{{infobox anatomy | name | Ileum | Latin | GraySubject 248 | GrayPage 1171 | Image Illu small intestine.jpg | Caption Small intestine | Image2 Gray1045.png | Caption2 The cecal fossa. The ileum and cecum are drawn backward and upward. | Precursor midgut | System | Artery ileal arteries | Vein ileal veins | Nerve celiac ganglia, vagus | Lymph | MeshName | MeshNumber | Dorlands four/000052346 | DorlandsID Ileum }} |
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The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum.
The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve (ICV). In humans, the ileum is about 2-4 m long, and the pH is usually between 7 and 8 (neutral or slightly alkaline).
The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver. Lacteals are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb fatty acid and glycerol, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the digested food to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis. The undigested food (waste and water) are sent to the colon.
The ileum is the short terminal part of the small intestine and forms the connection to the large intestine.It is suspended by the caudal part of the mesentery (mesoileum) and is attached, in addition, to te cecum by the ileocecal fold. the ileum terminates at the cecocolic junction of the large intestine forming the ileal orifice. In the dog the ileal orifice is located at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra, in the ox in the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae, in the sheep and goat at the level of the caudal point of the costal arch. By active muscular contraction of the ileum, and closure of the ileal opening as a result of engorgement, the ileum prevents the backflow of ingesta and the equalization of pressure between jejunum and the base of the cecum. disturbance of this sensitive balance is not uncommon and is the one of the causes of colicin horses.
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