Elias Khoury at Gothenburg Book Fair 2008

Elias Khoury (Arabic: إلياس خوري‎) (born 12 July 1948, Beirut) is a Lebanese novelist, playwright, critic and a prominent public intellectual. He has published ten novels, which have been translated into several foreign languages, as well as several works of literary criticism. He has also written three plays. Between 1993 and 2009 he served as editor of Al-Mulhaq, the weekly cultural supplement of the Lebanese daily newspaper Al-Nahar.

Life and career as academic, critic and editor[link]

Elias Khoury was born into a middle-class family in the predominantly Christian Ashrafiyye district of Beirut. In 1967, as Lebanese intellectual life was increasingly becoming polarised, with the opposition taking on a radical Arab nationalist and pro-Palestinian hue, Khoury travelled to Jordan where he visited a Palestinian refugee camp and then enlisted in Fatah, the largest resistance organisation in the Palestinian Liberation Organisation. He left Jordan in 1970 after the Palestinian guerrilla forces in the kingdom were crushed in Black September and travelled to Paris to continue his studies. There he wrote a dissertation on the 1860 Lebanon conflict. After returning to Lebanon, he became a researcher with the Palestine Liberation Organization's research centre in Beirut. He took part in the Lebanese civil war that broke out in 1975, and was seriously injured, temporarily losing his eyesight.

Khoury's first major involvement on the Arab literary scene was as a member of the editorial board of the journal Mawaqif, which he joined in 1972. Other members included Adonis, Hisham Sharabi and, somewhat later, Palestinian national poet Mahmoud Darwish. Of this group, Khoury later remarked that it was important, but marginal: "We were neither on the liberal right nor on the classical left. Intellectually speaking, we were very much linked to the Palestinian experience."^[1]

From 1975 to 1979 he was editor of Shu'un Filastin (Palestinian affairs), collaborating with Mahmoud Darwish, and from 1981 to 1982 editorial director of Al-Karmel. From 1983 to 1990 he was editorial director of the cultural section of Al-Safir. He has been editor of Al-Mulhaq, the cultural supplement of Al-Nahar, since its reappearance after the end of the civil war.

He has taught in Columbia University, New York, in the American University of Beirut, the Lebanese University, the Lebanese American University and New York University.

Literary works[link]

Elias Khoury's first novel was An 'ilaqat al-da'ira, 1975. It was followed in 1977 by the highly successful The Little Mountain, set during the Lebanese civil war, which Khoury initially saw as a catalyst for progressive change. Other well-known works include The Journey of Little Gandhi, about a rural immigrant to Beirut who lives through the events of the civil war, and Gate of the Sun, 2000. An epic re-telling of the life of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon since the Nakba of 1948, Gate of the Sun also subtly addresses the ideas of memory, truth and story-telling. It has been made into a film by Egyptian director Yousry Nasrallah.

Interviewed for the Israeli newspaper Yediot Aharonot after the appearance of the Hebrew translation of the novel, Khouri remarked:

...when I was working on this book, I discovered that the “other” is the mirror of the "I." And given that I am writing about half a century of Palestinian experience, it is impossible to read this experience otherwise than in the mirror of the Israeli “other.” Therefore, when I was writing this novel, I have put a lot of effort into trying to take apart not only the Palestinian stereotype but also the Israeli stereotype as it appears in Arab literature and especially in the Palestinian literature of Ghassan Kanafani, for example, or even of Emil Habibi. The Israeli is not only the policeman or the occupier, he is the "other," who also has a human experience, and we need to read this experience. Our reading of their experience is a mirror to our reading of the Palestinian experience.

^[2]

Khoury's most recent novel, Yalo, was controversial as it depicted a former militiaman accused of crimes during the civil war and portrayed the use of torture in the Lebanese judicial system.

Khoury's novels are notable for their complex approach to both political themes and more fundamental questions of human behaviour. His narrative technique often involves an interior monologue, at times approaching a stream of consciousness. In recent works he has tended to use a considerable element of colloquial Arabic, although the language of his novels remains primarily Modern Standard Arabic, which is also called Fusha. This use of dialect forms adds to the credibility and immediacy of the narratorial voice. While use of dialect in dialogue is relatively common in modern Arabic literature (for example, in the work of Yusuf Idris), Khoury introduces it into the main narrative, an unusual step although one clearly associated with the narrative technique of his works.

Elias Khoury's works have been translated into English, French, German, Hebrew, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish and Dutch^[1].

Recent political engagement[link]

Al-Mulhaq, under Khoury's editorship, became the "tribune of opposition"^[3] to controversial aspects of the post-Civil War reconstruction of Beirut led by businessman and politician Rafiq al-Hariri. The destruction of surviving elements of the city's architectural heritage in the Burj area and the old Jewish quarter of Rue Ouadi Abou Jamil aroused particular opposition.

In March 2001 Khoury signed a statement along with 13 other Arab intellectuals (including Mahmoud Darwish, Samir Kassir and Adonis), opposing the holding of a Holocaust denial conference in Beirut, a statement which was praised in the newspaper Le Monde by the Israeli ambassador to France. Khoury responded angrily to the ambassador's remarks, pointing to the Israeli repression of the Palestinian intifada.

Khoury, along with Samir Kassir and other intellectuals and political activists, was involved in the establishment of the Democratic Left Movement.

List of works[link]

Titles are given in English where a translation has been published, and otherwise in Arabic. Dates are of the appearance of the original Arabic work.

• 'an 'ilaqat al-da'irah, 1975 (novel)
• The Little Mountain, 1977 (novel) (translated by Maia Tabet)
• Dirasat fi naqd al-shi'r, 1979 (criticism)
• The Gates of the City, 1981 (novel) (translated by Paula Haydar)
• White Masks' , 1981 (novel) (translated by Maia Tabet)
• Al-dhakira al-mafquda, 1982 (criticism)
• Al-mubtada' wa'l-khabar, 1984 (short stories)
• Tajribat al-ba'th 'an ufq, 1984 (criticism)
• Zaman al-ihtilal, 1985 (criticism)
• The Journey of Little Gandhi, 1989 (novel) (translated by Paula Haydar)
• The Kingdom of Strangers, 1993 (novel) (translated by Paula Haydar)
• Majma' al-Asrar, 1994 (novel)
• Gate of the Sun 1998 (novel) (translated by Humphrey Davies)
• Ra'ihat al-Sabun, 2000 (novel)
• Yalo, 2002 (novel; Best Translated Book Award 2009 short-list; available in two translations by Humphrey Davies and Peter Theroux)
• As Though She Were Sleeping, 2007 (novel) (translated by Marilyn Booth)

Footnotes[link]

1. ^ http://www.archipelagobooks.org/catalog/gateofthesun/banipal.html
2. ^ http://www.archipelagobooks.org/catalog/gateofthesun/shammas.html
3. ^ Kassir, Samir, Histoire de Beyrouth, Paris, Fayard. ISBN 2-213-02980-.

References[link]

External links[link]

• At Levantine Cultural Center.
• Interview with Elias Khoury, from Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies website.
• Review of Gate of the Sun in the New York Times.
• Jeremy Harding goes to Beirut to meet the novelist Elias Khoury in London Review of Books.
• 'A circle of madness': article by Maya Jaggi, The Guardian, 28 July 2007.
• Google Books Gate of the Sun: Bab al-Shams. Translated by Humphrey Davies. Published by Macmillan, (2007) ISBN 0-312-42670-4.

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