lists of Canadian music (orchestral, vocal, chamber, choral).
- Canadian native art; arts and crafts of Canadian Indians and Eskimos. by Patterson, Nancy-Lou. Don Mills, Ont., Collier-Macmillan, (1973) (ISBN 0-02-975610-3)
- Music in Canada, 1600-1800 by Willy Amtmann (1975), Habitex Books. (ISBN 0-88912-020-X)
- Contemporary Canadian Composers ed. by Keith MacMillan and John Beckwith. Toronto : Oxford University Press, (1975)
- La Musique au Québec 1600-1875 by Michelle Pharand. Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homme (1976) (ISBN 0-7759-0517-8)
- Canadian Musical works 1900-1980 a bibliography of general and analytical sources. Ottawa : Canadian Association of Music Libraries, (1983) (ISBN 0708896358)
- Heart of Gold: 30 years of Canadian pop music by Martin Melhuish, (Toronto ON: CBC Enterprises, (1983) (ISBN 08-87841-125)
- The Penguin Book of Canadian Folk Songs by Edith Fowke. Markham, ON: Penguin, (1986) (ISBN 0-14-070842-1)
- The Piano Concert In Canada, 1900-1980 a bibliographic survey.by Zuk, Ireneus. Baltimore, Md. : Peabody Institute, (1985) (Ref ML128 .P3Z85)
- Canadian music fast facts : profiles of Canada's pop music pioneers. by Randy Ray and Mark Kearney London, Ont. : Sparky Jefferson Productions, (1991) (ISBN 0-9695149-0-5)
- Canadian Music Fast Facts: Canadian pop music history by Mark Kearney, Randy Ray, (London, ON: Sparky Productions, (1991) (ISBN 0-9695149-0-5)
- Encyclopedia of Canadian rock, pop and folk music by Rick Jackson, (Kingston, ON: Quarry Press, (1994) (ISBN 1-55082-107-5)
- Women Musicians in Canada "on the record the Music Division of the National Library of Canada by C. Gillard. Ottawa : NLC, (1995) (ISBN 0-7759-0517-8)
- Canadian musician periodical Unionville Branch v. 20 no. 4, (1998) (ISBN 0-547-08963-5)
- Profiles of Canada. edited by Kenneth G. Pryke, Walter C. Soderlund. Boulder, Colo. : NetLibrary, (2000)(ISBN 0-585-27925-X)
- Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada. Koskoff, Ellen (ed.), ed (2000). Garland Publishing. (ISBN 0-8240-4944-6)
- The Top 100 Canadian Albums by Bob Mersereau, Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions, (2007) (ISBN 978-0-86492-500-8)
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Music of Canada |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: music |
- Canadian Music Periodical (CMPI) - Library and Archives Canada
- RPM Magazine, 1964-2000 - Library and Archives Canada
- Canadian General Research Guide For Music Bishop's University
- Teach with Music: songs that can be used in a classroom setting to teach Canadian history and culture
- The CMC- Canadian Music Centre
- CanadianBands.com biographies on Canadian Classic Rock
- Canoe.ca Jam!
- New Music Canada by CBC Radio 3
- Canuckistan Music - Reviews of alternative and experimental records past and present
http://wn.com/Music_of_Canada
Related pages:
http://es.wn.com/Música de Canadá
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Canada
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation).
|
Canada
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" |
||||||
| Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] |
||||||
.svg) |
||||||
| Capital | Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.4°N 75.667°W / 45.4; -75.667 |
|||||
| Largest city | Toronto | |||||
| Official language(s) | English and French | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Canadian | |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] | |||||
| - | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor General | David Johnston | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Stephen Harper | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Beverley McLachlin | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Commons | ||||
| Establishment | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Constitution Act, 1867 | July 1, 1867 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | December 11, 1931 | ||||
| - | Canada Act | April 17, 1982 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,984,670 km2 (2nd) 3,854,085 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 34,839,000[5] (35th) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 33,476,688[6] | ||||
| - | Density | 3.41/km2 (228th) 8.3/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.396 trillion[7] (14th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $40,541[7] (12th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.736 trillion (10th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $50,436[7] (9th) | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 32.1[8] (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.908[9] (very high) (6th) |
|||||
| Currency | Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) |
|||||
| Time zone | (UTC−3.5 to −8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−2.5 to −7) | ||||
| Date formats | dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | Right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | CA | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ca | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. Canada's diversified economy is one of the world's largest, and is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth of Nations, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and United Nations.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Name of Canada
The name Canada comes from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada.[11]
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were reunified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12]
Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country's title.[13] However, as Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.[14]
History[link]
Main article: History of Canada
See also: List of years in Canada
Aboriginal peoples[link]
Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Archaeological studies and analyses of DNA haplogroups have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.[15][16][17] The Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.[21][22] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archaeological investigations.[23]
The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[24] and two million in the late 15th century,[25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[26] As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- to eighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.[24] Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations,[27] Inuit,[28] and Métis.[29] The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.[30] In general, the Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.[31]
European colonization[link]
Main articles: New France and Canada under British rule (1763–1867)
Further information: Former colonies and territories in Canada
The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.[32] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.[33] Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century.[34] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River, where on July 24 he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France", and took possession of the territory in the name of King Francis I of France.[35]
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.[36] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603, and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. Among the French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[37]
The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. The Thirteen Colonies were founded to the south soon after.[34] A series of four French and Indian Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763.[38] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War.[39]
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[14] St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[40] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the American Revolution.[14]
The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.[41]
The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815.[25] Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.[43] Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases.[24]
The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.[14] The Act of Union 1840 merged The Canadas into a united Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.[44] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[45]
Confederation and expansion[link]
Main articles: Canadian Confederation and Territorial evolution of Canada
Following several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[46][47][48] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870.[49] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the Confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[50] Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his Conservative government established a National Policy of tariffs to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries.[48]
To open the West, the government sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.[51][52] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under the Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.[50]
Early 20th century[link]
Main article: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps. The Corps played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war.[53] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, around 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded.[54] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objections of French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain,[53] and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.[4]
The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[55] Canada declared war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.[53]
Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.[53] Canada provided asylum for the monarchy of the Netherlands while that country was occupied, and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.[56] The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.[53] Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.[57]
Modern times[link]
The Dominion of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) was unified with Canada in 1949.[58] Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[59] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[60] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[61] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[62] Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[63] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.[64]
At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970,[65] and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.[66] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West.[67][68] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.[66]
In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;[69] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[70] and the Oka Crisis of 1990,[71] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.[72] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the late 1990s.[73] Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forces to Iraq when the US invaded in 2003.[74] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan civil war.[75]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Canada
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the US state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.[76][77] Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland.
By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.[77] The country lies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52° and 141°W.
Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude,[78] but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.[79] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202,080 kilometres (125,570 mi);[77] additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi).[80]
Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.[82] Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,[83] more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.[84] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[85] The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.[86]
Canada's population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5 /sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[87]
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[88] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[89]
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Government of Canada and Politics of Canada
See also: Elections in Canada and List of political parties in Canada
Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[90][91][92][93] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (presently David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.[94][95]
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited;[92][96][97] in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper),[98] the head of government, though the governor general or monarch may in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice.[96] To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.[99] The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.[96] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Thomas Mulcair) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[100]
Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.[101] The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.[102] Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the New Democratic Party (the Official Opposition), the Liberal Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.
Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.[97] Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces.[103] The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.[104]
Law[link]
Main articles: Law of Canada and Court system of Canada
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982) affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, added a constitutional amending formula, and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government – though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.[105]
Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. The Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialization period. Numbered Treaties, the Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982, and case laws were established.[106] A series of eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921.[107] These treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The role of the treaties was reaffirmed by Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, which "recognizes and affirms existing Aboriginal and treaty rights".[106] These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.[108] The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.[106]
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led by the Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. (the first female Chief Justice) since 2000.[109] Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels.[110]
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.[111] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial police forces.[112] However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[113]
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Canada and Military history of Canada
Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of over 67,000 regular personnel and approximately 43,000 reserve personnel, including supplementary reserves.[114] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force. In 2011, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately C$24.5 billion.[115]
Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.[116] Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie.[117] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[56]
Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.[118][119] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.[120]
_and_deploy_onto_Mayp.jpg)
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.[121] As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989,[53] and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair.[122]
Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.[123] Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[124]
_1.jpg)
In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force. Starting in July 2011, Canada began withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan. In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the mission,[125] which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.[126]
In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.[127] In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.[128] In July 2010, the federal government announced the largest purchase in Canadian military history – the acquisition of 65 F-35 Lightning II jet fighters, totalling C$9 billion.[129] Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the 2011 Libyan civil war.[130]
Provinces and territories[link]
Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada
See also: Canadian federalism
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada ("Eastern Canada" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare. Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.[131]
A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Canada
Canada is the world's eleventh-largest economy, with a 2011 nominal GDP of approximately US$1.74 trillion.[7] It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with a highly globalized economy.[132][133] Canada is a mixed economy, ranking above the US and most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom.[134] The largest foreign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.[135]
In the past century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an advanced, urbanized, industrial one. Like many other First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.[136] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which the logging and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent elements.[137]
Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.[138] Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The immense Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's second-largest proven oil reserves, after Saudi Arabia.[139] Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola, and other grains.[140] Canada is a major producer of zinc and uranium, and is a leading exporter of many other minerals, such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead.[141][138] Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.[142]
Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).[143] In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to "Investment Canada", in order to encourage foreign investment.[144] The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994.[140] In the mid-1990s, Jean Chrétien's Liberal government began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.[145]
In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of which $280.8 billion originated from the United States, $11.7 billion from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.[135] The country’s 2009 trade deficit totaled C$4.8 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.[146]
The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession, which led to a significant rise in unemployment in Canada.[147] By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador.[148] Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs.[149] Canada's federal debt was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the fiscal year 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.[150] Canada’s net foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010.[151]
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Science and technology in Canada
.jpg)
In 2011, Canada spent approximately C$29.9 billion on domestic research and development.[152] The country has produced ten Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and medicine,[153] and is home to a number of global technology firms, such as smartphone maker Research In Motion and video games developer BioWare.[154] Canada ranks twelfth in the world for Internet users as a proportion of the population, with over 28 million users – equivalent to around 84 percent of its total 2011 population.[155]
The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist on NASA's STS-41-G Space Shuttle mission. As of 2012, nine Canadians have flown into space, over the course of fifteen manned missions.[156]
Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST.[157] Canada has also produced a successful and widely used sounding rocket, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.[158]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Canada and Population of Canada by year
See also: Ethnic origins of people in Canada
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1851 | 2,415,000 | — |
| 1861 | 3,174,000 | +31.4% |
| 1871 | 3,689,000 | +16.2% |
| 1881 | 4,325,000 | +17.2% |
| 1891 | 4,833,000 | +11.7% |
| 1901 | 5,371,000 | +11.1% |
| 1911 | 7,207,000 | +34.2% |
| 1921 | 8,788,000 | +21.9% |
| 1931 | 10,377,000 | +18.1% |
| 1941 | 11,507,000 | +10.9% |
| 1951 | 14,009,000 | +21.7% |
| 1961 | 18,238,000 | +30.2% |
| 1971 | 21,962,000 | +20.4% |
| 1981 | 24,820,000 | +13.0% |
| 1991 | 28,031,000 | +12.9% |
| 2001 | 31,021,000 | +10.7% |
| 2011 | 33,476,000 | +7.9% |
| Source: Statistics Canada[6][159] | ||
The 2011 Canadian census counted a total population of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006 figure.[6][160] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the United States border.[161] Approximately 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, the BC Lower Mainland, and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.[162] In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years;[163] by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years.[164]
According to the 2006 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), First Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (3.3%).[165] There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people.[166]
Canada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-aboriginal visible minority.[167] The largest visible minority groups are South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent.[168] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) could be classified as belonging to a visible minority group, and less than one percent as aboriginal.[169] By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East).[170] The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China, the Philippines and India.[171] According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031.[172]
Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[173] driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2012,[174] a similar number of immigrants as in recent years.[175] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.[176] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver.[177] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees.[178] The country resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.[179]
According to the 2001 census, 77.1 percent of Canadians identify as Christian; of this, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 43.6 percent of the population. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 9.5% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christian denominations (4.4%). About 16.5 percent declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3 percent are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%).[180]
Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,[181] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.[77] In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent.[182] The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students rank well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, sciences, and reading.[183]
| Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Province | Population | Name | Province | Population | |||
| Toronto | Ontario | 5,583,064 | London | Ontario | 474,786 | |||
| Montreal | Quebec | 3,824,221 | St. Catharines–Niagara | Ontario | 392,184 | |||
| Vancouver | British Columbia | 2,313,328 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 390,328 | |||
| Ottawa–Gatineau | Ontario–Quebec | 1,236,324 | Oshawa | Ontario | 356,177 | |||
| Calgary | Alberta | 1,214,839 | Victoria | British Columbia | 344,615 | |||
| Edmonton | Alberta | 1,159,869 | Windsor | Ontario | 319,246 | |||
| Quebec | Quebec | 0765,706 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 260,600 | |||
| Winnipeg | Manitoba | 0730,018 | Regina | Saskatchewan | 210,556 | |||
| Hamilton | Ontario | 0721,053 | Sherbrooke | Quebec | 201,890 | |||
| Kitchener–Cambridge-Waterloo | Ontario | 0477,160 | St. John's | Newfoundland and Labrador | 196,966 | |||
Language[link]
Main articles: Languages of Canada and List of endangered languages in Canada
English – 57.8%
English and French (Bilingual) – 17.4%
French – 22.1%
Sparsely populated area (<0.4 persons per km2)
Canada's two official languages are Canadian English and Canadian French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.[184]
English and French are the first languages of 59.7 and 23.2 percent of the population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadians speak English or French: 57.8 percent speak English only, 22.1 percent speak French only, and 17.4 percent speak both.[185] The English and French official-language communities, defined by the first official language spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population respectively.[186]
The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec.[187] Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in Ontario, Alberta, and southern Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.[188] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.[189]
Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.[190] There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.[191] Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term.[192] Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.[193] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.[194]
In 2005, over six million people in Canada listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (mainly Cantonese; 1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian (455,040), German (450,570), Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345).[195] English and French are the most-spoken home languages, being spoken at home by 68.3 and 22.3 percent of the population respectively.[196]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Canada
Canadian society is often depicted as being "diverse and multicultural".[197][198] Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote multiculturalism are constitutionally protected.[199] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture.[200] However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[201] Government policies such as publicly funded health care, higher taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, strict gun control, and the legalization of same-sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.[202]
Historically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music, aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity.[203] Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.[63] American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[204] The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.[205]
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson – the country's most famous painter – and by the Group of Seven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.[206] The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists – Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley – were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926.[207] Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.[208]
The Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles.[209] Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970.[210] The national anthem of Canada O Canada adopted in 1980, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony.[211] Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.[212]
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse.[213] Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the sport most played by Canadians, with 1.65 million participants reported in 2004. Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the NHL than from all other countries combined. Other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, cricket, volleyball, rugby league and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.[214]
Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the 1994 Basketball World Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia.[215]
Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previous flags, on the penny, and on the Arms of Canada.[216] Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada Goose, Common Loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,[216] and more recently, the totem pole and Inuksuk.[217]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Royal anthem 'God Save The Queen'". Queen's Printer. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/godsave-eng.cfm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Kallmann, Helmut. "National and royal anthems". In Marsh, James Harley. Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica-Dominion. http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002533. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Official Languages Act. Government of the Northwest Territories. 2004. p. 4. http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_act.pdf.
- ^ a b Hail, M; Lange, S (February 25, 2010). "Federalism and Representation in the Theory of the Founding Fathers: A Comparative Study of US and Canadian Constitutional Thought". Publius: the Journal of Federalism 40 (3): 366–388. DOI:10.1093/publius/pjq001.
- ^ "Canada's population clock". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
- ^ a b c "2011 Census: Population and dwelling counts". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120208/dq120208a-eng.htm?WT.mc_id=twtB2000. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Canada". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=11&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=156&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ "Distribution of family income – Gini index". World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
- ^ "Origin of the Name, Canada". Canadian Heritage. 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/o5-eng.cfm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Maura, Juan Francisco (2009). "Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI". Bulletin of Spanish Studies 86 (5): 577–603. DOI:10.1080/14753820902969345.
- ^ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories of Canadian Place Names (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 0-8020-8293-9.
- ^ O'Toole, Roger (2009). "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context". In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly. Holy nations and global identities : civil religion, nationalism, and globalisation. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.
- ^ a b c d Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 0-19-927164-X.
- ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (PDF). University College London 73:524–539. 2003. DOI:10.1086/377588. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Cinq-Mars, J (2001). "On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia" (PDF). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.palanth.com/forum/upload_download/articles/cinqmars_elefanti_01.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Wright, JV (September 27, 2009). "A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes". Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/archeo/hnpc/npvol04e.shtml. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Griebel, Ron. "The Bluefish Caves". Minnesota State University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080624012628/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/bluefishcaves.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Beringia: humans were here". Montreal Gazette. May 17, 2008. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/saturdayextra/story.html?id=2a31375e-e834-407d-b8db-2a0010ad4acf&p=2. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ Cinq-Mars, Jacques (2001). "Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory". Canadian Museum of Civilization. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110429092138/http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/resources-for-scholars/essays/archaeology/jacques-cinq-mars/significance-of-the-bluefish-caves-in-beringian-prehistory2. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Hayes, Derek (2008). Canada : an illustrated history. Douglas & Mcintyre. pp. 7, 13. ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5.
- ^ Macklem, Patrick (2001). Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-8020-4195-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=quM1xyFyfhQC&pg=PA170.
- ^ Sonneborn, Liz (January 2007). Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. pp. 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25.
- ^ a b Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall. A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 0-521-49666-7.
- ^ Bailey, Garrick Alan (2008). Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. p. 285. ISBN 0-16-080388-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285.
- ^ "Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage: Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization. May 12, 2006. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "ICC Charter". Inuit Circumpolar Council. 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080226023243/http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?auto_slide=&ID=374&Lang=En&Parent_ID=¤t_slide_num=. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada". University of Manitoba Faculty of Law. 2007. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 19, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5lOHtrRJy. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "What to Search: Topics". Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Library and Archives Canada. May 27, 2005. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogie/022-905.004-e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Tanner, Adrian (1999). "3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'". Innu Culture. Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/innu_culture.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Reeves, Arthur Middleton (2009). The Norse Discovery of America. BiblioLife. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-559-05400-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HkoPUdPM3V8C&pg=PA7.
- ^ "John Cabot's voyage of 1498". Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2000. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Hornsby, Stephen J (2005). British Atlantic, American frontier : spaces of power in early modern British America. University Press of New England. pp. 14, 18–19, 22–23. ISBN 978-1-58465-427-8.
- ^ Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay (1993). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8020-6000-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=VcKEk7hRTmYC&pg=PA26.
- ^ Rose, George A (October 1, 2007). Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries. Breakwater Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-55081-225-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=tDNe7GOOwfwC&pg=PA209.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (September 30, 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA394.
- ^ Nolan, Cathal J (2008). Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA160.
- ^ Allaire, Gratien (May 2007). "From "Nouvelle-France" to "Francophonie canadienne": a historical survey". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 25–52. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.024.
- ^ Hicks, Bruce M (March 2010). "Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada's Confederation". British Journal of Canadian Studies 23 (1): 87–117. DOI:10.3828/bjcs.2010.5.
- ^ McNairn, Jeffrey L (2000). The capacity to judge. University of Toronto Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8020-4360-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=T_A3pZQrHzIC&pg=PA24.
- ^ This is an 1885 photograph of the now-destroyed 1884 painting.
- ^ "Immigration History of Canada". Marianopolis College. 2004. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071216101207/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Romney, Paul (Spring 1989). "From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture". Law and History Review (University of Illinois Press) 7 (1): 128.
- ^ Evenden, Leonard J; Turbeville, Daniel E (1992). "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier". In Janelle, Donald G. Geographical snapshots of North America. Guilford Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-89862-030-9.
- ^ "Territorial evolution". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/terr_evol. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada: History". Country Profiles. Commonwealth Secretariat. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Bothwell, Robert (1996). History of Canada Since 1867. Michigan State University Press. pp. 31, 207–310. ISBN 0-87013-399-3.
- ^ Bumsted, JM (1996). The Red River Rebellion. Watson & Dwyer. ISBN 0-920486-23-1.
- ^ a b "Building a nation". Canadian Atlas. Canadian Geographic. http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Atlas/themes.aspx?id=building&sub=building_basics_confederation&lang=En. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Sir John A. Macdonald". Library and Archives Canada. 2008. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-5000-e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Cook, Terry (2000). "The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior". The Archivist. Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2230-e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Morton, Desmond (1999). A military history of Canada (4th ed.). McClelland & Stewart. pp. 130–158, 173, 203–233, 258. ISBN 0-7710-6514-0.
- ^ Haglund, David G; MacFarlane, S Neil (1999). Security, strategy and the global economics of defence production. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-88911-875-2.
- ^ Mulvale, James P (July 11, 2008). "Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility". Basic Income Studies 3 (1). DOI:10.2202/1932-0183.1084.
- ^ a b Goddard, Lance (2005). Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 225–232. ISBN 1-55002-547-3.
- ^ Bothwell, Robert (2007). Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world, 1945–1984. UBC Press. pp. 11, 31. ISBN 978-0-7748-1368-6.
- ^ Summers, WF. "Newfoundland and Labrador". Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=a1ARTA0005714#SEC925203. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Mackey, Eva (2002). The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-8020-8481-8.
- ^ Landry, Rodrigue; Forgues, Éric (May 2007). "Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 1–9. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.022.
- ^ Esses, Victoria M; Gardner, RC (July 1996). "Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status". Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 28 (3): 145–152.
- ^ Sarrouh, Elissar (January 22, 2002). "Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development". Social Policy Series, No. 1. United Nations. pp. 14–16, 22–37. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiozOLF. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain, ed. (2004). Canadian Politics (4th ed.). Broadview Press. pp. 250–254, 344–347. ISBN 1-55111-595-6.
- ^ Légaré, André (2008). "Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15 (2–3): 335–367. DOI:10.1163/157181108X332659.
- ^ Munroe, HD (2009). "The October Crisis Revisited: Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice, Political Result, and Organizational Practice". Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (2): 288–305. DOI:10.1080/09546550902765623.
- ^ a b Sorens, J (December 2004). "Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy". Electoral Studies 23 (4): 727–752. DOI:10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003.
- ^ Leblanc, Daniel (August 13, 2010). "A brief history of the Bloc Québécois". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
- ^ Betz, Hans-Georg; Immerfall, Stefan (1998). The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies. St. Martinʼs Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-312-21134-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=H9cGkDJgW7wC&pg=PA173.
- ^ "Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080622063429/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Sourour, Teresa K (1991). "Report of Coroner's Investigation" (PDF). http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Oka Crisis" (Digital Archives). CBC. 2000. http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Roach, Kent (2003). September 11: consequences for Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 15, 59–61, 194. ISBN 0-7735-2584-X.
- ^ "Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 2010. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?cat=00&id=914. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Jockel, Joseph T; Sokolsky, Joel B (2008). "Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward". Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6 (1): 100–115. DOI:10.1080/14794010801917212.
- ^ "Canada's military contribution in Libya". CBC. October 20, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/10/20/f-libya-nato-mission.html. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ "Canada: Geography". Country Profiles. Commonwealth Secretariat. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/138398/geography/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "World Factbook: Canada". CIA. May 16, 2006. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1927". National Resources Canada. April 6, 2004. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1927/1. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Susic, Stela (August 15, 2006). "Air Force becomes command authority for CFS Alert". The Maple Leaf (National Defence Canada) 12 (17). http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Commun/ml-fe/article-eng.asp?id=5317. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Boundary". International Boundary Commission. 1985. http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/boundary.html. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- ^ "Significant Canadian Facts". Natural Resources Canada. April 5, 2004. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/supergeneral.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ National Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 2005. p. 1. ISBN 0-7705-1198-8.
- ^ I.e., lakes over 3 square kilometres (300 ha) in area. "Lakes". Atlas of Canada. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Bailey, William G; Oke, TR; Rouse, Wayne R (1997). The surface climates of Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-7735-1672-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=oxNMhw-rRrQC&pg=PA244.
- ^ Etkin, David; Haque, CE; Brooks, Gregory R (April 30, 2003). An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada. Springer. pp. 569, 582, 583. ISBN 978-1-4020-1179-5.
- ^ "Tseax Cone". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. August 19, 2005. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_tsx_107. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Population Density, 2001". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. June 15, 2005. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/population/population2001/density2001. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ The Weather Network. "Statistics, Regina SK". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000". Environment Canada. March 25, 2004. http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Queen Victoria (March 29, 1867). Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble. Queen's Printer. http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Smith, David E (June 10, 2010). "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?". The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options (Queen's University): p. 6. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b MacLeod, Kevin S (2008). A Crown of Maples (1st ed.). Queen's Printer. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Canadian Heritage (February 2009). Canadian Heritage Portfolio (2nd ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-100-11529-0. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/publctn/gp-pg/ppc-chp/ppc-chp-eng.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities". Queen's Printer. http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Commonwealth public administration reform 2004. Commonwealth Secretariat. 2004. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-11-703249-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54.
- ^ a b c Forsey, Eugene (2005). How Canadians Govern Themselves (6th ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 1, 16, 26. ISBN 0-662-39689-8. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5vkPPetrW. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille. "House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions". Queen's Printer. http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Prime Minister of Canada". Queen's Printer. 2009. http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/pm.asp?featureId=7. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Johnson, David (2006). Thinking government: public sector management in Canada (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 134–135, 149. ISBN 1-55111-779-7.
- ^ "The Opposition in a Parliamentary System". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp47-e.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ O'Neal, Brian; Bédard, Michel; Spano, Sebastian (April 11, 2011). "Government and Canada’s 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ Hicks, Bruce M; Blais, André (2008). "Restructuring the Canadian Senate through Elections". IIRP Choices (Institute for Research on Public Policy) 14 (14): 11. http://www.irpp.org/choices/archive/vol14no15.pdf.
- ^ "Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories". Intergovernmental Affairs Canada. 2009. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&sub=difference&doc=difference-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "A Comparison of Provincial & Territorial Governments". Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. 2008. http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/factscomparisonofprovincialandterritorial.aspx. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Bakan, Joel; Elliot, Robin M (2003). Canadian Constitutional Law. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 3–8, 683–687, 699. ISBN 1-55239-085-3.
- ^ a b c Assembly of First Nations, Elizabeth II (2004). "A First Nations – Federal Crown Political Accord". 1. Assembly of First Nations. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 29, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5mNOfuTmo. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Treaty areas". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. October 7, 2002. http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/EB/prb9916-e.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "What is Treaty 8?". CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/treaty8.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ McCormick, Peter (2000). Supreme at last: the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada. James Lorimer & Company Ltd. pp. 2, 86, 154. ISBN 1-55028-692-7.
- ^ "About the Court". Supreme Court of Canada. 2009. http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/sys/index-eng.asp. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Sworden, Philip James (2006). An introduction to Canadian law. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 22, 150. ISBN 1-55239-145-0.
- ^ "Ontario Provincial Police". OPP. http://www.opp.ca/ecms/index.php?id=19. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police. "Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure". Queen's Printer. http://www.nbpei-ecn.ca/documents/ECN-Forensics.pdf#neighbourhood. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "About the Canadian Forces". Department of National Defence. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/index-eng.asp. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Military expenditure of Canada". SIPRI. http://milexdata.sipri.org/result.php4. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Haglung, David G (Autumn 2003). "North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security". Orbis (Foreign Policy Research Institute) 47 (4): 675–691. DOI:10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3.
- ^ James, Patrick (2006). Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J. ed. Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. pp. 213–214, 349–362. ISBN 0-7391-1493-X.
- ^ Teigrob, Robert (September 2010). "'Which Kind of Imperialism?' Early Cold War Decolonization and Canada–US Relations". Canadian Review of American Studies 37 (3): 403–430. DOI:10.3138/cras.37.3.403.
- ^ Canada's international policy statement: a role of pride and influence in the world. Government of Canada. 2005. ISBN 0-662-68608-X.
- ^ Finkel, Alvin (1997). Our lives: Canada after 1945. Lorimer. pp. 105–107, 111–116. ISBN 1-55028-551-3.
- ^ Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest. University of Toronto Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 1-55111-816-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&pg=PA102.
- ^ Farnsworth, Clyde H (November 27, 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada and the Organization of American States (OAS)". Canadian Heritage. 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ai-ia/rir-iro/am-as/oea-oas-eng.cfm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Opening Doors to Asia". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2009. http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/cimar-rcami/2009/06_apec.aspx. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "In the line of duty: Canada's casualties". CBC. October 31, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/afghanistan/casualties/list.html. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "Cost of the Afghanistan mission 2001–2011". Government of Canada. http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ^ Vagnoni, Giselda (February 5, 2007). "Rich nations to sign $1.5 bln vaccine pact in Italy". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/06/idUSL06661675._CH_.2400. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Blomfield, Adrian (August 3, 2007). "Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559165/Russia-claims-North-Pole-with-Arctic-flag-stunt.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Row over Canada F-35 fighter jet order". BBC News. July 16, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-10667633. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada's Libya mission to end in 2 weeks". CBC. October 20, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/10/20/pol-libya-mission-end-two-weeks.html. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- ^ Bird, Richard M (October 22, 2008). "Government Finance". Historical Statistics of Canada. Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectionh/4057752-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Latest release". World Trade Organization. April 17, 2008. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08_e/pr520_e.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Index of Globalization 2010". KOF. http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "Index of Economic Freedom". Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal. 2009. http://www.heritage.org/Index/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping". Statistics Canada. November 16, 2009. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/gblec02a-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Employment by Industry". Statistics Canada. January 8, 2009. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Easterbrook, WT (March 1995). "Recent Contributions to Economic History: Canada". Journal of Economic History 19: 98.
- ^ a b Brown, Charles E (2002). World energy resources. Springer. pp. 323, 378–389. ISBN 3-540-42634-5.
- ^ Clarke, Tony; Campbell, Bruce; Laxer, Gordon (March 10, 2006). "US oil addiction could make us sick". Parkland Institute. http://parklandinstitute.ca/downloads/reports/FuellingFortressAmericareport.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Britton, John NH (1996). Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 26–27, 155–163. ISBN 0-7735-1356-6.
- ^ "Zinc Production by Country (Metric tons, zinc content of concentrate and direct shipping ore, unless otherwise specified)". United States Geological Survey data via Index Mundi. 2009. http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=zinc&graph=production. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Leacy, FH, ed. (1983). "Vl-12". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectionv/4057758-eng.htm#V332_350. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Morck, Randall; Tian, Gloria; Yeung, Bernard (2005). "Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada". In Eden, Lorraine; Dobson, Wendy. Governance, multinationals, and growth. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 1-84376-909-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=q4gt2xhqpSIC&pg=PA50.
- ^ Hale, Geoffrey (October 2008). "The Dog That Hasn't Barked: The Political Economy of Contemporary Debates on Canadian Foreign Investment Policies". Canadian Journal of Political Science 41 (3): 719–747. DOI:10.1017/S0008423908080785.
- ^ "Jean Chrétien". CBC. July 13, 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/07/13/f-jean-chretien.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Grant, Tavia (February 10, 2010). "Canada has first yearly trade deficit since 1975". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/canada-has-first-yearly-trade-deficit-since-1975/article1462607/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Sturgeon, Jamie (March 13, 2009). "Jobless rate to peak at 10%: TD". National Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiwjKnX. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Latest release from Labour Force Survey". Statistics Canada. November 6, 2009. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/labour-travail/lfs-epa/lfs-epa-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Yalnizyan, Armine (October 15, 2010). "The real state of Canada's jobs market". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/the-economists/the-real-state-of-canadas-jobs-market/article1757129/. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Budget fights deficit with freeze on future spending". CTV News. March 4, 2010. http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100304/budget_2010_100304/20100304?hub=TorontoNewHome. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada's international investment position". The Daily. Statistics Canada. June 17, 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100617/dq100617b-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Spending on research and development". Statistics Canada. January 13, 2012. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120113/dq120113d-eng.htm. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates". Queen's University. http://resources.educ.queensu.ca/science/main/profdev/pdjsi1.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ "Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies". Branham Group Inc. http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2011&listing=1. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
- ^ "Internet Usage and Population in North America". Internetworldstats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada's astronauts". CBC News. October 26, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/01/f-canadian-space-astronauts.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ "The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada". Newswire. http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Black Brant Sounding Rockets". Magellan Aerospace. http://www.bristol.ca/BlackBrant.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 2009. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Beauchesne, Eric (March 13, 2007). "We are 31,612,897". National Post. http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id=73b94aac-08f0-477f-a72a-b8b640f6658f&k=90795. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Custred, Glynn (2008). "Security Threats on America's Borders". In Moens, Alexander. Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States. Fraser Institute. p. 96. ISBN 0-88975-235-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96.
- ^ "Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions". Statistics Canada. 2001. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-221-x/00503/t/th/4062283-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Martel, Laurent; Malenfant, Éric Caron (September 22, 2009). "2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/index-eng.cfm?CFID=3347169&CFTOKEN=19485112. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- ^ "Canadian population creeps up in average age". CBC. September 28, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/09/28/canada-population-stats.html. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
- ^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". Statistics Canada. July 28, 2009. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". 2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. June 12, 2008. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "One in 6 Canadians is a visible minority". CBC. April 2, 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/04/02/stats-immigration.html. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation". The Daily. Statistics Canada. April 2, 2008. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080402/dq080402a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market". Simon Fraser University. http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration". The Daily. Statistics Canada. December 4, 2007. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/071204/dq071204a-eng.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
- ^ Lilley, Brian (2010). "Canadians want immigration shakeup". Parliamentary Bureau. Canadian Online Explorer. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Politics/2010/11/09/16054896.html. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
- ^ Friesen, Joe (March 9, 2010). "The changing face of Canada: booming minority populations by 2031". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-changing-face-of-canada-booming-minority-populations-by-2031/article1494651/. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Zimmerman, Karla (2008). Canada (10th ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51.
- ^ "Supplementary Information for the 2012 Immigration Levels Plan". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/notices/notice-levels2012.asp. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "Canada's 2011 immigration level unchanged". CBC. November 2, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2010/11/02/con-immigration.html. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada’s immigration system". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. February 13, 2011. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2011/2011-02-13.asp. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "When immigration goes awry". Toronto Star. July 14, 2006. http://www.thestar.com/Canada2020/article/106702. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- ^ "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2010/2010-11-01a.asp. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System". Public Safety Canada. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2010/nr20101021-6-eng.aspx. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Statistics Canada. January 25, 2005. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "Overview of Education in Canada". Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mYLss1b9. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Creating Opportunities for All Canadians". Department of Finance Canada. November 14, 2005. http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4-eng.asp. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
- ^ "Comparing countries' and economies' performances". OECD. 2009. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "Official Languages and You". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. June 16, 2009. http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights". Statistics Canada. 2006 (2010). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- ^ "Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2006. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
- ^ Bourhis, Richard Y; Montaruli, Elisa; Amiot, Catherine E (May 2007). "Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 187–224. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.031.
- ^ Lachapelle, R (March 2009). "The Diversity of the Canadian Francophonie". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/diversity-franco-diversite-eng.htm. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Hayday, Matthew (2005). Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-7735-2960-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=3D6LPBGT59kC&pg=PA49.
- ^ Heller, Monica (2003). Crosswords : language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 72, 74. ISBN 978-3-11-017687-2.
- ^ "Aboriginal languages". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2005) (Web Version online by SIL International). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ Fettes, Mark; Norton, Ruth (2001). "Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada". In Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise. Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise. UBC Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-7748-0783-0.
- ^ Russell, Peter H (2005). "Indigineous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?". In Hocking, Barbara. Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-85575-466-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. January 27, 2005. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "First Official Language Spoken (7) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55535&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter (February 28, 2011). Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination. Ashgate Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4094-1936-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=0AcvVUevrMYC&pg=PA176.
- ^ "Den Tandt: Canada’s socially progressive values now stretch from coast to coast". Canada.com. April 30, 2012. http://www.canada.com/news/Tandt+Canada+socially+progressive+values+stretch+from+coast+coast/6537774/story.html. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian Multiculturalism". Library of Parliament. September 15, 2009. pp. 1–7. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0920-e.pdf. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
- ^ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 1-56324-416-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61.
- ^ Garcea, Joseph; Kirova, Anna; Wong, Lloyd (January 2009). "Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada". Canadian Ethnic Studies 40 (1): 1–10. DOI:10.1353/ces.0.0069.
- ^ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think about almost everything. Doubleday Canada. pp. 8–23. ISBN 0-385-65985-7.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 0-8020-3630-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3.
- ^ Blackwell, John D (2005). "Culture High and Low". International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service. http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture. Retrieved March 15, 2006.
- ^ "Mandate of the National Film Board". National Film Board of Canada. 2005. http://www.onf.ca/medias/download/documents/pdf/NFB_STRATEGIC_PLAN.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ Brock, Richard (2008). "Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape". Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 13 (2): 50–61.
- ^ Hill, Charles C (1995). The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation. National Gallery of Canada. pp. 15–21, 195. ISBN 0-7710-6716-X.
- ^ Newlands, Anne (1996). Emily Carr. Firefly Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN 1-55209-046-9.
- ^ Dorland, Michael (1996). The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects. J. Lorimer. p. 95. ISBN 1-55028-494-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&pg=PA95.
- ^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8020-9759-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127.
- ^ "'O Canada'". Historica-Dominion. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002611. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. June 23, 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Wieting, Stephen G (2001). Sport and memory in North America. Frank Cass. p. 4. ISBN 0-7146-8205-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=dvWqyW9lmXsC&pg=PA4.
- ^ Conference Board of Canada (December 2004). "Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population". Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada – Report August 2005. Sport Canada. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
- ^ "Vancouver 2010". The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. 2009. http://www.vancouver2010.com/. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ a b Canadian Heritage (2002). Symbols of Canada. Canadian Government Publishing. ISBN 0-660-18615-2.
- ^ Ruhl, Jeffrey (January 2008). "Inukshuk Rising". Canadian Journal of Globalization 1 (1): 25–30.
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Canada
|
|
External links[link]
| Find more about Canada on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Canada" article dated 2008-01-04, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Official website of the Government of Canada
- Official website of the Governor General of Canada
- Canada at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Canada at the Open Directory Project
- Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources
- Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada
- Key Development Forecasts for Canada from International Futures
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
http://wn.com/Canada
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Канада
http://es.wn.com/Canadá
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (June 2011) |
 Sargunaraj in his iconic Indian welcoming pose |
|
| Born | Red Deer, Alberta, Canada |
Wilbur Sargunaraj (born July 7, 1977) (Tamil: வில்பர் சர்குணராஜ்) is a performing artist from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. He is widely known as India's first YouTube sensation, with nearly 3.1 million views[citation needed] for his music and instructional videos.
His videos feature him singing to “Mummy, Daddy” that he wants “the Love Marriage”, expounding the virtues of “Chicken 65”, and donning a Chennai Super Kings jersey to explain the rules of cricket, in rhyme, no less. Sargunaraj has also been touring the world with an aim of “making the common man extra-ordinary.” He is known for a series of 'How To' videos,'music' and he has released two albums:
- Wilbur Sargunaraj
- Simple Superstar
Sargunaraj has created a new music genre - which he calls Indo World Fusion.[citation needed] His music is a blend of Indian Music and Electronica. He has been influenced by such artists as Boney M and Michael Jackson. His songs are his way to promote cultural intelligence with various languages being heard in his track listing. Sargunaraj has a large following with fans from India, US, UK, Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia.[citation needed] He has performed in Canada, Indonesia, Singapore and will be touring of India, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Singapore and South East Asia in support of his second CD (Simple Superstar) released in 2011.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Sargunaraj is from Madurai, Tamil Nadu South India. His father is from Tirunelveli district and his Mother is from Madurai district. During his childhood days he spent time in Darjeeling, Calcutta, Benares and Ootacamund before his family moved to Madurai city. He studied privately with drummers in US such as Long Island drummer Dom Famularo and Los Angeles Based percussionist Alex Acuna. He also studied in Havana, Cuba with drumming pioneer Giraldo Piloto. His love for Cricket made him compose songs such as CRICKET ( from the debut Album) and the CSK Rap. He is a strong supporter of the Chennai Super Kings and considers cricketer M.S Dhoni as a wonderful example in humility and leadership. He is also a huge fan of Pune Warriors Robin Uthappa as the two met at Wilbur's Bangalore concert in March 2011.
Humanitarian[link]
Sargunaraj is a strong supporter of human rights and humanitarian issues. He has performed and organized numerous benefit concerts including workshops at the Children’s Shelter in Jakarta, Indonesia and orphanages in Kigali, Rwanda and Mumbai.
Discography[link]
"Simple Superstar" full length LP (2011) "Stumped" Ashes Compilation by Universal Music Australia (2009)
Wilbur Sargunaraj Self Titled Debut Album (2009)
-
- Vannakam
- Love Marriage
- Mr. Melanin Man
- Blog Song
- Go Fly a Kite
- Cobra Cobra
- C-R-I-C-K-E-T
- Dance in Dubai
- First Class Meat
- Mark of a Man
- Wilbur dot asia
- Cobra Tanze (German Re-mixing)
- Hockey in Canada
References[link]
- "Let's make the common extraordinary". On page 6 of the May 19th issue of the Asian Voice weekly newspaper.[1] by Spira Srivastava, 19 May 2011.
- "Simbble Sooperstar". On the Mumbai Mirror,[2] posted by Mitall Parekh on 13 Mar 2011.
- "As simple as superstars get". Bangalor Mid-Day on-line news,[3] March 2011.
- "Laugh Off". The online edition of India's National Newspaper - the Hindu,[4] posted on 8 Mar 2011.
- "Viral Fever!". The online edition of India's National Newspaper - the Hindu,[5] posted by Anusha Parthasarathy on 4 Mar 2011.
- "Wilbur: Making the Ordinary Extraordinary". The Sip of Life - Savour Everyday Flavour,[6] posted on 19 Jan 2011.
- "He turns the common into the extraordinary". The Times of Oman,[7] posted by Mrudu Naik, 10 Jan 2011.
- "Potty talk and other tips". The Times of India - The Crest Edition, Society pages,[8] posted by Sharmila Genesan Ram, 25 Dec 2010.
- "Wilbur Spreads His Comedic Gospel of Love". The Jakarta Globe, life and times,[9] on 23 June 2010.
- "Meet India's first YouTube star". E-paper Times of India,[10] posted by Javed Anwer.
- "New star on the Net". Wilbur featured in Business Standard online news,[11] posted by Asyush Soni, 21 March 2010.
- "'Love Marriage' Video Takes Hold on the Web". Music featured on The Wall Street Journal Digital Network, the Speakeasy,[12] posted by Piyali Bhattacharya, 15 March 2010.
- "Roger Ebert tweets about Wilber".,[13] posted by Roger Ebert, 27 Feb 2010
- "Music, Motivation and the BPO". Interview with Techgoss.com,[14] posted by Suneetha, 11 January 2010.
- "Please check my blog" song on CNN 's News to Me Blog,[15] posted by Producer Grayson Thagard, January 2009.
External links[link]
- Indian singer serenades Rideau Canal, Canada (CBCNews)
- Wilbur Sargunaraj on NDTV India: Simple Superstar Launch Chennai
- Interview with Omni TV in Toronto, Canada
- Interview on TV9 Bangalore
- Wilbur Sargunaraj on Rogers TV, Canada
- Love Marriage - The Highly Anticipated Video
- See more information here about Wilbur Sargunaraj
Notes[link]
- ^ Asian Voice
- ^ http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article§name=Lifestyle%20-%20Sunday%20Read§id=82&contentid=20110313201103152346535951803c531
- ^ As simple as superstars get
- ^ The Hindu : Metro Plus Bangalore / Columns : Laugh off
- ^ The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai / Lifestyle : Viral fever!
- ^ Wilbur Sargunaraj |
- ^ Times of Oman
- ^ Potty talk and other tips | Society | Times Crest
- ^ Wilbur Spreads His Comedic Gospel of Love | The Jakarta Globe
- ^ Article Window
- ^ New star on the Net
- ^ 'Love Marriage' Video Takes Hold on the Web - Speakeasy - WSJ
- ^ http://twitter.com/#!/ebertchicago/status/9761420682
- ^ techgoss.com
- ^ http://ntm.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/10/hotlinks-for-110-111/"
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sargunaraj, Wilbur |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 7 July 1977 |
| Place of birth | Red Deer, Alberta, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Wilbur_Sargunaraj
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Sargunaraj
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Boards of Canada | |
|---|---|
 Mike Sandison and Marcus Eoin |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Hell Interface |
| Origin | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Genres | Electronic Ambient IDM Experimental Psychedelic Downtempo |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels | Warp, Skam, Music70 |
| Website | boardsofcanada.com |
| Members | |
| Mike Sandison Marcus Eoin |
|
| Past members | |
| Christopher Horne[1] | |
Boards of Canada (commonly abbreviated BoC) are a Scottish electronic music duo consisting of brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having an elusive and obscure back-catalogue of releases on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias Hell Interface.
Contents |
Musical style[link]
Boards of Canada's music is reminiscent of the warm, analogue sounds of 1970s media and contains themes of childhood, nostalgia and the natural world. Mike and Marcus have mentioned the documentary films of the National Film Board of Canada, from which the group's name is derived, as a source of inspiration.
History[link]
Early years (1986–1994)[link]
Growing up in a musical family, brothers[2] Mike Sandison and Marcus Eoin began playing instruments at a young age. They experimented with recording techniques at around the age of 10, using tape machines to layer cut-up samples of found sounds over compositions of their own. In their teens they participated in a number of amateur bands; however, it was not until 1986 when Marcus was invited to Mike's band that Boards of Canada was born. By 1989, the band had been reduced to Sandison and Eoin.[3] In the early 1990s, a number of collaborations took place and the band put on small shows among the "Hexagon Sun" collective.
[edit] From Twoism onwards (1995–present)
In 1995, the band made their first Hexagon Sun studio release, the EP Twoism. Like earlier Music70 releases, it was produced in a self-financed limited run and was privately distributed, primarily to friends and labels. Unlike previous releases, however, a small number of copies were also released to the public through the IDM mailing list. Though not a widespread commercial release, it was considered of sufficient quality and worth to be subsequently re-pressed in 2002. The band made another release in 1996; titled Boc Maxima, it was a semi-private release that was notable for being a full-length album, and was the precursor to Music Has the Right to Children, with which it shares many tracks.
Boards of Canada's first commercial release occurred after attracting the attention of Autechre's Sean Booth, of the English label Skam Records, one of many people sent a demo EP. Skam issued what was considered Boards of Canada's first "findable" work, Hi Scores, in 1996. Music has the Right to Children was subsequently released in 1998. John Peel featured Boards of Canada on his BBC Radio 1 program in January of that year. The session featured two remixes from Music Has the Right to Children — "Aquarius (Version 3)" and "Olson (Version 3)" — along with the tracks "Happy Cycling" and "XYZ". Excluding "XYZ", the set was released on a Warp Records CD titled Peel Session TX 21/07/1998.
Though never an actively touring band, Boards of Canada did perform a handful of shows. Early shows saw them supporting Warp labelmates Seefeel and Autechre in a handful of UK dates. They also participated in a few festivals and multi-artist bills, including two Warp parties: Warp's 10th Anniversary Party in 1999, and The Incredible Warp Lighthouse Party almost one year later. They made their most prominent showing in 2001 as one of the headliners at the Tortoise-curated All Tomorrow's Parties festival. They have not performed a live show since.
The band released a four-track EP, In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country, in November 2000, their first original release in two years. The LP edition was pressed on sky blue vinyl. A full-length album, Geogaddi, was then released in 2002. It was described by Sandison as "a record for some sort of trial-by-fire, a claustrophobic, twisting journey that takes you into some pretty dark experiences before you reach the open air again."[4]
Their third album for Warp Records, The Campfire Headphase, was released on 17 October 2005 (18 October in the United States). The album featured fifteen tracks, including "Peacock Tail", "Chromakey Dreamcoat," and "Dayvan Cowboy". Two versions of "Dayvan Cowboy" — the original and a remix by Odd Nosdam — are on the six-track EP, Trans Canada Highway, which was released on 26 May 2006.
In late 2009 the Warp20 (Recreated) compilation featured two BoC covers, one by Bibio of their song "Kaini Industries" and one by Mira Calix of "In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country". Warp20 (Recreated) is part of the larger Warp20 boxed set, which also includes two previously unreleased Boards of Canada tracks, "Seven Forty Seven" and a 1.8 second sample of "Spiro".
Recently, rumors gained attention in the internet about a new album release from Boards of Canada in 2012. A fan posted a quote in the official Band's Facebook page: "Rumors of a new BOC album are rife? Any truth in this?" the band in response wrote just "yes". A representative from Warp Records said that there is no information about scheduled release but confirmed that the band is "definitely working on new material".[5]
Sound and methods[link]
BoC's sound is a product of their use of analog equipment, mix of electronic and conventional instrumentation, use of distorted samples as well as live and recorded lyrics, and their layering and blending of these elements.[6][7] Because they avoid a purely synthetic sound, their music is often described as having a warm, emotive quality often meant to inspire nostalgia. This is helped by the use of samples from 1970s television shows and other media prevalent in the era of the brothers' shared childhood, especially the nature-inspired documentaries produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
Brief interludes or vignettes feature prominently in BoC's music. Such songs are often weaving melodies or speech accompanied by atmospherics to capture a specific moment or mood. They often last less than two minutes, but, as BoC state, "we write far more of [these] than the so-called 'full-on' tracks, and, in a way, they are our own favorites".[8] BoC have written an enormous number of such fragments as well as full-length tracks, most of which have been held back from release. It does not appear that their music is made exclusively for commercial release; rather, albums seem to be the result of selecting complementary songs from current work. For instance, Geogaddi's development allegedly involved the creation of 400 song fragments and 64 complete songs, of which 22 were selected (possibly 23, if the final track of complete silence is included).[8] Says Marcus: "The idea of the perfect album is this amorphous thing that we're always aiming at […] the whole point of making music is at least to aim at your own idea of perfection."[8]
Interviews with the Sandison brothers provide some insight into their creative inspiration. They have cited several acts that have influenced their work, including Joni Mitchell, The Incredible String Band ("we have all the String Band records […] our rural sensibilities are similar"),[8] The Beatles ("[they] really became enthralling to us through their psychedelism")[9] and My Bloody Valentine ("even if we don't sound like them, there's a connection in terms of the approach to music").[10]
They have also expressed a strong interest in the power of subliminal messaging and their work is full of cryptic messages,[11] including references to numerology and cult figures such as David Koresh of the Branch Davidians, amongst other vague hints.[12] When questioned about their aims in making such references, BoC express themselves in neutral terms ("We're not religious at all [...] and if we're spiritual at all it's purely in the sense of caring about art and inspiring people with ideas.")[8] while remaining fascinated with the ability of music to influence the minds of others ("[We] do actually believe that there are powers in music that are almost supernatural. I think you actually manipulate people with music...").[13]
Discography[link]
Main article: Boards of Canada discography
Major releases[link]
- 1995: "Twoism" - (Music70)
- 1996: "Hi Scores" - (Skam)
- 1998: "Aquarius" - (Skam)
- 1998: Music Has the Right to Children – (Warp/Skam) #193 UK
- 1999: Peel Session TX 21/07/1998 (Warp)
- 2000: In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country – (Warp/Music70)
- 2002: Geogaddi – (Warp/Music70) #21 UK
- 2005: The Campfire Headphase – (Warp) #41 UK
- 2006: Trans Canada Highway (Warp)
[edit] Old Tunes and other oddities
Main article: Old Tunes
Supposed early Boards of Canada recordings have been found online, claiming to be original tracks from Catalog 3, Acid Memories, Hooper Bay and other pre-Twoism albums. All unreleased albums are presumed to be inauthentic BoC recordings, with the exceptions of Boc Maxima and the Old Tunes tapes.[14] While the Old Tunes tapes are believed to be authentic, mostly due to the inclusion of very similar tracks found elsewhere on official releases, there has never been any official recognition of their authenticity.
Media usage[link]
Many Boards of Canada compositions are used in the BBC's motoring show, Top Gear, such as 1969 from the album Geogaddi, and Pete Standing Alone from the predecessor album Music Has the Right to Children.
The composition "Dayvan Cowboy" from The Campfire Headphase was used in CSI: Miami and Kyle XY.
The composition "Rue The Whirl" was used in an episode of Spaced.
The composition "Amo Bishop Roden" is used in Season 3, episode 5 of Skins.
The compositions "Turquoise Hexagon Sun", "Aquarius", and "Sixtyniner" were used in the dark humour animated series Monkey Dust, which aired on BBC Three from 2003-2005.
"Roygbiv" was used in a scene of That Mitchell and Webb look in episode 2 of season 2.
The compositions "Gyroscope" and "You Could Feel the Sky" were used in the Norwegian Black Metal documentary Until The Light Takes Us.
The composition "Open the Light" is used in "Are we still evolving?" episode of BBC Horizon documentary programme.
David Firth often uses Boards of Canada compositions in his animations, notably "Beware the Friendly Stranger," a track from Geogaddi which was the backing to Firth's cartoon series Salad Fingers.
Adult Swim on Cartoon Network sometimes uses samples from "The Campfire Headphase" for its Bumps or messages to its audience.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Boards of Canada Biography". Matador Records. http://www.matadorrecords.com/boards_of_canada/biography.html. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Hoffmann, Heiko. "Pitchfork: Interviews: Boards of Canada" (Sep 2005)
- ^ Campbell, Peter I. and Goderich, S. "Matador Records' Boards of Canada Biography" (Sep 1998), Matador Records. Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Don't Get Too Excited About a New Boards of Canada Album Just Yet, Everybody | News". Pitchfork. 2012-03-14. http://pitchfork.com/news/45754-dont-get-too-excited-about-a-new-boards-of-canada-album-just-yet-everybody/. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Pytlik, Mark. "The Colour & The Fire" (Feb 2002), HMV magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Micallef, Ken. "Northern Exposure" (Jul 2002), Remix magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ a b c d e Poolman, Koen. "Play Twice Before Listening" (Mar 2002), OOR magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Kyrou, Ariel & Leloup, Jean-Yves. "Two Aesthetes of Electronic Music" (Jun 1998), Virgin Megaweb magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Hoffmann, Heiko. "The Downtempo Duo" (Sep 2005), Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Diddy, Mikey P. "Brainwashing, Misanthropy and Society: An Analysis of Boards of Canada's Geogaddi". Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
- ^ Brown, Colin. "What the hell is up with Boards of Canada? Shorter analysis of Geogaddi". Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
- ^ Nicholls, Steve. "Big Country" (Mar 2001), XLR8R Issue 47. Retrieved on 2007-02-21.
- ^ "Discography - bocpages - the unofficial boards of canada wiki". bocpages. http://bocpages.org/wiki/Discography#Early_vs._Late_Releases. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Boards of Canada |
- Official website
- Boards of Canada at Warp Records
- Boards of Canada at Allmusic
- Boards of Canada at the Internet Movie Database
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Boards_of_Canada
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Boards of Canada
http://es.wn.com/Boards of Canada
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boards_of_Canada
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Dean Brody | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Dean Brody |
| Born | (1975-08-12) August 12, 1975 (age 36) [1] Smithers, British Columbia, Canada[2] |
| Origin | Jaffray, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, Acoustic Guitar |
| Years active | 2004-present |
| Labels | Broken Bow, Open Road |
| Associated acts | Keith Stegall |
Dean Brody (born August 12, 1975) is a Canadian country music artist. Signed to Broken Bow Records in 2008, Brody made his debut later that year with the single "Brothers". This song, a Top 40 country hit in both Canada and the US, is the first single from his debut album, released in 2009 under the production of Matt Rovey.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Dean Brody was born in Smithers, British Columbia and grew up in Jaffray, British Columbia. As a boy, Brody worked at a sawmill, also playing guitar in his spare time. By 2004, he had moved to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue his musical career. Although he found a songwriting contract, the expiration of his US work permit forced him to move back to Canada. Eventually, he returned to Nashville through the suggestion of producer Keith Stegall, who helped him sign with Broken Bow Records in 2008.[3] Brody released his debut single, "Brothers", late that year. Shortly before its release, Brody was injured in a waterskiing accident on the Potomac River and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery.[4][5] He lives with his wife Iris in Chester, Nova Scotia.[4][6]
Music career[link]
[edit] Dean Brody
Brody's self-titled debut album was released in the United States on April 28, 2009, via the independent label Broken Bow Records. The album debuted at number 32 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart, and was released in Canada on May 12, 2009. "Brothers" peaked at number 26 in the US. "Dirt Road Scholar" and "Undone" were both released in Canada and "Gravity" in the United States.
[edit] Trail in Life
The first single from Brody's second album, "Wildflower," was released in April 2010. A second single, "Roll That Barrel Out," was released in July 2010. The album, Trail in Life, was released by Open Road Recordings in August 2010. Other singles included the title track, "People Know You by Your First Name" and "Little Yellow Blanket."
[edit] Dirt
Brody's third studio album, Dirt, was released by Open Road Recordings on April 24, 2012. Its first single, "Canadian Girls," became Brody's first song to reach the top 40 on the Canadian Hot 100.
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAN [7] |
US Country [8] |
US [9] |
US Heat [10] |
US Indie [11] |
|||||
| Dean Brody |
|
— | 32 | 187 | 4 | 23 | |||
| Trail in Life |
|
— | — | — | — | — | |||
| Dirt |
|
12 | — | — | — | — | |||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||||||||
Singles[link]
| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAN [12] |
|||
| 2008 | "Brothers"[A] | 76 | Dean Brody |
| 2009 | "Dirt Road Scholar" | 72 | |
| "Gravity" | — | ||
| "Undone" | 79 | ||
| 2010 | "Wildflower" | 86 | Trail in Life |
| "Roll That Barrel Out" | 69 | ||
| "Trail in Life" | 81 | ||
| 2011 | "People Know You by Your First Name" | 93 | |
| "Little Yellow Blanket" | 71 | ||
| 2012 | "Canadian Girls" | 36 | Dirt |
| "Bob Marley"[B] | |||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||
- Notes
- A^ "Brothers" also reached number 26 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.[13]
- B^ Current single.
Music videos[link]
| Year | Video | Director |
|---|---|---|
| 2009 | "Brothers" | Stephen Scott |
| "Dirt Road Scholar" | Erwin Brothers | |
| 2010 | "Wildflower" | Jeth Weinrich |
| "Roll That Barrel Out" | ||
| "Trail in Life" | ||
| 2011 | "People Know You by Your First Name" | |
| "The Woodshed Is Full" | ||
| 2012 | "Canadian Girls" | Christopher Mills |
| "Bob Marley" | Stephano Barberis |
References[link]
- ^ Dean Brody's road to success had plenty of bumps on the way
- ^ Canadian songwriter Brody
- ^ Leggett, Steve. "Dean Brody biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1122694/biography. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
- ^ a b Dean Brody's 'trail in life' leads him to the South Shore
- ^ "Dean Brody biography". CMT Canada. http://www.cmt.ca/Artist/DeanBrody. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
- ^ Dean Brody at home here in Nova Scotia
- ^ "Dean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Canadian Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=309&g=Albums. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ "Dean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Country Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=320&g=Albums. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Drean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=305&g=Albums. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Dean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=324&g=Albums. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Dean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=326&g=Albums. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Dean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=793&g=Singles. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Dean Brody Album & Song Chart History - Country Songs". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/dean-brody/chart-history/1069972?f=357&g=Singles. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brody, Dean |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | August 12, 1975 |
| Place of birth | Smithers, British Columbia, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Dean_Brody
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Brody
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
5:58
Boards Of Canada - Aquarius
berryvanaerle
Boards Of Canada - Aquarius
Add &fmt=18 to url for better sound quality! From Album Boards Of Canada - Music Has The Right To Children Label: Warp Records, Skam Catalog#: WARP LP 55, SKALP001 Format: 2 x Vinyl, LP Country: UK Released: 20 Apr 1998 Genre: Electronic Style: IDM, Ambient discogs.com
show more
add to playlist
clear
